Gene transformation in plants
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This document discusses gene transformation in plants. It provides a brief history of transformation, including the first experiments in 1928. It then describes the key stages of gene transformation as delivery of DNA into a single cell and regeneration of a full fertile plant. Both direct and indirect transformation methods are covered, with indirect using Agrobacterium and direct using particle guns, protoplast fusion, lasers or electroporation. The importance of transformation is to improve crop yields, traits and resistance to pests and weather.
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DNA delivery methods
There are four main methods of plant transformation described in the document: 1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfer, which uses a soil bacteria to transfer genes into plant cells; 2) Particle bombardment which uses a biolistic particle gun to inject cells with genetic material; 3) Protoplast transformation using polyethylene glycol to make plant cell membranes permeable to naked DNA; and 4) Electroporation which uses an electric current to create openings in cell membranes through which DNA can enter plant genomes.
Transgenic plants and their Application
Genetically modified or transgenic plants are plants that have been modified using genetic engineering techniques to introduce new traits. This document discusses the history and process of creating transgenic plants. It describes how transgenic plants are generated by transferring genes from other species into the target plant using either indirect methods like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or direct physical methods like biolistics. The document provides details on the various applications of transgenic plants including producing herbicide resistance, insect resistance, virus resistance, and improving nutritional quality.
agrobacterium transformation
Agrobacterium is a soil bacteria that can naturally transfer DNA fragments called T-DNA from its tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid into plant cells. This process, called Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, is used as an indirect method to genetically transform plants. The Ti-plasmid is manipulated to replace the T-DNA with a gene of interest and selectable markers before Agrobacterium infects plant cells. Transformed cells are selected and regenerated into plants. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation allows for stable integration of foreign genes into plant genomes and is widely used due to its natural mechanism, though it can be time-consuming and more difficult in monocots.
12-Plant Delivery system.pptx
This document discusses methods for plant genetic engineering and transformation. It describes three main methods: electroporation, biolistics/particle bombardment, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Agrobacterium transformation uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria to insert foreign DNA into plant cells. It involves removing crown gall genes from the Ti plasmid and replacing them with genes of interest. The process then involves inserting the modified Ti plasmid into Agrobacterium, mixing it with plant cells, and regenerating genetically modified plantlets.
Genetic engineering and Transformation methods
Genetic engineering involves manipulating an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. This document discusses various genetic transformation methods, including both direct and indirect methods. Indirect methods involve using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA into plant cells. Direct methods discussed include particle bombardment, polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation, and microinjection. The document provides details on the process, mechanisms, applications and history of genetic engineering and transformation techniques.
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Methods of Gene Transfer
Methods of Gene Transfer document discusses various methods of transferring genes into plants to create transgenic plants. It describes two main categories of gene transfer methods - physical and biological. Physical methods include microinjection, biolistics (gene gun), electroporation, and particle bombardment. Biological methods include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, which involves using the bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA into plant cells. The document also discusses transformation cassettes, selection of transgenic plants, analysis of transgenic plants, and some examples of commercially important transgenic crops like golden rice and Roundup Ready corn.
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There are four main methods of plant transformation described in the document: 1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfer, which uses a soil bacteria to transfer genes into plant cells; 2) Particle bombardment which uses a biolistic particle gun to inject cells with genetic material; 3) Protoplast transformation using polyethylene glycol to make plant cell membranes permeable to naked DNA; and 4) Electroporation which uses an electric current to create openings in cell membranes through which DNA can enter plant genomes.
Transgenic plants and their Application
Genetically modified or transgenic plants are plants that have been modified using genetic engineering techniques to introduce new traits. This document discusses the history and process of creating transgenic plants. It describes how transgenic plants are generated by transferring genes from other species into the target plant using either indirect methods like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or direct physical methods like biolistics. The document provides details on the various applications of transgenic plants including producing herbicide resistance, insect resistance, virus resistance, and improving nutritional quality.
agrobacterium transformation
Agrobacterium is a soil bacteria that can naturally transfer DNA fragments called T-DNA from its tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid into plant cells. This process, called Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, is used as an indirect method to genetically transform plants. The Ti-plasmid is manipulated to replace the T-DNA with a gene of interest and selectable markers before Agrobacterium infects plant cells. Transformed cells are selected and regenerated into plants. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation allows for stable integration of foreign genes into plant genomes and is widely used due to its natural mechanism, though it can be time-consuming and more difficult in monocots.
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This document discusses methods for plant genetic engineering and transformation. It describes three main methods: electroporation, biolistics/particle bombardment, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Agrobacterium transformation uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria to insert foreign DNA into plant cells. It involves removing crown gall genes from the Ti plasmid and replacing them with genes of interest. The process then involves inserting the modified Ti plasmid into Agrobacterium, mixing it with plant cells, and regenerating genetically modified plantlets.
