This document presents a resource pack on gender, citizenship, and peace. It begins with an introduction that describes the background and objectives. It is meant to help organizations working on gender equality, women's full citizenship, and peacebuilding. The document contains 4 main sections: 1. Concepts and areas of action related to gender, citizenship, and peace. It defines key terms and how they are interrelated. 2. Tools and instruments for promoting gender equality, citizenship, and peace. 3. Main agents working in these areas. 4. Key resources on gender, citizenship, and peace. The overall aim is to provide a guide for stakeholders to understand and apply the interconnected issues of gender

1. 1
GENDER, CITIZENSHIP AND
PEACE
A RESOURCE PACK
To Promote Gender Equality,
Women’s Full Citizenship and
Peace Building
African and Spanish Women’s Network for a Better World
December 2011

2. 2
INDEX
FOREWORD …………………………………………………………………….. 3
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………..4
Background and Presentation of the Resource Pack……………………. 4
Objectives and Target Audience............................................................5
Methodology........................................................................................... 5
Structure................................................................................................ 6
CONTENTS
Section 1 – Gender, Citizenship, and Peace. Concepts and Areas of Action...... 9
Section 2 –Tools and Instruments on Gender Equality, Citizenship and Peace…16
Section 3 –Main Agents Working on Gender Equality, Citizenship and Peace…30
Section 4 –Key Resources on Gender, Citizenship and Peace …………………….. 35
ANEXES:
Appendix 1. Glossary …………………………………..…………………….…. 46
Appendix 2. Bibliography………………………………………………...…..…. 53

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FOREWORD
Women and men are still socialized in most families in the world to develop their own potential
and identity according to multiple gender stereotypes that establish what boys or girls may or
may not be and/or do. The direct effect of this gendered education is that women and men very
commonly learn to do different tasks “manlike” or “womanlike”, to occupy different positions in
society, to participate and lead in different spheres and ways and to feel empowered or
disempowered depending on the role, context and social expectations. The social and
economic realities in which human beings are embedded have been created and defined
according to strict dichotomies such as private/public, formal/informal, productive/reproductive,
feminine/masculine, rights/obligations that in all cases are gender oriented also through a
dichotomy feminine/masculine and manly/womanly. This patriarchal system has across
centuries established men‟s and women‟s duties and rights, limiting the full exercise of their
human rights, giving more value to the masculine, manlike, monetary economy and public
sphere versus the feminine, womanlike, care economy and private sphere. Patriarchy has
located women and girls in a subordinate position to men and boys that has made them
vulnerable to all kinds of discrimination, limiting their citizenship, leadership, and personal
autonomy and growth. As a result:
i. The formal economy does not make visible, value or count the enormous contributions
of women to the economy in all the care, informal and formal sectors, not only through
monetary benefits but also through goods and services;
ii. The percentage of women in the highest decision making positions is very low in
comparison to men;
iii. Many women are not considered 1
st
class citizens in some contexts in the world and
therefore cannot fully and actively exercise their citizenship (social, economic and
political rights) on equity and equality basis to men;
iv. Violence against women and girls takes place every second in most contexts; gender
discrimination places women and girls in a position that prevents them from developing
and exercising their full capacities and autonomy to decide upon their lives. Moreover,
the patriarchal system depicts women and girls as objects to be used, and at the
service of men and boys which makes the so called “weak sex” vulnerable to all kinds of
violence, especially in conflict and war contexts
A lot of advances have taken place in the last century to move towards democracy, full
citizenship and peace. Citizenship defines our identity, status, and practice to exercise and
claim full human rights and fulfil the commonly agreed obligations under a democratic and
peaceful context and umbrella. However, gender norms very often contradict the rights and
freedoms to which the different governments and citizenship commit. That is why there are still
quite a few challenges to face everywhere, and also in Africa and Spain, to integrate the gender
equality and equity parameters into current thinking on citizenship and peace, to solve women
and girls‟ exclusion, to eliminate all discriminatory practices and biases that prevent them from
fully participating in all spheres and exercising their human rights.
Secretariat of the African Spanish Women‟s Network for a Better World

