This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
WHY WE NEED EU-FUNDED PROJECTS?
The case of the Czech Republic:
- In 2012 % of women in research the lowest since 2001 when sex-disaggregated statistics started to be collected
- Limited policy support for gender equality in research and innovation
- No policy or strategy
- No dedicated programme or funding
- Responsible stakeholders neglect the issue
- Limited awareness of gender issues in research
- Limited expertise in state and public administration
- No activity in research performing or funding organizations
EU-funded structural change projects are a crucial instrument to start institutional changes
Learn, share, educate, “funding” leverage, legitimacy of topic
The Story of Rucibiraro Theresphore: a Farmer’s Inspiring Journey Out of Abso...copppldsecretariat
Janvier Gasasira, project coordinator of an IFAD-supported project in Rwanda, shared this story at the Second Global AgriKnowledge Share Fair IFAD, Rome, 26-29 September 2011.
Rucibiraro Theresphore, 49, received a cow from an IFAD project in Rwanda in 2007. Saving his earnings and opening a bank account, he was eventually able to purchase 2,500 chickens and another piece of land. Earlier this year he received the ‘best farmer’ award at the National Agriculture Show. Over the past four years, each of six neighbours received a cow from him through the project’s revolving fund – perhaps one of them will be the next ‘best farmer’.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Recognising local innovation in livestock-keeping – a path to empowering womencopppldsecretariat
Prolinnova is an international network that involves a range of different stakeholders. The network promotes farmer-led approaches to development such as participatory innovation development. Farmers and natural resource users often find novel ways of using natural resources to address challenges and improve their livelihoods. In many rural communities, women do not have the same access as men to resources such as land. They also often have much less decision-making power or capacity. Giving recognition to, and supporting, the innovative capacity of women farmers is seen as an effective mechanism to strengthen their role in rural research and development.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
The Gender and Social Dimensions to Livestock Keeping in Africa: Implications...copppldsecretariat
Gender remains a variable in the success of small holder livestock programs. Despite the increased number of gender equity policies and pronouncements, implementation on the ground is weak. This is a general look at the importance both men and women's roles and constraints designed for GALVmed's upcoming vaccine interventions, but useful for anyone working with animal health and production.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Impact Assessment of the Community Animal Health System in Mandera West Distr...copppldsecretariat
The pastoralist communities in Kenya’s arid lands rely on their livestock for food and income, and basic veterinary care is one of the best ways to protect livestock assets and pastoralist livelihoods in these areas. This report examines the impact of a privatized, community-based veterinary service in the far northeast of Kenya, and focuses on the outcomes of clinical services provided by community-based animal health workers (CAHWs). Fatality rates in herds in treated by CAHWs using medicines from rural pharmacies were significantly lower than in herds where treatments were provided by untrained livestock keepers. The report adds to the substantial body of evidence already collected in Kenya on the impact and financial rationale for CAHW systems. Although many other countries have now legalized these systems and developed national guidelines for CAHW training, Kenya has yet to officially recognize CAHWs and overall, veterinary services in pastoralist areas often remain in the hands of untrained workers and unlicensed drug vendors.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
The document discusses a gender checklist tool that is designed to:
1) Guide users in identifying main gender issues in agricultural sectors including livestock production to help design gender sensitive strategies and indicators.
2) Help users design projects and implement policies that are gender sensitive.
3) Provide guidance to users in identifying key gender issues and designing or implementing livestock projects and activities in a gender sensitive manner.
The document discusses the use of geoinformatics and remote sensing to understand land use changes in Jordan over several decades. Multi-scale and multi-sensor observations are being used to map and characterize agro-ecosystems and land use types at various sites. This includes delineating crop types, vegetation, and quantifying land use changes over time. The goal is to help improve livelihoods and understand the impact of interventions through better landscape information.
WHY WE NEED EU-FUNDED PROJECTS?
The case of the Czech Republic:
- In 2012 % of women in research the lowest since 2001 when sex-disaggregated statistics started to be collected
- Limited policy support for gender equality in research and innovation
- No policy or strategy
- No dedicated programme or funding
- Responsible stakeholders neglect the issue
- Limited awareness of gender issues in research
- Limited expertise in state and public administration
- No activity in research performing or funding organizations
EU-funded structural change projects are a crucial instrument to start institutional changes
Learn, share, educate, “funding” leverage, legitimacy of topic
The Story of Rucibiraro Theresphore: a Farmer’s Inspiring Journey Out of Abso...copppldsecretariat
Janvier Gasasira, project coordinator of an IFAD-supported project in Rwanda, shared this story at the Second Global AgriKnowledge Share Fair IFAD, Rome, 26-29 September 2011.
Rucibiraro Theresphore, 49, received a cow from an IFAD project in Rwanda in 2007. Saving his earnings and opening a bank account, he was eventually able to purchase 2,500 chickens and another piece of land. Earlier this year he received the ‘best farmer’ award at the National Agriculture Show. Over the past four years, each of six neighbours received a cow from him through the project’s revolving fund – perhaps one of them will be the next ‘best farmer’.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Recognising local innovation in livestock-keeping – a path to empowering womencopppldsecretariat
Prolinnova is an international network that involves a range of different stakeholders. The network promotes farmer-led approaches to development such as participatory innovation development. Farmers and natural resource users often find novel ways of using natural resources to address challenges and improve their livelihoods. In many rural communities, women do not have the same access as men to resources such as land. They also often have much less decision-making power or capacity. Giving recognition to, and supporting, the innovative capacity of women farmers is seen as an effective mechanism to strengthen their role in rural research and development.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
The Gender and Social Dimensions to Livestock Keeping in Africa: Implications...copppldsecretariat
Gender remains a variable in the success of small holder livestock programs. Despite the increased number of gender equity policies and pronouncements, implementation on the ground is weak. This is a general look at the importance both men and women's roles and constraints designed for GALVmed's upcoming vaccine interventions, but useful for anyone working with animal health and production.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Impact Assessment of the Community Animal Health System in Mandera West Distr...copppldsecretariat
The pastoralist communities in Kenya’s arid lands rely on their livestock for food and income, and basic veterinary care is one of the best ways to protect livestock assets and pastoralist livelihoods in these areas. This report examines the impact of a privatized, community-based veterinary service in the far northeast of Kenya, and focuses on the outcomes of clinical services provided by community-based animal health workers (CAHWs). Fatality rates in herds in treated by CAHWs using medicines from rural pharmacies were significantly lower than in herds where treatments were provided by untrained livestock keepers. The report adds to the substantial body of evidence already collected in Kenya on the impact and financial rationale for CAHW systems. Although many other countries have now legalized these systems and developed national guidelines for CAHW training, Kenya has yet to officially recognize CAHWs and overall, veterinary services in pastoralist areas often remain in the hands of untrained workers and unlicensed drug vendors.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
The document discusses a gender checklist tool that is designed to:
1) Guide users in identifying main gender issues in agricultural sectors including livestock production to help design gender sensitive strategies and indicators.