Genetic engineering and Transformation methods
Genetic engineering involves manipulating an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. This document discusses various genetic transformation methods, including both direct and indirect methods. Indirect methods involve using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA into plant cells. Direct methods discussed include particle bombardment, polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation, and microinjection. The document provides details on the process, mechanisms, applications and history of genetic engineering and transformation techniques.
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This document discusses various plant transformation systems. It describes direct transformation techniques like microinjection, electroporation, silicon carbide-mediated and gene gun/biolistic transformation. It also discusses indirect transformation techniques like Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated and virus-mediated gene transfer. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is able to transfer T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into the plant genome. Viral vectors like caulimoviruses and geminiviruses are also used for plant transformation. The document further explains in planta transformation techniques like meristem transformation and floral dip method. It provides examples of transgenic crops developed using these techniques.
Methods of Gene Transfer
Methods of Gene Transfer document discusses various methods of transferring genes into plants to create transgenic plants. It describes two main categories of gene transfer methods - physical and biological. Physical methods include microinjection, biolistics (gene gun), electroporation, and particle bombardment. Biological methods include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, which involves using the bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA into plant cells. The document also discusses transformation cassettes, selection of transgenic plants, analysis of transgenic plants, and some examples of commercially important transgenic crops like golden rice and Roundup Ready corn.
Methods of gene transfer
Gene transfer techniques can be direct or indirect. Direct techniques introduce foreign DNA into plant cells without a biological agent, using methods like microinjection, microprojectiles, protoplast fusion, electroporation, and polyethylene glycol treatment. Indirect gene transfer uses the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which transfers DNA (T-DNA) from its tumor-inducing plasmid into the host plant genome, allowing genetic modification of plants. Techniques like bacterial transformation and transduction can also directly transfer genes between bacteria using viruses or naked DNA. Overall, a variety of methods have been developed to introduce foreign genes into organisms and achieve genetic modification.
Biological gene transfer
This document discusses Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in plants. It describes how Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil bacterium, can transfer tumor-inducing (T-DNA) segments from its Ti plasmid into the DNA of plant cells. The T-DNA is integrated into the plant genome and can include genes added through genetic engineering. The process involves inserting a gene of interest into the T-DNA, infecting plant cells with Agrobacterium, and regenerating whole plants from transformed cells. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation allows stable integration of genes and is widely used for genetic modification of crops.
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Methods of gene transfer
To achieve genetic transformation in plants, we need the construction of a vector (genetic vehicle) which transports the genes of interest, flanked by the necessary controlling sequences i.e. promoter and terminator, and deliver the genes into the host plant.
GENE TRANSFER.pptx
This document provides an overview of various gene transfer tools and techniques. It discusses vector-mediated methods like Agrobacterium and viral vectors as well as direct or vector-less methods such as electroporation, biolistics, microinjection, liposome mediated, and calcium phosphate mediated gene transfer. For each method, it describes the basic process and provides some key details and applications. It also notes some advantages and limitations of different techniques. The document aims to inform readers about the various options available for inserting genes into plant cells.
Gene transformation methods
Transformation is the process of altering an organism's genetic makeup by inserting new genes. Common transformation methods include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, particle bombardment, protoplast transformation using polyethylene glycol or electroporation, and fibre-mediated DNA delivery. Agrobacterium transformation involves the bacteria transferring T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into the plant genome, while direct methods introduce naked DNA into plant cells using physical methods like particle bombardment or chemical treatments that make cell membranes permeable. Transformation allows improving crop traits like yield and stress resistance.
Transgenic crops(GM crops)
With the advancement of biotechnology, Genetic engineering also become an important tool. Transgenic crops are the crops which are produced through genetic engineering by altering desirable traits into plant genome.
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This document discusses various methods of gene transfer and plant transformation. Transformation is the process of altering an organism's genetic makeup by inserting new genes. The main methods discussed are:
- Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, which uses the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA into plant cells.
- Direct transformation methods like particle bombardment (gene gun) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), which directly deliver DNA into plant cells through physical or chemical means without a vector.
- Other direct methods include microinjection, electroporation, and fiber-mediated DNA delivery using silicon carbide whiskers.
Genetic transformation
1. There are two main methods of gene transfer - direct and indirect gene transfer. Indirect transfer uses Agrobacterium-mediated transformation while direct transfer uses physical or chemical methods.
2. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer T-DNA containing the gene of interest into the plant genome. The process involves co-cultivation of plant explants with Agrobacterium followed by selection and regeneration of transgenic plants.
3. Direct physical methods include biolistic transformation, microinjection, electroporation, and macroinjection. Direct chemical methods include PEG-mediated, calcium phosphate co-precipitation, and liposome-mediated transformation
Transgenic crops
TRANSGENIC CROPS CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
Transgenic Technology : Transform gene from any source.
