Pioneer Ancestors of Erma P Gordon AndersonJoeAnd41
The document provides background information on the pioneer ancestors of Erma Phyllis Gordon Anderson. It describes their multi-month journey of over 5,500 miles from their homes in Europe to settle in Utah in the mid-1800s. They traveled by foot, wagon trains, and ships to stage areas in Iowa and Nebraska before making the final leg of the journey west. They helped establish the first settlements in Utah and carved out lives in the wilderness of the West.
The document discusses several historical accounts and references to Dunleer, Ireland from the 18th and 19th centuries, including descriptions of the town from Quaker ministers, philanthropists, and travelers who mention the poor conditions, religious tensions, and way of life in Dunleer at the time.
The history of Halloween has its origins in ancient Celtic harvest festivals. The Celtic festival of Samhain, marking the end of the harvest season, evolved into Halloween celebrations. Trick-or-treating traditions developed in the early 20th century in North America, with children dressing in costumes and asking for treats door-to-door on Halloween. Carving jack-o'-lanterns from pumpkins also became associated with Halloween festivities. Costumes have traditionally imitated supernatural beings like ghosts, witches, and monsters.
The document provides excerpts from travelers who visited Dunleer, Ireland between the late 18th and mid 19th centuries, describing their observations of the town and people, including descriptions of poverty, education, religious tensions, and local customs. Many comment on the poor conditions of housing and roads as well as begging. Others note the mixed English and Irish language use among residents.
This document provides biographical information on Samuel Park Sr. and Isabella Gray Park, who were married in Ireland around 1820. It details their 6 children who were born between 1821-1832 in Ireland. The family moved to Kilbirnie, Scotland in the 1830s after Samuel Park Sr. died in 1833. Over the next few decades, family members converted to Mormonism and gradually emigrated to Utah to join the main body of saints. Isabella Gray Park and her daughter Mary Jane Park Draney traveled with the 1856 Mormon handcart company, departing Liverpool, England in March and arriving in Salt Lake City, Utah in September after a difficult journey.
This document summarizes key details from a passage in James Joyce's novel Ulysses. It includes:
1) Explanations of references to locations in Dublin like the Garrison Church and House of St. John of God asylum.
2) Descriptions of people mentioned like Michael Cusack, founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association.
3) Context about places referenced such as Barney Kiernan's pub being near St. Michan's parish and tower.
4) Historical figures that are brought up including Cuchulain, Red Hugh O'Donnell, and Theobald Wolfe Tone.
Who killed the Robin? Nursery Rhymes & their roots in historyIJ Banks
The background to some of our most popular British Nursery Rhymes. Apart from enjoying the Rhymes again, the historical detail adds a new dimension for many who wouldn't normally volunteer for a history lesson! I've presented this to mainly older audiences. It's a great way to think back to when they first heard the rhymes and when they shared them with their own children and grandchildren. You often find someone in the group who loves reading historical dramas and will add extra detail. With thanks to: Iona & Peter Opie's The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book; Albert Jack's Pop Goes the Weasel; Roger Lancelyn Green Myths of the Norsemen; Felix Dennis's Nursery Rhymes for Modern Times and wikipedia. One of a series of decks given in Lancashire, UK and first presented in 2013. NB: There's more text shown on the slides than I'd actually use in practice but it gives you an idea of the voiceover.
Early pioneers settled along the Olentangy and Delaware rivers in Delaware County, Ohio due to the rivers providing fresh water, transportation, and cleared land from Native American villages. As the town of Delaware grew in the early 1800s around the rivers, streets and businesses like taverns were established. Over time, Delaware changed from a rural settlement to a town with more houses, transportation infrastructure like bridges, and fewer open fields.
Pioneer Ancestors of Erma P Gordon AndersonJoeAnd41
The document provides background information on the pioneer ancestors of Erma Phyllis Gordon Anderson. It describes their multi-month journey of over 5,500 miles from their homes in Europe to settle in Utah in the mid-1800s. They traveled by foot, wagon trains, and ships to stage areas in Iowa and Nebraska before making the final leg of the journey west. They helped establish the first settlements in Utah and carved out lives in the wilderness of the West.
The document discusses several historical accounts and references to Dunleer, Ireland from the 18th and 19th centuries, including descriptions of the town from Quaker ministers, philanthropists, and travelers who mention the poor conditions, religious tensions, and way of life in Dunleer at the time.
The history of Halloween has its origins in ancient Celtic harvest festivals. The Celtic festival of Samhain, marking the end of the harvest season, evolved into Halloween celebrations. Trick-or-treating traditions developed in the early 20th century in North America, with children dressing in costumes and asking for treats door-to-door on Halloween. Carving jack-o'-lanterns from pumpkins also became associated with Halloween festivities. Costumes have traditionally imitated supernatural beings like ghosts, witches, and monsters.
The document provides excerpts from travelers who visited Dunleer, Ireland between the late 18th and mid 19th centuries, describing their observations of the town and people, including descriptions of poverty, education, religious tensions, and local customs. Many comment on the poor conditions of housing and roads as well as begging. Others note the mixed English and Irish language use among residents.
This document provides biographical information on Samuel Park Sr. and Isabella Gray Park, who were married in Ireland around 1820. It details their 6 children who were born between 1821-1832 in Ireland. The family moved to Kilbirnie, Scotland in the 1830s after Samuel Park Sr. died in 1833. Over the next few decades, family members converted to Mormonism and gradually emigrated to Utah to join the main body of saints. Isabella Gray Park and her daughter Mary Jane Park Draney traveled with the 1856 Mormon handcart company, departing Liverpool, England in March and arriving in Salt Lake City, Utah in September after a difficult journey.
This document summarizes key details from a passage in James Joyce's novel Ulysses. It includes:
1) Explanations of references to locations in Dublin like the Garrison Church and House of St. John of God asylum.
2) Descriptions of people mentioned like Michael Cusack, founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association.
3) Context about places referenced such as Barney Kiernan's pub being near St. Michan's parish and tower.
4) Historical figures that are brought up including Cuchulain, Red Hugh O'Donnell, and Theobald Wolfe Tone.
Who killed the Robin? Nursery Rhymes & their roots in historyIJ Banks
The background to some of our most popular British Nursery Rhymes. Apart from enjoying the Rhymes again, the historical detail adds a new dimension for many who wouldn't normally volunteer for a history lesson! I've presented this to mainly older audiences. It's a great way to think back to when they first heard the rhymes and when they shared them with their own children and grandchildren. You often find someone in the group who loves reading historical dramas and will add extra detail. With thanks to: Iona & Peter Opie's The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book; Albert Jack's Pop Goes the Weasel; Roger Lancelyn Green Myths of the Norsemen; Felix Dennis's Nursery Rhymes for Modern Times and wikipedia. One of a series of decks given in Lancashire, UK and first presented in 2013. NB: There's more text shown on the slides than I'd actually use in practice but it gives you an idea of the voiceover.
Early pioneers settled along the Olentangy and Delaware rivers in Delaware County, Ohio due to the rivers providing fresh water, transportation, and cleared land from Native American villages. As the town of Delaware grew in the early 1800s around the rivers, streets and businesses like taverns were established. Over time, Delaware changed from a rural settlement to a town with more houses, transportation infrastructure like bridges, and fewer open fields.
(1) Olaudah Equiano was kidnapped from Africa as a child and endured the horrors of the Middle Passage and slavery, yet he taught himself to read and write English. (2) After gaining his freedom, he became a prominent abolitionist leader in England, publishing an influential narrative about his life experience. (3) Equiano's narrative was a powerful tool for the abolition movement as it evoked compassion and persuaded readers of the immorality of the slave trade through Equiano's first-
1. Olaudah Equiano was born around 1745 in what is now southeastern Nigeria and was kidnapped as a child and sold into slavery.
2. He was sold and transported across the Atlantic, experiencing the horrors of the Middle Passage. He eventually purchased his freedom after years of enslavement.
3. Equiano wrote an influential autobiography in 1794 about his experiences, which helped advance the abolitionist movement in Britain, America, and elsewhere. Though he did not live to see it, his work contributed to the eventual end of slavery.
Olaudah Equiano was born in West Africa and kidnapped as a child and sold into slavery. He was transported to the Caribbean on a slave ship, then sold to a British naval officer and spent several years as a slave in Virginia and sailing on ships. He eventually earned his freedom and became an active abolitionist in England, publishing his autobiography in 1789 and lecturing against the cruelty of slavery.
This document provides biographical information about William Meikle, Margaret Jessie Jackson, and their family. It details that William and Margaret were married in 1834 in Scotland and had three children together. It describes their places of birth in Scotland and discusses their conversion to Mormonism. It summarizes their 1856 emigration from Scotland to Utah with their family as part of the Mormon handcart companies, noting the route and dates of their journey.