2) Help users design projects and implement policies that are gender sensitive.
3) Provide guidance to users in identifying key gender issues and designing or implementing livestock projects and activities in a gender sensitive manner.
The document discusses the use of geoinformatics and remote sensing to understand land use changes in Jordan over several decades. Multi-scale and multi-sensor observations are being used to map and characterize agro-ecosystems and land use types at various sites. This includes delineating crop types, vegetation, and quantifying land use changes over time. The goal is to help improve livelihoods and understand the impact of interventions through better landscape information.
This document discusses open access to research data. It states that open access can produce higher quality data, publications, and usage of data. It also notes that open access can lead to higher recognition for researchers and more transparency. While some scientists view data as proprietary, open access is meant to have a positive impact by allowing other researchers to reproduce and build upon published work. The document advocates for establishing institutional policies and providing support for open access in order to improve scientific quality and maximize the benefits of research.
The document discusses ICARDA's experience with participatory community development planning approaches. It outlines the steps taken which include: 1) characterizing the community through mapping and surveys, 2) participatory diagnosis of problems and identification of solutions, and 3) development of community-based organizations and multi-year development plans. The approach aims to empower communities and foster collective action through consensus-building. Key benefits identified are improved targeting of resources and ease of project implementation when communities approve annual and long-term development plans.
This document discusses data management strategies at CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Systems. It notes that data from experiments is often stored in files but not shared, resulting in low usage. The strategy presented involves curating data and making it accessible online through an open source dataverse network. This allows data to be shared, accessed by all as a public good, and ensures high standards for data quality, curation and access. Examples shown include agricultural data from various projects displayed and available for download through interactive tables, maps and charts.
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This document provides an overview of greening agriculture. It discusses the challenges facing conventional agriculture systems and the opportunities that green agriculture presents. Key points include:
- Agriculture faces challenges from environmental degradation, resource scarcity, and climate change impacts that threaten food security.
- Greening agriculture through investments in soil, water, and biodiversity management can help address these challenges in a cost-effective manner while providing benefits like increased yields and resilience.
- Global policies, economic instruments, capacity building and other enabling conditions are needed to support the transition to more sustainable agricultural practices worldwide.
This document summarizes activities related to improving value chains for cash crops in the Béni Khédache site in Tunisia. It discusses:
1) The objectives of selecting relevant crops and stakeholders in the value chain, mapping challenges for smallholder market access, and improving post-harvest handling.
2) The tasks completed in 2014, including selecting key crops and stakeholders in the olive oil value chain, and reporting results.
3) Key achievements including identifying olive oil as a relevant crop and mapping the olive oil value chain stakeholders and structure in Medenine, Tunisia.
4) Plans for 2015 include further analyzing the olive oil value chain operations, financial flows, and issues through surveys and workshops
This report describes the IFAD National Domestic Biogas Program which has introduced and disseminated domestic biogas in Rwanda since 2007.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Presented by Jemimah Njuki, Jane Poole, Nancy Johnson, Isabelle Baltenweck, Pamela Pali, Zaibet Lokman and Samuel Mburu at ILRI Addis Ababa, 2 May 2011.
Market-oriented livestock production and sustainable watershed management in ...ILRI
Presented by Azage Tegegne, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Dirk Hoekstra, Gebremedhin W/wahid, Zewdu Ayele and Kahsay Berhe at the “Training on Participatory Integrated Watershed Management Planning and Implementation”, workshop, Bahir Dar, 22-27 November 2012
Watershed Development and Livestock Rearing. Experiences and Learning from th...copppldsecretariat
This report documents the experiences of the Watershed Organisation Trust in implementing the Indo German Watershed Development Programme (IGWDP) in Maharashtra, India. The documentation is based on project completion reports, extensive field visits and discussions with field staff and livestock rearing communities.
The study demonstrates that watershed development has immense scope to secure livestock-based livelihoods and, at the same time, build the natural resource base. This is possible, provided key elements such as securing availability and access to CPRs; investments in CPR regeneration with ridge (largely comprising forest lands)-to-valley approach; integration of grazing-based livestock systems and water budgeting in watershed planning; protection of ‘high potential recharge zones’; and utilizing traditional livestock systems to manage watersheds post-project, are in place.
Women and livestock: Why gender matters are big mattersILRI
This document discusses the importance of integrating gender considerations into livestock research. It notes that women play major roles in smallholder livestock systems but often face barriers to benefiting from their labor. Integrating gender can lead to higher incomes for women, improved family welfare, and stronger bargaining power for women. The document provides recommendations for how to conduct gender-sensitive research, including collecting sex-disaggregated data, using participatory methods, addressing women's priorities, and developing gender-sensitive indicators.
Promoting gender equality and empowering women through livestockILRI
Presented by Ann Waters-Bayer and Brigid Letty at the Gender and Market Oriented Agriculture (AgriGender 2011) Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 31st January–2nd February 2011
Women play a significant but often overlooked role in livestock production around the world. They are primarily responsible for tasks like milking, processing dairy products, feeding animals, and caring for young or sick animals. However, cultural factors mean that men typically control income from large livestock and decision-making. Constraints on women's participation include lack of access to resources, assets, knowledge, and income control. Addressing gender roles and divisions of labor is important for equitable and efficient livestock systems.
Use of goats in poverty alleviation and potential effects on the environmentcopppldsecretariat
Goats are a powerful tool in assistance to alleviate poverty and they are also a powerful tool to utilize scarce vegetation in areas not suitable for other forms of agricultural production. If goats are kept in a wrong place and not managed well they may, however, destroy the environment.
According to this paper, financed by DanChurchAid, the solution to the dilemma between the very efficient and useful goats for the poor people and the potential very destructive goats for the environment is found in intelligent management of the goats and not in preventing poor people to keep goats. Education and training of the goats keepers combined with punishment for possible bad management may be a practical solution.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Nearly one billion small farmers and herders around the world keep livestock and most live in extreme poverty. Livestock keeping offers opportunities to combat poverty through income from animal products, but most policies and services favor large-scale production. In order to take advantage of market opportunities and reduce poverty, small farmers and herders need access to basic services like veterinary care, infrastructure, and policies that address their needs.
The document discusses sex, gender, and culture. It defines sex as biological differences between males and females, such as physical characteristics. Gender is defined as socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes that are seen as masculine or feminine. The document examines differences in male and female physiology and possible evolutionary explanations. It also discusses gender roles versus sex roles, and how gender roles are learned behaviors that can vary across cultures, while sex roles are based on biological functions. The roles of males and females in subsistence activities and political leadership are also analyzed.
