This tutorial should be completed by ARC students enrolled in my online Psyc 300 class at American River College and corresponds with Module C Lesson 2.
This document discusses various theories of intelligence and approaches to measuring intelligence, including:
- Factor theories that view intelligence as consisting of general ("g") and specific factors.
- Cognitive/information processing theories that propose multiple intelligences rather than a single factor.
- Nature vs nurture debates regarding the role of genetic and environmental influences on intelligence.
- Development and use of IQ tests to measure intelligence and mental age. However, IQ tests are criticized for potential cultural and ethnic biases.
This document discusses gender identity and expression. It begins with an essential question about how humans develop gender identities and outlines learning objectives. It then defines sex, gender, gender identity, and gender expression. Several theories on the origins of gender are presented, including evolutionary theory, biological theory, and social learning theory. Criticisms of these theories are mentioned. The document discusses the development of gender identities in children and asks students to reflect on their own experiences. It stresses that gender is complex with biological and social influences, and that people exist along a gender spectrum. Transgender identities are defined and discussed.
This tutorial corresponds with my Psyc 300 class at American River College and should be completed with Module D Lesson 3 - Lessons in social psychology.
Psychology powe point adolescence and adulthood 2MrTimBradley
Here are the 5 stages of grief according to Kubler-Ross:
1. Denial - This is a temporary defense for the individual. They deny the reality of the situation.
2. Anger - As the reality sets in, the individual feels anger, resentment, and frustration. They may feel angry at themselves or others for their situation.
3. Bargaining - The individual tries to negotiate a substitute arrangement by attempting to postpone or delay the inevitable.
4. Depression - The individual feels sad and begins to understand and accept the reality of their loss. They may feel helpless and hopeless.
5. Acceptance - The individual accepts the reality of the situation and adapts to their new circumstances
WILL COVER
COMMON SENSE PSYCHOLOGY
CORRESPONDENT INFERENCE THEORY
COVARIENCE MODEL
CONSENSUS
CONSISTENCY
DISTINCTIVENESS
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
ACTOR OBSERVER EFFECT
SELF SERVING BIAS
AND APPLICATIONS
The document discusses the fundamental attribution error (FAE), which is the tendency to judge others' behaviors based on internal characteristics rather than external factors. It provides examples of FAE, such as attributing rudeness to someone's personality rather than their rough day. FAE can lead to propaganda that dehumanizes outgroups to increase ingroup cohesion. Groupthink, where groups prioritize consensus over good decisions, is also discussed. Examples of preventing groupthink include assigning critical roles and considering alternative perspectives. The document suggests FAE, risky shift, ingroup/outgroup bias, and groupthink can be used to persuade others if external factors are ignored.
This document provides an overview of different methods for assessing personality, including projective tests, self-report inventories, and online personality tests. Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblots and Thematic Apperception Test rely on interpretation and are useful for clinical settings but lack reliability. Self-report inventories like the MMPI, CPI, 16PF, and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator directly ask questions about personality traits and are more reliable but can be impacted by biases. Both methods have strengths and weaknesses for measuring the complexities of human personality. The document encourages exploring different assessments and keeping an open mind.
This document discusses various theories of intelligence and approaches to measuring intelligence, including:
- Factor theories that view intelligence as consisting of general ("g") and specific factors.
- Cognitive/information processing theories that propose multiple intelligences rather than a single factor.
- Nature vs nurture debates regarding the role of genetic and environmental influences on intelligence.
- Development and use of IQ tests to measure intelligence and mental age. However, IQ tests are criticized for potential cultural and ethnic biases.
This document discusses gender identity and expression. It begins with an essential question about how humans develop gender identities and outlines learning objectives. It then defines sex, gender, gender identity, and gender expression. Several theories on the origins of gender are presented, including evolutionary theory, biological theory, and social learning theory. Criticisms of these theories are mentioned. The document discusses the development of gender identities in children and asks students to reflect on their own experiences. It stresses that gender is complex with biological and social influences, and that people exist along a gender spectrum. Transgender identities are defined and discussed.
This tutorial corresponds with my Psyc 300 class at American River College and should be completed with Module D Lesson 3 - Lessons in social psychology.
Psychology powe point adolescence and adulthood 2MrTimBradley
Here are the 5 stages of grief according to Kubler-Ross:
1. Denial - This is a temporary defense for the individual. They deny the reality of the situation.
2. Anger - As the reality sets in, the individual feels anger, resentment, and frustration. They may feel angry at themselves or others for their situation.
3. Bargaining - The individual tries to negotiate a substitute arrangement by attempting to postpone or delay the inevitable.
4. Depression - The individual feels sad and begins to understand and accept the reality of their loss. They may feel helpless and hopeless.
5. Acceptance - The individual accepts the reality of the situation and adapts to their new circumstances
WILL COVER
COMMON SENSE PSYCHOLOGY
CORRESPONDENT INFERENCE THEORY
COVARIENCE MODEL
CONSENSUS
CONSISTENCY
DISTINCTIVENESS
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
ACTOR OBSERVER EFFECT
SELF SERVING BIAS
AND APPLICATIONS
The document discusses the fundamental attribution error (FAE), which is the tendency to judge others' behaviors based on internal characteristics rather than external factors. It provides examples of FAE, such as attributing rudeness to someone's personality rather than their rough day. FAE can lead to propaganda that dehumanizes outgroups to increase ingroup cohesion. Groupthink, where groups prioritize consensus over good decisions, is also discussed. Examples of preventing groupthink include assigning critical roles and considering alternative perspectives. The document suggests FAE, risky shift, ingroup/outgroup bias, and groupthink can be used to persuade others if external factors are ignored.
