This document discusses gender equity and gender-based violence. It defines key terms like gender, sex, and gender-based violence. Gender-based violence refers to violence against women that is derived from unequal power relationships between men and women. It can take many forms, from domestic violence to rape to harmful traditional practices. The document notes that gender-based violence is a universal problem that affects women's physical, psychological, and social well-being. It occurs in both private and public spheres and is rooted in societal attitudes about gender roles and the subordinate status of women. Combating gender-based violence requires changing these underlying attitudes.

1. CONSTITUTIONAL
RIGHTS AND
RESPONSIBILITIES

2. GENDER
EQUITY

3. “No person may unfairly
discriminate against
anyone because of their
gender.”
- SA constitution

4. GENDER EQUITY : Aims to
correct gender
discrimination, sexism, in
equalities and
imbalances that exist
between males and
females

5. GENDER EQUITY
ISSUES IN A
VARIETY OF
ATHLETIC AND
SPORT ACTIVITIES

6. Participating in sport has
numerous personal and health
benefits. Sport is an important
learning place for values such
as teamwork, goal-setting and
achievement. Health benefits
include physical and mental
health.

7. And yet, until recently
girls have not been
encouraged to
participate in sport, and
they are still not
encouraged in the same
way that boys are.

8. Did you know that
90% of all television
hours devoted to
sports focus on
men's sports?

9. Read the following excerpts from ‘Gender Equity in
Sports: Whose Responsibility is it?’ by Donna
Lopiano.
For too long, girls and women have been discouraged from
playing sports by a succession of almost desperate myths
and stereotypes, perpetuated by the media:
•If she plays sports, she will become "mannish" and
"unfeminine".
•If she plays sports, she will develop an eating disorder.
•Because of her anatomical structure, she will suffer more
knee injuries in competitive athletics.
•If she trains too hard, her ovaries and bladder will drop.
•Women who play sports are lesbians.
•Women aren't interested in playing sports.

10. What role do you
think the media
plays in making male
sporting activities
more popular?

11. How male sports are full of
male role models who are
idolised by the youth. Do
you think it would help
women’s sport to have
more role models that
appeal to the youth?

12. a) What are the traditional
sports for men in South
Africa?
b) What sports are
traditionally played by women
in South Africa?

13. c) What are the various
roles in sports, not only on
the field, but off as well?
coaching,
physiotherapy,
refereeing,
sports commentating, etc.

14. How do you
feel about
equity in
sports?

15. GENDER-
BASED
VIOLENCE

16. WHAT IS SEX?
Sex is a biological
and anatomical
classification as male
or female.

17. WHAT IS GENDER?
Gender is the social difference
between men and women that
is learned, and though deeply
rooted in every culture, is
changeable over time, and has
wide variation both within and
between cultures.

18. SOME EXAMPLES OF SEX
CHARACTERISTICS:
Women can menstruate while men
cannot.
Men have testicles while women do
not.
Women have developed breasts that
are usually capable of lactating, while
men do not. Men generally have more
massive bones than women.

19. SOME EXAMPLES OF GENDER
CHARACTERISTICS:
•In the United States (and most other
countries), women earn significantly
less money than men for similar work.
•In Viet Nam, many more men than women
smoke, as female smoking has not traditionally
been considered appropriate.
•In Saudi Arabia men are allowed to drive cars
while women are not.
•In most of the world, women do more
housework than men.

20. WHAT IS VIOLENCE?
Violence is the intentional use of
physical force or power, threatened or
actual, against oneself, another
person or against a group or
community, that either
results in or has a high likelihood of
resulting in injury, death,
psychological harm, or deprivation.”

21. WHAT IS GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE?
Gender-based violence is violence involving men and
women, in which the female is usually the victim;
and which is derived from unequal power
relationships between men and women. Violence is
directed specifically against a woman because she is
a woman, or affects women disproportionately. It
includes, but is not limited to, physical,
sexual and psychological harm (including
intimidation, suffering, coercion, and/or deprivation
of liberty within the family, or within the general
community). It includes that violence which is
perpetrated or condoned by the state.

22. WHAT CAUSES GENDER-
BASED VIOLENCE?
It is caused by power and
control, cultural and social
attitudes about men and
women and learned
behaviour.

23. The world we live in is characterized with
violence against women. This is
universally present in many forms like
wife battering, sexual assault and
abuse, female genital mutilation and
rape, in war and peacetime, etc. Gender-
based violence is the fate of millions of
women all over the world and these are
affecting their productivity both in the
homes, communities and places of work.

24. CAUSES OF GENDER-BASED
VIOLENCE
•Traditional attitudes towards women
•Stereotypical roles in which women
are seen as subordinate to men
constrain
•Poverty
•Financial insecurity
•Myth-A woman’s dress and
behaviour can cause rape.

25. Women who are displaced
Migrants
Refugees
Those living under foreign occupation.
Discriminated against on the basis of race
Language
Ethnic group
Culture
Age
Opinion
Religion
Membership in a minority group.