The document provides an overview of sustainable goat production, covering feeding, health, and pasture management. Goats are ruminants that thrive on pasture, utilizing brush and vegetation inaccessible to cattle. Integrating goats into grazing systems improves land quality and income. Proper fencing and rotational grazing are necessary to prevent overgrazing and allow forage regrowth. Management intensive grazing maximizes forage quality and grazing capacity.
This document discusses reasons for conserving farm animal genetic resources, which include meeting present and future socio-economic demands, providing insurance against changes in production, maintaining cultural and historical identities, and supplying genetic material for research. It notes that nearly 2 billion people rely on livestock and outlines threats to farm animal diversity like cross-breeding, intensive agriculture, and economic changes. The document defines farm animal genetic resources and conservation, noting that one-third of contributing resources are endangered. It describes in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods and lists criteria for selecting breeds, like endangerment level, adaptation traits, economic importance, and unique traits.
This document discusses open access to research data. It states that open access can produce higher quality data, publications, and usage of data. It also notes that open access can lead to higher recognition for researchers and more transparency. While some scientists view data as proprietary, open access is meant to have a positive impact by allowing other researchers to reproduce and build upon published work. The document advocates for establishing institutional policies and providing support for open access in order to improve scientific quality and maximize the benefits of research.
The document discusses ICARDA's experience with participatory community development planning approaches. It outlines the steps taken which include: 1) characterizing the community through mapping and surveys, 2) participatory diagnosis of problems and identification of solutions, and 3) development of community-based organizations and multi-year development plans. The approach aims to empower communities and foster collective action through consensus-building. Key benefits identified are improved targeting of resources and ease of project implementation when communities approve annual and long-term development plans.
This document discusses data management strategies at CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Systems. It notes that data from experiments is often stored in files but not shared, resulting in low usage. The strategy presented involves curating data and making it accessible online through an open source dataverse network. This allows data to be shared, accessed by all as a public good, and ensures high standards for data quality, curation and access. Examples shown include agricultural data from various projects displayed and available for download through interactive tables, maps and charts.
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This document provides an overview of greening agriculture. It discusses the challenges facing conventional agriculture systems and the opportunities that green agriculture presents. Key points include:
- Agriculture faces challenges from environmental degradation, resource scarcity, and climate change impacts that threaten food security.
- Greening agriculture through investments in soil, water, and biodiversity management can help address these challenges in a cost-effective manner while providing benefits like increased yields and resilience.
- Global policies, economic instruments, capacity building and other enabling conditions are needed to support the transition to more sustainable agricultural practices worldwide.
This document summarizes activities related to improving value chains for cash crops in the Béni Khédache site in Tunisia. It discusses:
1) The objectives of selecting relevant crops and stakeholders in the value chain, mapping challenges for smallholder market access, and improving post-harvest handling.
2) The tasks completed in 2014, including selecting key crops and stakeholders in the olive oil value chain, and reporting results.
3) Key achievements including identifying olive oil as a relevant crop and mapping the olive oil value chain stakeholders and structure in Medenine, Tunisia.
4) Plans for 2015 include further analyzing the olive oil value chain operations, financial flows, and issues through surveys and workshops
This report describes the IFAD National Domestic Biogas Program which has introduced and disseminated domestic biogas in Rwanda since 2007.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Presented by Jemimah Njuki, Jane Poole, Nancy Johnson, Isabelle Baltenweck, Pamela Pali, Zaibet Lokman and Samuel Mburu at ILRI Addis Ababa, 2 May 2011.
Market-oriented livestock production and sustainable watershed management in ...ILRI
Presented by Azage Tegegne, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Dirk Hoekstra, Gebremedhin W/wahid, Zewdu Ayele and Kahsay Berhe at the “Training on Participatory Integrated Watershed Management Planning and Implementation”, workshop, Bahir Dar, 22-27 November 2012
Watershed Development and Livestock Rearing. Experiences and Learning from th...copppldsecretariat
This report documents the experiences of the Watershed Organisation Trust in implementing the Indo German Watershed Development Programme (IGWDP) in Maharashtra, India. The documentation is based on project completion reports, extensive field visits and discussions with field staff and livestock rearing communities.
The study demonstrates that watershed development has immense scope to secure livestock-based livelihoods and, at the same time, build the natural resource base. This is possible, provided key elements such as securing availability and access to CPRs; investments in CPR regeneration with ridge (largely comprising forest lands)-to-valley approach; integration of grazing-based livestock systems and water budgeting in watershed planning; protection of ‘high potential recharge zones’; and utilizing traditional livestock systems to manage watersheds post-project, are in place.
Women and livestock: Why gender matters are big mattersILRI
This document discusses the importance of integrating gender considerations into livestock research. It notes that women play major roles in smallholder livestock systems but often face barriers to benefiting from their labor. Integrating gender can lead to higher incomes for women, improved family welfare, and stronger bargaining power for women. The document provides recommendations for how to conduct gender-sensitive research, including collecting sex-disaggregated data, using participatory methods, addressing women's priorities, and developing gender-sensitive indicators.
Promoting gender equality and empowering women through livestockILRI
Presented by Ann Waters-Bayer and Brigid Letty at the Gender and Market Oriented Agriculture (AgriGender 2011) Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 31st January–2nd February 2011
Women play a significant but often overlooked role in livestock production around the world. They are primarily responsible for tasks like milking, processing dairy products, feeding animals, and caring for young or sick animals. However, cultural factors mean that men typically control income from large livestock and decision-making. Constraints on women's participation include lack of access to resources, assets, knowledge, and income control. Addressing gender roles and divisions of labor is important for equitable and efficient livestock systems.
Use of goats in poverty alleviation and potential effects on the environmentcopppldsecretariat
Goats are a powerful tool in assistance to alleviate poverty and they are also a powerful tool to utilize scarce vegetation in areas not suitable for other forms of agricultural production. If goats are kept in a wrong place and not managed well they may, however, destroy the environment.
According to this paper, financed by DanChurchAid, the solution to the dilemma between the very efficient and useful goats for the poor people and the potential very destructive goats for the environment is found in intelligent management of the goats and not in preventing poor people to keep goats. Education and training of the goats keepers combined with punishment for possible bad management may be a practical solution.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Nearly one billion small farmers and herders around the world keep livestock and most live in extreme poverty. Livestock keeping offers opportunities to combat poverty through income from animal products, but most policies and services favor large-scale production. In order to take advantage of market opportunities and reduce poverty, small farmers and herders need access to basic services like veterinary care, infrastructure, and policies that address their needs.
The document discusses sex, gender, and culture. It defines sex as biological differences between males and females, such as physical characteristics. Gender is defined as socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes that are seen as masculine or feminine. The document examines differences in male and female physiology and possible evolutionary explanations. It also discusses gender roles versus sex roles, and how gender roles are learned behaviors that can vary across cultures, while sex roles are based on biological functions. The roles of males and females in subsistence activities and political leadership are also analyzed.