This document provides an overview of different methods for assessing personality, including projective tests, self-report inventories, and online personality tests. Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblots and Thematic Apperception Test rely on interpretation and are useful for clinical settings but lack reliability. Self-report inventories like the MMPI, CPI, 16PF, and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator directly ask questions about personality traits and are more reliable but can be impacted by biases. Both methods have strengths and weaknesses for measuring the complexities of human personality. The document encourages exploring different assessments and keeping an open mind.
The document provides an overview of rhetorical analysis and discusses the three Aristotelian appeals of logos, ethos, and pathos. It defines each appeal and provides examples. For logos, it describes inductive and deductive reasoning and how facts, statistics, language, history, analogies, and logical arguments can develop this appeal. For ethos, it explains how character, expertise, education, experience, and how one speaks or writes can develop this appeal. For pathos, it notes how stories, anecdotes, and emotions like love, pity, fear, and anger can develop this appeal. The document concludes by asking readers to analyze a provided text and assess how effectively the writer uses these rhetorical strategies.
Attribution theory seeks to explain how and why people make causal attributions about behaviors. There are two main types of attributions: personal attributions, which explain behaviors in terms of internal characteristics, and situational attributions, which explain behaviors in terms of external factors. People tend to overestimate personal attributions (the fundamental attribution error) and judge themselves positively (self-serving bias). When making attributions, people consider consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus based on Kelley's covariation principle.
1. The document discusses the Big Five personality traits - Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. It provides descriptions of each trait and example behaviors.
2. A study was conducted to examine the reliability and validity of measuring these personality traits. Observer ratings of the traits were found to be valid predictors of job performance.
3. A pilot test of surveys measuring the five traits showed high internal reliability, establishing the surveys as effective measures of personality. The traits can help managers understand employees and improve organizational performance.
This document discusses gender equality and the differences between gender and sex. It defines gender as the socially constructed norms, behaviors, and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy in a given society, which can change over time. Sex refers to the biological attributes of being female or male, though there is natural variation. Gender identity and expression relate to a person's internal sense of their gender and how they outwardly present their gender.
Lawerence Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development with three levels and six stages. In the first preconventional level, morality is based on obedience and punishment (Stage 1) or individual needs (Stage 2). The conventional level focuses on interpersonal relationships (Stage 3) and maintaining social order (Stage 4). The post-conventional level considers social contracts and individual rights (Stage 5) and universal ethical principles (Stage 6). Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for not necessarily linking moral reasoning to behavior, overemphasizing justice, and having a Western cultural bias.
The document discusses several cognitive biases and heuristics that influence social judgments and perceptions. It describes how priming effects can subtly influence thoughts and behaviors without awareness. Belief perseverance is discussed, where people cling to initial beliefs even after evidence disproving them. Overconfidence is common in social judgments and predictions. Confirmation bias leads people to seek information confirming existing beliefs. Mental shortcuts like representativeness and availability heuristics enable efficient thinking. Illusions of correlation and control can also influence social perceptions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in early childhood development psychology. It discusses the roles of nature and nurture in child development and covers topics like reflexes, critical periods, attachment theory, parenting styles, cognitive development theories from Piaget and Kohlberg, and more. The document is a study guide for an exam on early childhood psychology with vocabulary definitions, summaries of theories and studies, discussion questions, and activities to help students learn and apply the concepts.
Attribution theory seeks to explain how and why people make causal attributions about behavior. People tend to make either personal attributions, which explain behavior in terms of internal characteristics, or situational attributions, which explain behavior in terms of external factors. However, people are prone to the fundamental attribution error of overemphasizing personal factors and underestimating situational influences. Various cognitive biases also influence the types of attributions made.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
The document discusses moral development and Kohlberg's theory of moral stages. It defines morality and looks at it from three components - affective, cognitive, and behavioral. It then outlines Kohlberg's six stages of moral development across three levels, using the example of the Heinz dilemma about whether a man should steal a drug to save his wife. The stages progress from obedience to authority to maintaining social order to defining right and wrong based on principles of justice.
- Social psychology is the scientific study of how people think about, influence and relate to one another. It examines topics like attitude formation, relationships, social influence, and motivations for helping or harming others.
- Kurt Lewin is considered the "Father of Social Psychology". Applied social psychology involves applying social psychological constructs, principles, theories and research findings to understand and address social problems.
- Social influence refers to how individuals' attitudes and behaviors are shaped by others. Social behavior encompasses behaviors that connect or affect members of the same species, like reproduction and aggression. Social thinking focuses on social problem-solving and understanding other perspectives.
Psychology powe point adolescence and adulthoodMrTimBradley
Here are the 5 stages of grief according to Kubler-Ross:
1. Denial - This is a temporary defense for the individual. It helps to cushion the initial shock of grieving or facing a difficult change.
