Goats are a powerful tool in assistance to alleviate poverty and they are also a powerful tool to utilize scarce vegetation in areas not suitable for other forms of agricultural production. If goats are kept in a wrong place and not managed well they may, however, destroy the environment.
According to this paper, financed by DanChurchAid, the solution to the dilemma between the very efficient and useful goats for the poor people and the potential very destructive goats for the environment is found in intelligent management of the goats and not in preventing poor people to keep goats. Education and training of the goats keepers combined with punishment for possible bad management may be a practical solution.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This document examines the extent to which the Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) has achieved its objectives of tribal empowerment in Kerala. The TSP was started in 1974-75 to help tribal income generation and employment through family businesses, infrastructure development, and empowerment programs. The study analyzes TSP implementation in Noolpuzha Gram Panchayat from 2002-2003 to 2011-2012. It finds that 97.3% of funds were spent on infrastructure, while only 0.87% went to production and 2.22% to other sectors. Most projects involved building houses, roads, and facilities. The study recommends increasing productive spending to over 30% and providing more training and support for entrepreneurship and leadership
1. The document discusses various technologies and tools that can help reduce the drudgery of farm and household work for women.
2. It provides examples of tools that can aid tasks like harvesting, food processing, and pesticide application in a safer and more efficient manner.
3. Technologies range from simple tools like serrated knives and peelers to machines like seed treatment drums and grain cleaners, with many designed specifically for women with considerations for appropriate sizes and work postures.
India leads the world in millet consumption. Millets are highly nutritious and climate-resilient crops that can grow in low rainfall and harsh soil conditions with little to no external inputs. However, millets have been marginalized in India through policies promoting rice and wheat. The document calls for increasing the cultivation and consumption of millets in India in order to address issues of food security, health, nutrition, climate change adaptation and farmer livelihoods. It recommends policies and programs to promote millets, recognize their climate benefits, and honor the communities growing them.
Value-Added Dairy Products. Milk and Milk Products. Production of Dairy Foods & Beverages
Milk is the most valuable protein food that widely consumed by people all over the world. The milk as a raw food is easily available on various dairy farms that are processed to the increases the variety of nutrients. The milk processing include the fluid milk production, cheese production, yogurt production, ice cream production to make the huge variety of milk products like cheese, butter, cream, skimmed milk, yogurt, toned milk or double toned milk and much more. Milk processing allows the preservation of milk for days, weeks or months and helps to reduce food-borne illness.
Processing of dairy products gives small-scale dairy producers higher cash incomes than selling raw milk and offers better opportunities to reach regional and urban markets. Milk processing can also help to deal with seasonal fluctuations in milk supply. The transformation of raw milk into processed milk and products can benefit entire communities by generating off-farm jobs in milk collection, transportation, processing and marketing.
See more
https://goo.gl/gm4HdP
https://goo.gl/Sf9rrw
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Milk Processing, Dairy Industry, Dairy Production and Products, Milk Processing & Dairy Products, Milk Processing Business, Milk Processing Plant, Dairy Processing Industry, How to Start a Dairy Milk Plant, Dairy Products in India, Milk and Milk Products (Dairy Products), Uses of Milk & Milk Products, Processing of Milk and Milk Products, Milk and Milk Products Processing Plant, Milk Processing and Dairy Products, Value-Added Processing of Milk, Value Added Dairy Products, Value Addition in Milk, Value-Added Dairy Processing, Value-Added Processing, Value Added Products from Milk in India, Dairy Processing in India, Dairy Foods & Beverages, Dairy Foods, What Products are Made from Milk? Dairy Product Manufacture, Production of Peanut Butter, Peanut Butter Manufacturing Unit, Peanut Processing, Peanut Butter Production Process Pdf, Small Scale Peanut Butter Production, Baby Cereal Food Manufacturing Industry, Baby Food Cereal Manufacturing Plant, Ice Candy Manufacturing Plant, Ice Cream & Ice Candy Manufacturing Plant, Ice Candy Production, Ice Candy Making Business, Production of Analogue Cheeses, Production of Processed Analogue Block Cheese, Production of Cheese Analogues, Production of Chocolate, How to Make Chocolate, Chocolate Making Process, Chocolate Manufacturing Process Pdf, Chocolate Production Process Flow Chart, Production of Ice Cream of Different Flavors, Ice Cream Production, Ice Cream Manufacturing
This document summarizes the nutritional value of multigrains. It discusses the various cereals used in multigrain products like wheat, rice, barley, rye, oats, maize, millet and sorghum. It provides details on the nutritional composition and health benefits of each cereal. It also lists many commercially available multigrain food products in the market like breads, pastas, snacks and more. In conclusion, multigrain products provide various nutrients, fibers and phytochemicals that are beneficial for health.
1. There are over 20 goat breeds found in India. The major goat farming regions are the northern temperate region, northern western arid and semi-arid region, and southern region.
2. Important goat breeds include the Jamunapari, known for its size and dual meat and milk purpose. The Beetal is considered superior to the Jamunapari for its prolificacy and adaptability. The Sirohi is native to Rajasthan and reared for both meat and milk.
3. Goat breeds are classified according to their functions which include milch breeds known for milk production like the Jamunapari and Mehsana, meat purpose breeds, and dual purpose breeds suitable for both
Millets, An Old Concept To Adapt To New ChangeFSTnortheast
The document discusses different agricultural systems practiced in Northeast India, including various types of wet rice cultivation, shifting cultivation, home gardens, plantation crops, and livestock systems. It also summarizes the major crops grown within different agricultural systems like jhum, valley cultivation, double cropping, and home gardens. These include crops like rice, millets, maize, vegetables, and fruits. The document highlights the high agrobiodiversity of the region and threats to traditional farming systems from fast changes in landscapes, farming practices, and lifestyles.
This document examines the extent to which the Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) has achieved its objectives of tribal empowerment in Kerala. The TSP was started in 1974-75 to help tribal income generation and employment through family businesses, infrastructure development, and empowerment programs. The study analyzes TSP implementation in Noolpuzha Gram Panchayat from 2002-2003 to 2011-2012. It finds that 97.3% of funds were spent on infrastructure, while only 0.87% went to production and 2.22% to other sectors. Most projects involved building houses, roads, and facilities. The study recommends increasing productive spending to over 30% and providing more training and support for entrepreneurship and leadership
1. The document discusses various technologies and tools that can help reduce the drudgery of farm and household work for women.
2. It provides examples of tools that can aid tasks like harvesting, food processing, and pesticide application in a safer and more efficient manner.
3. Technologies range from simple tools like serrated knives and peelers to machines like seed treatment drums and grain cleaners, with many designed specifically for women with considerations for appropriate sizes and work postures.
India leads the world in millet consumption. Millets are highly nutritious and climate-resilient crops that can grow in low rainfall and harsh soil conditions with little to no external inputs. However, millets have been marginalized in India through policies promoting rice and wheat. The document calls for increasing the cultivation and consumption of millets in India in order to address issues of food security, health, nutrition, climate change adaptation and farmer livelihoods. It recommends policies and programs to promote millets, recognize their climate benefits, and honor the communities growing them.
Value-Added Dairy Products. Milk and Milk Products. Production of Dairy Foods & Beverages
Milk is the most valuable protein food that widely consumed by people all over the world. The milk as a raw food is easily available on various dairy farms that are processed to the increases the variety of nutrients. The milk processing include the fluid milk production, cheese production, yogurt production, ice cream production to make the huge variety of milk products like cheese, butter, cream, skimmed milk, yogurt, toned milk or double toned milk and much more. Milk processing allows the preservation of milk for days, weeks or months and helps to reduce food-borne illness.
Processing of dairy products gives small-scale dairy producers higher cash incomes than selling raw milk and offers better opportunities to reach regional and urban markets. Milk processing can also help to deal with seasonal fluctuations in milk supply. The transformation of raw milk into processed milk and products can benefit entire communities by generating off-farm jobs in milk collection, transportation, processing and marketing.
See more
https://goo.gl/gm4HdP
https://goo.gl/Sf9rrw
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Milk Processing, Dairy Industry, Dairy Production and Products, Milk Processing & Dairy Products, Milk Processing Business, Milk Processing Plant, Dairy Processing Industry, How to Start a Dairy Milk Plant, Dairy Products in India, Milk and Milk Products (Dairy Products), Uses of Milk & Milk Products, Processing of Milk and Milk Products, Milk and Milk Products Processing Plant, Milk Processing and Dairy Products, Value-Added Processing of Milk, Value Added Dairy Products, Value Addition in Milk, Value-Added Dairy Processing, Value-Added Processing, Value Added Products from Milk in India, Dairy Processing in India, Dairy Foods & Beverages, Dairy Foods, What Products are Made from Milk? Dairy Product Manufacture, Production of Peanut Butter, Peanut Butter Manufacturing Unit, Peanut Processing, Peanut Butter Production Process Pdf, Small Scale Peanut Butter Production, Baby Cereal Food Manufacturing Industry, Baby Food Cereal Manufacturing Plant, Ice Candy Manufacturing Plant, Ice Cream & Ice Candy Manufacturing Plant, Ice Candy Production, Ice Candy Making Business, Production of Analogue Cheeses, Production of Processed Analogue Block Cheese, Production of Cheese Analogues, Production of Chocolate, How to Make Chocolate, Chocolate Making Process, Chocolate Manufacturing Process Pdf, Chocolate Production Process Flow Chart, Production of Ice Cream of Different Flavors, Ice Cream Production, Ice Cream Manufacturing
This document summarizes the nutritional value of multigrains. It discusses the various cereals used in multigrain products like wheat, rice, barley, rye, oats, maize, millet and sorghum. It provides details on the nutritional composition and health benefits of each cereal. It also lists many commercially available multigrain food products in the market like breads, pastas, snacks and more. In conclusion, multigrain products provide various nutrients, fibers and phytochemicals that are beneficial for health.