The document provides an overview of sustainable goat production, covering feeding, health, and pasture management. Goats are ruminants that thrive on pasture, utilizing brush and vegetation inaccessible to cattle. Integrating goats into grazing systems improves land quality and income. Proper fencing and rotational grazing are necessary to prevent overgrazing and allow forage regrowth. Management intensive grazing maximizes forage quality and grazing capacity.
This document discusses reasons for conserving farm animal genetic resources, which include meeting present and future socio-economic demands, providing insurance against changes in production, maintaining cultural and historical identities, and supplying genetic material for research. It notes that nearly 2 billion people rely on livestock and outlines threats to farm animal diversity like cross-breeding, intensive agriculture, and economic changes. The document defines farm animal genetic resources and conservation, noting that one-third of contributing resources are endangered. It describes in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods and lists criteria for selecting breeds, like endangerment level, adaptation traits, economic importance, and unique traits.
Poverty and gender aspects of food safety and informal markets in sub-Saharan...Tezira Lore
Grace, D., Roesel, K. and Lore, T. 2014. Poverty and gender aspects of food safety and informal markets in sub-Saharan Africa. ILRI Research Brief 21. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.
Integrating socio-economic attributes of rural communities in small ruminant ...ILRI
Presented by J.M.K. Ojango, I. Baltenweck, R. Mrode, A.W. T. Muigai, A. Haile and A.M. Okeyo at the IDF, World Dairy Summit, Istanbul, Turkey, 23-26 September 2019
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This document discusses goat farming as a tool for poverty reduction in Bangladesh. It notes that goat farming can provide sustainable livelihoods and income for small farmers and the rural poor. Goat rearing is particularly suitable given the short generation time of goats, their high prolificacy and market value. The document then discusses the characteristics and challenges of goat farming in Bangladesh, focusing on the native Black Bengal breed. It notes that collective action through goat clusters can help farmers access services and markets. The conclusion is that goat farming has significant potential to improve food security and livelihoods in rural Bangladesh if supported by improved practices, infrastructure, and policy support.
Women face significant challenges in accessing productive resources like land and capital. While commonly cited statistics about women's contributions to agriculture and poverty rates are often unsupported, there are real gender inequalities. Better data and nuanced analysis are needed to understand intrahousehold dynamics and women's roles in food production and environmental stewardship. Recognizing women's agency and constraints in different contexts can improve policies and interventions.
Gender, Agriculture, and Environment: From Zombie Facts to EvidenceSophie Theis
Four "zombie myths" continue to haunt us in the field of gender and agriculture. This presentation looks at the evidence on the feminization of poverty, women's contributions to agriculture, land ownership, and role as environmentalists. Presented by Ruth Meinzen-Dick at Penn State University, June 2016.
For more information about IFPRI's Gender Research, please see our research topic page: http://www.ifpri.org/topic/gender
Stay up to date on happenings in gender and agriculture: http://gender.ifpri.info
Gender, Agriculture, and Environment: From "Zombie Facts" to EvidenceIFPRI Gender
Four "zombie myths" continue to haunt us in the field of gender and agriculture. This presentation looks at the evidence on the feminization of poverty, women's contributions to agriculture, land ownership, and role as environmentalists. Presented by Ruth Meinzen-Dick at Penn State University, June 2016.
For more information about IFPRI's Gender Research, please see our research topic page: http://www.ifpri.org/topic/gender
Stay up to date on happenings in gender and agriculture: http://gender.ifpri.info
This document is a student paper on rural women in agriculture in Bangladesh. It is divided into multiple sections that discuss topics such as the role of women in agriculture, their contributions to food production and livestock, and their participation in decision making and empowerment. The paper seeks to analyze the nature and extent of rural women's empowerment in Bangladesh and identify factors that influence it. It defines three dimensions of women's empowerment - socioeconomic, familial, and psychological - and discusses six indicators used to measure women's empowerment: contribution to household income, access to resources, ownership of assets, participation in household decision making, and perception of gender awareness.
The document summarizes the development of a regional agricultural center in the Alleghany Highlands of Virginia and West Virginia. A steering committee used USDA grants to study producer needs and the feasibility of a livestock processing facility. This determined that a processing plant was needed due to the lack of nearby facilities. The committee worked with partners to build a center with livestock pens and scales, a USDA-inspected slaughter and meat processing facility, and an education room. Through community support and funding, the $2.3 million center addressed infrastructure needs and will enhance agricultural sustainability in the region.
Animal Product Technology I is a fundamental course that aims to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of various aspects related to the processing and preservation of animal-derived products. As we explore this subject, we will delve into the techniques, technologies, and principles involved in transforming raw animal products into valuable commodities that meet the needs of consumers.
Similar to Gender and Livestock: Tools for Design (20)
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
A single goat or a few hens will not lift a poor family out of poverty, but to participate in a well planned development project based on either a goat or a few hens can be and should be an educational process in which the participants learn to establish income generating activities
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Local Milk Sector in West Africa, Role of RPOs, Small and Medium Farmers in t...copppldsecretariat
Report from the Workshop held in Bamako on September 15 through 17, 2010.
French version also available: Filière Lait Local en Afrique de l’Ouest, rôle des OPR, des petits et moyens éleveurs dans la pleine expression de son potentiel. Actes de l’atelier tenu à Bamako du 15 au 17 septembre 2010
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Strengthening the Backyard Poultry. Experiences of AP Drough Adaptation Initi...copppldsecretariat
This process manual has emerged from experiences gained in the AP drought Adaptation Initiative (AP DAI), building on earlier experiences of WASSAN. The experiences have emerged from working with the Mandal Mahila Samakhyas (Federation of SHGs) in Mahabubnagar and Antapur districts of Andhra Pradesh.
The manual captures the essence of experience from field work. It provides a road-map and process steps for organizations that wish to initiate programs to strengthem backyard poultry.