The document discusses the lost silver mine of John Swift, an 18th century frontiersman, and the ongoing mystery around its location. It provides background on Swift's life, summaries various theories about the mine's existence and location, and highlights evidence found in historical records and landmarks that provide clues pointing to areas in Eastern Kentucky and Southwest Virginia along Pine Mountain and the Pound Gap as the potential locations of Swift's mine and caches of silver. The author believes Swift discovered an ancient storehouse of silver left by Native Americans rather than an actual mine.
The document discusses Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, including her early life, role as monarch, travels, and influence on style and fashion. It provides biographical details on her upbringing, education, marriage, and children. While some argue over her actual power, the document examines her role as a visible symbol of the country that brings traditions and represents the monarchy at important events. It also explores how she modernized the monarchy and became a popular public figure through walkabouts and worldwide travels. The queen has become a style icon, and fashion designers draw inspiration from her colorful outfits and signature hats.
The document discusses Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, including her early life, role as monarch, travels, and influence on style and fashion. It provides biographical details on her upbringing, education, marriage, and children. While some argue over her actual power, the document examines her role as a visible symbol of the country that brings traditions and represents the monarchy at important events. It also explores how she modernized the monarchy and became an icon of style through her bright colors, hats, and engagement with the public on walks and visits. Opinions from experts note she dresses appropriately for her age and lifestyle, supports British designers, and influences ordinary women through her recognizable image.
Equiano - The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah EquianoRoopsi Risam
Olaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in what is now Nigeria. He was kidnapped at age 11 and sold into slavery, being transported across the Atlantic on the Middle Passage to Barbados and Virginia. After gaining his freedom at age 20, Equiano learned to read and write and became an abolitionist, publishing his narrative in 1789 which detailed his experiences with slavery and advocated for its abolition. His narrative crossed genres and provided a firsthand account that helped advance the abolitionist cause, though some historians question details of his early life.
This oral history project conducted interviews with 21 people in Fiji, mostly of mixed European-Pacific Islander heritage, called "Part-Europeans". The interviews explored their childhood memories and experiences with racial discrimination as marginalized groups in Fiji society. One interview was with 86-year-old Lema Lowe, who recalled idyllic childhood days on her family's coconut plantation in the 1920s. However, life was also difficult, as recounted by Jess Jackson, a New Zealander who struggled when she first arrived to help run her husband's plantation in the 1950s amidst poor conditions. The interviews uncovered both "Pleasures of Memory" and "Memory and Trauma" around their racial identity and status as
The document provides a summary of the origins of the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States. It describes how the Pilgrims held the first Thanksgiving celebration in 1621 after arriving in America on the Mayflower and receiving assistance from the Wampanoag Native Americans that enabled their survival in the new land. The tradition of Thanksgiving celebrations continued in the American colonies and it was established as a federal holiday in 1863 through the efforts of Sarah Josepha Hale.
The Kelly Gang, consisting of Ned Kelly, Dan Kelly, Steve Hart and Joe Byrne, carried out several robberies in northeastern Victoria in 1878-1879. After police attempted to arrest Dan Kelly, Ned Kelly shot and wounded Constable Fitzpatrick, leading to bounties being placed on the gang. They became notorious bushrangers, robbing the Euroa bank of £3,000 in December 1878 in a raid where they treated locals politely. However, the police crackdown on their sympathizers further alienated the gang.
This document tells the story of Thomas Worthington, who mysteriously disappeared many years ago while working as a supercargo on a ship. Years later, a ragged stranger claiming to be the long-lost Thomas Worthington appears at the mansion of his wealthy family in Weckford. He tells of misfortunes and asks for help, but is rejected by all his relatives. However, when he reveals his identity to one brother, Benjamin Worthington, the truth of his story is confirmed by a birthmark. Benjamin sends him away but the stranger instead finds refuge with his distant cousin, Mrs. Amelia Perley.
The document discusses the early explorers of Tennessee and Kentucky who passed through the Cumberland Gap in the late 1700s. It describes Thomas Walker's expedition in 1750 that passed through the Gap and constructed the first cabin in Kentucky. It then discusses the long hunters who followed Walker's path, such as Daniel Boone, who helped settle Kentucky by leading settlers along the Wilderness Road through the Gap between 1775-1810. It also describes William Bean as the first permanent white settler in Tennessee and Thomas Sharpe Spencer as the first to reach middle Tennessee in the late 1700s.
Kanye West believes he is the "worst celebrity" because he focuses solely on making real and inspiring music instead of seeking fame. A Gaelic football legend warns that a player will be killed if violence on the pitch is not stopped, citing a recent game where two players were seriously injured. The 1963 visit of President John F. Kennedy to Ireland is remembered as one of the most famous homecomings in history, as he received rapturous welcomes wherever he went and strengthened the bond between Ireland and America through his pride in his Irish ancestry.
Olaudah Equiano was born in West Africa in 1745 and captured as a child by slave traders. He was transported to the Americas on a slave ship, experiencing the horrors of the Middle Passage. Equiano was sold into slavery and endured cruel treatment before eventually buying his own freedom with savings. As a free man, he became a prominent abolitionist, publishing his autobiography in 1789 and using his experience and voice to advocate for the abolition of slavery.
This document provides summaries of 18 historical fiction novels set in different time periods, ranging from the 1600s to the 1930s. The novels cover a variety of topics including the civil rights movement, slavery, women's suffrage, earthquakes, wars, westward expansion, and more. The Lexile levels provided show that most of the novels fall within the 710-1020 Lexile range, indicating they would be accessible to students at different reading levels.
The Pilgrims arrived at Cape Cod in November and sent an exploration party by land to scout the area while repairs were made to their shallop. The explorers encountered Native Americans but were not able to communicate. They found signs of past cornfields and dwellings. A later exploration by shallop discovered two empty houses and stores of corn and beans, ensuring the Pilgrims' survival. In December, during another exploration, the group had a violent encounter with Native Americans but suffered no injuries. They took this as a sign from God and named the place the "First Encounter."
Paul Cuffee was a successful Quaker businessman, sea captain, and abolitionist of mixed African and Wampanoag Native American descent. He established a shipping business and became one of the wealthiest Black men in America. Cuffee supported the resettlement of freed slaves in Sierra Leone and helped establish the Friendly Society there. In 1816, he led the first group of Black American colonists to Sierra Leone, paying most of the costs himself. However, the expedition left him in debt. Cuffee continued advocating for Black resettlement in Africa but died in 1817 before returning.
Halloween has become popular in Bulgaria. On Halloween, people in Sofia gather in large groups and go to bars that offer discounts, then to dance clubs. Originally a Catholic holiday celebrating All Saints and All Souls Days, Halloween has its origins in ancient Celtic traditions where people wore scary masks and costumes on October 31st to ward off spirits of the dead. Today, Halloween traditions vary around the world, from drinking tequila at Mexican graveyards to trick-or-treating for candy in the U.S. and carving jack-o-lanterns, which originated from an Irish myth about a man trapped between heaven and hell.
This document provides a timeline of key events in Hawaiian history from the earliest migrations to modern day. It traces the evolution of hula dance from ancient religious ceremonies to its underground status when missionaries arrived, and later revival and perpetuation through hula schools and competitions like the Merrie Monarch Festival. The timeline highlights the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893 and annexation by the US in 1898 as watershed moments in Hawaiian cultural suppression and loss of sovereignty.
Halloween originated from the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, marking the end of the harvest season. Celts believed the night of October 31 was when the veil between the living and dead was thinnest and spirits of the deceased returned. To avoid being recognized by ghosts, people wore masks and costumes when leaving their homes at night. This tradition was brought to North America by Irish immigrants and evolved into the Halloween celebrations of today where children wear costumes and go trick-or-treating door-to-door asking for candy.
(1) Olaudah Equiano was kidnapped from Africa as a child and endured the horrors of the Middle Passage and slavery, yet he taught himself to read and write English. (2) After gaining his freedom, he became a prominent abolitionist leader in England, publishing an influential narrative about his life experience. (3) Equiano's narrative was a powerful tool for the abolition movement as it evoked compassion and persuaded readers of the immorality of the slave trade through Equiano's first-
1. Olaudah Equiano was born around 1745 in what is now southeastern Nigeria and was kidnapped as a child and sold into slavery.
2. He was sold and transported across the Atlantic, experiencing the horrors of the Middle Passage. He eventually purchased his freedom after years of enslavement.
3. Equiano wrote an influential autobiography in 1794 about his experiences, which helped advance the abolitionist movement in Britain, America, and elsewhere. Though he did not live to see it, his work contributed to the eventual end of slavery.