1. There are over 20 goat breeds found in India. The major goat farming regions are the northern temperate region, northern western arid and semi-arid region, and southern region.
2. Important goat breeds include the Jamunapari, known for its size and dual meat and milk purpose. The Beetal is considered superior to the Jamunapari for its prolificacy and adaptability. The Sirohi is native to Rajasthan and reared for both meat and milk.
3. Goat breeds are classified according to their functions which include milch breeds known for milk production like the Jamunapari and Mehsana, meat purpose breeds, and dual purpose breeds suitable for both
Millets, An Old Concept To Adapt To New ChangeFSTnortheast
The document discusses different agricultural systems practiced in Northeast India, including various types of wet rice cultivation, shifting cultivation, home gardens, plantation crops, and livestock systems. It also summarizes the major crops grown within different agricultural systems like jhum, valley cultivation, double cropping, and home gardens. These include crops like rice, millets, maize, vegetables, and fruits. The document highlights the high agrobiodiversity of the region and threats to traditional farming systems from fast changes in landscapes, farming practices, and lifestyles.
INDIGENOUS AND EXOTIC BREEDS OF LIVESTOCKShekhAlisha
This document provides information on various cattle and buffalo breeds found in India, including their home tracts, weights, and key features. It discusses important indigenous milch, dual-purpose, and drought-purpose cattle breeds such as Sahiwal, Gir, and Kherigarh. It also covers exotic dairy cattle breeds like Jersey and Brown Swiss. Key indigenous buffalo breeds described are Murrah, Surti, Nili Ravi, and Mehsana. The document concludes with details on goat breeds like Malabari, Berari, Mehsana, Osmanabadi, Marwari, and exotic dairy goat breeds Saanen and Toggenburg.
The scheme is implemented by local Panchayati Raj institutions at the district, block, and village levels, with resources allocated based on poverty ratios, rural population, and SC/ST population indices.
The document outlines several Indian government programs aimed at empowering and developing women. Key programs discussed include the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme which provides nutrition, health care, and education for children and mothers. The Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas program provides income generation activities and organizational support for rural women. Other programs discussed seek to promote savings, credit access, skills training, education, health care, safety, and political participation for women across India.
Aashirvaad's Multigrain Atta Composition gives you the wholesome goodness of six different grains–
Wheat
Soya
Channa (Bengal Gram Flour)
Oats
Maize
Psyllium Husk
These ingredients infuse proteins into your diet. Each of these grains have multi-faceted benefits are a part of most staple foods in India.
This document discusses goat farming in India. It notes that goat farming is suitable for India's climate and economic conditions, as goats can survive on little vegetation and grass. It provides information on various goat breeds, housing, feeding, breeding, and diseases. The key advantages of goat farming are that goats are a multipurpose animal, require less investment than cattle, and are well-suited to small-scale farmers. Overall the document promotes goat farming as a profitable business option for Indian farmers.
Restraint and judging of dairy animalsAminul Haque
This document discusses restraining and judging dairy animals. It defines restraint as restricting an animal's movement for various purposes like health checks, medical procedures, and sample collection. It describes different restraint methods like psychological bonding, physical restraint using equipment, and restraint in chutes, cages, or by casting/tying legs. When casting animals, precautions must be taken for the animal's welfare. Dairy judging evaluates animals based on traits associated with milk production and health, with top priorities being frame, dairy character, and body capacity. Breed characteristics and ideal conformation for various dairy breeds are also outlined.
This document provides information about Basmati rice production and exports from India. It notes that India is the world's second largest rice producer and third largest exporter, and the largest exporter of Basmati rice. Basmati rice commands high prices internationally due to its unique aromatic qualities that can only be grown in certain regions of India and Pakistan. Exporting Basmati rice is highly profitable for India and its major importers include Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Kuwait, UK and USA. The document also discusses value additions that have been made to Basmati rice to increase its market share and profitability.
Status, Scope and challenges in Millet processingMuzaffarHasan1
Millets have a long history of cultivation dating back 4000 years in India and Africa. India is currently the world's largest producer and consumer of millets. Millets provide important nutrients and have various health benefits. They are gluten-free and thus beneficial for conditions like celiac disease. Millets also have anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and heart-healthy properties due to their fiber, protein, and antioxidant content including polyphenols. Specifically, components in millets can slow carbohydrate absorption and reduce blood glucose levels, making them a low glycemic index food option.
Wheat is the most widely grown cereal grain in the world. The document provides details about wheat, including the main varieties grown in India, uses of wheat, production and trade figures, factors that influence wheat prices, the wheat value chain, and India's role in wheat production and trade. It also discusses futures trading in wheat on the MCX exchange and describes the main participants in wheat futures markets, including hedgers, speculators, and arbitragers.
Livestock Improvement Under Small and Marginal Farmers House Hold in West B...Dr.Shabahat Mumtaz
Speaker : Shabahat Mumtaz Dated: 03-06-2017
ABSTRACT
West Bengal lies in lower gangetic plain region of India. The average annual rainfall lies between 100-200 cm and temperature varies from 26°C- 41°C in summer and 9°C - 24°C in winter. The region has adequate storage of ground water, rice is the main cereal crop followed by jute, maize, potato, and pulses are other important crops. Livestock generating employment, income and has become an important component of rural development programmes i.e., “Equity and extending benefits directly to women” making a significant contribution to the national economy and socio-economic development. West Bengal contributing 3.89 % of the State domestic product (SDP) and nearly 20.34% of its agriculture production. The buffalos of this region are few, non-descript, less productive and poorly developed. Women play a major role in livestock production and most small marginal and landless rural farmers traditionally rear goat, sheep, poultry, cattle and buffalo, as they generally follow the extensive management system, primarily poor natural vegetation and crop stubbles, without any supplementation. By virtue of high fecundity and better productivity, goat assured income to the rural population with low input cost in diverse agro-climatic condition. Augmentation of production and productivity is the most challenging constraint and availability of feed and fodder is another serious constraint. All livestock and poultry are indigenous and low-productive these stand in the way of the effective growth of this sector. Animal resources development department, Govt. of West Bengal is basically responsible for formulation and implementation of Livestock and Poultry policies and programmes and has been providing assistance to the State Government for the control of animal diseases, scientific management and up-gradation of genetic resources, sustainable development of processing and marketing facilities and enhancement of production and profitability of livestock enterprises.
Post harvest management and value addition with special reference to asean co...Ramabhau Patil
1. The document discusses post-harvest management and value addition strategies with a focus on ASEAN countries. It summarizes production and post-harvest scenarios in India and key crops in ASEAN countries like rice, fruits and vegetables.
2. Reasons for post-harvest losses during handling and processing of agricultural produce are outlined. Higher value addition through improved post-harvest management can help reduce losses.
3. Common unit operations in post-harvest management of food grains, fruits and vegetables are described including harvesting, drying, storage and transportation methods.
This document provides information about animal nutrition and balanced diets. It defines what a balanced diet is and lists the seven major types of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and fiber. It describes the sources and functions of these nutrients and explains that an unbalanced diet can lead to deficiency diseases. Specific nutrient deficiencies that are discussed include vitamin C (scurvy), vitamin D (rickets), vitamin A (night blindness), calcium, and iron (anemia). The document also covers malnutrition conditions like marasmus and kwashiorkor that can result from poor nutrition.
The Food Corporation of India was established in 1964 to fulfill key objectives of India's food policy including price support for farmers, public distribution of food grains, maintenance of food buffer stocks, and market regulation to provide affordable food prices. It plays a critical role in transforming India's food security from a crisis management system to a stable security system. Some of its main functions include procuring and storing food grains, distributing them through ration shops, transporting supplies between surplus and deficit regions, and announcing minimum support prices to help farmers.
Characteristics of exotic and cross-bred dairy animalsDrMuhammadAshiq
This document describes characteristics of several dairy animal breeds including buffaloes, cattle, and their milk production. It provides details on physical characteristics and production information for Murrah, Pandarpuri, and Surti buffalo breeds. For dairy cattle breeds, it summarizes traits of Holstein-Friesian, Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, and Jersey breeds and their average milk production levels, with Holstein-Friesian producing the most milk on average per cow. The document aims to inform readers about exotic and cross-bred dairy animals.
Major and minor millets Importance, present status and scope in J&K.pdfSUBHASHKASHYAP10
Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for human food and as fodder.
Two major millet crops currently growing in India are
Bajra (pearl millet)
Jowar (sorghum),
Other indigenous varieties of “small millets” like
Ragi (Finger millet).
