Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes.pptx
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The document presents on gene regulation in prokaryotes. It discusses that gene regulation primarily occurs at the transcriptional level in prokaryotes. This is explained by the Lac operon model, which was discovered in E. coli in 1961 by Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod. The Lac operon is a cluster of genes involved in lactose metabolism that are transcribed together. It contains a promoter, regulator gene, operator, and structural genes. In the presence of lactose, it binds to the repressor and allows transcription of the structural genes. The structural genes encode proteins like beta-galactosidase that help break down lactose.
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gene regulation in prokaryotes. Basics description of what is positive ans ne...
The lac operon regulates genes involved in lactose metabolism in E. coli. It contains three structural genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that are expressed as a single mRNA transcript. A repressor protein binds to the operator region between the promoter and structural genes, preventing transcription when lactose is absent. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that prevents repressor from binding to the operator, allowing transcription. The lac operon is also positively regulated by the catabolite activator protein (CAP) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) to preferentially express lactose genes only in the absence of glucose.
Operon
This document provides an overview of gene regulation in prokaryotes using the lac operon in E. coli as an example. It explains that genes are regulated to control which proteins are expressed at different times. The lac operon consists of structural genes that encode enzymes for lactose metabolism, as well as a regulatory gene that produces a repressor protein. In the absence of the lactose inducer, the repressor binds to the operator region and prevents transcription. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that prevents it from binding to the operator, allowing transcription.
Regulation of gene expression
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Regulation of Gene Expression.pdf
Gene expression involves the transcription of DNA into mRNA and the translation of mRNA into protein. In prokaryotes, genes are often organized into operons such as the lac operon, which coordinates the expression of genes required for lactose metabolism. The lac operon is regulated by the binding of repressor proteins in the absence of lactose and activator proteins in the presence of lactose. In eukaryotes, gene expression is controlled at the DNA, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels through regulatory proteins, signals, and environmental factors.
Gene expression and regulation
This document discusses gene expression and regulation. It begins by defining key terms like genes, genome, and gene expression. It then explains that organisms adapt to their environment by altering gene expression. There are two main types of gene expression: positive regulation which increases expression, and negative regulation which decreases it. Gene expression is studied in detail in prokaryotes using the lactose operon in E. coli as an example. Gene expression in eukaryotes is more complex due to larger genomes and separation of DNA and protein synthesis by the nuclear membrane.
gene regulation in prokaryotes
Gene regulation in prokaryotes primarily occurs at the transcriptional level through the use of regulatory proteins that activate or repress transcription. A key example is the lac operon in E. coli, which regulates the expression of genes involved in lactose metabolism. The lac operon is turned on in the presence of lactose and turned off in the presence of glucose or when lactose is not available. This is controlled by the lac repressor binding to the operator region and blocking transcription. Other examples include the trp operon and regulation by attenuation. Overall, prokaryotic gene regulation ensures the right genes are expressed at the right times through various mechanisms operating at the transcriptional and translational levels.
Prokaryotic expression system
The document discusses prokaryotic expression systems, which are genetic constructs used to produce proteins or RNA inside or outside cells. It focuses on the prokaryotic system, which is most widely used for recombinant protein production in E. coli bacteria. Key aspects covered include the history of prokaryotic expression research, types of gene regulation like operons and regulatory molecules, examples of operons like the lac and trp operons, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression.
Regulation of gene expression in Prokaryotes (Lac Operon).pptx by Muhammad An...
1. The lac operon regulates the expression of genes involved in lactose catabolism in prokaryotes in response to the presence of lactose or glucose.
2. It consists of structural genes that encode enzymes for lactose breakdown and a regulatory gene that produces a repressor protein.
3. In the absence of lactose, the repressor binds to the operator region and prevents transcription of the structural genes. However, in the presence of lactose, it binds to lactose instead, allowing transcription.
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gene regulation in prokaryotes. Basics description of what is positive ans ne...
The lac operon regulates genes involved in lactose metabolism in E. coli. It contains three structural genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that are expressed as a single mRNA transcript. A repressor protein binds to the operator region between the promoter and structural genes, preventing transcription when lactose is absent. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that prevents repressor from binding to the operator, allowing transcription. The lac operon is also positively regulated by the catabolite activator protein (CAP) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) to preferentially express lactose genes only in the absence of glucose.