2. Anger - As the denial starts to fade, feelings of anger, resentment, and even envy often emerge. Individuals may be angry with themselves, God, or even the deceased.
3. Bargaining - In this stage, individuals try to negotiate to avoid or postpone the inevitable change or loss. They often bargain in vain to try to prolong the life or relationship.
4. Depression - Feelings of sadness, regret, despair and loneliness sink in as the loss
The document provides an overview of key concepts in social cognition and social influence from a social psychology course, including:
1) Social thinking and perception involves how people form impressions of and make inferences about others based on verbal and nonverbal cues. Schemas, scripts, and stereotypes influence these automatic impressions.
2) Attribution theory examines how people make causal explanations for events and behaviors. People tend to make internal attributions over external ones due to biases like the fundamental attribution error and actor-observer bias.
3) Social influence and persuasion concepts include priming, framing effects, and biases like self-serving bias that influence how people interpret behaviors and events.
This document provides an overview of several personality theories:
- Psychodynamic theories focus on unconscious drives and the dynamic interaction between the id, ego, and superego. Freud's psychosexual stages of development are discussed.
- Learning theories like behaviorism and social-cognitive theory emphasize the role of environmental influences and observational learning in personality development.
- Humanistic theory views personality as determined by free will and striving for self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is also covered.
- Trait theories describe personality through consistent behaviors and traits across situations.
The document compares these theories and includes activities exploring concepts like defense mechanisms and modeling.
Social psychology scientifically studies how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. It focuses on topics like attitudes, social influence, aggression, group behavior, and attraction. Some key areas examined are attitudes and behavior, social influence through compliance strategies, attribution theory, stereotypes and prejudice, prosocial and aggressive behavior, and factors that affect attraction and group dynamics.
Lawrence Kohlberg was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development. He believed that moral reasoning evolved through six stages, from a focus on obedience and punishment avoidance, to social norms and laws, to universal ethical principles. Kohlberg conducted extensive interviews using moral dilemmas, like whether to steal a drug to save a life, to study moral reasoning. While influential, his work has also received criticism for being too focused on Western individualism and downplaying family/cultural influences on moral development.
Social psychology is the study of how individuals are influenced and affected by groups. It focuses on how social forces like groups, social roles, and norms impact human behavior and cognition. Some key findings include that the presence of others can both positively and negatively influence performance, and that people frequently conform to group norms and opinions even if they conflict with their own views. Individuals are also susceptible to persuasion techniques due to factors like authority, reciprocity, commitment, social proof, and likability of the source.
Unit 1 Psychology: Foundations and MethodsMrTimBradley
Here are the steps I would take to design a valid experiment to test this hypothesis:
1. Randomly select and assign participants diagnosed with ADD to either the experimental group (given 20mg Adderall) or the control group (given placebo).
2. Use double-blind procedures so neither participants nor experimenters know who receives Adderall vs placebo.
3. Have all participants complete a focus time task both before and after taking the assigned pill to control for individual differences and measure any within-subject changes.
4. Use a standardized focus time task and measure focus time objectively (e.g. time on task) to reduce observer bias.
5. Ensure groups are equivalent on relevant demographic variables
Neurosexism with Social Learning TheorySamantha Fox
The document discusses the book "Delusions of Gender" which debunks the idea that men and women have innate biological differences in interests and skills. It summarizes several studies that found no significant gender differences in areas like math performance and empathy. One study found that having girls play video games involving spatial skills helped eliminate the gender gap in those skills. The document argues that societal expectations and pressures influence perceived gender differences more than biological factors.
Attribution theory proposes that people make causal explanations for behaviors and events, classifying them as either internal/dispositional (due to traits and abilities) or external/situational (due to outside factors). However, people are subject to attribution biases like the fundamental attribution error of overemphasizing internal causes for others' behaviors. Kelley's covariation model examines consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency of behaviors to determine whether to attribute them internally or externally. People also differ in attributional style, with optimists explaining negatives externally and positives internally versus pessimists.
This tutorial discusses theories of intelligence, the role of genetics and environment, and the relationship between intelligence and success. It addresses the module objectives of contrasting theories of intelligence from Spearman, Thurstone, Gardner and Sternberg; explaining stereotype threat and lift; and discussing strategies to reduce stereotype threat. The tutorial explores evidence from twin studies and research on the biological basis of intelligence. It also summarizes the findings of Terman's longitudinal study of gifted children and the traits beyond intelligence that predicted their success.
The document provides an overview of rhetorical analysis and discusses the three Aristotelian appeals of logos, ethos, and pathos. It defines each appeal and provides examples. For logos, it describes inductive and deductive reasoning and how facts, statistics, language, history, analogies, and logical arguments can develop this appeal. For ethos, it explains how character, expertise, education, experience, and how one speaks or writes can develop this appeal. For pathos, it notes how stories, anecdotes, and emotions like love, pity, fear, and anger can develop this appeal. The document concludes by asking readers to analyze a provided text and assess how effectively the writer uses these rhetorical strategies.
Attribution theory seeks to explain how and why people make causal attributions about behaviors. There are two main types of attributions: personal attributions, which explain behaviors in terms of internal characteristics, and situational attributions, which explain behaviors in terms of external factors. People tend to overestimate personal attributions (the fundamental attribution error) and judge themselves positively (self-serving bias). When making attributions, people consider consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus based on Kelley's covariation principle.