Though the experiences in APDAI started from introducing “improved”birds from research institutions., it has been realized that improving the management systems and easing the constraints in traditional backyard poultry with local breeds is more important and sustained results.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Community of Practice for Pro-Poor Livestock Development (CoP-PPLD). Strategi...copppldsecretariat
This Strategic Framework is the result of a corporate effort conducted during the Inception Workshop (Rome, 12-13 January, 2009) to establish the Community of Practice for Pro-poor Livestock Development (CoP-PPLD). It describes key CoP-PPLD features, goals and results that we, as members, strive to achieve. The Strategic Framework also defines the principles that guide our decisions and actions in this global, inclusive partnership supporting Pro-poor livestock development as a tool for poverty reduction.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
The document outlines 7 initial proposed Megaprograms (MPs) that will guide research under the new CGIAR Consortium model. The MPs include: 1) Integrated agriculture systems for the poor, 2) Policies and markets for enabling agricultural incomes, 3) Sustainable increases in staple crop productivity, 4) Agriculture, nutrition and health, 5) Water scarcity and land degradation, 6) Forests and trees, and 7) Climate change. The bulk of livestock research is expected to be contained within MP3 on livestock and fish, but MP4 on health and nutrition and other MPs may also include some livestock components. A Consortium Board and CEO will oversee research, and performance will be measured through contracts between
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Small Ruminant Rearing – Product Markets, Opportunities and Constraintscopppldsecretariat
This report aims to place the economic context of small ruminant rearing within broader policy and institutional frameworks, and studies the value chains of goat and sheep meat, goat and sheep skin, and sheep wool. The study also documents some of the approaches and practices on small ruminant rearing submitted in response to SAPPLPP’s call for the same.
The objective of the study is the analysis and documentation of approaches and practices related to market prospects, and identification of opportunities for facilitating access of small-holder livestock owners to more remunerative markets.
The report successfully attempts to construct the value chains of three important products of the small ruminant sector - meat, leather and wool.
यह बकरी का जो व्यापार हैं -
कभी खूब घना
कभी मुट्ठी भर चना
और कभी वोह भी मना
(Jainul Aabeedin, West Bengal)
This business of goats -
Sometimes it flourishes
Sometimes it yields only a handful of chickpeas
And sometimes even that is denied
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Mixed Service of Human and Animal Health in Pastoral Zones: An Innovative and...copppldsecretariat
This document presents briefly an experience lesson learnt from two projects carried out by AVSF:
- The Project of Securization of Pastoral Systems N’Gourti-Termit, implemented by AVSF in partnership with the NGO KARKARA up North of Zinder region in the districts of N’gourti and Tesker, North-East of Niger.
- The Programme for food security for populations and livestock living in a nomadic environment, implemented by AVSF in partnership with the NGO ADESAH in the districts of Ber and Salam, circle of Tombouctou, North Mali.
The particularity of these two projects has consisted in implementing a mixed health service (animal and human) in pastoral zones.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Unpacking the 'Poor Productivity' Myth - Women Resurrecting Poultry Biodivers...copppldsecretariat
1800 women of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh spell out the new principles for in-situ indigenous poultry development! This initiative lead to a remarkable reduction in mortality, tripled financial benefits from poultry rearing, worked as a trigger to diversify agriculture practices and allowed women to reclaim their lost poultry heritage.
This note captures the women’s journey from marginalization to empowerment and answers two key questions…
How can indigenous backyard poultry contribute to livelihood development?
&
Are these initiatives sustainable?
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Development of Village Institutions for Equitable & Sustainable Access to Nat...copppldsecretariat
This Good Practice Note illustrates the practice of local institutional development and its role in pro-poor livestock development in the context of village Jhabla in Udaipur district of Rajasthan in the western part of India.
The work initiated by Seva Mandir in late 1980s has borne fruit as after two decades it demonstrates its robustness in gripping local community dynamics and assisting in providing better opportunities for livestock rearing. It highlights the need to reconsider inclusion of communities in governing their natural resources especially the forests and open pasture lands, which is a step in the right direction.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This Good Practice challenges the misconception that community managed commons are more degraded than privatised ones.
Working in the most arid areas of Madhya Pradesh, Tree Grower Cooperative Societies secure community tenure over common land, build local social capital though multi-stakeholder village institutions to fulfil the Community based Natural Resource Management dream. This leads to a significant increase in biomass, vegetative cover, fodder and water availability that provides a boost to livestock development and establishes the importance of village institutions in Common Property Resource management.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Backyard Poultry Farming Through Self-Help Groups in West Bengal - Towards Go...copppldsecretariat
The Scheme 'Distribution of cocks, drakes and cockerels, etc.' involves the distribution of Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens and Khaki Campbell (KC) ducks to rural households. This is a centrally-sponsored family-based Scheme wherein the Department of Animal Resources Development, Government of West Bengal distributes poultry birds to marginal rural households throughout the State. This scheme shows that not only can it contribute to rural poverty reduction but also that, despite some shortcomings and the rather high subsidies, it is possibly bankable and could be strengthened and scaled-up through appropriate public private partnerships.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Making Modern Poultry Markets Work for the Poor - An example of Cooperative D...copppldsecretariat
In the central plains of Madhya Pradesh, women poultry producers are learning how to beat diseases, build sheds, maintain account books and negotiate a remunerative price for their Broiler birds. Under the aegis of their cooperative, they have become entrepreneurs and successfully feed a complicated and volatile poultry market. This note captures the processes they adopted to break entry barriers and become a viable enterprise.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Linking Business with Pro-Poor Development - A Backyard Poultry Value Chain I...copppldsecretariat
Engagement with highly vulnerable families in far flung areas of showcases a successful private-community partnership. Based on a rural poultry value chain that delivers 3 week old chicks to rearer's doorsteps, this initiative has lead to a 290 percent increase in rate of return on poultry investment, enhanced food security and household nutrition and has built women’s voice and mobility. The note captures this remarkable innovation and answers two key questions…West Bengal
How can business be Pro-Poor? &
How can such partnerships be made sustainable?”
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Replacing Pastoralism with Irrigated Agriculture Awash Ethiopia copppldsecretariat
The object of this study is to compare the economic returns derived from devoting the Awash valley to pastoralism versus irrigated cotton or sugar cultivation. Our unit of comparison is a hypothetical hectare of riverine floodplain left to pastoralism versus the observed returns per hectare to various forms of cotton and sugar cultivation in the Awash valley.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Evaluation de l Efficacite deux Plantes Medicinales: Vernonia Amygdalina (Umu...copppldsecretariat
This report from Vétérinaires Sans Frontiéres presents the results of a study conducted in Rwanda on the efficacy of two medicinal plants: Vernonia amygdalina (Umubilizi) and Leonotis Nepetaefolia (Igicumucumu) for the gastro-intestinal strongyles Goats.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
ALIVE: Platform for the African Livestock Development & Sustainable Economic ...copppldsecretariat
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Cop-PPLD and NGOs: Get Together to Focus on Livestock Development Issuescopppldsecretariat
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Cop-PPLD and NGOs: Get Together to Focus on Livestock Development Issues
Gender and Livestock: Tools for Design
1. Livestock
Thematic Papers
Tools for project design
Gender and livestock:
tools for design
The term gender refers to culturally based expectations of the roles and behaviour of women
and men. It distinguishes the socially constructed from the biologically determined aspects
of being male and female.1 Gender issues focus not only on women, but on the relationship
between men and women, their roles, access to and control over resources, and division of
labour and needs. Gender relations determine household security, well-being of the family,
planning, production and many other aspects of life.