Eg: animals, bacteria, virus etc
Traditional Breeding : Move genes only between members of a particular genus of plants.
Take multiple growing seasons to develop and test a new variety.
Lot of man power
Limited possibility of improved traits.
Gene transfer methods
This document describes various methods for transferring genes into organisms. Biological methods include using viruses like cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) to transfer genes into plants. Physical methods include electroporation, which uses electric pulses to create pores in cell membranes through which DNA can enter. Liposomes and direct methods like microinjection and particle bombardment can also be used to directly transfer DNA. Chemical methods involve using compounds like polyethylene glycol (PEG) to destabilize cell membranes and allow DNA uptake. While physical methods can target single cells, they may damage cells. Biological methods using vectors are often more efficient but less controlled. Overall the document provides an overview of the key gene transfer techniques.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
This document summarizes the process of plant genetic transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It describes how A. tumefaciens transfers T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into plant cells, integrating the T-DNA into the plant genome and expressing genes that cause crown gall disease. The document also outlines the key steps in the process, from gene transfer to the plant cell through regeneration of a transformed whole plant and methods to detect successful transformation events. Common genes inserted into transgenic crops are also listed, including genes for herbicide and insect resistance.
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Genetic transformation methods allow for the insertion of foreign genes into plant genomes. This document outlines various genetic transformation techniques, including Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, particle bombardment, electroporation, and chemical methods using PEG or DEAE dextran. Agrobacterium is a natural gene transfer agent for many plants, while particle bombardment can transform a wide variety of plant species. Genetic transformation has important applications for improving crop resistance to stresses and pests, increasing yields, and enhancing nutritional quality.
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This document discusses transgenic plants and methods used to produce and study them. It defines transgenic plants as organisms with genes transferred between species using genetic engineering. Several methods are described for producing transgenic plants, including particle bombardment, PEG-mediated transformation, electroporation, and Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. The document also discusses the history of transgenic crop development, importance of transgenic plants, and methods for gene identification, localization, and sequencing, including Sanger sequencing, Maxam-Gilbert sequencing, and next-generation sequencing techniques.
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Gene transfer techniques can be direct or indirect. Direct techniques introduce foreign DNA into plant cells without a biological agent, using methods like microinjection, microprojectiles, protoplast fusion, electroporation, and polyethylene glycol treatment. Indirect gene transfer uses the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which transfers DNA (T-DNA) from its tumor-inducing plasmid into the host plant genome, allowing genetic modification of plants. Techniques like bacterial transformation and transduction can also directly transfer genes between bacteria using viruses or naked DNA. Overall, a variety of methods have been developed to introduce foreign genes into organisms and achieve genetic modification.
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Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
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Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptx
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsRecently uploaded (20)
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
Gene transformation in plants
- 2. Content's • Introduction • History • Gene transformation • Methods of plant transformation • Importance
- 3. Introduction • Plant genetic engineering has become one of the most important molecular tools in the modern molecular breeding of crops. • Over the last decade significant progress has been made in the development of new and efficient transformation methods in plants.
- 4. History • The transformation was first time applied by British Bacteriologist in 1928 in Diplococcus pneumonia. • Transformation using electroporation. • Gene gun discovered by John Sanford in the 1980s.
- 5. Gene transformation • It involves 2 stages: 1- Delivery of the DNA into single cell 2- Regeneration into full fertile plants • The transformation is done by using vectors such as plasmids.
- 7. • Origin of replication • Antibiotic resistant genes • Multiple cloning sites • Allow insertion of foreign DNA Ti-plasmid • Contain one or more T-DNA region that is integrated into the plant host genome. • Contain a virregion 40kb. Vectors
- 8. Process of T-DNA • Signal recognition by Agrobacterium • Attachment to cells of the plant
- 10. Methods of plant transformation 1. Indirect method: • Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer. 2. Direct method: • Particle gun • Chemical method (protoplast fusion) • Laser induced DNA delivery • Electroporation
- 11. Indirect method • Agrobacterium- • Soil born, gram negative, rod shaped, motile found in rhizosphere. • Causative agents of "crown gall" cause disease. • Have ability transfer bacterial genes to plant genome.
- 13. Direct methods
- 14. Protoplast Fusion The transformation of plant protoplast done with naked DNA through treatment with PEG, the treatment also takes place in the presence of divalent cations.
- 15. Laser induced DNA delivery • Laser produce holes that are transient in the cell membrane in which DNA enters into the cell cytoplasm. • No information about gene expression
- 16. Electroporation • The delivery of DNA into the plant cell is done trough electroporation. • Plant regulatory sequence is necessary for the gene of interest. • It may be used to transform all the major cereals particularly rice, wheat, maize.
- 18. Importance The importance to produce transgenic plant is to: • Improve crop yields. • Improvement of varietal traits. • It protect against their parasites, pests and weather conditions.