1. The document discusses the Big Five personality traits - Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. It provides descriptions of each trait and example behaviors.
2. A study was conducted to examine the reliability and validity of measuring these personality traits. Observer ratings of the traits were found to be valid predictors of job performance.
3. A pilot test of surveys measuring the five traits showed high internal reliability, establishing the surveys as effective measures of personality. The traits can help managers understand employees and improve organizational performance.
This document discusses gender equality and the differences between gender and sex. It defines gender as the socially constructed norms, behaviors, and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy in a given society, which can change over time. Sex refers to the biological attributes of being female or male, though there is natural variation. Gender identity and expression relate to a person's internal sense of their gender and how they outwardly present their gender.
Lawerence Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development with three levels and six stages. In the first preconventional level, morality is based on obedience and punishment (Stage 1) or individual needs (Stage 2). The conventional level focuses on interpersonal relationships (Stage 3) and maintaining social order (Stage 4). The post-conventional level considers social contracts and individual rights (Stage 5) and universal ethical principles (Stage 6). Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for not necessarily linking moral reasoning to behavior, overemphasizing justice, and having a Western cultural bias.
The document discusses several cognitive biases and heuristics that influence social judgments and perceptions. It describes how priming effects can subtly influence thoughts and behaviors without awareness. Belief perseverance is discussed, where people cling to initial beliefs even after evidence disproving them. Overconfidence is common in social judgments and predictions. Confirmation bias leads people to seek information confirming existing beliefs. Mental shortcuts like representativeness and availability heuristics enable efficient thinking. Illusions of correlation and control can also influence social perceptions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in early childhood development psychology. It discusses the roles of nature and nurture in child development and covers topics like reflexes, critical periods, attachment theory, parenting styles, cognitive development theories from Piaget and Kohlberg, and more. The document is a study guide for an exam on early childhood psychology with vocabulary definitions, summaries of theories and studies, discussion questions, and activities to help students learn and apply the concepts.
Attribution theory seeks to explain how and why people make causal attributions about behavior. People tend to make either personal attributions, which explain behavior in terms of internal characteristics, or situational attributions, which explain behavior in terms of external factors. However, people are prone to the fundamental attribution error of overemphasizing personal factors and underestimating situational influences. Various cognitive biases also influence the types of attributions made.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
The document discusses moral development and Kohlberg's theory of moral stages. It defines morality and looks at it from three components - affective, cognitive, and behavioral. It then outlines Kohlberg's six stages of moral development across three levels, using the example of the Heinz dilemma about whether a man should steal a drug to save his wife. The stages progress from obedience to authority to maintaining social order to defining right and wrong based on principles of justice.
- Social psychology is the scientific study of how people think about, influence and relate to one another. It examines topics like attitude formation, relationships, social influence, and motivations for helping or harming others.
- Kurt Lewin is considered the "Father of Social Psychology". Applied social psychology involves applying social psychological constructs, principles, theories and research findings to understand and address social problems.
- Social influence refers to how individuals' attitudes and behaviors are shaped by others. Social behavior encompasses behaviors that connect or affect members of the same species, like reproduction and aggression. Social thinking focuses on social problem-solving and understanding other perspectives.
Psychology powe point adolescence and adulthoodMrTimBradley
Here are the 5 stages of grief according to Kubler-Ross:
1. Denial - This is a temporary defense for the individual. It helps to cushion the initial shock of grieving or facing a difficult change.
2. Anger - As the denial starts to fade, feelings of anger, resentment, and even envy often emerge. Individuals may be angry with themselves, God, or even the deceased.
3. Bargaining - In this stage, individuals try to negotiate to avoid or postpone the inevitable change or loss. They often bargain in vain to try to prolong the life or relationship.
4. Depression - Feelings of sadness, regret, despair and loneliness sink in as the loss
The document provides an overview of key concepts in social cognition and social influence from a social psychology course, including:
1) Social thinking and perception involves how people form impressions of and make inferences about others based on verbal and nonverbal cues. Schemas, scripts, and stereotypes influence these automatic impressions.
2) Attribution theory examines how people make causal explanations for events and behaviors. People tend to make internal attributions over external ones due to biases like the fundamental attribution error and actor-observer bias.
3) Social influence and persuasion concepts include priming, framing effects, and biases like self-serving bias that influence how people interpret behaviors and events.
This document provides an overview of several personality theories:
- Psychodynamic theories focus on unconscious drives and the dynamic interaction between the id, ego, and superego. Freud's psychosexual stages of development are discussed.
- Learning theories like behaviorism and social-cognitive theory emphasize the role of environmental influences and observational learning in personality development.
- Humanistic theory views personality as determined by free will and striving for self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is also covered.
- Trait theories describe personality through consistent behaviors and traits across situations.
The document compares these theories and includes activities exploring concepts like defense mechanisms and modeling.
Social psychology scientifically studies how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. It focuses on topics like attitudes, social influence, aggression, group behavior, and attraction. Some key areas examined are attitudes and behavior, social influence through compliance strategies, attribution theory, stereotypes and prejudice, prosocial and aggressive behavior, and factors that affect attraction and group dynamics.