Olaudah Equiano was born in West Africa and kidnapped as a child and sold into slavery. He was transported to the Caribbean on a slave ship, then sold to a British naval officer and spent several years as a slave in Virginia and sailing on ships. He eventually earned his freedom and became an active abolitionist in England, publishing his autobiography in 1789 and lecturing against the cruelty of slavery.
This document provides biographical information about William Meikle, Margaret Jessie Jackson, and their family. It details that William and Margaret were married in 1834 in Scotland and had three children together. It describes their places of birth in Scotland and discusses their conversion to Mormonism. It summarizes their 1856 emigration from Scotland to Utah with their family as part of the Mormon handcart companies, noting the route and dates of their journey.
The document discusses the lost silver mine of John Swift, an 18th century frontiersman, and the ongoing mystery around its location. It provides background on Swift's life, summaries various theories about the mine's existence and location, and highlights evidence found in historical records and landmarks that provide clues pointing to areas in Eastern Kentucky and Southwest Virginia along Pine Mountain and the Pound Gap as the potential locations of Swift's mine and caches of silver. The author believes Swift discovered an ancient storehouse of silver left by Native Americans rather than an actual mine.
The document discusses Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, including her early life, role as monarch, travels, and influence on style and fashion. It provides biographical details on her upbringing, education, marriage, and children. While some argue over her actual power, the document examines her role as a visible symbol of the country that brings traditions and represents the monarchy at important events. It also explores how she modernized the monarchy and became a popular public figure through walkabouts and worldwide travels. The queen has become a style icon, and fashion designers draw inspiration from her colorful outfits and signature hats.
The document discusses Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, including her early life, role as monarch, travels, and influence on style and fashion. It provides biographical details on her upbringing, education, marriage, and children. While some argue over her actual power, the document examines her role as a visible symbol of the country that brings traditions and represents the monarchy at important events. It also explores how she modernized the monarchy and became an icon of style through her bright colors, hats, and engagement with the public on walks and visits. Opinions from experts note she dresses appropriately for her age and lifestyle, supports British designers, and influences ordinary women through her recognizable image.
Equiano - The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah EquianoRoopsi Risam
Olaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in what is now Nigeria. He was kidnapped at age 11 and sold into slavery, being transported across the Atlantic on the Middle Passage to Barbados and Virginia. After gaining his freedom at age 20, Equiano learned to read and write and became an abolitionist, publishing his narrative in 1789 which detailed his experiences with slavery and advocated for its abolition. His narrative crossed genres and provided a firsthand account that helped advance the abolitionist cause, though some historians question details of his early life.
This oral history project conducted interviews with 21 people in Fiji, mostly of mixed European-Pacific Islander heritage, called "Part-Europeans". The interviews explored their childhood memories and experiences with racial discrimination as marginalized groups in Fiji society. One interview was with 86-year-old Lema Lowe, who recalled idyllic childhood days on her family's coconut plantation in the 1920s. However, life was also difficult, as recounted by Jess Jackson, a New Zealander who struggled when she first arrived to help run her husband's plantation in the 1950s amidst poor conditions. The interviews uncovered both "Pleasures of Memory" and "Memory and Trauma" around their racial identity and status as
The document provides a summary of the origins of the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States. It describes how the Pilgrims held the first Thanksgiving celebration in 1621 after arriving in America on the Mayflower and receiving assistance from the Wampanoag Native Americans that enabled their survival in the new land. The tradition of Thanksgiving celebrations continued in the American colonies and it was established as a federal holiday in 1863 through the efforts of Sarah Josepha Hale.
The Kelly Gang, consisting of Ned Kelly, Dan Kelly, Steve Hart and Joe Byrne, carried out several robberies in northeastern Victoria in 1878-1879. After police attempted to arrest Dan Kelly, Ned Kelly shot and wounded Constable Fitzpatrick, leading to bounties being placed on the gang. They became notorious bushrangers, robbing the Euroa bank of £3,000 in December 1878 in a raid where they treated locals politely. However, the police crackdown on their sympathizers further alienated the gang.
This document tells the story of Thomas Worthington, who mysteriously disappeared many years ago while working as a supercargo on a ship. Years later, a ragged stranger claiming to be the long-lost Thomas Worthington appears at the mansion of his wealthy family in Weckford. He tells of misfortunes and asks for help, but is rejected by all his relatives. However, when he reveals his identity to one brother, Benjamin Worthington, the truth of his story is confirmed by a birthmark. Benjamin sends him away but the stranger instead finds refuge with his distant cousin, Mrs. Amelia Perley.
The document discusses the early explorers of Tennessee and Kentucky who passed through the Cumberland Gap in the late 1700s. It describes Thomas Walker's expedition in 1750 that passed through the Gap and constructed the first cabin in Kentucky. It then discusses the long hunters who followed Walker's path, such as Daniel Boone, who helped settle Kentucky by leading settlers along the Wilderness Road through the Gap between 1775-1810. It also describes William Bean as the first permanent white settler in Tennessee and Thomas Sharpe Spencer as the first to reach middle Tennessee in the late 1700s.
Kanye West believes he is the "worst celebrity" because he focuses solely on making real and inspiring music instead of seeking fame. A Gaelic football legend warns that a player will be killed if violence on the pitch is not stopped, citing a recent game where two players were seriously injured. The 1963 visit of President John F. Kennedy to Ireland is remembered as one of the most famous homecomings in history, as he received rapturous welcomes wherever he went and strengthened the bond between Ireland and America through his pride in his Irish ancestry.
Olaudah Equiano was born in West Africa in 1745 and captured as a child by slave traders. He was transported to the Americas on a slave ship, experiencing the horrors of the Middle Passage. Equiano was sold into slavery and endured cruel treatment before eventually buying his own freedom with savings. As a free man, he became a prominent abolitionist, publishing his autobiography in 1789 and using his experience and voice to advocate for the abolition of slavery.
This document provides summaries of 18 historical fiction novels set in different time periods, ranging from the 1600s to the 1930s. The novels cover a variety of topics including the civil rights movement, slavery, women's suffrage, earthquakes, wars, westward expansion, and more. The Lexile levels provided show that most of the novels fall within the 710-1020 Lexile range, indicating they would be accessible to students at different reading levels.
The Pilgrims arrived at Cape Cod in November and sent an exploration party by land to scout the area while repairs were made to their shallop. The explorers encountered Native Americans but were not able to communicate. They found signs of past cornfields and dwellings. A later exploration by shallop discovered two empty houses and stores of corn and beans, ensuring the Pilgrims' survival. In December, during another exploration, the group had a violent encounter with Native Americans but suffered no injuries. They took this as a sign from God and named the place the "First Encounter."
Paul Cuffee was a successful Quaker businessman, sea captain, and abolitionist of mixed African and Wampanoag Native American descent. He established a shipping business and became one of the wealthiest Black men in America. Cuffee supported the resettlement of freed slaves in Sierra Leone and helped establish the Friendly Society there. In 1816, he led the first group of Black American colonists to Sierra Leone, paying most of the costs himself. However, the expedition left him in debt. Cuffee continued advocating for Black resettlement in Africa but died in 1817 before returning.
Halloween has become popular in Bulgaria. On Halloween, people in Sofia gather in large groups and go to bars that offer discounts, then to dance clubs. Originally a Catholic holiday celebrating All Saints and All Souls Days, Halloween has its origins in ancient Celtic traditions where people wore scary masks and costumes on October 31st to ward off spirits of the dead. Today, Halloween traditions vary around the world, from drinking tequila at Mexican graveyards to trick-or-treating for candy in the U.S. and carving jack-o-lanterns, which originated from an Irish myth about a man trapped between heaven and hell.
This document provides a timeline of key events in Hawaiian history from the earliest migrations to modern day. It traces the evolution of hula dance from ancient religious ceremonies to its underground status when missionaries arrived, and later revival and perpetuation through hula schools and competitions like the Merrie Monarch Festival. The timeline highlights the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893 and annexation by the US in 1898 as watershed moments in Hawaiian cultural suppression and loss of sovereignty.
Halloween originated from the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, marking the end of the harvest season. Celts believed the night of October 31 was when the veil between the living and dead was thinnest and spirits of the deceased returned. To avoid being recognized by ghosts, people wore masks and costumes when leaving their homes at night. This tradition was brought to North America by Irish immigrants and evolved into the Halloween celebrations of today where children wear costumes and go trick-or-treating door-to-door asking for candy.
Tustin History from Natives to Modern History and storiesK 38
The document provides historical information about Red Hill in California. It describes how Red Hill was the site of a mercury mine in the past and was known for rattlesnakes. It also discusses how the Gabrielino-Tongva Indians referred to the area as Kätūktū, a place of refuge during floods. Later, the Spanish called it Cerrito de las Ranas or Hill of the Frogs. The land was used for farming and naval operations before being developed with housing. Archaeological artifacts from the Tongva people have been found at the site.