Sanwa (Barnyard Millet)
Proso millet ( Cheena)
Kangni (Foxtail Millet)
why to grow millets
Low input cost: These are good for the soil, have shorter cultivation cycles and require less cost-intensive cultivation.
Climate resilience: These unique features make millets suited for and resilient to India’s varied agro-climatic conditions.
Drought tolerance: Millets are not water or input-intensive, making them a sustainable strategy for addressing climate change and building resilient agri-food systems.
The following attributes are aptly applied to millets.
a. Good for the consumer: they can help overcome some of the biggest
nutritional and health problems (iron, zinc, folic acid, calcium, diabetes);
b. Good for the planet: they have a low water footprint, are able to survive
in the hottest driest climates and will be important in coping with climate change)
c. Good for the farmer: can increase yields up to 3 fold, have multiple uses
(food, fodder, fuel), and are typically the last crop standing in times of drought being a good risk management strategy for farmers.
“Millets are beneficial for the farmers and especially the small and marginal farmers”
Millet crops do not require much water and get matured in a very short period
Superfood: Millets contain plenty of protein, fiber, and minerals
Along with reducing obesity, they also reduce the risk of iabetes, hypertension, and heart-related diseases
Millets are also very beneficial in fighting malnutrition since they are packed with energy as well as protein.”
2023, has been declared by the United Nations as International Year of Millets.
This message has reached millions of people and created mass awareness of the importance of millet.
What can be done to promote millets as nutri-cereals?कदन्न को पोषक अनाज के रूप में बढ़ावा देने के लिए क्या किया जा सकता है?
Rebranding the cereals as nutri-cereals
2) Incentive through hiking MSP
3) Providing steady markets through inclusion in PDS
4) Increasing area, production and yield
5) Intersection of agriculture and nutrition
1) setting up nutri-gardens,
2) promoting research on the inter linkages between crop diversity and dietary diversity
3) running a behaviour change campaign to generate consumer demand for nutri-cereals.
Constraints and Remedies बाध्यताएं तथा उपाये
Availability of improved and high yielding varieties of small millets
Improvement in dehulling efficiency and separation.
Improvement of shelf life of the millet-based product.
Innovative millet-based products- Innovative packaging.
Govt. Policies
Deficit mind-set: Till recent past, policies were based on the mind-set of the 19
Role of co -operative society in milk production and marketingDr.S.Selvaraj
1) Dairy cooperative societies play an important role in milk production and marketing in India. They collect milk twice daily from farmers, make regular payments, and dispatch milk to milk unions.
2) Cooperative societies provide important services to member farmers like cattle feed, fodder seeds, animal healthcare, and breeding services. They also distribute profits to members.
3) India has a large unorganized milk market sector where milk is sold through local vendors. The organized cooperative sector accounts for about 20% of milk and has a strong membership base of smallholder dairy farmers.
This document provides guidance on organic poultry production for meat. It covers key topics such as feeding organic poultry, breeds suitable for organic systems, brooding young chicks, and growing and processing birds. Specific guidance is given on temperature requirements for brooding chicks, moving birds out to range housing, and disease management throughout growth and processing. Financial considerations are also discussed.
The document discusses millets, their cultivation in India, and their advantages. Millets require less water than other cereals, can grow in poor soils without fertilizers, and are pest-resistant. They allow for multiple intercropping and provide food, nutrition, fodder, fiber, and livelihood benefits. The document also briefly describes Coleus and Quails, noting their nutritional profiles and that Quails were first domesticated in Japan and later introduced to India for their high protein and rapid growth.
TRIFED is an organization under the Indian Ministry of Tribal Affairs established in 1987 to promote marketing of tribal products. It has 11 offices across India and works to develop quality standards for tribal goods similar to other certification programs. TRIFED also maintains a trade directory of important stakeholders involved in tribal products like traders, packers, and researchers to facilitate business connections. The organization's goals are to better serve tribal communities, facilitate domestic and international trade of tribal goods, and provide advisory services, market intelligence, and capacity building assistance to help tribal craftspeople get fair prices.
This document discusses animal welfare in commercial dairy operations. It defines animal welfare as an animal's ability to cope with its environment physically and mentally. The five freedoms framework is introduced as indicators of good welfare: freedom from hunger/thirst, discomfort, pain/injury/disease, freedom to express natural behaviors, and freedom from fear and distress. Current dairy practices that may compromise welfare are discussed, such as inadequate housing, nutrition, calf rearing and health issues. The document calls on vets to promote animal welfare knowledge and research to help harmonize welfare in commercial dairy systems.
This document provides an overview of sustainable goat production. It discusses selecting healthy goats, feeding ruminants, raising goats on pasture through both continuous and controlled grazing, and related ATTRA publications on topics like dairy goats, meat goats, grazing, and predator control. The document is from the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service and provides fundamental information on feeding, reproduction, health, and includes an extensive resource list for goat producers.
INDIGENOUS AND EXOTIC BREEDS OF LIVESTOCKShekhAlisha
This document provides information on various cattle and buffalo breeds found in India, including their home tracts, weights, and key features. It discusses important indigenous milch, dual-purpose, and drought-purpose cattle breeds such as Sahiwal, Gir, and Kherigarh. It also covers exotic dairy cattle breeds like Jersey and Brown Swiss. Key indigenous buffalo breeds described are Murrah, Surti, Nili Ravi, and Mehsana. The document concludes with details on goat breeds like Malabari, Berari, Mehsana, Osmanabadi, Marwari, and exotic dairy goat breeds Saanen and Toggenburg.
The scheme is implemented by local Panchayati Raj institutions at the district, block, and village levels, with resources allocated based on poverty ratios, rural population, and SC/ST population indices.
The document outlines several Indian government programs aimed at empowering and developing women. Key programs discussed include the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme which provides nutrition, health care, and education for children and mothers. The Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas program provides income generation activities and organizational support for rural women. Other programs discussed seek to promote savings, credit access, skills training, education, health care, safety, and political participation for women across India.
Aashirvaad's Multigrain Atta Composition gives you the wholesome goodness of six different grains–
Wheat
Soya
Channa (Bengal Gram Flour)
Oats
Maize
Psyllium Husk
These ingredients infuse proteins into your diet. Each of these grains have multi-faceted benefits are a part of most staple foods in India.
This document discusses goat farming in India. It notes that goat farming is suitable for India's climate and economic conditions, as goats can survive on little vegetation and grass. It provides information on various goat breeds, housing, feeding, breeding, and diseases. The key advantages of goat farming are that goats are a multipurpose animal, require less investment than cattle, and are well-suited to small-scale farmers. Overall the document promotes goat farming as a profitable business option for Indian farmers.
Restraint and judging of dairy animalsAminul Haque
This document discusses restraining and judging dairy animals. It defines restraint as restricting an animal's movement for various purposes like health checks, medical procedures, and sample collection. It describes different restraint methods like psychological bonding, physical restraint using equipment, and restraint in chutes, cages, or by casting/tying legs. When casting animals, precautions must be taken for the animal's welfare. Dairy judging evaluates animals based on traits associated with milk production and health, with top priorities being frame, dairy character, and body capacity. Breed characteristics and ideal conformation for various dairy breeds are also outlined.
This document provides information about Basmati rice production and exports from India. It notes that India is the world's second largest rice producer and third largest exporter, and the largest exporter of Basmati rice. Basmati rice commands high prices internationally due to its unique aromatic qualities that can only be grown in certain regions of India and Pakistan. Exporting Basmati rice is highly profitable for India and its major importers include Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Kuwait, UK and USA. The document also discusses value additions that have been made to Basmati rice to increase its market share and profitability.
Status, Scope and challenges in Millet processingMuzaffarHasan1
Millets have a long history of cultivation dating back 4000 years in India and Africa. India is currently the world's largest producer and consumer of millets. Millets provide important nutrients and have various health benefits. They are gluten-free and thus beneficial for conditions like celiac disease. Millets also have anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and heart-healthy properties due to their fiber, protein, and antioxidant content including polyphenols. Specifically, components in millets can slow carbohydrate absorption and reduce blood glucose levels, making them a low glycemic index food option.
Wheat is the most widely grown cereal grain in the world. The document provides details about wheat, including the main varieties grown in India, uses of wheat, production and trade figures, factors that influence wheat prices, the wheat value chain, and India's role in wheat production and trade. It also discusses futures trading in wheat on the MCX exchange and describes the main participants in wheat futures markets, including hedgers, speculators, and arbitragers.
Livestock Improvement Under Small and Marginal Farmers House Hold in West B...Dr.Shabahat Mumtaz
Speaker : Shabahat Mumtaz Dated: 03-06-2017
ABSTRACT
West Bengal lies in lower gangetic plain region of India. The average annual rainfall lies between 100-200 cm and temperature varies from 26°C- 41°C in summer and 9°C - 24°C in winter. The region has adequate storage of ground water, rice is the main cereal crop followed by jute, maize, potato, and pulses are other important crops. Livestock generating employment, income and has become an important component of rural development programmes i.e., “Equity and extending benefits directly to women” making a significant contribution to the national economy and socio-economic development. West Bengal contributing 3.89 % of the State domestic product (SDP) and nearly 20.34% of its agriculture production. The buffalos of this region are few, non-descript, less productive and poorly developed. Women play a major role in livestock production and most small marginal and landless rural farmers traditionally rear goat, sheep, poultry, cattle and buffalo, as they generally follow the extensive management system, primarily poor natural vegetation and crop stubbles, without any supplementation. By virtue of high fecundity and better productivity, goat assured income to the rural population with low input cost in diverse agro-climatic condition. Augmentation of production and productivity is the most challenging constraint and availability of feed and fodder is another serious constraint. All livestock and poultry are indigenous and low-productive these stand in the way of the effective growth of this sector. Animal resources development department, Govt. of West Bengal is basically responsible for formulation and implementation of Livestock and Poultry policies and programmes and has been providing assistance to the State Government for the control of animal diseases, scientific management and up-gradation of genetic resources, sustainable development of processing and marketing facilities and enhancement of production and profitability of livestock enterprises.