Lawrence Kohlberg was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development. He believed that moral reasoning evolved through six stages, from a focus on obedience and punishment avoidance, to social norms and laws, to universal ethical principles. Kohlberg conducted extensive interviews using moral dilemmas, like whether to steal a drug to save a life, to study moral reasoning. While influential, his work has also received criticism for being too focused on Western individualism and downplaying family/cultural influences on moral development.
Social psychology is the study of how individuals are influenced and affected by groups. It focuses on how social forces like groups, social roles, and norms impact human behavior and cognition. Some key findings include that the presence of others can both positively and negatively influence performance, and that people frequently conform to group norms and opinions even if they conflict with their own views. Individuals are also susceptible to persuasion techniques due to factors like authority, reciprocity, commitment, social proof, and likability of the source.
Unit 1 Psychology: Foundations and MethodsMrTimBradley
Here are the steps I would take to design a valid experiment to test this hypothesis:
1. Randomly select and assign participants diagnosed with ADD to either the experimental group (given 20mg Adderall) or the control group (given placebo).
2. Use double-blind procedures so neither participants nor experimenters know who receives Adderall vs placebo.
3. Have all participants complete a focus time task both before and after taking the assigned pill to control for individual differences and measure any within-subject changes.
4. Use a standardized focus time task and measure focus time objectively (e.g. time on task) to reduce observer bias.
5. Ensure groups are equivalent on relevant demographic variables
Neurosexism with Social Learning TheorySamantha Fox
The document discusses the book "Delusions of Gender" which debunks the idea that men and women have innate biological differences in interests and skills. It summarizes several studies that found no significant gender differences in areas like math performance and empathy. One study found that having girls play video games involving spatial skills helped eliminate the gender gap in those skills. The document argues that societal expectations and pressures influence perceived gender differences more than biological factors.
Attribution theory proposes that people make causal explanations for behaviors and events, classifying them as either internal/dispositional (due to traits and abilities) or external/situational (due to outside factors). However, people are subject to attribution biases like the fundamental attribution error of overemphasizing internal causes for others' behaviors. Kelley's covariation model examines consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency of behaviors to determine whether to attribute them internally or externally. People also differ in attributional style, with optimists explaining negatives externally and positives internally versus pessimists.
This tutorial discusses theories of intelligence, the role of genetics and environment, and the relationship between intelligence and success. It addresses the module objectives of contrasting theories of intelligence from Spearman, Thurstone, Gardner and Sternberg; explaining stereotype threat and lift; and discussing strategies to reduce stereotype threat. The tutorial explores evidence from twin studies and research on the biological basis of intelligence. It also summarizes the findings of Terman's longitudinal study of gifted children and the traits beyond intelligence that predicted their success.
This tutorial corresponds with Module A Lesson 2 and should be completed by students enrolled in Professor Hokerson's Psychology 300 online class at American River College.
This tutorial corresponds with Module A Lesson 2 and should be completed by students enrolled in Professor Hokerson's Psychology 300 online class at American River College.
This document provides an overview of different fields within psychology and related career paths. It begins with listing the learning objectives and table of contents. Various specialty areas of psychology are then outlined, such as clinical, cognitive, developmental, and health psychology. The document instructs students to research specific careers like psychiatrists, psychologists, therapists, social workers, and requirements for different roles. It emphasizes that psychology involves diverse specializations and job opportunities beyond just mental illness. In conclusion, students are encouraged to learn about specialty areas and career possibilities to determine the best fit.
This document is a tutorial on cross-cultural psychology from American River College. It discusses the key concepts of individualism vs collectivism, loose vs tight cultures, and differences in communication across cultures. Students are guided through various activities to compare characteristics of these cultural dimensions, such as listing countries that tend to be individualistic or collectivistic, loose or tight. The tutorial emphasizes that these differences do not define individuals and can vary situationally. Its overall aim is to help students understand and appreciate cultural variations in beliefs, values and behaviors.
This article discusses how masculinity vs feminism works. (This article has not been proof read). This work was done due to a curiosity generated through communication studies in my sophomore year of college.
This document provides materials for a course on gender and difference. The learning objectives are to understand the difference between sex and gender, and how gender expectations shape society. It includes assigned reading from a book on gendered society, as well as additional news articles and multimedia materials on topics like gender stereotypes in media and fashion. The materials are meant to help students understand that while sex is biological, gender is a social construct that involves learning behaviors and expectations associated with being male or female in a given society.
Gender Communication Stereotypes: A Depiction of the Mass Mediaiosrjce
This document summarizes research on gender communication stereotypes as depicted in mass media. It discusses how gender stereotypes are developed and reinforced from childhood through social and cultural influences. Common stereotypes include views of women as weaker, emotional, and focused on family/home, while men are seen as strong, unemotional providers. The document also examines how these stereotypes influence perceptions and roles in the workplace, with women facing discrimination and assumptions about priorities. While stereotypes can function psychologically, they often fail to reflect diversity and can limit opportunities when applied broadly.