26. AFGHANISTAN UNDER THE
TALIBAN
When a group called the Taliban
controlled the government in
Afghanistan from
1996 to 2001, they imposed many
restrictions on the behaviour of
women. Some
of these restrictions were:

27. 1. A complete ban on women working outside the
home. Only a few female doctors and nurses were
allowed to work.
2. A complete ban on any activity outside the home
unless accompanied by a mahram (father, brother, or
husband).
3. A ban on being treated by male doctors.
4. A ban on studying at schools, universities or any
other educational institution.
5. All women were required to wear a burqa
(covering from head to toe).
6. Public stoning of women accused of having sex
outside of marriage.

28. 7. A ban on the use of cosmetics.
8. A ban on women laughing loudly.
9. A ban on wearing high heels.
10. A ban on playing sports.
11. A ban on women appearing on balconies of their
apartments.
12. All windows had to be painted so women
couldn't be seen from outside of their homes.
13. A ban on the photographing or filming of
women. Women were whipped in public for having
uncovered ankles, not wearing clothing
according to Taliban rules, or if they were not
accompanied by a mahram.

29. Facts about Gender-Based Violence
Worldwide
•Around the world, at least one in every three
women has been beaten, coerced into sex, or
otherwise abused by a man in her lifetime. More
than 20 % of women are reported to have been
abused by men with whom they live.
•Approximately 60 million women, mostly in Asia,
are “missing” – killed by infanticide, selective
abortion, deliberate under-nutrition or lack of access
to health care.

30. •Among women aged 15-44 years, gender-based
violence accounts for more death and disability than
the combined effects of cancer, malaria, traffic-
related injuries and war.
•Trafficking in women and girls for sexual
exploitation by men is most common among poor
women and girls.
•Each year, 2 million girls between ages 5 and 15 are
introduced into the commercial sex industry.
•Women who are victims of domestic violence are 12
times more likely to attempt suicide than those who
do not experience such violence.

31. •During war and civil conflict, women and girls are
often targeted for special forms of violence by men
as a way of attacking the morale of the enemy, both
women and men. Such violence often redounds
doubly against women, first through the direct
experience of violence and its aftermath and
secondly through the reactions of their families,
particularly the men, to their status as survivors of
sexual crime.
•Based on recent studies, more than 130 million
women and girls in Africa, Middle East and Asia,
have undergone female genital mutilation and an
estimated 2 million girls are at risk for undergoing
the procedure each year.

32. •In Canada, the cost of domestic violence amounts to
$1.6 billion per year, including medical care and lost
productivity. Estimates in the United States place
this figure between $10 and $67 billion.
Only 1 in 100 battered women in the U.S. reports the
abuse she suffers. Every nine seconds, a woman is
battered by her domestic partner.
•A 1998 study found that in the United States 1 out
of every 6 women has experienced an attempted or
completed rape. Of these women, 22 % were under
12 years old and 32 % were aged 12-17 at the time of
the crime.

33. •Studies suggest that one-quarter to one-third
of the 170 million women and girls currently
living in the European Union are subjected to
male violence.
•In European Union, it is estimated that 45% to
81% of working women experience sexual
harassment in the workplace.
•In France, 95% of the victims of violence are
women, 51% of them are at the hands of their
husbands.
•In Russia, half of all murder victims are
women killed by their male partners.

34. There are different types of
gender-based violence, which occur
at different levels like within the
family, community and state.
Domestic violence, which typically
occurs when a man beats his female
partner, is the most prevalent form of
gender-based violence and this
occurs within the families and inside
the homes.

35. TYPES OF GENDER-BASE
VIOLENCE
•Commercial Sexual
Exploitation
•Rape

36. Violence against women within the
general community includes
battery, rape, and sexual assault, forced
treatments and the exploitation and
commercialization of women’s bodies.
The social exclusion of women in some
parts of the world in general and the
Pardah system in the northern part of
Nigeria in particular are among the
violence against women that are
perpetrated by the state.

37. Gender-based violence is a
universal reality existing in all
societies regardless of
income, class and culture. It would
be difficult to find one
woman, whom at one time or the
other in her lifetime had not been
afraid merely because she was a
woman.

38. Gender-based violence affects
both the physical and psychological
integrity of women. However
subtle the violence may be in
form, it has no less devastating
effect. Gender-based violence can
affect the female
psychologically, cognitively and

39. EFFECTS OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE
•Devastating and long lasting
•Danger to a woman’s reproductive
health and can scar a survivor
psychologically, cognitively and
interpersonally.
•Withdrawn, anxious or depressed
•Aggressive
•Trauma.

40. The curriculum should therefore be broadened
so as to encompass themes and topics, which
will teach the pupils to be aware of, and
develop attitudes and values for combating
gender-based violence, in the society.
Women are vulnerable to this violence at all
stages of life. They are threatened by female
infanticide, incest, child prostitution, rape,
partner violence, psychological abuse, sexual
harassment and harmful traditional practices
such as forced marriage.