Operon
This document provides an overview of gene regulation in prokaryotes using the lac operon in E. coli as an example. It explains that genes are regulated to control which proteins are expressed at different times. The lac operon consists of structural genes that encode enzymes for lactose metabolism, as well as a regulatory gene that produces a repressor protein. In the absence of the lactose inducer, the repressor binds to the operator region and prevents transcription. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that prevents it from binding to the operator, allowing transcription.
Regulation of gene expression
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Regulation of Gene Expression.pdf
Gene expression involves the transcription of DNA into mRNA and the translation of mRNA into protein. In prokaryotes, genes are often organized into operons such as the lac operon, which coordinates the expression of genes required for lactose metabolism. The lac operon is regulated by the binding of repressor proteins in the absence of lactose and activator proteins in the presence of lactose. In eukaryotes, gene expression is controlled at the DNA, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels through regulatory proteins, signals, and environmental factors.
Gene expression and regulation
This document discusses gene expression and regulation. It begins by defining key terms like genes, genome, and gene expression. It then explains that organisms adapt to their environment by altering gene expression. There are two main types of gene expression: positive regulation which increases expression, and negative regulation which decreases it. Gene expression is studied in detail in prokaryotes using the lactose operon in E. coli as an example. Gene expression in eukaryotes is more complex due to larger genomes and separation of DNA and protein synthesis by the nuclear membrane.
gene regulation in prokaryotes
Gene regulation in prokaryotes primarily occurs at the transcriptional level through the use of regulatory proteins that activate or repress transcription. A key example is the lac operon in E. coli, which regulates the expression of genes involved in lactose metabolism. The lac operon is turned on in the presence of lactose and turned off in the presence of glucose or when lactose is not available. This is controlled by the lac repressor binding to the operator region and blocking transcription. Other examples include the trp operon and regulation by attenuation. Overall, prokaryotic gene regulation ensures the right genes are expressed at the right times through various mechanisms operating at the transcriptional and translational levels.
Prokaryotic expression system
The document discusses prokaryotic expression systems, which are genetic constructs used to produce proteins or RNA inside or outside cells. It focuses on the prokaryotic system, which is most widely used for recombinant protein production in E. coli bacteria. Key aspects covered include the history of prokaryotic expression research, types of gene regulation like operons and regulatory molecules, examples of operons like the lac and trp operons, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression.
Regulation of gene expression in Prokaryotes (Lac Operon).pptx by Muhammad An...
1. The lac operon regulates the expression of genes involved in lactose catabolism in prokaryotes in response to the presence of lactose or glucose.
2. It consists of structural genes that encode enzymes for lactose breakdown and a regulatory gene that produces a repressor protein.
3. In the absence of lactose, the repressor binds to the operator region and prevents transcription of the structural genes. However, in the presence of lactose, it binds to lactose instead, allowing transcription.
Gene regulation in prokaryotes
Most bacteria are free-living organisms that grow by increasing
in mass and then divide by binary fission.
Growth and division are controlled by genes, the expression
of which must be regulated appropriately. Genes
whose activity is controlled in response to the needs of a
cell or organism are called regulated genes. All organisms
also have a large number of genes whose products
are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and
dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are. These
genes are always active in growing cells and are known as
constitutive genes or housekeeping genes; examples include
genes that code for the enzymes needed for protein
synthesis and glucose metabolism. Note that all genes are
regulated on some level. If normal cell function is impaired
for some reason, the expression of all genes, including
constitutive genes, is reduced by regulatory
mechanisms. Thus, the distinction between regulated
and constitutive genes is somewhat arbitrary.
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The induction of heat shock proteins in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
The Lac operon is an interesting example of how gene expression can be regulated.
Viruses, despite having only a few genes, possess mechanisms to regulate their gene expression, typically into an early and late phase, using collinear systems regulated by anti-terminators (lambda phage) or splicing modulators (HIV).
Gal4 is a transcriptional activator that controls the expression of GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10 (all of which code for the metabolic of galactose in yeast). The GAL4/UAS system has been used in a variety of organisms across various phyla to study gene expression.