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Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
253
● Understand gender as a
social construction
● Explain the process of
gender socialization
● Identify different
components of gender
stratification
● Compare and contrast
different theories of
gender stratification
● Relate gender inequality in
the United States to that in
other nations
● Evaluate the different
components of change
with regard to gender
in this chapter, you will learn to:
The Social Construction
of Gender 254
Gender Socialization 257
Gender Stratification 264
Theories of Gender 271
Gender in Global Perspective 274
Gender and Social Change 275
Chapter Summary 278
Imagine suddenly becoming a member of the other sex. What would you have to change? First, you would probably change your appearance—clothing, hairstyle, and any adorn-
ments you wear. You would also have to change some of
your interpersonal behavior. Contrary to popular belief, men
talk more than women, are louder, are more likely to inter-
rupt, and are less likely to recognize others in conversation.
Women are more likely to laugh, express hesitance, and be
polite. Gender differences also appear in nonverbal communi-
cation. Women use less personal space, touch less in imper-
sonal settings (but are touched more), and smile more, even
when they are not necessarily happy (Wood 2013). Research-
ers even find that men and women write email in a different
style, women writing less opinionated email than men and
using it to maintain rapport and intimacy (Colley and Todd
2002; Sussman and Tyson 2000). Finally, you might have
to change many of your attitudes because men and women
differ significantly on many, if not most, social and political
issues (see ▲ Figure 11.1).
If you are a woman and became a man, perhaps the
change would be worth it. You would probably see your
income increase (especially if you became a White man). You
would have more power in virtually every social setting. You
would be far more likely to head a major corporation, run your
own business, or be elected to a political office—again, assum-
ing that you are White. Would it be worth it? As a man, you
would be far more likely to die a violent death and would
probably not live as long as a woman (National Center for
Health Statistics 2013).
If you are a man who became a woman, your income
would most likely drop significantly. More than fifty years
after passage of the Equal Pay Act in 1963, men still earn
22 percent more t ...
According to the socialization young children learn stereotypical gend.docxwrite4
According to the socialization approach, young children learn stereotypical gender roles from parents, peers, teachers, and the media. Children are taught that boys are aggressive and independent while girls are nurturing and better at relationships. From these lessons, children construct the concept of gender. Sociologists who take the integrationist approach believe that gender roles are continually reinforced through daily interactions between women and men, unconsciously reproducing gender differences. Many gender theorists argue that nearly all societies institutionalize patriarchy and limited biological sex differences into a rigid gender system through social structures.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to locating manufacturingAlyciaGold776
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to locating manufacturing, assembly, or distribution facilities in countries with relatively low wages.
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Outline the biological and cognitive contributions in the emergence of gender identity.
Describe the effect of various social in�luences on gender development.
Account for gender differences in physical activity and play in childhood and
adolescence.
Compare and contrast school achievement and learning among males and females.
Discuss the physical and psychological consequences of puberty.
12Gender and Sexuality
iStock/Thinkstock
Evaluate demographic differences in sexual activity among adolescents; explain the
consequences of teenage pregnancy.
Explain how romantic relationships and sexual orientation contribute to identity
formation.
Detail the changes in sexuality that occur during adulthood.
Explain how research has helped identify important elements of romantic relationships.
Prologue
Bruce Jenner won the gold medal in the 1976 Olympic decathlon, and with it he attained the title of
“World’s Greatest Athlete.” Four decades later, in 2015, Jenner surprisingly disclosed lifelong struggles
with gender identity, and at age 66, the desire to transition to a woman. Initial Hollywood sensationalism
of the story shifted to Caitlyn Jenner becoming the face of the transgendered community, speaking
poignantly, and perhaps unexpectedly, to those younger than she who struggle on an everyday basis with
their sexual identity. Sexuality, a broad term that can refer to a capacity for sexual attraction and interest,
gender identity, or sexual orientation, has been spotlighted like perhaps no other time in our history.
Other stories have led to renewed discussion about sex and gender in society. Sasha Laxton from Great
Britain, Storm Stocker from Toronto, Canada, and Pop from Sweden have all made headlines as their
parents were determined to raise them without regard to gender. The children’s rooms were painted in
neutral colors; hairstyles, Halloween costumes, and clothing were chosen without perceived regard for
gender standards; exposure to toys and other activities were not limited by what was considered
“normal” for a boy or a girl. As much as their parents tried, however, it is virtually impossible to remove
all traces of gender from society, which would include limiting exposure to media, avoiding certain store
shelves, and restricting access to preschool and other social activities. Further, it is apparent that biology
pulls in its own direction, regardless of how we try to promote neutrality.
For most of us, sex and gender are inescapably connected. It is extremely rare for a person to be born
with undifferentiated sex organs. Even when someone is born with ambiguous genitalia, they still
generally have either XX or XY genes. Biological sex is therefore not particularly variable. By contrast,
regardless of biol ...
How To Write The Best National Junior Honor Society Essay. 008 Essay Example National Junior Honor Society Examples Resume Outline .... National Junior Honor Society Essay Examples - Njhs Essay. 004 National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Lola Rodriguez ~ Thatsnotus. 019 Essay Example National Junior Honor Society ~ Thatsnotus. National Honor Society Essay Ideas | Sitedoct.org. ️ National junior honor society essay. How to Write a National Junior .... 007 National Junior Honor Society Essay Example Cover in National .... Njhs Essay Help, National Honor Society Essay.