Livestock is generally considered a key asset for rural livelihoods. It offers advantages
over other agricultural sectors and is an entry point for promoting gender balance in
rural areas. In particular, because (a) in most societies, all household members have
access to livestock and are involved in production; (b) livestock activities are a daily
occupation: animal products such as eggs and milk are produced, processed and
marketed throughout the year, without seasonal restrictions, in all livestock-keeping
communities, with women responsible for the bulk of the work; (c) livestock production
systems offer the potential for introducing a wide range of project activities relating to
gender mainstreaming, including improved production methods, and redistribution of
intra-household tasks and responsibilities.2
For these reasons, it is important to understand:
1. The function of livestock for men and women;
2. The various gender roles played in animal management;
3. The economic and cultural roles of livestock within the household and in the community.
Women’s typical role within a livestock production system is different from region to
region, and the distribution of ownership of livestock between men and women is strongly
1 IFAD, 2003.
2 Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, 2000.
2. Figure 1
Key issues associated with gender and livestock
Economic/cultural roles
Gender roles
(household & community)
in livestock
management
powerme
m
nt
E
Engendering
livestock for
rural
es
Nee
development
rc
Division of labour Respective
d
and specific needs u s access to assets
Reso and resources
Livestock
function for
women and men
related to social, cultural and economic Women3 are typically responsible for milking
factors. Generally, it depends on the type of ewes, processing and selling milk products,
animals they raise. In many societies, for providing feed/fodder and water, caring for
example, cattle and larger animals are owned newborn lambs/kids and sick animals. Young
by men, while smaller animals – such as girls are also involved in the grazing of goats
goats, sheep, pigs and backyard poultry kept and sheep, whereas married and young women
near the house – are more a woman's are responsible for household activities.
domain. When the rearing of small animals Typical male tasks include herding, cutting
becomes a more important source of family branches for home feeding and administering
income, ownership, management and control modern medicines. Wool-shearing, giving
are often turned over to the man. traditional vaccines against sheep pox, and
Women play an important role in livestock castration are exclusively the domain of men
management, processing and marketing, for socio-religious reasons.
acting as care providers, feed gatherers, and Most of the work and decision-making by
birth attendants. They are also involved in women takes place at the household level,
milk production, although not all women while men take the sheep for grazing and
control the sale of milk and its products. participate in public meetings that relate to
Identifying and supporting women’s roles as sheep husbandry. Almost all important
livestock owners, processors and users of decisions are taken jointly by both the man
livestock products while strengthening their and the woman heading the household. These
decision-making power and capabilities, are decisions include which animals to sell and at
key aspects in promoting women’s economic what price, disease diagnosis and treatment of
and social empowerment and consequently sick animals, and ram lamb selection. Women
provides a way to enable rural women to negotiate dung prices with farmers, while men
break the cycle of poverty. negotiate wool prices.4
3 Lo Bianco, 2007.
4 Work on gender and ruminant livestock production is limited, especially gender disaggregated data on access
to resources and benefits.
2
3. Despite their considerable involvement • Self-esteem. Owning, controlling and
and contribution, women’s role in livestock benefiting from livestock production
production has often been underestimated, if increases women’s self-esteem and
not ignored. Gender-blindness is the result strengthens their role as producers and
partly of a paternalistic bias, and partly due to income generators within the household
the attitudes of the women themselves, who and in the community.
may be conditioned by their culture and • Access to credit. Livestock ownership
society to underestimate the value of their increases the likelihood of gaining access
work. As a result, it is difficult to obtain to credit.
information on the role of women in livestock
production from existing research and project Obstacles and constraints
reports. In addition, women’s work is rarely • Insecurity of land tenure for women. Apart
reflected in national statistics.5 from private ownership, security of land
Access, control and management of such tenure can take a variety of forms such as
resources as small ruminants, grazing areas leased public land or user rights to
and feed resources empower women and lead communal property. Limitations on access
to an overall positive impact on the welfare of to or use of land inhibit agricultural
the household. productivity and consequently affect rural
women’s income.
Main benefits for women • Lack of access by women to capital and
• Decision-making and empowerment. knowledge and lack of control over assets. The
Livestock ownership is increasing women’s obstacles faced by women in gaining
decision-making and economic power access to basic assets constrain their socio-
within both the household and the economic empowerment and overall
community. It is also a source of cash and economic growth and poverty reduction.
can open up access to credit (the sale of • Ownership of different livestock species.
small ruminants can provide an Milking, processing and marketing of milk
emergency source of cash for medical products, does not necessarily mean that
treatment or school fees, while daily milk women can control decisions regarding
provides a regular flow of cash income livestock or own it.
often used to purchase food and • Women’s control over income-generating
household items). activities. Women are often not in charge
• Household welfare. The management, of selling milk and other livestock
processing and marketing of livestock products and/or do not have access to the
products generate more income than most income gained from the sale.
of the activities women tend to be involved • Gender aspects in livestock projects. In the
in, and bring benefits for the whole family past, livestock projects were mainly
(for instance by increasing food security at oriented towards production issues such
the household level: small ruminants as breeding, feeding and animal health.
provide food products such as milk, butter, More attention is needed to incorporate
cheese and meat, all of which are a source women farmers into project design to
of protein, minerals and vitamins); guarantee women's active participation
• Income generation. Animals provide raw and involvement in the different project
material such as wool, skins, and bones phases and activities.
used by women to make clothes, or as fuel
for home consumption and for sale. Other substantial gender asymmetries remain
Processing of these materials can be an between women and men6 in particular with
important source of additional regard to
employment and income for poor rural • Access to markets and distribution of risks
women; and gains along different steps of livestock
5 Niamir-Fuller, 1994.
6 IFAD, World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Gender in Agricultural
Livelihoods Sourcebook. Gender and livestock module – Overview, 2007.
3
4. value chains varies according to the gender • Ownership of land. Security of tenure is an
of (i) producers (e.g. rights to income important precondition for women’s
generated from livestock); (ii) processors empowerment. Given the complexity of
(access to processing technologies and different tenure systems, project strategies
information); (iii) market agents (access to should be tailored to the context of the region
transportation, safe market spaces and and society, with the aim of guaranteeing
overnight accommodation, risk of sexual and expanding women’s access to, and
harassment and abuse); and control over, land.