Regulation of gene expression
This document summarizes gene regulation and expression. It defines key terms like genes, genomes, and gene expression. It explains that some genes are continuously expressed while others are only expressed under certain conditions. There are mechanisms that turn genes on and off. Gene regulation is essential for optimal energy use and the growth, development, and existence of organisms. There are two main types of gene regulation: positive regulation which increases gene expression, and negative regulation which decreases it. Regulation can occur during transcription, translation, and post-translation. Prokaryotes provide models for studying gene expression in mammalian cells. In prokaryotes, genes in the same metabolic pathway are often clustered in operons, where a single promoter initiates transcription of multiple
Gene regulation
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The document summarizes regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, genes are organized into operons containing a promoter, operator, and multiple coding sequences. The lac operon in E.coli contains genes regulated by the repressor protein LacI and induced by lactose. In eukaryotes, gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, RNA processing, transport, translation and degradation. Mechanisms include histone modification, DNA methylation, hormone signaling, polyadenylation, splicing, transport and protein degradation.
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Gene regulation in prokaryotes
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in mass and then divide by binary fission.
Growth and division are controlled by genes, the expression
of which must be regulated appropriately. Genes
whose activity is controlled in response to the needs of a
cell or organism are called regulated genes. All organisms
also have a large number of genes whose products
are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and
dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are. These
genes are always active in growing cells and are known as
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synthesis and glucose metabolism. Note that all genes are
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Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Top five deadliest dog breeds in America
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcHow to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
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Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes.pptx
- 1. Presentation on “GENE REGULATION IN PROKARYOTES” Presented by Gautam Patidar M.Sc. (Ag) Student Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding JNKVV, Jabalpur
- 2. 1. Gene In Molecular genetics, It is a segment of DNA which encodes of instructions to make protein. 2. What is Gene Regulation? Gene regulation is the process used to regulate or control the timing, location and amount in which genes are expressed. It is complicated process which is carried out by Regulatory proteins. Ex:- Insulin synthesis by Pancreatic cells.
- 3. • Gene Regulation in prokaryotes primarily occur at the Transcriptional level. • In Prokaryotes, It is explained by Lac Operon Model. • Lac Operon Model was developed by scientists Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod in bacteria E. coli (1961). • They discovered the activities of genes which controls lactose metabolism in E. coli through synthesis of an enzyme, β-galactosidase.
- 5. What is Lac Operon? Lac :- Lactose Metabolism. Operons :- A group or cluster of genes that are transcribed together to give a single messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which therefore encodes multiple proteins. Such Polycistronic mRNA is typically found in prokaryotes. It is also known as Inducible operon.
- 6. Different Parts of Lac Operon :- 1. Promoter:- Region of DNA where RNA Polymerase enzyme binds. 2. Regulator gene:- It synthesizes repressor proteins. Also known as LacI or repressor gene. 3. Operator:- Region where repressor proteins binds. 4. Structural genes :- It encodes protein which is required to complete lactose metabolism. Eg. LacZ, LacY and LacA gene. 5. Inducer:- Lactose molecule that turns ON the transcription of structural gene.
- 8. Lactose (Inducer) is Absent
- 10. Lactose (Inducer) is Present
- 12. Functions of Protein formed in Lactose Metabolism:- 1. LacZ gene :- Synthesize enzymes β-galactosidase. Helps in breakdown of Lactose molecules into glucose and galactose which is source of energy for cell. 2. LacY gene :- Synthesize enzyme Permease. Helps in entry of lactose molecules into cells. 3. LacA gene :- Synthesize enzyme Transacetylase. . Helps in activation of β-galactoside.
- 13. Trp operon The Tryptophan operon, found in E. coli bacteria, is a group of genes that encode biosynthetic enzymes for the amino acid tryptophan. The trp operon is expressed (turned “on”) when tryptophan levels are low and repressed (turned “off”) when they are high. The trp operon is regulated by the trp repressor. When bound to tryptophan, the trp repressor blocks expression of the operon. It is also called Repressible operon.
- 16. Inducible Operon Repressible Operon In this operon, Inducer (lactose) binds with repressor protein to make them Inactive and transcription process turn ON. In this Operon, Co-reprssor (tryptophan) binds with repressor protein to make them Active and transcription process turn OFF. Repressor is active under normal conditions. Repressor is inactive under normal conditions. Inducer turn ON the transcription. Inducer turn OFF the transcription. Often employed in Catabolic pathway. Often employed in Anabolic pathway. Ex:- Lac Operon Ex:- Trp Operon
- 17. Some Operons in Bacteria :-