Post harvest management and value addition with special reference to asean co...Ramabhau Patil
1. The document discusses post-harvest management and value addition strategies with a focus on ASEAN countries. It summarizes production and post-harvest scenarios in India and key crops in ASEAN countries like rice, fruits and vegetables.
2. Reasons for post-harvest losses during handling and processing of agricultural produce are outlined. Higher value addition through improved post-harvest management can help reduce losses.
3. Common unit operations in post-harvest management of food grains, fruits and vegetables are described including harvesting, drying, storage and transportation methods.
This document provides information about animal nutrition and balanced diets. It defines what a balanced diet is and lists the seven major types of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and fiber. It describes the sources and functions of these nutrients and explains that an unbalanced diet can lead to deficiency diseases. Specific nutrient deficiencies that are discussed include vitamin C (scurvy), vitamin D (rickets), vitamin A (night blindness), calcium, and iron (anemia). The document also covers malnutrition conditions like marasmus and kwashiorkor that can result from poor nutrition.
The Food Corporation of India was established in 1964 to fulfill key objectives of India's food policy including price support for farmers, public distribution of food grains, maintenance of food buffer stocks, and market regulation to provide affordable food prices. It plays a critical role in transforming India's food security from a crisis management system to a stable security system. Some of its main functions include procuring and storing food grains, distributing them through ration shops, transporting supplies between surplus and deficit regions, and announcing minimum support prices to help farmers.
Characteristics of exotic and cross-bred dairy animalsDrMuhammadAshiq
This document describes characteristics of several dairy animal breeds including buffaloes, cattle, and their milk production. It provides details on physical characteristics and production information for Murrah, Pandarpuri, and Surti buffalo breeds. For dairy cattle breeds, it summarizes traits of Holstein-Friesian, Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, and Jersey breeds and their average milk production levels, with Holstein-Friesian producing the most milk on average per cow. The document aims to inform readers about exotic and cross-bred dairy animals.
Major and minor millets Importance, present status and scope in J&K.pdfSUBHASHKASHYAP10
Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for human food and as fodder.
Two major millet crops currently growing in India are
Bajra (pearl millet)
Jowar (sorghum),
Other indigenous varieties of “small millets” like
Ragi (Finger millet).
Sanwa (Barnyard Millet)
Proso millet ( Cheena)
Kangni (Foxtail Millet)
why to grow millets
Low input cost: These are good for the soil, have shorter cultivation cycles and require less cost-intensive cultivation.
Climate resilience: These unique features make millets suited for and resilient to India’s varied agro-climatic conditions.
Drought tolerance: Millets are not water or input-intensive, making them a sustainable strategy for addressing climate change and building resilient agri-food systems.
The following attributes are aptly applied to millets.
a. Good for the consumer: they can help overcome some of the biggest
nutritional and health problems (iron, zinc, folic acid, calcium, diabetes);
b. Good for the planet: they have a low water footprint, are able to survive
in the hottest driest climates and will be important in coping with climate change)
c. Good for the farmer: can increase yields up to 3 fold, have multiple uses
(food, fodder, fuel), and are typically the last crop standing in times of drought being a good risk management strategy for farmers.
“Millets are beneficial for the farmers and especially the small and marginal farmers”
Millet crops do not require much water and get matured in a very short period
Superfood: Millets contain plenty of protein, fiber, and minerals
Along with reducing obesity, they also reduce the risk of iabetes, hypertension, and heart-related diseases
Millets are also very beneficial in fighting malnutrition since they are packed with energy as well as protein.”
2023, has been declared by the United Nations as International Year of Millets.
This message has reached millions of people and created mass awareness of the importance of millet.
What can be done to promote millets as nutri-cereals?कदन्न को पोषक अनाज के रूप में बढ़ावा देने के लिए क्या किया जा सकता है?
Rebranding the cereals as nutri-cereals
2) Incentive through hiking MSP
3) Providing steady markets through inclusion in PDS
4) Increasing area, production and yield
5) Intersection of agriculture and nutrition
1) setting up nutri-gardens,
2) promoting research on the inter linkages between crop diversity and dietary diversity
3) running a behaviour change campaign to generate consumer demand for nutri-cereals.
Constraints and Remedies बाध्यताएं तथा उपाये
Availability of improved and high yielding varieties of small millets
Improvement in dehulling efficiency and separation.
Improvement of shelf life of the millet-based product.
Innovative millet-based products- Innovative packaging.
Govt. Policies
Deficit mind-set: Till recent past, policies were based on the mind-set of the 19
Role of co -operative society in milk production and marketingDr.S.Selvaraj
1) Dairy cooperative societies play an important role in milk production and marketing in India. They collect milk twice daily from farmers, make regular payments, and dispatch milk to milk unions.
2) Cooperative societies provide important services to member farmers like cattle feed, fodder seeds, animal healthcare, and breeding services. They also distribute profits to members.
3) India has a large unorganized milk market sector where milk is sold through local vendors. The organized cooperative sector accounts for about 20% of milk and has a strong membership base of smallholder dairy farmers.
This document provides guidance on organic poultry production for meat. It covers key topics such as feeding organic poultry, breeds suitable for organic systems, brooding young chicks, and growing and processing birds. Specific guidance is given on temperature requirements for brooding chicks, moving birds out to range housing, and disease management throughout growth and processing. Financial considerations are also discussed.
The document discusses millets, their cultivation in India, and their advantages. Millets require less water than other cereals, can grow in poor soils without fertilizers, and are pest-resistant. They allow for multiple intercropping and provide food, nutrition, fodder, fiber, and livelihood benefits. The document also briefly describes Coleus and Quails, noting their nutritional profiles and that Quails were first domesticated in Japan and later introduced to India for their high protein and rapid growth.
TRIFED is an organization under the Indian Ministry of Tribal Affairs established in 1987 to promote marketing of tribal products. It has 11 offices across India and works to develop quality standards for tribal goods similar to other certification programs. TRIFED also maintains a trade directory of important stakeholders involved in tribal products like traders, packers, and researchers to facilitate business connections. The organization's goals are to better serve tribal communities, facilitate domestic and international trade of tribal goods, and provide advisory services, market intelligence, and capacity building assistance to help tribal craftspeople get fair prices.
This document discusses animal welfare in commercial dairy operations. It defines animal welfare as an animal's ability to cope with its environment physically and mentally. The five freedoms framework is introduced as indicators of good welfare: freedom from hunger/thirst, discomfort, pain/injury/disease, freedom to express natural behaviors, and freedom from fear and distress. Current dairy practices that may compromise welfare are discussed, such as inadequate housing, nutrition, calf rearing and health issues. The document calls on vets to promote animal welfare knowledge and research to help harmonize welfare in commercial dairy systems.
This document provides an overview of sustainable goat production. It discusses selecting healthy goats, feeding ruminants, raising goats on pasture through both continuous and controlled grazing, and related ATTRA publications on topics like dairy goats, meat goats, grazing, and predator control. The document is from the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service and provides fundamental information on feeding, reproduction, health, and includes an extensive resource list for goat producers.
Indigenous livestock breeds are uniquely adapted to local conditions and provide important benefits. They are vital for livelihoods and sustainable use of marginal lands. While exotic breeds may produce more, indigenous breeds are hardier and require fewer inputs. It is important to conserve indigenous genetic resources for future breeding needs as some traits may have economic potential, like disease resistance. Climate change will negatively impact livestock through reduced and lower quality feed, heat stress, and changing disease patterns. Indigenous breeds will be important for adapting animal agriculture to future climate conditions.
Small ruminant production such as sheep and goats provide many benefits to farmers. They require minimal land and feed resources. Their small size allows them to be raised on small plots of land. They are prolific breeders, often having multiple births which provides opportunities for high offspring production and income. Their manure can be used as fertilizer. However, they also face challenges like feed scarcity during dry seasons and problems with internal parasites. Overall, their low input requirements and high reproduction rates make them suitable livestock for small-scale farmers.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including plants, animals and microorganisms. The document discusses biodiversity at the global, national and local levels. It also outlines several threats to biodiversity such as habitat destruction, pollution, invasive species, overexploitation, and poaching. Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through both in-situ and ex-situ methods.
With the emerging concern on environmental cost more specifically greenhouse gas emission related with conventional livestock rearing for meat has come to a problematic situation. Therefore, animal scientists and human nutritionists collectively try to develop a new trend of rearing non-conventional livestock for meat purposes. Some of the non conventional species are already being exploited to commercial levels. This presentation attempts to discuss some key points about non conventional livestock in a brief and simple manner.