The origins of Halloween can be traced back to ancient Celtic festivals held around the beginning of November to mark the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter. The Celts believed that on the night before the new year, the boundary between the worlds of the living and the dead became blurred and the deceased would return to Earth. The Romans later combined their own festivals with the Celtic Samhain festival. Over time, the Christian church designated November 1 as All Saints' Day and the night before became known as All Hallows' Eve, later shortened to Halloween. Traditions vary by region but include carving jack-o'-lanterns, trick-or-treating, wearing costumes and telling scary stories.
Halloween originated from the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain and the Christian holiday All Saints' Day. It is celebrated every year on October 31st and involves activities like trick-or-treating, wearing costumes, carving jack-o-lanterns, and attending parties. The name Halloween comes from the Scottish term "All Hallows' Eve" meaning the night before All Saints' Day. Irish immigrants helped popularize Halloween traditions in North America during the 19th century. Today, Halloween is one of the most important holidays in the United States and Canada and involves community celebrations in addition to children going door-to-door collecting candy while dressed in costumes.
Carolina Lena Anderson Westling & Emil WestlingJoeAnd41
This document provides biographical information about Caroline "Lena" Andersson Westling and her husband Emil Westling. It details that Lena was born in 1874 in Sweden and immigrated to the United States in 1899, eventually settling in Utah. In 1901, she married Emil Westling in a double wedding with her brother. The document outlines key events in Lena and Emil's lives, including their marriage, the birth of their son, and Lena's adjustment to life in America. It provides background on Lena's childhood in Sweden and journey to Utah to give context to her life story.
Archaeologists were excavating a cave on San Nicolas Island believed to have been inhabited by the Lone Woman of San Nicolas. They had removed 40,000 buckets of sand over many months. However, the dig was stopped abruptly when concerns were raised that it was not being conducted legally. A film student, Tom Holm, had brought members of the Pechanga Native American tribe to visit the site, and the tribe subsequently demanded that all archaeological research on the island be halted. This interrupted efforts to learn more about the mysterious woman and understand her story, which inspired the novel Island of the Blue Dolphins. The cave remains closed and its secrets undisclosed.
Christmas was not declared a federal holiday in the United States until June 26, 1870. During the Middle Ages, Christmas celebrations were rowdy and raucous. The contemporary Santa Claus figure was born in the United States in the 19th century, influenced by artists, writers and evolving American culture. Santa Claus was first depicted as wearing a red suit and living at the North Pole in 1863. Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer was created in 1939 as part of an advertising campaign. The use of Christmas trees began in Germany and has since spread globally with the help of Christmas lights. Christmas traditions vary widely around the world and within different regions of the United States.
Kurlansky -The Island and the World- and -The Basque Myth-.pdfypc6nfvzmz
This document provides an overview of the Basque people and their unique culture and history. It discusses how the Basques have maintained their distinct identity and language despite being surrounded by other cultures for centuries. Even though their origins remain unknown, the Basques have persevered and found ways to both preserve their traditions while also embracing the modern world on a global scale. The document explores aspects of Basque identity, including the importance of family lineages tied to ancestral homes known as "etxea." It suggests the Basques may survive longer than modern nation-states due to their tenacious preservation of their cultural practices and sense of belonging.
This document provides a summary of a book by Helen Garner called "This House of Grief" about the Robert Farquharson murder case in Australia. The summary is as follows:
1) Robert Farquharson drove his car into a lake with his three sons in the back seat on Father's Day in 2005 shortly after separating from his wife. He escaped the vehicle while his sons drowned.
2) Farquharson was charged with murdering his sons after claiming it was an accident, while the police did not believe his story.
3) Australian author Helen Garner attended the trial of Farquharson and later wrote the book "This House of Grief" providing details of
Halloween has its origins in ancient Celtic harvest festivals and traditions. The Celts believed that the boundary between the living world and the spirit world became thin on Samhain, allowing spirits to cross over. They would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off spirits. When the Roman Catholic Church made November 1st All Saints' Day, they combined it with Samhain traditions, resulting in Halloween on October 31st. Trick-or-treating evolved from the tradition of "souling" where children would go door-to-door asking for food in exchange for prayers for the dead. Today, Halloween traditions include carving jack-o-lanterns, wearing costumes, trick-or-treating
Yule was a religious festival observed by Germanic peoples that was later absorbed into and equated with Christmas. It referred to both a 12-day festival in December-January and the month it was celebrated in. Ancient customs involved animal sacrifices and feasts at pagan temples. The Wild Hunt myth depicted spectral hunters across the skies. Winter solstices were important for ensuring survival through the winter and were celebrated with life-death-rebirth deities.
The origins of Halloween began with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, celebrated on October 31st. The Celts believed this was a time when the world of the living and dead intersected. They would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off ghosts. Over time, Halloween evolved from its Celtic roots and incorporated traditions from Christian holidays. It is now a secular holiday where people dress in costumes and go trick-or-treating in their neighborhoods. Common Halloween symbols include witches, vampires, ghosts, and jack-o-lanterns.
The poem "Bog Queen" by Seamus Heaney describes the discovery of a 4000 year old bog body of a woman. It tells the story from her perspective as she lay preserved in the bog, experiencing the processes of decay over time, until she was excavated by a turfcutter's spade. On a deeper level, the poem serves as a metaphor for the degradation of Irish culture under English rule and a hope for the rise of Irish nationalism and cultural identity.
The document summarizes the history and culture of Appalachia. It notes that hundreds of children in the Appalachian mountain range live in extreme poverty, with 50% of the population living below the poverty line and residing in some of the poorest counties in the US. The region has a culture of survival and poverty that originated from its Scots Irish heritage. It discusses the various groups that have inhabited the region, including Native Americans, free black communities, and later coal miners. The region has faced stereotyping as ignorant "hillbillies" but in reality has a rich cultural history influenced by its diverse populations.
This document provides a summary of the Uts'am/Witness art project over its first 10 years from 1997-2007. It began as a collaboration between artist Nancy Bleck, mountaineer John Clarke, and Squamish Nation Hereditary Chief Bill Williams. The project brought together over 10,000 participants, including Squamish Nation members and artists, to experience Squamish culture and witness land transformation at Sims Creek watershed, now known as Nexw-ayantsut or "place of transformation". Over the decade, Uts'am/Witness hosted camping weekends, art exhibitions, and ceremonies to foster environmental protection, cultural reclamation, and dialogue between diverse groups. It became a
Halloween originated from the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, where the Celts believed the spirits of the dead would come back to life. They would dress in costumes and light bonfires to ward off these spirits. Over time, carving pumpkins and wearing costumes became Halloween traditions. The document also describes several Philippine monsters and horror stories, including the manananggal which separates its torso to prey on pregnant women, and a story about a taxi driver picking up a mysterious white lady.
1) Queen Calafia of the mythical island of California led the Californians in battle alongside other armies at the siege of Constantinople against the Turks, becoming Christian in the process.
2) The early history of California involves the mythical island of Queen Calafia, described as inhabited by black Amazons and griffins, located near the Terrestrial Paradise.
3) California's economy diversified beyond the Gold Rush to include agriculture, industry, entertainment, tourism and services, helping the state withstand the impacts of the Great Depression compared to others.
The document discusses the culture and literature of the Western Visayas region in the Philippines. It describes the indigenous Ati people who originally settled the island of Panay and their language Kinaray-a. It mentions landmarks like Mount Madia-as and festivals like Binirayan. The provinces of Antique and Iloilo are characterized as having beautiful architecture and being known for agriculture, especially rice. The main forms of traditional oral literature discussed include riddles, songs, tales, poems, and rituals. Christian influences are also seen in traditions like Pasyon and Flores de Mayo.
The article discusses several bills being considered by the Hawaii legislature this session that would increase regulation of pesticide use and impose additional requirements on farmers. Key bills mentioned include requiring public disclosure of all monthly pesticide use, notification for applications near schools and other areas, allowing counties more authority to regulate pesticides, and banning the active ingredient chlorpyrifos. The Hawaii Farm Bureau will be tracking these bills and calling on members to submit testimony as the bills have committee hearings.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help relax the body and lift the mood.
Thomas Square 1887 Park Opening News AccountingChris Dacus
Includes April 1887 Newspaper article on the opening day, plan of the park and the actual music program performed by Bandmaster Berger and the Royal Hawaiian Band.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Genealogy of ka‘iulani’s banyan
1. 49
Ralph Kam holds an M.A. and a Ph.D. in American Sudies from the University of Hawai‘i
at Mānoa and an M.A. in Public Relations from the University of Southern California.
The Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 45 (2011)
ralph thomas kam
The Legacy of ‘Āinahau:
The Genealogy of Ka‘iulani’s Banyan
“And I, in her dear banyan shade,
Look vainly for my little maid.”
—Robert Louis Stevenson
‘Āinahau, the home of Archibald Scott Cleghorn, his wife, Princess
Miriam Kapili Likelike and their daughter, Princess Victoria Ka‘iu-
lani, no longer stands, the victim of the transformation of Waikīkī
from the playground of royalty to a place of package tours, but
one storied piece of its history continues to literally spread its roots
through time in the form of the ‘Āinahau banyan. The ‘Āinahau ban-
yan has inspired poets, generated controversy and influenced leg-
islation. Hundreds of individuals have rallied to help preserve the
‘Āinahau banyan and its numerous descendants.
It is fitting that Archibald Cleghorn (15 November 1835–1 Novem-
ber 1910), brought the banyan to Hawai‘i, for the businessman con-
tinued the legacy of the traders from whom the banyan derives it
etymology. The word banyan comes from the Sanskrit “vaniyo” and
originally applied to a particular tree of this species near which the
traders had built a booth. The botanical name for the East Indian
fig tree, ficus benghalensis, refers to the northeast Indian province of
2. 50 the hawaiian journal of history
Bengal, now split between India and Bangladesh. That the tree was
introduced in Hawai‘i after Western contact is reflected in its Hawai-
ian name: “paniana,” a transliteration of the English word.
‘Āinahau Banyan
The earliest mention of the banyan at ‘Āinahau comes in an 1877
account of the visit of a British visitor to the Cleghorn estate, just two
years after Princess Ruth Ke‘elikolani gave the land to Ka‘iulani in
honor of her birth:
The pleasure-grounds are handsomely laid out, with flower-beds filled
with rare and fragrant plants, conspicuous amidst which are displayed
the deep red flowers of the hibiscus, contrasting pleasantly with the
vivid green of the acacia, the old familiar Indian banyan, the Hawaiian
hall, and other arborescents.1
The next reference to the tree comes at the celebration of the
eighth birthday of Ka‘iulani in 1883. Cleghorn’s planting played a
prominent role at his daughter’s party: “There was a dancing room fit-
ted up, for the little ones, and all the band boys were under the great
banyan to pipe for them to dance.”2
The tree again took center stage at a reception of Princess Likelike
in March 1886. “In the grounds some beautiful specimens of arbori-
culture attracted the attention of the guests especially the mammoth
shady banyan tree planted by Hon. A. S. Cleghorn husband of the
Princess.”3
Another birthday party for Likelike’s daughter, Ka‘iulani, in 1886,
this her 11th, again caused mention of her favorite tree. Among the
many gifts received by the young girl that year was from: “C.R. [sic]
Barnfield, painting of a banyan tree on the premises by himself.”4
The
same account mentions that: “Prof. Berger was present throughout
the festivities directing the Royal Hawaiian Band that was stationed
under the banyan tree painted as mentioned above by an artist.”5
Robert Louis Stevenson
Ka‘iulani’s banyan owes its fame not to any intrinsic characteristics or
botanical rarity of the tree itself, but to the more ethereal imagination.
3. the legacy of ‘āinahau 51
The banyan is immortalized in perhaps the best-known remembrance
of Princess Ka‘iulani (16 October 1875–6 March 1899), a poem “To
Princess Kaiulani,” penned by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1889 on the
advent of her departure to England for education:
Forth from her land to mine she goes,
The island maid, the island rose,
Light of heart and bright of face:
The daughter of a double race.
Her islands here, in Southern sun,
Shall mourn their Kaiulani gone,
And I, in her dear banyan shade,
Look vainly for my little maid.
But our Scots islands far away
Shall glitter with unwonted day,
And cast for once their tempests by
To smile in Kaiulani’s eye.6
The accompanying note from Stevenson mentions the tree twice,
marking the location where the poem was written (“and at Waikīkī,
within easy walk of Kaiulani’s banyan!”) and the character of the tree
(“the shadow of the mighty tree”).
In February 1893, correspondent Mary Hannah Krout, paid a visit
to Archibald Cleghorn at the home of Ka‘iulani then near completion
at ‘Āinahau in Waikīkī.
We drove up the winding carriage road to the house, halting under the
shade of a giant banyan tree—one of the most magnificent of its kind.
It recalled my geography days,—the spreading branches, with their
thick, dark-green, glossy leaves; the heavy boughs, with their smooth
bark, not unlike our birches, these boughs sending roots down into
the earth like pillars, their spreading branches making a canopy under
which a caravan might have found shade.7
Krout’s observation that a caravan could find a haven under the tree
is fitting given the etymology of “banyan.” Her visit also records Cleg-
horn’s opinion of Ka‘iulani’s banyan: “The shrubbery had been cut
away for several yards in every direction to allow the free circulation
4. 52 the hawaiian journal of history
of the air, and just beyond the main entrance stood the one incom-
parable banyan tree, which the owner presently informed me was the
handsomest thing he had.”8
The exchange with the father of the Hawaiian Kingdom’s heir
apparent took place a month after the overthrow of the monarchy, so
Kraut steered her conversation away from the future of the monarchy.
Ka‘iulani’s banyan provided another topic. According to Krout:
Fig. 1. The ‘Āinahau Banyan, circa 1897–1900. Bishop Museum.
5. the legacy of ‘āinahau 53
So I gently turned the conversation upon other and impersonal sub-
jects, and told him how glad I was to see a banyan tree, and one so beau-
tiful as the fine specimen which he had raised. This evidently gratified
him, and after pointing out its various beauties he invited me to come
into the house.9
Despite the overthrow ‘Āinahau would continue to serve as a gather-
ing place for high society in Hawaii. Visitors to ‘Āinahau would almost
always mention two aspects: the engaging princess and the immense
banyan.
The princess Kaiulani (Miss Cleghorn) has a delightful home in this
vicinity, where are two large banyans, several royal palms and an endless
variety of other tropical trees and shrubbery. I accepted an invitation to
call on this young lady, and found her affable and easy in her manners,
and interesting and sensible as a conversationalist.10
The receptions at ‘Āinahau took place in quick succession as exem-
plified by back-to-back events in October 1898. The banyan there
received greater prominence in the accounts than the house itself:
Princess Kaiulani’s reception at Ainahau yesterday afternoon was very
largely attended. The Princess and Mr. Cleghorn received under the
large banyan tree near the house. Only a very few Hawaiians put in
an appearance as they all attended the reception the day before. At
that time Queen Liliuokalani and Prince David Kawananakoa assisted
in receiving.11
Less than six months later, in March of 1899, the banyan that had
long served as a place of mirth and dancing would transform to one
mourning and dirge with the death of Princess Ka‘iulani. Traditional
rituals replaced the Western receptions. Once again the banyan domi-
nated the scene: “The benches under the banyan tree are occupied by
old natives whose voices give the hea inoas [roll calls] as of old.”12
The
beloved tree sheltered hundreds of mourners:
Throughout the spacious grounds were scattered groups of the Hawai-
ian race, mourning for their dead alii. Through the shrubbery, under
the magnificent banyan tree which lifts itself into the air in front of
6. 54 the hawaiian journal of history
the house, they moved with trembling lips and tear-dimmed eye. True,
spontaneous grief reigned in every heart.
Out upon the air, striking strangely upon the ears of a stranger, rose
the wailing here and there of some of the older natives just as in years
gone by they mourned for their departed dead.
Mingling with the wailing of the old natives and the chanting of the
meles floated up the mournful dirges of the band. Seated in front of
the home, under the branches of the spreading banyan, the members
of the band poured out their melody.13
Stevenson’s bittersweet poem about Ka‘iulani and her banyan and
its prescient line that “Her island here . . . shall mourn their Kaiulani
gone” experienced renewed interest upon her death, and was quoted
in its entirety in obituaries. Stevenson would not “search vainly for
his island maid”; he had died four years earlier in Sāmoa. Ka‘iulani’s
death served to further widen the audience and the story behind the
poem. A national writer noted shortly after the death of Ka‘iulani in
1899: “It is said that Stevenson used to talk and walk with the little
Princess under the banyan tree. There she told him that she might
be sent to far-off Scotland to be educated. It was to reassure her that
he wrote the poem and note referred to.”14
When the Shriners visited
Hawai‘i in 1900, they visited ‘Āinahau, though “Mr. Cleghorn, owing
to illness, did not appear. The visitors were then given the freedom,
of the house and grounds. Groups loitered under the wide spreading
banyan trees and found much to arouse their admiration in the well-
kept tropical grove and garden.”15
In March 1904, the Paradise of the
Pacific carried an extensive account of the banyan tree:
Directly in front of the porch compelling the attention of every visitor
is a magnificent banyan, 30 years old, and the parent of all the noted
trees of its species in the city. With its cluster of central trunks, enor-
mous branches and abundant foliage, it is the king of trees in this park,
and unless destroyed by the woodman, will long outlive every other
form of vegetable growth in the demesne.16
The wife of Jack London wrote of her visit to ‘Āinahau in 1907,
three years before the death of Archibald Cleghorn: “I was most fas-
cinated by a splendid banyan, a tree which from childhood I had
wanted to see. This pleased the owner, whose especial pride it is—
7. the legacy of ‘āinahau 55
‘Kaiulani’s banyan’; although he is obliged to trim it unmercifully lest
its predatory tentacles capture the entire park.”17
To another visitor to ‘Āinahau Cleghorn revealed yet another
aspect of the great banyan:
As we walked under the great banyan tree and down the avenues
bordered by wonderful palms, and every specie of tree and vine and
flowering shrub known in the tropics, Governor Cleghorn said softly:
‘I selected all these trees and arranged these grounds for Kaiulani. I
wanted the domain to be a rest home for her, and these walks to give
her cool shade in her promenades.’