(iv) economies of scale (bringing women • Access to capital and knowledge. Women
together to improve their market position). generally lack collateral, decision-making
• Risk and vulnerability. Women and men power in the household and control over
have different experiences and capacities loans. Ensuring women’s access to
to face: (i) livestock sector trends extension services, knowledge, credit and
(e.g. policy biases and changes, technologies is therefore critical. Project
“supermarketization”, the lengthening of experiences show that special credit lines for
livestock value chains, vertical women are successful if these are made
integration); (ii) regional shocks affecting transparent and adapted to the cultural and
livestock (climate/ecosystem change, social reality of the concerned families.
drought, flooding, animal disease, • Ownership of livestock. For women,
demographic changes, political upheaval, purchase or receipt of a cow does not
conflict); (iii) household shocks (illness or necessarily imply ownership. Analysis of
death of family member; “distress sales” of the specific conditions of the project area and
livestock to pay for medical treatment, target households and monitoring of change
property or asset grabbing). are important to formulate and achieve
• Access to information and organization, realistic project goals.
specifically to (i) livestock extension and • Responsibilities and division of labour.
veterinary information and services; Including women in project activities does
artificial insemination services; not automatically benefit them. Periodic
participation in developing livestock analysis of labour, with corresponding
programmes and policies (e.g. vaccination, adjustments to the time spent by women
culling and restocking programmes); on the different tasks, or introduction of
(ii) emerging livestock-related labour-reducing measures could diminish
technologies (e.g. fodder, breeding, disease the risk of overwork.
prevention, livelihood decision-making • Role of livestock in household nutrition. Due to
tools); and (iii) training and involvement differences in the ways in which men and
as community animal health workers and women use income, increases in men's
paraveterinarians. earnings from livestock-related activities may
not be necessarily translated into improved
Key issues and questions for project household nutrition, whereas women tend to
design7 prioritize household well-being. Moreover,
Given that gender has a bearing on the goals, project designers should be aware that if the
activities and impact of a project, gender project objective is to increase the income of
considerations should be systematically small farmers, the nutritional and social
included in logical frameworks and translated needs of vulnerable groups will need to be
into concrete activities monitored by met through special programmes.
appropriate indicators. • Influence of processing and marketing of
The task for project designers is to consider livestock products on household economy.
these factors, assessing to what extent and how The division of work between men and
they will affect or be affected by the project. women in processing and marketing needs
For livestock interventions to be successful, to be analysed and project activities
the following issues have to be considered: adapted accordingly.
7 IFAD, 2003.
4
5. Figure 2
Pillars for women’s empowerment in the livestock sector
Decision-
making
Assets/ Innovation
Ownership Knowledge
and access to Technology
ic and
om
t Econ
So l E
Women
cia
Livestock Self-esteem
livestock
services
keepers
en
m
powerm
Groups/Social
support Credit
networks
Markets
• Role of farmers' organizations. An important over the proceeds of the sale are important
function of well-organized farmers' groups considerations in this respect.
is to represent the interests of their • To increase livestock production, women
members. Therefore, specific measures should receive special training that is
should be included at design to guarantee tailored to their specific needs and
women's participation in such constraints (such as content of training,
organizations (or create organizations timing and social restrictions).
specifically for women if needed). • Efforts to introduce new technology that
• Information and relevant indicators (livestock does not take into account traditional
production systems and types of animals; practices by men and women will not be
crop/livestock linkages; availability and successful.
quality of land, availability of inputs; • Patterns in livestock activities (such as
management of natural resources; use of feeding, watering and milking) shift in
technology; relationship between livestock response to seasonal changes, and affect
and other activities; gender disaggregated the labour input of women and men.
seasonal occupations and sources of
income) should be examined from a Key questions for design
gender perspective. • Which types of livestock do men and
women own? And what does ownership
Other issues to be considered at the design are mean in reality?
as follows: • How does women’s access to livestock
• The function of livestock for the various affect their decision-making power?
household members needs to be • Does owning land affect women’s ability
understood and fully taken into account. to own livestock?
• Measures to improve productivity and • Which activities do men and women carry
production will only succeed if additional out, with which animals, and which
income can be generated by selling products are they responsible for?
products outside the home. Women’s • What are the roles and responsibilities of
access to markets, mobility and control men and women in the livestock system?
5
6. • Do women control the income generated Recommendations and lessons
by production and marketing of livestock learned
products? IFAD together with its partners (the
• Does access to livestock affect women’s International Center for Agricultural Research
access to other resources (such as credit, in the Dry Areas [ICARDA], the International
pasture, water)? Livestock Research Institute [ILRI], FAO and
• Do women have access to veterinary others) has accumulated solid experience in
services? gender mainstreaming in development
projects.
6
7. Lessons and Recommendations identify new economic opportunities.
• Identification of women’s role as livestock Their role in community decision-making
owner, animal health care provider, feed needs to be strengthened.
gatherer, birth attendant, and user of • Role of social networks. Women’s status and
livestock products and support to their decision-making role within the family
decision-making capacity are central to the depends on their access to and control of
effective implementation of gender- land, livestock and income and on the
responsive interventions. presence of social support networks.
• Women’s safety. Gender roles in the • Role of farmers' organizations. It is
provision of water and feed for livestock important to increase women’s negotiating
should be considered. For instance, poor power and decision-making role in
women and girls may not have equitable farmers' organizations. Women’s
access to water, or they could suffer organizations and the role of women in
exploitation or risk violent assault if they farmers’ organizations should receive
have to travel distances to fetch water. special support.
• Women as animal health care providers.
Women (and girls) are often responsible Other issues
for small and/or young stock, including • As income-earning opportunities in areas
the diagnosis and treatment of livestock of livestock production traditionally
diseases. They should therefore be handled by women increase, control of
involved in animal health interventions these areas may be taken over by men. An
and training. agreement among men and women
• Social and cultural norms. The design of beneficiaries that protects women’s
veterinary services should take account of position must be found.
local social and cultural norms, as these • The role of women and their
may affect women’s role as a service empowerment in the local and regional
provider. (i.e. in some communities it is livestock production system should receive
difficult for women to move around freely special attention. The local practices at the
or to travel alone to remote areas where basis of livestock production must inform
livestock sometimes graze). all development initiatives, and proposed
• Women’s workload. Although the position technologies should be economically
of women livestock keepers can be feasible, socially accepted and low risk.
improved through income-generating • Although income is not the only factor
activities (i.e. processing and selling that determines women’s socio-economic
livestock products, trees and forage position, it greatly influences their status
products, and wildlife products), women’s and living conditions. Increasing women's
daily workload is already extremely heavy, income by boosting livestock production
leaving little time to diversify or enhance therefore strengthens their position. As
their livelihoods. As a consequence, men may feel threatened by this process,
labour- and time-saving opportunities projects must involve men and women in
merit special attention. Project design all negotiations to bring about equitable
should ensure that the planned activities and sustainable changes.
do not compromise the interests of • Efforts are needed to increase the capacity
women in target communities. of women to negotiate with confidence
• Women’s access to assets. Women’s and meet their strategic needs.
economic and social empowerment is
linked to their access to productive
resources and basic assets (water, land,
fuelwood, markets and knowledge), their
participation in small-scale dairying and
their role in decision-making.