Author : Vrsabha das
Email : vrsabha@gmail.com
Date : April 2020
Text editing : Lyn Welker (Labangalatika d.d.)
Edited by : Sriman Subhananda Hari Das
Serial No. : 12 of 54
Most of the text was taken from Stephen Knapp
www.stephen-knapp.com
The slides depicts the real face of the grazing when the level of integrity increases to max. How people in different parts of the world are getting affected also how hazardous it is to environment. Several Human wildlife conflicts are ruining the flow of the ecosystem so how to mitigate them, how to spread awareness all are portrayed in the given slide.
The livestock and agriculture sectors are integral parts of India's traditional culture and food security. Traditionally, livestock and agriculture supported each other and rural livelihoods through balanced nutrient cycling. However, the current disconnect between the sectors has led to concerns over food/energy security, soil/human health decline, and global warming. Young veterinarians can play a key role in reintegrating livestock and agriculture for sustainable development. Ayurvet organized a knowledge symposium to facilitate this integration and thanked supporters for their contributions over 20 years. Moving forward, Ayurvet remains committed to applying traditional knowledge and modern research to address ongoing issues.
Global Hunger - Food Security Initiative (Feed the Future)copppldsecretariat
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
A One Health Approach to Incorporation of Village Poultry Production Into Nut...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
A One Health approach is needed to incorporate village poultry production into nutrition sensitive landscapes. Village poultry, including chickens, provide important nutrition and economic benefits for rural families through their eggs and meat. They obtain feed through scavenging and require low inputs, making their production efficient. Village poultry also contribute to food security, empowerment of women, and conservation goals. A Nutrition Sensitive Landscapes approach considers interactions within an area to optimize food and nutrition security while conserving biodiversity. Village poultry production can complement this by contributing nutrient-rich animal source foods.
The document discusses the role of agricultural biodiversity in improving nutrition and diets in developing countries. It notes that loss of biodiversity has contributed to poor nutrition outcomes and outlines several traditional agroecosystems that optimize both yields and nutrient outputs through the use of diverse crop combinations and intercropping practices. These systems provide dietary diversity and complementarities that help address micronutrient deficiencies. The document also raises important open questions about how to scale agricultural biodiversity approaches to improve nutrition security.
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: HUMANS AND OTHER SPECIES - PRO INTENSIVE ...George Dumitrache
Livestock intensive farming involves rearing animals like cattle, chickens, and pigs in concentrated areas to maximize output. While it significantly contributes to the global economy and food security, intensive farming raises animal welfare, public health, and environmental issues. Animals are susceptible to disease in crowded conditions and antibiotic overuse leads to drug-resistant bacteria. Intensive farming also generates greenhouse gas emissions and animal waste pollution exceeds environmental capacities in some areas. Sustainable intensification aims to address food needs while supporting high animal welfare and eco-friendly practices.
Mealworm as a sustainable Feed resourceSarzamin Khan
Meal Worm as a source of Poultry and animal feed is a strong candidate to cater the Future need in Changing Global Climate. The presentation describes the importance and production of meal worm.
Heat stress negatively impacts livestock in several ways:
1) It reduces feed intake and nutrient digestibility, decreasing nutrient uptake by up to 30% which leads to lower milk production and weight loss.
2) It decreases rumination time and depresses appetite, reducing digestive efficiency.
3) It alters rumen physiology like decreasing rumen motility and changing fermentation, impairing digestive and reproductive performance.
The document discusses various atrocities committed against animals, including keeping circus animals in miserable conditions through fear, pain, and hunger to force them to perform unnatural tricks. It notes the importance of wildlife for ecological balance, economics, genetics, aesthetics, and culture. Laws in India protect animals and make cruelty punishable by fines up to Rs. 25,000 or imprisonment up to 2 years for first offenses, and fines up to Rs. 1 lakh or imprisonment over 1 year for subsequent offenses. Building a compassionate world involves giving animals the same value as humans and living harmoniously while preserving wildlife.
Small-scale farming of Edible Insects & Potential Contributions to Community ...Thomas Weigel
This presentation was held at AIDF's Asia Food Security Summit 2014 in Jakarta. It takes a look at edible insect farming from a food and nutrition security perspective and Veterinarians without Borders' (VWB) work on insects in Laos.
Farming of edible insects has big potential to ease the double burden of poverty and malnutrition. In many countries people love insects, and farmed insects are an excellent source of valuable protein, fats, and micro-nutrients. Insect farming is easy to learn, requires minimal time and money, and provides food for families. Insect farming has also significant advantages over the collection of wild insects in terms of improved availability, accessibility, and utilization of insects.
Environmentally sustainable, insects have a much better feed conversion and produce significantly less greenhouse gases than conventional livestock. Moreover, the sales of insects and insect products can provide additional income for poor people.
VWB has launched 2 cricket farming projects in Central Laos, involving a total of 36 households in two provinces, working mostly with women household members.
VWB's action-research approach involves the support of farmers to improve family diets, income, and also value-added foods such as cricket noodles. VWB is also studying the impact of cricket farming on child and maternal nutrition.
The documentary film Food Inc. exposes the hidden practices of America's food industry. It shows how a handful of large corporations prioritize profits over consumer health, worker safety, and the environment. Through undercover investigations, the film reveals how these companies' practices negatively impact public health by overusing antibiotics in animal feed and contaminating water supplies. It also discusses the sustainability challenges of industrial agriculture, promoting more humane, environmentally-friendly alternatives that don't compromise food or ecosystem safety.
Similar to Use of goats in poverty alleviation and potential effects on the environment (18)
Recognising local innovation in livestock-keeping – a path to empowering womencopppldsecretariat
Prolinnova is an international network that involves a range of different stakeholders. The network promotes farmer-led approaches to development such as participatory innovation development. Farmers and natural resource users often find novel ways of using natural resources to address challenges and improve their livelihoods. In many rural communities, women do not have the same access as men to resources such as land. They also often have much less decision-making power or capacity. Giving recognition to, and supporting, the innovative capacity of women farmers is seen as an effective mechanism to strengthen their role in rural research and development.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Watershed Development and Livestock Rearing. Experiences and Learning from th...copppldsecretariat
This report documents the experiences of the Watershed Organisation Trust in implementing the Indo German Watershed Development Programme (IGWDP) in Maharashtra, India. The documentation is based on project completion reports, extensive field visits and discussions with field staff and livestock rearing communities.
The study demonstrates that watershed development has immense scope to secure livestock-based livelihoods and, at the same time, build the natural resource base. This is possible, provided key elements such as securing availability and access to CPRs; investments in CPR regeneration with ridge (largely comprising forest lands)-to-valley approach; integration of grazing-based livestock systems and water budgeting in watershed planning; protection of ‘high potential recharge zones’; and utilizing traditional livestock systems to manage watersheds post-project, are in place.
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
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Impact Assessment of the Community Animal Health System in Mandera West Distr...copppldsecretariat
The pastoralist communities in Kenya’s arid lands rely on their livestock for food and income, and basic veterinary care is one of the best ways to protect livestock assets and pastoralist livelihoods in these areas. This report examines the impact of a privatized, community-based veterinary service in the far northeast of Kenya, and focuses on the outcomes of clinical services provided by community-based animal health workers (CAHWs). Fatality rates in herds in treated by CAHWs using medicines from rural pharmacies were significantly lower than in herds where treatments were provided by untrained livestock keepers. The report adds to the substantial body of evidence already collected in Kenya on the impact and financial rationale for CAHW systems. Although many other countries have now legalized these systems and developed national guidelines for CAHW training, Kenya has yet to officially recognize CAHWs and overall, veterinary services in pastoralist areas often remain in the hands of untrained workers and unlicensed drug vendors.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
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The Story of Rucibiraro Theresphore: a Farmer’s Inspiring Journey Out of Abso...copppldsecretariat
Janvier Gasasira, project coordinator of an IFAD-supported project in Rwanda, shared this story at the Second Global AgriKnowledge Share Fair IFAD, Rome, 26-29 September 2011.
Rucibiraro Theresphore, 49, received a cow from an IFAD project in Rwanda in 2007. Saving his earnings and opening a bank account, he was eventually able to purchase 2,500 chickens and another piece of land. Earlier this year he received the ‘best farmer’ award at the National Agriculture Show. Over the past four years, each of six neighbours received a cow from him through the project’s revolving fund – perhaps one of them will be the next ‘best farmer’.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
A single goat or a few hens will not lift a poor family out of poverty, but to participate in a well planned development project based on either a goat or a few hens can be and should be an educational process in which the participants learn to establish income generating activities
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Local Milk Sector in West Africa, Role of RPOs, Small and Medium Farmers in t...copppldsecretariat
Report from the Workshop held in Bamako on September 15 through 17, 2010.
French version also available: Filière Lait Local en Afrique de l’Ouest, rôle des OPR, des petits et moyens éleveurs dans la pleine expression de son potentiel. Actes de l’atelier tenu à Bamako du 15 au 17 septembre 2010
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The manual captures the essence of experience from field work. It provides a road-map and process steps for organizations that wish to initiate programs to strengthem backyard poultry.