Another visitor, Anne Goodwin Winslow, wrote to her mother after
a tea party at ‘Āinahau in 1909:
The famous banyan in front of his house is as tall and wide spreading
as a small hotel-really one of the most stupendous trees you can imag-
ine and he planted that too . . . . This time he showed me Stevenson’s
poem. It made me feel so strange to put my hand on it. I think you have
read it. It begins ‘Forth from her land to mine she goes. The island
maid, the Island Ross [sic]’ and at the bottom he had written a little
note that was of more interest to me than the poem. It was something
to the effect that the poem was written for Kaiulani in April and in the
April of her youth, within a short distance of her banyan tree.18
Cleghorn died in 1910, a year after Winslow’s visit. His obituary
praised the gardens of his estate: “The grounds are among the most
tropically attractive in Honolulu. A long drive leading from Kalakaua
avenue, Waikiki, passes between cocoanut groves, and lily ponds, end-
ing under a great banyan tree . . . .”19
In his will, he gave his ‘Āinahau
estate to the Territory of Hawai‘i for a park to honor Ka‘iulani. The
only restriction he placed on the gift was that the park would close
each evening at 6:00. The time restriction allowed the legislature a jus-
tification for refusing to accept the gift. The property was subdivided
and sold, and the care for Ka‘iulani’s banyan and a small portion of
the property fell to the fledgling Daughters of Hawai‘i. The care of
the iconic tree fit closely with the mission of Daughters of Hawai‘i.
Founded in 1903, the organization was formed to “perpetuate the
memory and spirit of old Hawaii and of historic facts, and to pre-
8. 56 the hawaiian journal of history
serve the nomenclature and correct pronunciation of the Hawaiian
language.”20
A decade later the organization saw the near destruction
of the tree. When ‘Āinahau caught fire in October 1921 Ka‘iulani’s
banyan tree served as a firebreak and prevented the destruction of
a number of nearby residences. The naming of the banyan in news
accounts also reflects a change in focus from Hawaiian royalty to an
American poet.
The famous Stevenson banyan tree, under which he wrote many of his
stories, and where he used to linger with the beautiful Princess Kaiu
lani, whom he celebrated in a poem, was the hero of the fire. The noble
tree stood as a protecting wall, halting the spread of the flames and sav-
ing the many bungalows which in these degenerate days clutter up the
once broad and unfenced acres of the ancient royal estate.21
Thus the building that had engendered so many memories of notable
visitors was gone. The fire also reminded travel author and Star Bul-
letin journalist, Clifford Gessler of the fiery history of the site:
The Stevenson banyan, one of the most stately trees in Honolulu,
was planted on the site of an ancient tribal cooking place, where the
ground had been saturated for years with the fat of pigs, fowl and fish,
mingled with the ashes of a thousand fires and the memories of many
luaus, or Hawaiian feasts.
Gessler then gave his prognosis for the storied tree: “The Stevenson
banyan was badly damaged, but is expected to survive.”22
The Ka‘iu
lani banyan did indeed survive, albeit on a much smaller portion of
the estate, and received a bronze plaque commemorating its role in
history.
The beautiful banyan tree in the former private grounds of Ainahau,
residence of the late Princess Likelike, sister of King Kalakaua and
Queen Liliuokalani, and her husband, the Hon. Archibald S. Cleg-
horn, and now standing on a small plot of land which was deeded to
the Daughters of Hawaii, was the scene of a ceremony on October 16,
1930, when a bronze tablet was attached to the tree and unveiled under
the auspices of the Daughters of Hawaii. It was the anniversary of the
birthday of Princess Kaiulani, daughter of Princess Likelike, and who,
in the reign of Liliuokalani, was Heir Apparent to the throne of Hawaii.
9. the legacy of ‘āinahau 57
She was born October 16, 1875, and died in Honolulu in April, 1899
[Ka‘iulani actually died on 6 March 1899]. The banyan was planted
by her father and it was her favorite place for recreation. Robert Louis
Stevenson, in 1889, often sat beneath it with the Princess and to her
he dedicated a charming poem in which he referred to “her banyan.”
Earl Schenck designed the plaque. Mrs. Julie Judd Swanzy, regent, was
in charge of the exercises and read an interesting sketch of the life of
Princess Kaiulani.23
Within two decades of the bequest the treasured banyan became
a burden for the Daughters of Hawai‘i. The rapidly growing tree
became more than the small organization could handle. “Guard-
ians of the tree complained that pruning cost $700 yearly; the Parks
board could not be bothered; the Robert Louis Stevenson school
did not want responsibility.”24
Neighbors of the tree signed a peti-
tion in 1938 calling the tree “a first class nuisance.”25
The Daughters
of Hawai‘i were hard pressed to resolve the situation. “The follow-
ing year [1939] the residents of the area solicited the assistance of
the Outdoor Circle, whose members agreed that, indeed, the tree
was not healthy and that it would be difficult, if not impossible to
save it.”26
With the assistance of the Outdoor Circle, the property was
eventually sold, relieving the Daughters of Hawai‘i of its continued
commitment. The tree would continue shading the Tusitala Street lot
(Tusitala was the Samoan name for Stevenson, literally “story teller”)
for another decade. The final destruction of the banyan came in
1949.27
Despite the destruction of the ‘Āinahau tree at least three
other banyans made from cuttings from the mother tree lived on.
Ka‘iulani Elementary School Banyan
In 1900, Archibald Cleghorn provided “a little banyan tree, which
he had rooted from the famous tree at ‘Āinahau”28
for the Kapālama
school named in his daughter’s honor. Students had started attending
Ka‘iulani School the previous year on April 25, 1899.29
It had opened
“with 127 boys and 170 girls. Of this number 138 were Hawaiian and
117 part Hawaiians and 18 Portuguese.”30
On October 13, 1899, the
students had honored the late princess with the song “Kaiulani Alii,”
sung to the tune of “Hawai‘i Pono‘i:”
10. 58 the hawaiian journal of history
With voices sweet and dear
Oh, Kaiulani dear
Thy name we honor here
In words sincere
Chorus
Our school is named for thee
Kaiulani ’lii
Princess of liberty
All praise to thee
With flowers sweet to day
We weave for thee the lei
And deck thy picture gay
“Kaiulani e !”31
Though tucked away on the periphery of Ka‘iulani Elementary
School, progress also threatened the banyan tree there: “New school
building plans indicated classroom construction at the very site of the
tree.” The designers should not be faulted for the location on the
quieter Robello Lane side of the campus. Fortunately, for the ban-
yan, public protest changed the fate of the tree. “Parents and teach-
ers were dismayed at the idea of losing their impressive banyan tree
planted on Arbor Day in 1900 by Mrs. Nina Fraser, then principal of
the school. When the landscape committee members of the Outdoor
Circle learned of the situation, they joined forces with the parent-
teachers to save the historic tree.”32
Today, the bronze plaque from
the ‘Āinahau banyan sits at the foot of the Ka‘iulani School banyan.
Across King Street, visible from the Ka‘iulani School banyan, sits
another tree, this one unaffected by threats of construction; it sits in
the middle of Banyan Street.
