This document discusses genetics, the human genome project, genetic disorders, and arguments for and against human cloning. It defines key genetic terms like genes, alleles, and chromosomes. It explains the goals of the human genome project to map all human genes and help develop treatments for genetic diseases. Examples are given of single-gene disorders like sickle cell and cystic fibrosis. The document also discusses genetic counseling and concludes by outlining arguments both for and against human cloning.

2. Genetics & Human Cloning

3. Basic Principles of Genetics
• Alleles are the different forms of a gene
• A gene is a segment of DNA of a chromosome
that codes for a specific trait
• If there is a dominant allele present it will
always be expressed. For the recessive allele
to be expressed the dominant allele cannot be
present.

4. Basic Principles of Genetics
• When traits are controlled by co-dominant
alleles, there are no recessive copies present.
– Both alleles are dominant and are expressed at
the same time, resulting in a heterozygous
dominant organism.
• The offspring gets its genes/alleles from its
parent carried through chromosomes

5. Punnett Square
• Shows the possible outcome of alleles that
can result from a genetic cross

6. Human Genome Project (HGP)
• The HGP started in the late 1980s The National
Human Genome Research Institute's (NHGRI) Ethical,
Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) Research Program
was established in 1990 as part of the (HGP)
• The project was organized by the National Institute
of Health (NIH) and the Department of Energy.
• The point of it is to track your genetic traits and see
why you got received specific traits

7. Human Genome Project cont.
• The main goal of the human genome project was
to identify the DNA sequence of every gene in the
human genome.
• The project was used to determine what each
gene does in the human body, how mutations to
genes occur and then result in genetic diseases.
• This information may help researchers develop
tests and treatments for genetic diseases

8. Human Genome Project cont.
• The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination
Act of 2008 (GINA) is a federal law prohibiting
discrimination in health coverage and
employment on the basis of genetic
information.

9. Genetic Disorders
• Genetic disorder - an abnormal condition that
a person inherits through genes or
chromosomes
• A genetic disorder is caused by mutations or
changes in a person’s DNA

10. Examples of Single Gene Disorders
• Sickle cell – a disease in which the hemoglobin of
the blood does not carry enough oxygen. The
hemoglobin has a sickle shape and can get stuck
in blood vessels. It is a painful disease and makes
the person very weak.
• Cystic Fibrosis - a disease where the body
produces abnormal thick mucus in the lungs and
intestines. The mucus can get caught in the
baby’s lungs making breathing difficult and
digestion difficult as well.

11. Sickle Cell

12. Sickle Cell
microscope view of blood cells

13. Examples of Chromosome
Abnormalities
• Down syndrome occurs when there is an extra
copy of chromosome 21 in a person’s DNA
– Have a distinctive physical appearance
– Have some delayed developmental process
compared to their age…like how old you should be
when you walk.

14. Down Syndrome
Trisomy Chromosome 21

15. Examples of Chromosome
Abnormalities
• Prader-Willi Syndrome occurs when the
region of the paternal chromosome 15
containing these genes is missing
– Small hands and feet
– delayed or incomplete developing
– learning disabled
– Uncontrolled appetite leading to obesity

16. Genetic Counseling
• Genetic counseling may be helpful to a couple
wanting to have a baby if there are certain
diseases in their family
• Genetic counselors use principles of probability
to help couples determine how likely they are to
have a child with a specific disease if one or both
have the allele for that disease.
• Results of counseling may guide a couple’s
decision to either have natural or adopted
children

17. Human Cloning Argument 1
• Pro: Human Cloning may be helpful to a
person with a disease in which they would
need an exact matching DNA organ or blood
donor. A clone would be an exact match and
could save their life.

18. Human Cloning Argument 2
• Pro: If a mother wanted a child to look just like
her because she wanted to have the same
genetics as her. The child would resemble the
mother when she was at the age the child is
at.

19. Human Cloning Argument 3
• Con: If the clone committed a crime, there
could be DNA evidence against the wrong
individual. The innocent person may be put in
prison or fined for a crime they did not
commit.

20. Human Cloning Argument 4
• Con: A cloned person may not be accepted as
an original and true person that is unique. For
example if a child died and the parents
thought that a clone would replace the lost
child, they may have certain expectations and
may never really accept the cloned child in the
way they did with their original child.

21. Conclusion
• I think that there are many good things and
bad things about Human Cloning. If there
needs to be a donor of blood, body organs or
tissue for a rare disease, it can easily be
donated without rejection. A negative thing
would be a child that does not look unique or
have unique DNA, like every other person who
isn't a clone.

22. Works Cited
• http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=1
0001618
• http://www.genome.gov/Pages/PolicyEthics/
GeneticDiscrimination/GINAInfoDoc.pdf
• http://www.genome.gov/19016930
• Science Explorer Cells and Heredity, Cronkite,
Donald, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2000

23. Works Cited
• http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.ph
p?id=282
• http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Huma
n_Genome/project/about.shtml
• http://www.google.com/images?as_q=down+
syndrome+chromosomes&um=1&hl=en&rlz=1
T4ADRA_enUS382US385&biw=917&bih=518&
output=search&tbs=isch:1,iur:f&btnG=Google
+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_sitese
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