Though the experiences in APDAI started from introducing “improved”birds from research institutions., it has been realized that improving the management systems and easing the constraints in traditional backyard poultry with local breeds is more important and sustained results.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Community of Practice for Pro-Poor Livestock Development (CoP-PPLD). Strategi...copppldsecretariat
This Strategic Framework is the result of a corporate effort conducted during the Inception Workshop (Rome, 12-13 January, 2009) to establish the Community of Practice for Pro-poor Livestock Development (CoP-PPLD). It describes key CoP-PPLD features, goals and results that we, as members, strive to achieve. The Strategic Framework also defines the principles that guide our decisions and actions in this global, inclusive partnership supporting Pro-poor livestock development as a tool for poverty reduction.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
The document outlines 7 initial proposed Megaprograms (MPs) that will guide research under the new CGIAR Consortium model. The MPs include: 1) Integrated agriculture systems for the poor, 2) Policies and markets for enabling agricultural incomes, 3) Sustainable increases in staple crop productivity, 4) Agriculture, nutrition and health, 5) Water scarcity and land degradation, 6) Forests and trees, and 7) Climate change. The bulk of livestock research is expected to be contained within MP3 on livestock and fish, but MP4 on health and nutrition and other MPs may also include some livestock components. A Consortium Board and CEO will oversee research, and performance will be measured through contracts between
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Small Ruminant Rearing – Product Markets, Opportunities and Constraintscopppldsecretariat
This report aims to place the economic context of small ruminant rearing within broader policy and institutional frameworks, and studies the value chains of goat and sheep meat, goat and sheep skin, and sheep wool. The study also documents some of the approaches and practices on small ruminant rearing submitted in response to SAPPLPP’s call for the same.
The objective of the study is the analysis and documentation of approaches and practices related to market prospects, and identification of opportunities for facilitating access of small-holder livestock owners to more remunerative markets.
The report successfully attempts to construct the value chains of three important products of the small ruminant sector - meat, leather and wool.
यह बकरी का जो व्यापार हैं -
कभी खूब घना
कभी मुट्ठी भर चना
और कभी वोह भी मना
(Jainul Aabeedin, West Bengal)
This business of goats -
Sometimes it flourishes
Sometimes it yields only a handful of chickpeas
And sometimes even that is denied
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Mixed Service of Human and Animal Health in Pastoral Zones: An Innovative and...copppldsecretariat
This document presents briefly an experience lesson learnt from two projects carried out by AVSF:
- The Project of Securization of Pastoral Systems N’Gourti-Termit, implemented by AVSF in partnership with the NGO KARKARA up North of Zinder region in the districts of N’gourti and Tesker, North-East of Niger.
- The Programme for food security for populations and livestock living in a nomadic environment, implemented by AVSF in partnership with the NGO ADESAH in the districts of Ber and Salam, circle of Tombouctou, North Mali.
The particularity of these two projects has consisted in implementing a mixed health service (animal and human) in pastoral zones.
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This note captures the women’s journey from marginalization to empowerment and answers two key questions…
How can indigenous backyard poultry contribute to livelihood development?
&
Are these initiatives sustainable?
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Development of Village Institutions for Equitable & Sustainable Access to Nat...copppldsecretariat
This Good Practice Note illustrates the practice of local institutional development and its role in pro-poor livestock development in the context of village Jhabla in Udaipur district of Rajasthan in the western part of India.
The work initiated by Seva Mandir in late 1980s has borne fruit as after two decades it demonstrates its robustness in gripping local community dynamics and assisting in providing better opportunities for livestock rearing. It highlights the need to reconsider inclusion of communities in governing their natural resources especially the forests and open pasture lands, which is a step in the right direction.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This Good Practice challenges the misconception that community managed commons are more degraded than privatised ones.
Working in the most arid areas of Madhya Pradesh, Tree Grower Cooperative Societies secure community tenure over common land, build local social capital though multi-stakeholder village institutions to fulfil the Community based Natural Resource Management dream. This leads to a significant increase in biomass, vegetative cover, fodder and water availability that provides a boost to livestock development and establishes the importance of village institutions in Common Property Resource management.
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Backyard Poultry Farming Through Self-Help Groups in West Bengal - Towards Go...copppldsecretariat
The Scheme 'Distribution of cocks, drakes and cockerels, etc.' involves the distribution of Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens and Khaki Campbell (KC) ducks to rural households. This is a centrally-sponsored family-based Scheme wherein the Department of Animal Resources Development, Government of West Bengal distributes poultry birds to marginal rural households throughout the State. This scheme shows that not only can it contribute to rural poverty reduction but also that, despite some shortcomings and the rather high subsidies, it is possibly bankable and could be strengthened and scaled-up through appropriate public private partnerships.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Making Modern Poultry Markets Work for the Poor - An example of Cooperative D...copppldsecretariat
In the central plains of Madhya Pradesh, women poultry producers are learning how to beat diseases, build sheds, maintain account books and negotiate a remunerative price for their Broiler birds. Under the aegis of their cooperative, they have become entrepreneurs and successfully feed a complicated and volatile poultry market. This note captures the processes they adopted to break entry barriers and become a viable enterprise.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Making Modern Poultry Markets Work for the Poor - An example of Cooperative D...
Use of goats in poverty alleviation and potential effects on the environment
1. Use of goats in poverty alleviation
and
potential effects on the environment
by
1
Jørgen Madsen, 2Mette Olaf Nielsen and 3Jørgen Henriksen
1
Department of Large Animal Science,
2
Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
3
Henriksen Advice, Copenhagen
__________________________________________________________________________
Contents
Summary 2
Introduction 3
Poverty and goats 3
Advantages and disadvantages of keeping goats 4
Key issues and concepts in relation to keeping goats 5
Socio-economy 5
Environment and land-use 6
Different kinds of goats related support 6
Special considerations to get the most benefit from a goat. 6
Goat management and environmental impact 9
Further reading 10
Websites 12
Copenhagen, October 2007
2. Summary
Goats are a powerful tool in assistance to alleviate poverty and they are also a powerful tool to
utilize scarce vegetation in areas not suitable for other forms of agricultural production. If goats
are kept in a wrong place and not managed well they may, however, destroy the environment.
Livestock keeping is of extreme importance for about 1 billion poor people in the world, and
goats are, by many poor people, considered a very very useful animal and goats can certainly
create food security, cash income and many more services to the owners and it can sustain the
survival of people in the very harsh and dry environments that is often left over for the poor
people.
There are many advantages and also disadvantages by keeping goats compared to other animals,
but the small size and low cost of the goat and their ability to utilize vegetation in areas where no
other animals can survive are important advantages. The main disadvantage is that they have to
be headed/looked after, fenced/stall fed or teathered/tied in areas, where they can destroy
valuable vegetation.
The solution to the dilemma between the very efficient and useful goats for the poor people and
the potential very destructive goats for the environment is found in intelligent management of the
goats and not in preventing poor people to keep goats. Education and training of the goats
keepers combined with punishment for possible bad management may be a practical solution.
2
3. Introduction
The overall objective of Danish development aid is to alleviate poverty in the developing
countries. In addition there are three cross-cutting objectives, i.e. improving the conditions of
women; promoting environmentally sustainable development; and promoting democratisation
and human rights (Danida 1997). The use of goats as a tool in development assistance has to
conform to these objectives.
In the following it is in short described and discussed what poverty is. This is followed by a more
detailed description of how goats can be used to alleviate poverty and how the management is
important for the goats’ influence on the environment. Other important issues not dealt with in
this report are how the situation of the women can be improved by being owners of goats and
how livestock projects can promote human organisation and democratisation.
Poverty and goats
The rich perceive poverty as deprivation of materials for well-being. However the poor perceive
poverty as a more multidimensional social phenomenon: it ranges from food and material
deprivation to the psychological experience of multiple deprivations (World Bank, 2001).
The multiple dimensions of poverty as described by the poor underscore the importance to them
of livestock. Apart from producing several goods the livestock are also delivering many very
important services considered to assist in alleviating poverty. Goats are taken as an example in
Table 1.
Table 1 Goat products and services
Products Services
Meat (raw, cooked, blood, soup) Cash income
Milk (fresh, sour, yoghurt, butter, Security
cheese) Gifts
Skins (clothes, water/grain, Loans
containers, tents, thongs, etc.) Religious rituals
Hair (cashmere, mohair, coarse hair Judicial role
tents, wigs, fish lures) Pleasure
Horns Pack transport
Bones Draught power
Manure (crops, fish) Medicine
Control of bush encroachment
Guiding sheep
The human-animal relationship is ancient. One of the main reasons for animal domestication,
which started some 10.000 years ago, was to reduce the problem of unpredictability of food
supply associated with unpredictable weather. The earliest livestock species to be domesticated
for food were pigs, sheep, goats and cattle.
3
4. Food insecurity is one of the dimensions of poverty and it encompasses food production, stability
of supply and access to quality food. Goats can assist in all three dimensions as landless people
who can not grow crops can keep goats, the goat production is less influenced by weather
compared to crop production and the milk and meat produced by the goats are of high quality in
most if not all aspects as protein, minerals and vitamins.
Poor livestock-keepers use the smaller mammals and poultry more for food than the larger
species. Smaller animals as goats are more prolific, have lower requirements in terms of capital
and maintenance costs and are less risky to keep. They are also easier to sell when cash is needed
for school fees or other purposes.