Banyan Court Mall in Kapālama
Although the pedigree of the tree at Banyan Court Mall in Kapālama
is not specifically recorded, the land was owned by Princess Ruth
Ke‘elikolani, godmother of Ka‘iulani, whose father, Archibald Cleg-
horn, planted the ‘Āinahau tree. The banyan tree, also located adja-
cent to Lili‘uokalani’s Kapālama home called Mu‘olaulani, played a
role in Wilcox Rebellion of 1889 that attempted to reverse the Bayo-
net Constitution. The testimony in the trial of Albert Loomens places
11. the legacy of ‘āinahau 59
the initial staging area for the rebellion at the banyan tree border-
ing Lili‘uokalani’s Kapālama residence: “We were all arranged in two
lines near the banyan tree.”33
The tree, located on King Street between Kaumakapili Church and
St. Elizabeth’s Episcopal Church, provided a landmark and meeting
location for political meetings following the overthrow. “They know
that tree, growing conspicuously in the middle of the short Banyan
Rd. . . . is the center of political activities in the 5th district; that many
stormy battles of ballots in the ‘stormy 5th’ have been waged in the
shade of this round tree.”34
The banyan also provided the name for a
residential development near the banyan in the 1920s.
King-Ke‘eaumoku Banyan
About four miles southeast from Banyan Court Mall on South King
Street at its intersection with Ke‘eaumoku Street once stood another
landmark banyan tree. The King-Ke‘eaumoku tree came from one
of the earliest cutting from the ‘Āinahau tree. Cleghorn planted it
in 1863,35
just a dozen years after his arrival, in what served then as a
government nursery. The banyan tree also served as a landmark for
the facility. The Government Nursery was “very close to the turn to the
Waikiki road on King street and may be easily found if one seeks out
a large banyan tree on the town corner and another of the Chinese
species a little further in.”36
Ferdinand Schnack in his Aloha Guide of
Fig. 2. A call for a political meeting at the Banyan Street banyan. From the December
11, 1905 issue of The Democrat.
12. 60 the hawaiian journal of history
1915 noted the Nursery Park had “a rare collection of miscellaneous
trees, the banyan tree at the corner being a good specimen.”37
A century after its planting the condition of the King-Ke‘eaumoku
tree was the subject of discussion of the 699th meeting of the Hawai-
ian Entomological Society meeting at the Hawaii Sugar Planters’ Asso-
ciation’s Agee Hall. Dr. Hardy presented notes for Dr. M. Sasakawa of
Kyoto Prefectural University:
Thoracaphis fici (Takahashi): Mr. Kim exhibited specimens and reported
that a heavy infestation of this banyan aphid was observed on Ficus
benghalensis, the large banyan tree at King and Keeaumoku streets.
Associated with the aphids is the sooty mold fungus which covers a large
portion of the tree. Together these two agents are responsible for the
poor condition of the tree, and not poisoning from herbicides which
was suspected to be the cause.
The King-Ke‘eaumoku banyan, however, would be felled not by dis-
ease but by progress, in the form of the widening of King Street. As
early as 1963, the giant banyan on the mauka-Waikīkī corner of the
intersection of King and Ke‘eaumoku streets was threatened with
destruction. An editorial protested cutting the tree in April 1963.
Mayor Neal Blaisdell sought to allay concerns when he announced
in May that the tree was safe. Six months later the City Council voted
7-2 to fell the tree, only to be told by the state land department that it
needed a state permit. By May 1964 the banyan was once again threat-
ened. The Outdoor Circle entered the fray to save the historic tree,
going so far as promising money to maintain it. In January 1967 the
city council inspected the site and a month later voted 8-1 to remove
the tree. Frank Fasi, the sole vote to save the tree, had predicted its
doom. Fasi’s political rival, Kekoa Kaapu, sought to move the tree;
the Outdoor Circle proposed to move the road around the tree. Not
surprisingly, given the numerous opinions regarding the banyan,
the mayor looked at five plans for the tree, including a plan to plant
sections of the tree in several locations. The last plan prevailed, so
despite preservation efforts, the Indian banyan was cut down on Sun-
day, 29 October 1967. A memorial service marked the event.
The banyan tree would not be the only victim of the widening; A
circle of royal palms that once surrounded the Kamehameha statue
on King Street may have been the target for retaliation for the threat-
13. the legacy of ‘āinahau 61
ened destruction of the King-Ke‘eaumoku banyan tree. The Hawaiian
Journal of History notes the circumstances surrounding the collateral
damage:
On the morning of February 3, 1967, Judiciary Building employees
arrived at work to find that the seven royal (Brazilian) palms around
the statue had been beheaded. A prankster giving the name of the
French existentialist writer Albert Camus, and posing as a State offi-
cial, had “contracted” with a Samoan tree-trimming company to cut
the palms down. Some persons viewed the prank as a desperate effort
to protest a Honolulu City Council decision to remove the century-old
Keeaumoku street banyan tree to widen the street.38
The controversy surrounding the destruction of the popular tree
resulted in the transplanting of sections of the century-old banyan in
various locations, including one portion at the Dillingham Boulevard
campus of Honolulu Community College. The transplanting of part
of the King-Ke‘eaumoku tree at Honolulu Community College almost
didn’t occur. At a news conference, the mayor’s list of sites slated for
portions of the tree did not include the college. When informed that
Fig. 3. The King-Ke‘eaumoku Street Banyan, July 10, 1923. Bishop Museum.
14. 62 the hawaiian journal of history
Honolulu Community College had also requested a piece, the mayor
responded: “I had forgotten that . . . . If the college wants one of these
slips it certainly can have one.”39
Honolulu Community College Banyan
Honolulu Community College provost Arthur Oswald and student
body president Wallace Kaneshiro assisted in “planting a branch from
the King and Keeaumoku St. banyan at the college”40
on October
31, 1967. Far from any water source the tree was initially watered by
the campus maintenance staff, one wheelbarrow of water at a time.
Ironically the dry location was once part of a vast lo‘i complex fed
by ‘auwai from Niuhelewai Stream before the waters were diverted
into the Kapālama Canal. The banyan survived, planted just south
of the campus boundary with the City and County of Honolulu’s
Kōkea Street incinerator. The tree continued to grow undisturbed
for another seven years. In 1974 a road once again threatened the
tree, this time a service road being planned for the college. Students
immediately protested the removal of the banyan.”41
Though the stu-
dents won a reprieve for the tree, the respite was brief. Instead of
cutting the tree down, however, an attempt in May 1974 was made
to transplant the healthy tree to an area that had previously proven
inhospitable—Magic Island. “Through all the misunderstanding and
personal involvement in this controversy, the investigation commit-
tee has found that the Ke‘eaumoku Banyan tree has found its home
at Magic Island.”42
Ironically, the school that had been left off the
original list of sites nurtured the only surviving portion of the King-
Ke‘eaumoku banyan.
Magic Island Banyan
A Honolulu Community College student filed a report a year later
reporting on the health of the banyan tree. “The Banyan tree . . . You
may recall that last year there was much concern and rallying on the
HCC campus about the Banyan tree. It was to be uprooted to make
way for the library building. It was, and was transplanted in Ala Moana
Park. As you can see, it’s doing well and has rooted firmly. Thanks to
HCC student involvement, the tree was saved.”43
The banyan contin-
15. the legacy of ‘āinahau 63
ues to survive, providing shade for a picnic site that looks out toward
Waikīkī.
Kapi‘olani Park Banyans
Although the pedigree of the Kapi‘olani Park banyans cannot be con-
firmed in the historical record, their source may be inferred. The ear-
liest reference to banyans in the recreational area comes in an 1881
account of the shareholder meeting of the Kapiolani Park Associa-
tion: “Referring to the condition of the Park, he [the vice president of
the Kapiolani Park Association at its 1881 annual meeting] said that
there are upwards of 20,000 trees, mostly algarobas, with a few ingas
and banyans, etc.”44
Cleghorn was elected that year as president of the
association responsible for the plantings in the park. The presence of
banyan trees at Kapi‘olani Park is again noted in 1885 at annual cel-
ebration of founding the International Order of Odd Fellows: “There
is abundance of shade beneath the algaroba, inga, kou, and banyan
that flourish on the extensive lawn.”45
The banyans of the park con-
Fig. 4. The Magic Island Banyan, 2011. Ralph Thomas Kam photo.
16. 64 the hawaiian journal of history
tinued to delight park goers including an early kindergarten group
in 1896:
This last week 30 of the little children with their teachers went to Kapi-
olani Park, where they waded on the beach, chased crabs, gathered
shells, and screamed to the utmost capacity of their lungs. Luncheon
they ate under the shade of a large banyan tree in company with beauti-
ful peacocks who walked into their ring to pick at the crumbs thrown
them. ‘A good time’ was the general verdict.46
Today, seven Indian Banyan trees grow in the original Kapi‘olani
Park lands: three in the vicinity of the Honolulu Zoo, one more in
the parking lot of the Waikīkī Shell, two on Pākī Avenue near the
Diamond Head tennis courts, another by the Archery Range. Another
two grow makai of Kalākaua Avenue adjacent to Kapi‘olani Park,
one across from the zoo entrance and another ‘ewa of Queen’s Surf
Beach. Even more banyans would exist if a proposal in the Hawaiian
Gazette had been followed. “The Bystander” column in 1906 proposed
a grand grove of banyans:
One of the things—the growing things—that interest our tourists most,
is the banyan tree. A youngster back East, poring over the pictures in
his first geography, lingers longest over the banyan. He reads that its
branches fall and take root and that, if the tree is let alone, it will some
day cover a farm. When he grows up and goes to a banyan country he
looks up his old friend the arboreal monarch before he identifies him-
self at the bank.