Diagnosis AssignmentHCR 400Please choose a diagnosis article.docxmariona83
Diagnosis Assignment
HCR 400
Please choose a diagnosis article based on your interests and complete the following questions. Make sure to provide as much detail as possible.
Article chosen (citation):
Question that the article answered (what problem is it solving):
Study design:
Setting:
Participants:
Main result:
Conclusion:
Is the comparison group appropriate?
Was there a clear description of the disease status of the tested population?
Was there sufficient description of the methods?
How might we use this ‘evidence’ to inform practice?
!
This is a graded discussion: 25 points possible due Jun 8 at 1:59am
Week 5 Discussion: Physical, Cognitive and Social
Development & Sexuality
3 5
Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:
Initial Post Instructions
For the initial post, respond to one of the following options, and label the beginning of your post indicating
either Option 1 or Option 2:
Be sure to make connections between your ideas and conclusions and the research, concepts, terms, and
theory we are discussing this week.
Follow-Up Post Instructions
Respond to at least two peers or one peer and the instructor. If possible, respond to one peer who chose
an option different from the one you chose. Further the dialogue by providing more information and
clarification.
Writing Requirements
Textbook: Chapter 11, 12
Lesson
Option 1: Human development includes cognitive, physical, social and moral development
processes throughout our lifespan. Choose one of the major developmental areas discussed in the
text (cognitive, physical, social or moral development) and briefly discuss its importance to human
development. How would an individual's well-being be impacted without proper development of this
developmental area? For example, what happens when someone is lacking in social developmental
areas? Or what about the person who doesn't reach the level of post-conventional morality?
Option 2: We are all shaped in some way by our life experiences from childhood to adulthood. How
might someone's gender identity and expression be shaped by others? What messages might a child
receive about what it means to be a boy or a girl? Who are the types of people who send these
messages (parents, friends, teachers, etc.)? What role does culture and the environment play in
gender?
Minimum of 3 posts (1 initial & 2 follow-up)
Minimum of 2 sources cited (assigned readings/online lessons and an outside source)
6/2/20, 11:35 AM
Page 1 of 9
" Reply
Grading
This activity will be graded using the Discussion Grading Rubric. Please review the following link:
Course Outcomes (CO): 6
Due Date for Initial Post: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Wednesday
Due Date for Follow-Up Posts: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Sunday
APA format for in-text citations and list of references
Link (webpage): Discussion Guidelines
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/63025/users/69954)Renee Owens (Instructor)
Apr 19, 2020
!
You may begin posting in .
This document discusses how gender is learned from birth through socialization. It begins by asking a series of questions about remembering one's own experiences with learning gender as a child. It then defines gender socialization as the process of learning gender norms and developing a gender identity. A key part of socialization is determining an infant's sex at birth. However, in some cases of intersex infants, external and internal genitalia can be ambiguous, making sex assignment complex. Determining biological sex is not always as straightforward as it initially appears.
Personal Strengths And Weaknesses Essay.pdfPersonal Strengths And Weaknesses ...Katrina Wilson
The document discusses writing an essay on personal strengths and weaknesses. It notes that this type of essay requires deep self-reflection and an ability to objectively analyze one's own attributes. It also demands striking a balance between acknowledging strengths with humility and confronting weaknesses honestly. The process involves introspection to assess skills and areas for improvement, and expressing vulnerabilities while maintaining a constructive tone. Moreover, articulating strengths can be challenging and requires conveying them in a captivating yet not boastful manner. Overall, the essay demands navigating complexities of self-reflection, balancing humility and confidence, and weaving a narrative through personal anecdotes.
Gender inequality in the workplace is a complex issue with reasonable arguments on both sides. While some level of inequality still exists, as seen in disparities in wages and leadership positions, opportunities for women have greatly expanded. However, stereotypes and social factors also still influence perceptions and expectations in ways that can disadvantage women. Fully addressing gender inequality requires changes to both workplace policies and societal mindsets regarding gender roles and abilities.
Handedness and the Diverse Gender-Related Personality Traits i.docxwhittemorelucilla
Handedness and the Diverse Gender-Related Personality Traits in Humans
Handedness and the Diverse Gender-Related Personality Traits in Humans
Sejla Husic
FSCJ South Campus
Handedness and the Diverse Gender-Related Personality Traits in Humans
According to recent meta-analysis, there has been an immoderate amount of
information linked between the likeliness of sexual orientation and laterality. Using one hand
more than the other. The significant data from 6,182 homosexual and 14,808 heterosexual men,
showed that homosexual men had 34% greater odds of being non-right handed than heterosexual
men, and data from 805 homosexual and 1,615 heterosexual women had 91% greater odds of
being non- right handed than heterosexual women RichardA.Lippa,Ph.D.1 Other gender-
atypicality has been linked to this finding, one would be gender identity disorder. In an
international survey, more than 11,000 participants, documented that 10.6% of males and 8.5%
of females are at higher rates of heft- handedness. Even though the number of theories found of
small but reliable gender differences found in handedness, the results remain poorly understood.