In addition, small ruminants generally perform better under conditions where food availability is
scarce compared to cattle.
Advantages and disadvantages of keeping goats.
Goats are relatively cheap and are often the first asset acquired, through purchase or customary
means, by a young family or by a poor family recovering from a disaster, such as drought or war.
Goats, once acquired, become a valuable asset providing security to the family as well as
products such as milk and dairy products. The advantages and disadvantages of goats relative to
resource-poor people are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of goats in relation to poor people
Advantages Disadvantages
Able to use fibrous feeds, especially browse. Susceptible to predators and thieves.
Efficiently use of marginal land. Small value often makes formal credit systems
Efficient use of water. uneconomic.
Wide climatic adaptation. Small value makes formal insurance systems
Relatively cheap to purchase. difficult to administer.
Security from several low value goats being Susceptible to broncho-pneumonia.
less risky than one high value cow. Susceptible to internal parasites.
Suitability to small farms and landless. Less easy to control than other species.
Relatively drought tolerant. Food preferences and dental set-up makes
Fast reproductive rate quickly builds up herd. goats capable of inducing severe damage to
Fast reproductive rate ensures early returns vegetation (trees and brush) compared to other
on investment and enables early credit ruminant species
repayment.
Small size enables easy and quick movement
of households in emergencies.
Easy for women and children to handle.
Few facilities required.
Lack of religious taboos against goat meat
which often commands higher price than
other meat.
Small size allows easy home slaughter.
Potential for integration into perennial tree
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5. crop systems.
Relative trypanotolerance.
Agility and capability of walking long
distances enables goat production from areas
unsuitable for other livestock species
Key issues and concepts in relation to keeping goats.
Socio-economy
In studying livestock keeping by the poor and the marginalised, we have to be conscious of
various key socio-economic concepts that are not necessarily relevant in commercial livestock
production, but which has to be considered when supporting and interfering in the production
system.
Ownership, control and access to benefits
In a traditional small-scale livestock production system it is not always easy to decide who the
owner of an animal is. Ownership is not a simple concept, but several rights that can belong to
different persons. An example can be that the male head of a family assign ownership of a
particular animal to a wife or son but still make the important decisions regarding herding. The
head may still have to be involved in decisions regarding slaughter or sale. The situation may be
further complicated if the animals belong to relatives who stay in town.
Knowledge
There is much important knowledge in communities that have specialised over generations in
livestock production. Those involved in assisting poverty stricken livestock-keepers need to
understand and respect these traditions. But livestock systems change as production intensifies
and crop and livestock production become integrated, and needs for knowledge change
accordingly. These new needs often have to be satisfied by livestock-keepers’ own evolving
knowledge, but in most cases, however, the changing systems require more thorough
dissemination of external knowledge and it requires access to other services to be efficient.
Markets
Markets affect all livestock-keepers as all sell livestock or produce and buy other necessities.
Markets are now global and even if livestock-keepers sell only locally and do not use purchased
inputs, their prices are still affected by global prices of meat and feed. The global demand for
meat is sharply rising but so is the price of concentrate feed for livestock. The cost of scavenging
or browse feeds for goats is most likely not increasing sharply, but the importance of these feeds
in relation to the environment may place limitations on their use as feeds for goats. The increased
demand for meat should be utilized by the goat keepers to create an income. However, this
requires that he market is organised and reachable by the farmers.
Gender
The most vulnerable groups in societies are found to be female-headed households, single
mothers, orphans, men with large families, unemployed youths, adolescent mothers, casual
workers and women married to irresponsible or alcoholic husbands. In general it is these women
who are the poorest and the ones that should benefit the most from assistance through livestock.
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6. Environment and land-use
Some of the poorest people are found in parts of the world, where limited access to water,
salinity of soils, difficult climatic and topographic conditions make vast areas unsuitable for crop
production, and where improvement of productivity of the local vegetation is difficult. The
alternative value of such areas is therefore close to zero, and grazing of the natural vegetation
represents the only way to utilize such marginal areas for agricultural production. Goats can due
to their agility and feed preferences (browsing) thrive and (re-)produce in areas, which are
largely unsuitable for other livestock species. This is unfortunately associated with an ability of
goats to also induce substantial damage to the vegetation, by debarking and ultimately destroying
trees and bushes. Vulnerable grazing areas can therefore be increasingly destroyed by
overgrazing and at risk of desertification.
It is tempting to speculate that this problem could efficiently be overcome by persuading local
farmers to give up goat production. This is however a very unfortunate approach, which holds
very little promise for success due to the long tradition and background for animal husbandry
based on this livestock species. If grazing areas have very low (if any at all) alternative value in
terms of agricultural production, asking the farmers to abandon livestock production is in effect
equivalent to asking them to give up their foundation for subsistence. The solution should be
sought in alternative management practices to balance grazing pressure according to carrying
capacity of the grazing areas.
Different kinds of goats related support.
Support to the poor through livestock has been performed in different ways. Delivering of goats
to the poor is the most direct use of goats. Giving micro credit to the poor, allowing them to buy
some goats is also a direct mean, but there are several other means to assist the goat production.
Support to improved production and health (breed development, feed development, animal
health-care, disease surveillance and public health), product development (processing, cooling,
marketing) and institutional development (farmer capacity building, institutional development,
improved policies and enforcement) as well as general extension services and training are all
important for the goat production to be commercially successful. To benefit from these
additional means of supporting the goat producers, it is a pre requisite that the poor owns a goat!
Special considerations to get the most benefit from a goat.
The improvement of the production and marketing of goats kept by resource-poor livestock-
keepers can be the first step out of poverty. The basis of this improvement has to be a thorough
understanding of the existing system and a genuine engagement of the goat-keepers themselves.
Without their involvement and motivation, outside interventions are doomed to fail.
It is important to realize that improvement of the production economy/ reduction of risks can be
one of the key incentives to motivate farmers to alter production practices, e.g. favouring a more
environmentally sustainable development.
Goat farmers adopt a variety of strategies to manage goats, and especially to cope with the harsh
environment of the arid and semi-arid tropics, mainly very high temperatures (35-45 oC), low
annual rainfall (250-600 mm), lack of feed and water. Husbandry practices are therefore aimed at
mitigating these elements; the rationale is the avoidance of risk.
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7. Feeding
Good nutrition is a prerequisite for good health, good reproduction, high milk yields and high
growth rates, all necessary for a successful goat production system and the economic
sustainability of the production. Goat farmers normally base their feeding of the goats on the
natural vegetation, which therefore varies seasonally, and the goat-keeper has only little, if any,
control. Some farmers may also make use of crop by-products and try to feed their goats as best
they can with what is available. Goat-keepers can reduce the seasonality in feed supply by
herding the goats to different areas or by growing out-of-season forage crops or by conserving
forage and other locally occurring resources, for example protein-rich tree fruits.
The options for feeding the goats depend on the production system as illustrated in table 3.
Table 3 Options to improve the feeding of goats
Free grazing Tethered Stall-fed
Feed supply Select grazing area Select best site. Select quality feeds
Develop forage crops Develop forage crops Develop forage crops
Mix feeds
Supplement diet with Supplement diet with Supplement diet with
energy, protein, energy, protein, energy, protein,
minerals. minerals. minerals.
Treatment of feed Conserve feeds Conserve feeds Conserve feeds
Treat with urea Treat with urea Treat with urea
Mix feeds Mix feeds
Wilt wet feeds Wilt wet feeds
Chop unpalatable Chop unpalatable
feeds feeds
Presentation Increase total grazing Ensure comfort and Feed at correct height
time Safety Avoid contamination
Allow time for Move frequently of feed with urine and
Ruminating Allow sufficient time manure
Ensure presence of to graze Present feeds in an
Shade Ensure presence of accessible manner
Select best time to Shade Ensure adequate
graze space and access to
feed for all goats
Feed little and often
Clean up waste feed
Water Allow preferably at Allow frequent access Allow continuous
least daily access Access.
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8. Breeding
Tropical goat breeds are the result of hundreds of years of pressure by the tropical environment
through natural selection, combined with some selective breeding by their owners. As a result,
goat breeds are well adapted to surviving in tropical environments with high temperatures, low-
quality feeds, limited water and a high disease challenge.
Breed improvement should only be considered if the standard of management (especially feed
and health) can be improved sufficiently to take advantage of the greater genetic potential.
However, it has been found that owning an improved goat potentially will stimulate owners to
improve their feeding and management if they have the means. Owners will quickly learn that
the improved genetic potential, expressed as milk yields or growth rates, brings greater rewards
to better management, but it may not always be possible to utilize it.
Health
In most situations, the majority of the important diseases can be controlled through simple
preventative measures such as good feeding, clean water, clean housing, vaccination, drenching,
spraying/dipping and foot trimming. If these basic measures are done when appropriate, 80-90
per cent of the important diseases affecting goats can be controlled. Goats can get many different
diseases but the efforts should be directed at establishing what the common and important
diseases are in any area, and efforts should be focused on controlling them.
Goats are more susceptible to internal parasites than sheep or cattle, perhaps because they are
browsers, normally consuming vegetation above the height at which infective larvae are found.