It strikes me that Honolulu has never risen to the occasion and
acquired as many banyans as it needs in its tourist business. Why not a
great banyan grove? Why not forty banyans growing together? Eureka!
Why not a banyan section of the park?
Take the Diamond Head end of Kapiolani park where the scraggly
iron-woods and the commonplace kiawes grow; include the old race-
track, which has become an eye-sore and dig big holes all about and
enrich them with garbage and fertilizer and then plant banyans. Let
the other trees grow as they may, to be eventually cut down. Keep the
banyans well cultivated and in ten or fifteen years the grove will be as
famous as Waikīkī beach or Punchbowl. Think of the vast, leafty [sic]
tabernacle of the future; that mighty amplitude of pillar and aisle, that
cathedral vista of sun-flecked gloom; of the cool, breezy shade.
17. the legacy of ‘āinahau 65
Then figure out—this is for the supervisors—how much less it will
cost to put the unfinished end of the park in banyans than to sod it and
provide for flower beds and fountains.47
The closest Hawai‘i came to fulfilling the writer’s dream exists as
Banyan Drive in Hilo, where dozens of Chinese banyans, planted by
celebrities, line the street. Although the Kapi‘olani Park banyan grove
never came to fruition, another grove of banyan trees draws tourists
at ‘Iolani Palace.
‘Iolani Palace Banyan
The banyan tree on the northeast corner of the ‘Iolani Palace grounds
also most likely had its origins from the tree at ‘Āinahau, though its
pedigree, too, may only be inferred. Though not noted in the his-
toric record, many believe that Queen Kapi‘olani planted the tree.
The chain of inferences leads once again to ‘Āinahau. Kapi‘olani’s
husband, David Kalākaua, was brother of Likelike, whose husband
Archibald Cleghorn had planted the ‘Āinahau banyan. Even if not
planted by the queen, the tree was much loved by Kapi‘olani. “In the
happy old palace days her favorite pastime was to sit under the shade
of the great banyan tree, in the back of the palace yard, with her ladies
in waiting, lounging lazily on the grass around her, and tease them
about their sweethearts or worm a confession out of this or that timid
one jealously guarding the secret of her heart.”48
Legacy of ‘Āinahau
Thus at least two trees clearly remain from Ka‘iulani’s great banyan
at ‘Āinahau: the remnant of the King-Ke‘eaumoku tree via Honolulu
Community College now at the end of Magic Island, and the one
planted at the elementary school in Kapālama that bears her name.
And several others have close ties to Archibald Cleghorn, or those
close to him, including the trees of Kapi‘olani Park, ‘Iolani Palace
and Banyan Court Mall in Kapālama. So Ka‘iulani’s dear banyan con-
tinues to grow and shade beyond her beloved ‘Āinahau. Whether the
historic connections with Ka‘iulani and royalty or the grandeur of the
towering banyans provide the motivation for preservation, Hawai‘i
18. 66 the hawaiian journal of history
history is replete with examples of the efforts to protect these arbo-
real giants, including those of members of the Daughters of Hawai‘i,
the Outdoor Circle and students and faculty of Ka‘iulani Elementary
School and Honolulu Community College. Perhaps this is the true
legacy of ‘Āinahau, that Hawai‘i’s people have shared the love that
Ka‘iulani bore for her dear banyan.
Notes
1
PCA, 9 June 1877, quoted in Dorothea Woodrum, Governor Cleghorn, Princess
Kaiulani and Ainahau: Recollections of a Gracious Era in Hawaii’s History (Hono-
lulu: Woodrum Staff, Ltd., 1964) [11].
2
“Her Birthday Party,” Saturday Press, 20 October 1883: 5.
3
“Island Locals,” HG, 2 March 1886: 3.
4
“Birthday of the Princess,” The Daily Herald 18 October 1886: 3.
5
“Birthday of the Princess,” The Daily Herald 18 October 1886: 3.
6
Robert Louis Stevenson, The Poems and Ballads of Robert Louis Stevenson, (New
York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1919) 235.
7
Mary Hannah Krout. Hawaii and a Revolution: the Personal Experiences of a Cor-
Fig. 5. The ‘Iolani Palace Banyan, 2011. Ralph Thomas Kam photo.
19. the legacy of ‘āinahau 67
respondent in the Sandwich Islands During the Crisis of 1893 and Subsequently (New
York: Dodd, Mead, 1898) 102.
8
Krout, 102.
9
Krout, 102–103.
10
“Hawaii A Beacon Light,” Evening Bulletin 5 July 1898: 2.
11
“Reception at Ainahau,” Evening Bulletin 19 October 1898: 1.
12
“Is Now Lying in State: Body of Late Princess Kaiulani Viewed by Hundreds,”
Evening Bulletin 8 March 1899: 1.
13
“Body in State: Thousands View the Remains of Princess Kaiulani,” HG 10
March 1899: 3.
14
Jeannette Leonard and Joseph Benson Gilder, eds., The Critic, vol. 35, no. 867
(September 1899) 789.
15
“Two Receptions for Shriners Yesterday,” The Honolulu Republican, 24 October
1900: 1.
16
Paradise of the Pacific, March 1904, quoted in Dorothea Woodrum, Governor Cleg-
horn, Princess Kaiulani and Ainahau [7].
17
Charmian London. Our Hawaii (New York: Macmillan, 1917) 114.
18
Chapman, M. Winslow. “When Halley’s Comet Came: Letters of Anne Goodwin
Winslow, 1908–1911,” HJH, vol. 19 (1985) 157.
19
“Death Came Last Night to Governor Cleghorn at his Home at Ainahau,” HG
4 November 1910: 2.
20
“Daughters of Hawaii,” http://www.daughtersofhawaii.org/.
21
Clifford F. Gessler, “Honolulu Letter” The Step Ladder, vol. 3, no. 5 (October
1921) 76.
22
Gessler: 76.
23
Albert P. Taylor, “Historical Notes,” in Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society, no.
17 (Honolulu: The Printshop, 1930) 8.
24
The Telegraph (Nashua, Maine) 8 July 1948: 13.
25
Barbara Jane Del Piano, Nā Lani Kaumaka: Daughters of Hawai‘i: Century of His-
toric Preservation, (Honolulu: Daughters of Hawai‘i, 2005) 93.
26
Del Piano. Nā Lani Kaumaka, 93.
27
“Kaiulani Plaque to be kept at Waikiki site,” HSB, 1 March 1949: 3
28
The Friend, April 1913: 87.
29
“Local and General News,” The Independent. 25 April 1899: 3.
30
“Local and General News,” The Independent. 26 April 1899: 3.
31
“Kaiulani School,” The Independent. 13 October 1899: 2.
32
“Tree at Kaiulani School is Treasured,” HSB, 3 Dec 1954: B2.
33
“October Term: Trial of Albert Loomens for Treason,” Daily Bulletin, 9 October
1889: 3.
34
“Center of Old Palama District,” HSB, 6 October 1934: Sec 2, 10.
35
Pamela Frierson, “Roots Revival,” Hana Hou, vol 7, no. 1 (February/March
2004) 2.
36
“A Tree Nursery,” HG, 12 April 1898: 6.
37
Ferdinand Schnack, The Aloha Guide (Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 1915)
131.
20. 68 the hawaiian journal of history
38
Jacob Adler, “The Kamehameha Statue,” HJH, vol. 3 (1969): 96.
39
“To be sectioned, planted in several areas,” HA 21 October 1967: B1.
40
“New Life for Banyan,” HA 31 October 1967: A4.
41
“Students protest removal of banyan” HA 22 March 1974: A3.
42
Kahili, 3 May 1974: 2.
43
Kahili, 18 April 1975: 2.
44
“Meeting of the Shareholders of Kapiolani Park Association,” HG, 23 February
1881: 2.
45
“I.O.O.F. Anniversary: Its Celebration by Excelsior Lodge,” Daily Bulletin. 27
April 1885: 2.
46
“The Kindergarten Work,” Evening Bulletin, 29 June, 1896: 7.
47
“The Bystander,” HG, 4 December 1906: 2.
48
“In the Fullness of Years: Death of Queen Dowager Kapiolani,” Austin’s Hawai-
ian Weekly. 1 July 1899: 3.