• Women and markets. Women need to
become more market-oriented and
7
8. Box 1:
Gender-oriented strategies and priorities for pro-poor research into small
ruminants
The increasing demand for meat and milk in many countries highlights the potential benefits that can
be derived from livestock production, such as employment and income generation, and improved
food and nutrition security across production systems and along different value chains.
However, global change and economic globalization, rising demand for livestock products, increasing
prices of agricultural products, growing urbanization and migration are all threatening these
opportunities.
Addressing these challenges and ensuring that the development of small ruminant production is
socially, economically, and environmentally sound will require innovative and creative approaches to
research.
First, approaches and interventions should be gender-sensitive and should recognize and build on
women’s and men’s custodianship of local knowledge about animal husbandry and livestock disease.
The various needs and constraints encountered along the value chain and across production systems
must also be identified and addressed.
Research should focus on the interaction between livestock and gender; the implications for natural
resource management, markets and rural livelihoods; the links between gender and small ruminant
production with a view to improving food supply, incomes and welfare of the rural poor.
Therefore, research should be undertaken on
• Gender roles in livestock production (management, processing, marketing)
• Gender inequality in access, allocation, management and control of resources
• Gender imbalance in the benefits from livestock-related income.
Key issues for research
• Data disaggregated by sex. Work on gender and small ruminant livestock production is limited. In
particular, there is a lack of gender-specific information such as data disaggregated by sex on
roles, tasks, and access to resources, benefits and income. The has been little analysis of the
various roles in terms of gender and most studies that have been conducted at the field level are
more theoretical than empirical.
• Gender-oriented research and analysis. Despite the complex nature of women’s participation in
small ruminant production, the problems of access to assets and other gender-related obstacles –
lack of capital, credit and technical skills, inequitable allocation of livestock-generated income – are
not well documented. More research is needed to achieve a better insight into their implications for
household welfare and poverty reduction.
• The correlation between women, nutritional status of children, and consumption of dairy products
should be the object of further analysis, in particular: (a) the contribution of animal source foods to
the nutrition of children and pregnant/nursing women, and (b) the lack of proper veterinary care and
good standards of hygiene, which exposes children to the risk of serious diseases.
• Research approach and methodology. Research on gender and livestock production needs to be
undertaken using (a) a framework that has the flexibility to adapt to a changing socio-cultural
environment; and (b) an inclusive approach to the overall functioning of livestock systems (crop-
livestock, pastoralism), with special attention to the interaction between the stakeholders and the
surrounding elements.
8
9. Box 2:
8
Role of women in poultry farming
Poultry raising and production are the most important livestock activities for many poor rural families
worldwide, providing a source of income and a tool for poverty alleviation.
Poultry farming generates cash income and employment opportunities, while increasing production of
valuable protein foods (i.e. meat and eggs) that improve nutritional standards.
Rural women traditionally play an important role in this sector and are often in control of the whole
process from feeding to marketing, which is not the case in production systems for other livestock
species.
For women who stay at home, poultry enables them to (a) help the family in times of need, and have
cash for emergencies; (b) save money for future investments; (c) obtain an income to provide for the
needs of their children and the household; and (d) supplement the family’s protein intake.
Advantages
• Poultry is easy to manage, requires few external inputs, and enjoys good market demand and
prices.
• Feeding of backyard poultry is a good example of the recycling of household and farm waste.
Women in particular devise innovative ways of using waste products.
• Rural poultry keeping can be used to reduce poverty among women and children in rural areas. By
increasing women’s income, poultry farming also enhances women’s social status and decision-
making power in the household.
Constraints
• Distance from markets, limited access to market information, and inadequate transport facilities.
• Lack of vaccines and difficult access by women to veterinary services
• Limited access to knowledge, technology and extension services.
• Limited access to credit (and consequently lack of quality feed and medicines)
• Traditionally the domain of women, poultry keeping is undergoing a shift in roles and attitudes as men
become aware of its economic value. This influences women’s control over the income generated.
Recommendations and lessons
• A well-organized marketing system, accessible to women, is the key to guaranteeing a better price for
their livestock products
• Where women receive training in husbandry practices and gain access to poultry health services,
poultry activities are more successful
• Availability of credit is often essential for poultry development in rural areas
• Gender is a necessary component of a poultry project in order to identify factors of production and
access to benefits
• The role that women play in poultry production and in rural development needs to be supported by
adequate policies and be addressed by policy makers and planners.
8 IFADc, 2007 and Rushton and Ngongi, 1998.
9
10. References
Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. 2005. Who Owns the Farm? Rural Women’s Access to Land and
Contact Livestock. Afghanistan: AREU.
Antonio Rota
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of
Senior Technical Adviser on
Livestock and Farming Systems the United Nations (FAO). Gender in Agricultural Livelihoods Sourcebook. Gender and livestock module –
Technical Advisory Division Overview, 2007
Tel: +39 06 5459 2680
International Fund for Agricultural Development. 2003. Mainstreaming a Gender Perspective in IFAD’s Operations:
a.rota@ifad.org
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Senior Technical Advisor for
Livestock and Farming Systems International Fund for Agricultural Development. 2007b. Women and Milk Production.
Technical Advisory Division http://www.ifad.org/gender/learning/sector/agriculture/w_m.htm (accessed April 2008).
a.rota@ifad.org
International Fund for Agricultural Development. 2007c. Innovation in Women's Small-scale Poultry Activities.
Silvia Sperandini http://www.ifad.org/gender/learning/sector/agriculture/w_i.htm (accessed April 2008).
Consultant, Technical Advisory International Livestock Research Institute. 2000. Gender Roles and Child Nutrition in Livestock Production
Division Systems in Developing Countries: A Critical Review. Socio-economics and Policy Research Working Paper 27.
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with the contribution of Lo Bianco, Andrea. 2007. Agribusiness for Development: A Socioeconomic Analysis of the Milk Market Chain in
Maria Hartl the IFAD-financed Western Sudan Resource Management Programme Area. Rome: IFAD.
Technical Adviser on
Niamir-Fuller, M. 1994. Women Livestock Managers in the Third World: A Focus on Technical Issues Related to
Gender and Social Equity
Technical Advisory Division Gender Roles in Livestock Production. IFAD Staff Working Paper 18. Rome: IFAD.
m.hartl@ifad.org Rushton. J. and S.N. Ngongi. 1998. Poultry, Women and Development: Old Ideas, New Applications and the Need
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International Fund for
Agricultural Development
Via Paolo di Dono, 44
00142 Rome, Italy
Telephone: +39 06 54591
February 2010
Facsimile: +39 06 5043463
E-mail: ifad@ifad.org
www.ifad.org These materials can be found on IFAD’s
www.ruralpovertyportal.org website at www.ifad.org/lrkm/index.htm