Goat farmers all over the world have found that controlling internal parasites is a key
determinant of successful goat production. Management controls include:
• Grazing kids separately from adults on ‘clean’ pasture or ahead of the adults
• Prevent contamination of feed with urine and manure
• Avoiding wet/swampy areas
• Selecting bushy areas
• Consider cut-and-carry feeding and wilting wet feed.
Mange if left unchecked can kill goats and in certain circumstances can sweep through a flock
causing high mortality rates. It is vital to treat the disease early with an effective acaricide
vigorously scrubbed into the affected sites.
Other diseases may have to be controlled by tick control or by vaccination depending on the type
and seriousness of the disease in the area.
When goats are introduced into a new area or interventions are put in place to improve goat
production in an efficient and sustainable way it is important to train local goat keepers in simple
animal health technics and methods to ensure proper health of the animals – is possible under
supervision of a veterinarian from a closets centre. Experience has demonstrated again and again
that it is too expensive to have veterinarians to do the actual health care in remote thinly
populated areas. Similarly, there are many good experiences with local trained animal health
workers, se for example Schreuder & Ward 2004.
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9. Goat management and environmental impact
Livestock and livestock production have a wide range of interactions with, and impacts on, the
environment, which can have both adverse and beneficial consequences. The livestock influence
the atmosphere and climate, the land degradation, the water resources and the biodiversity.
Goats as well as sheep, cattle and other ruminants produce methane, which is a strong
greenhouse gas. It is not possible to reduce the production of this gas without reducing the
number of animals or by manipulating the digestion happening in the stomach of the ruminants,
and this is not likely to be possible in the near future. With more efficient production, however,
the number of animals can be reduced while keeping the production at the same level.
Land and pasture degradation related to overgrazing by livestock is a frequent and well studied
issue. Pasture degradation can potentially take place under all climates and farming systems, and
is generally related to a mismatch between livestock density and the capacity of the pasture to be
grazed and trampled. Mismanagement is common. Ideally the land/livestock ratio should be
continuously adjusted to the conditions of the pasture, especially in dry climates where biomass
production is erratic, yet such adjustment is rarely practiced. This is particularly the case in the
arid and semi-arid communal grazing areas of the Sahel and Central Asia. In these areas,
increasing population and encroachment of arable farming on grazing lands have severely
restricted the mobility and flexibility of the herds, which enabled this adjustment. Pasture
degradation results in a series of environment problems, including soil erosion, degradation of
vegetation, carbon release from organic matter decomposition, loss of biodiversity owing to
habitat changes.
The degradation can be classified as:
• desertification (in arid climates);
• increased woody plant cover in semi-arid, subtropical rangelands; and
• deforestation (in humid climates).
The capacity of small ruminants, in particular goats – to grow and reproduce under conditions
otherwise unsuitable for any form of agricultural production and other ruminant livestock –
makes them useful and very often essential to poor farmers pushed into these environments for
lack of alternative livelihoods. Because of their adaptive grazing, sheep and particularly goats
have extended their reach further into arid, steep and otherwise marginal territory than cattle.
The browsing of goats affects land cover and the potential for forest re-growth. Under
overstocked conditions, they are particularly damaging to the environment, through degradation
of vegetative cover and soil.
What is special in relation to goat keeping and the environment is related to:
• the goats, - and other ruminants -, special abilities to digest fibrous feeds
• the goats ability to select the best parts of the plants
• the goats feed preference for browse, incuding bark of trees
• the goats curiosity and movement over large areas and distances
• the goats ability to survive without water for longer periods
These abilities of the goats make them very efficient to utilize the scarce and poor vegetation in
dry area that may not be utilized by other livestock species or humans. If no one looks after them
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10. and feed them and they are let loose, then they are able to survive even in a dry area where no
other livestock except for camels are able to survive. Because of this efficiency the goat has
earned a reputation of being particularly destructive to the environment- while the reason is that
they are not properly managed and controlled by the goat keepers.
It is true that goats can change the environment by eating large parts of the vegetation and even
remove the more fibrous bushes. This is used to clear land without using machines in landscape
management, but when it happens in areas where it is not intended, because people is not
managing the goats, but just letting them loose in fragile landscapes, then the goats, - or more
correct the goat keepers - are a problem.
Goats can be let loose in areas where there is sufficient vegetation to be utilized as feeds and
where they do not intrude into fragile areas not meant for grazing or browsing. In other areas
where there is a risk that the goats will enter gardens or fields with crops they have to be herded
or even tethered if it is not possible to herd them in a manner where they are kept away from
certain areas. There may also be situations where the areas available for the goats to
graze/browse are so small that tethering or stall feeding is the only options. The goats will in
general grow slower and/or produce less milk if they are stall fed or tethered because of their
natural habit of selective browsing. If the goats are tethered and forced to graze in stead of
browsing bushes then the chance of the goats getting a severe parasite burden is also increased.
The story about the goats and the environment may be that the goats are accused of spoiling the
environment, but it is the humans that should be convicted/punished if they do not manage this
very efficient and useful animal well.
In areas where the alternative value of the land is close to zero, and goats are the only means of
providing agricultural production from the land and hence provide people a livelihood, the
solution is not to remove the goat but to introduce proper management. In fragile area, which can
not survive with goats running loose without proper herding, one could even imagine that the
goat owners should have a licence to keep goats, and if they do not manage them well then the
licence could be taken away from them.
Further reading.
Delgado, C., Rosegrant, M., Steinfeld, H., Ehui, S. and Courbois, C. 1999. Livestock to 2020:
the next food revolution. Food, Agriculture, and the Environment. Discussion Paper No. 28,
International Food Policy Research Institute. (IFPRI), Washington D.C., USA. 72 pp.
Dorward, A.R. and Anderson, S. 2002. Understanding small stock as livelihood assets: indicators
for facilitating technology development and dissemination. Report on review and planning
workshop. 12th to 14th August 2002, Imperial College, Wye, UK. 4-7.
Herts, M. and Buch-Hansen, P. 2007. Dansk udviklingsbistand – er der en fremtid? Forlaget
Thorup. 126 pp.
Kitaly, A., Mtenga, L., Morton, J., McLeod, A., Thornton, P., Dorward, A., Saadullah, M. 2005.
10
11. Why keep livestock if you are poor? In: Livestock and Wealth Creation. Improving the
husbandry of animals kept by resource-poor people in developing countries. Eds: Owen, E.,
Kitalyi, A., Jayasuriya, N. and Smith, T. 13 - 27
Kjeldsen-Kragh, S. 2007. The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development. The Lessons of
History. Copenhagen Busness School Press. 412 pp.
Martin, A. M. 2000. French research involvement in animal production and natural resource
management in developing countries. In: Linkages, Livestock and Livelihoods. Promoting
coordination in livestock research for poor people. Proceeding of the First Interagency Meeting
on Livestock production and Animal Health. Imperial College, Wye, UK. Eds: Hainsworth, S.D.
Godfrey, S.H., Matthewman, R.W. and Richards, J.I. 67-71.
Nell, A. J. Ed. 1998. Proceeding of an International Conference on Livestock and Environment.
Wageningen. IAC, Wageningen, Holland. 294 pp.
Nielsen, H. 1996. Socio-Economic Impact of Smallholder Livestock Development project,
Bangladesh. In: Integrated Farming in Human Development. Eds: Dolberg, F. and Petersen, P.H.
DSR Forlag. 64-70.
Peacock, C., Devendra, C. Ahuya, C., Roets,M., Hussain, M. and Osafo,E. 2005. Goats. In:
Livestock and Wealth Creation. Improving the husbandry of animals kept by resource-poor
people in developing countries. Eds: Owen, E., Kitalyi, A., Jayasuriya, N. and Smith, T. 361-
385.
Schreuder, B.E.C. & D.E. Ward. 2004. Afghanistan and the development of alternative systems
for animal health in the absence of effective government.
http://www.oie.int/eng/publicat/RT/2301/PDF A-F-E/21.Schreuder.pdf
Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M. and Haan C. de. 2006.
Livestock’s long shadow. Environmental issues and options. FAO, Rome. 390 pp.
World Bank 1998. Assessing Aid. What Works, What Doesn’t and Why? Oxford University
Press. 148 pp.
World Bank. 2001. World Bank Development Report 2001. Attacking poverty:World Bank
Development Report 2001. WDR 2000/2001. http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/wdpoverty/
World Bank. 2005. Directions in development. Agricultural Growth for the Poor. An Agenda for
Development. 197 pp.
Ørskov, E.R. 1993. Reality in rural development aid, with emphasis on livestock. Rowett
Research Services Ltd., Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, UK. ?? pp.
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12. Websites.
Animal Production and Health Division of the United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organisation (FAO AGA):
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/home/en/home.html
Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS):
http://dad.fao.org/en/Home.htm
Ecological Society of America (ESA) Issues in Ecology:
http://www.esa.org/sbi/sbi_issues/
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):
http://www.ipcc.ch/
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/
Livestock and the Environment/Livestock-Environment Interactions:
http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/LSPA/LXEHTML/Default.htm
Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) Initiative:
http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/frame.htm
Internation Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Livestock Services and the Poor: http://www.ifad.org/lrkm/book/english.pdf
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