Prenatal Androgen Theory is the most reasonable explanation of homosexuality in
the social behavior of human genders. Stating the sexual orientation is established in the womb
during fetal development. Although with more higher androgen exposure, comes more gender
typical patterns of development, in the males case it would be a greater chance of left-
handedness. Corresponding to gender- related personality traits, within sexual orientation groups,
non- right handedness is associated with masculine traits for both sexes. Predictions have been
made based on simple linear version of prenatal hormone theory, the androgens masculinize
behavior between sex and then is compared on average (James, 1989). Consequently there has
been strong data shown the prenatal hormone theory of handedness, concluding that the non-
right-handedness occurs more in the males sex than females.
Handedness and the Diverse Gender-Related Personality Traits in Humans
Neurological and developmental problems can be the cause of so many theories.
For instance the Pathological left- handedness theory, stating that left-handedness is caused by
pathological stressors, as in birth traumas, or cerebrum impairments. Evidence has proven that
left-handedness is associated with numerous cognitive developmental problems, including
learning disabilities, intellectual retardation, autism, cerebral palsy, etc. (Previc,1996). An
argument has been made that moderate right-handedness is the optimal evolved human trait and
therefore that developmental instability leads both to non-right ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
4. MODULE C OBJECTIVES
By the end of this tutorial you will be able to…
#18 – Report two important qualifications to consider when
studying gender differences.
#19– Summarize gender differences in personality,
emotionality, cognition, and sexual attitudes and behaviors.
#20 - Describe gender role acquisition from childhood through
adulthood, using social learning, gender schemas
evolutionary, and interactionist theories.
6. Defining Sex
Question: Are these the same thing?
Read: “Introduction: Gender and Sexuality,” Chapter 10
pages 400 – 401
Although the terms are used
interchangeably, they in fact are
different. Sex is biological.
Gender is a social construct.
Although we tend to
view sex as a gender binary
there is growing evidence that
the biology of sex might be
more complex than that.
7. Gender Cross-Culturally
Read: Gender Stereotypes and Gender Roles, Chapter
10 pages 401 – 407.
Question: If gender were entirely socially constructed,
how can the results from Williams and Best’s research
studies find a “high degree of agreement on the
characteristics associated with each sex” across 25
different cultures? (Hockenbury and Hockenbury, 2013,
p.402).
8. Gender Identity
Activity: Complete the Gender I.D. Quiz.
◦ What gender do your characteristics most resemble?
◦ What do you think about this test – does it measure gender, or something
else?
You are born with your biological sex, which includes your
genetic sex and your anatomical sex. Your culture defines what
it means to be male or female, that is your gender. How you
identify is called your gender identity.
For most people their genetic sex will match their assigned sex,
which will also match their gender identity. But what if you took
a test and found out that the characteristics that make you
unique are actually descriptive of the “other” sex?
9. Battle of the Sexes
There is a growing body of research which
substantiates that men and women do have
different characteristics and/or tendencies. What
these studies don’t do, however, is explain why. Is
it because men and women are born different or
are we raised to develop differently? And do these
differences equate to deficiencies?
10. Gender Differences
Read: “Gender-Related Differences” and “Gender
Differences: Women in Science” in Chapter 10, pages
402 – 407.
Summarize: How are men and women different in
personality, emotionality, cognition, sexual attitudes and
behaviors?
The New Sex Scorecard which offers some
other examples of these differences, but explains them
in the context of biological causes and discussed their
effects.
Activity: After reading the article complete the Gender
Differences Quizlet and Section A of the Gender
Worksheet.
11. Gender Role Learning
Question: Where do these differences come from?
Reflection: Although there may be some biological
differences in men and women, can you absolutely
conclude that these differences are innate? In other
words how do you know if boys and girls are born with
these differences or if they are nurtured from their
environments?
Read: “Gender-Role Development” in Chapter 10,
pages 408 – 413.
Activity: Complete section B of the Gender Worksheet.
12. Social Learning Theory
Question: At what age do we begin to learn gender?
Review: As you recall on page 408, children as young
as age 2 and 3 identify themselves by gender, however
it is very concrete (hair length, color of clothing). They
have not yet developed concrete operational thought
yet!
Watch: From a very young age children are bombarded
with advertising that sends a very clear message, to
children, about what it means to be male or female, as
demonstrated in this Gender in Advertising video.
Activity: Complete Part C of the Gender Worksheet.
13. Defining Masculinity
Reflection: Which gender is more desirable?
Which is more nurturing? Although the
characteristics of masculinity are more likely to be
equated with success than are the characteristics
of femininity, cultural gender roles aren’t changing
but men are! How?
How do men respond to the demands of
their gender today? Read “6 facts about American
Fathers” from the Pew Research Center study.
14. Conclusions
Sometimes men and women are different.
◦ These differences do not mean deficiency or superiority.
◦ These differences are averages, not absolute.
Understanding the origins of gender differences is
difficult.
◦ Most researchers agree that it these differences are most
likely a combination of both nature and nurture.
Men and women are more similar than different.
Activity: Finish Part D of the Gender Worksheet to
share your final thoughts on gender!
15. MODULE C OBJECTIVES
By the end of this tutorial you should now be able to…
#18 – Report two important qualifications to consider when
studying gender differences.
#19– Summarize gender differences in personality,
emotionality, cognition, and sexual attitudes and behaviors.
#20 - Describe gender role acquisition from childhood through
adulthood, using social learning, gender schemas
evolutionary, and interactionist theories.