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INTRODUCTION
Background and Presentation of the Resource Pack
The Governments of Spain and Mozambique organized the 1st
Encounter of African
and Spanish Women for a Better World in Maputo (Mozambique) in March 2006. This
gave rise to the document adopted at the end of the Encounter, called The Declaration
of Maputo, which outlined some ten conclusions of the meeting, underlining that
development in Africa could only be achieved with the full incorporation of women into
the political and working life of the continent, and, thus, the need for gender equality in
the social and economic spheres. A series of commitments were reached which were
reviewed in the 2nd
Encounter, held in Madrid (Spain) in 2007. In the 3rd
Encounter held
in Niamey (Niger) in May 2008, work was continued on the Declarations, which had
been agreed upon in the previous Encounters, to produce a new Declaration designed
to provide a working agenda for the women of Africa.
The 2nd
Encounter of Women, held in Madrid in March 2007, represented the largest
reunion ever of the most representative women of the social and political life of various
African countries. The Encounter was attended by some 300 African participants from
45 different countries and Spanish women holding important positions in political,
social, economic, legal, academic and cultural circles. This encounter of empowered
women, whose leadership is of such importance for the progress and prosperity of the
international community, was a first move to consolidate not only the links of sisterhood
between Spanish and African societies, but also to work, from the perspective of
gender equality, towards a greater political understanding between the Spanish
administration and their peers in the African societies. Among others, by allowing for
greater information to be fed to the Spanish society in general, and to its institutions in
particular, with respect to the broad diversity of realities faced by the women of the
African Continent. The Declaration of Madrid1
, passed unanimously by the participating
women, organizations and institutions defines ten specific agreements reached to
ensure progress in the fields of education, health, employment, environment and
women‟s empowerment.
Within the framework of these agreements, the African Spanish Women‟s Network
undertook the commitment to draw up a Resource Pack, which would cover elements
designed to help us move towards full citizenship for women, peace, democracy and
gender equality. The Declaration of Niamey represented a ratification of this
commitment.
Objectives and Target audience
This Resource Pack is designed to help all those people and women‟s organizations
who are working towards full citizenship, promoting a culture of peace, democracy,
1
http://www.mujeresporunmundomejor.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&It
emid=35

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gender equality and empowerment, so that they can inter-relate all these subjects
around the cross-cutting theme of gender, and find the key instruments and resources
that may be useful in promoting the values of gender equity, peace and democracy,
better and more equal societies, and respect for cultural difference. The Resource
Pack can be used as a guide by any person, whether or not s/he belongs to a public
institution and has information which is useful for civil society organizations, public
bodies, international organisms, media, trainers, facilitators and general readers.
Methodology
The Resource Pack has been designed in three stages: 1. A preliminary draft design
was produced by a research consultant coordinated by the African Spanish Women‟s
Network for a Better World and technically supported by the DGPOLDE (General
Executive for Planning and Evaluation of Policy Development), Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and Cooperation, to incorporate all the tools used internationally and the
accumulated know-how with respect to gender equality and working towards full
citizenship and peace. 2. The contents were enriched by comments from members of
the African and Spanish Women‟s Network for a Better World, its Committee and
Secretariat, based on their experience and knowledge on Gender Citizenship and
Peace and its interrelation to Promote Women and Girl‟s rights, Good Governance and
Peace Building. 3. The draft document was taken to consultation to 4 countries
coordinated by organizations members of the Network including Spain (Fundación
Mujeres); Ivory Cost (WANEP), Senegal (FAMDEV) and Ethiopia (TTTM). The final
compilation, review and edition of the document was taken forward by the Secretariat
of the African and Spanish Women for a Better World Network2
 The Resource Pack can be downloaded at the following web address:
http://www.reddemujeresporunmundomejor.org.
Structure
The Resource Pack is divided into five main blocks or sections:
Section 1: Gender, Citizenship and Peace Concepts and Areas of Action
This section contains general definitions and explanations of what is meant
internationally by the main concepts relevant to Gender, Citizenship and Peace,
how they are inter-related and inter-dependent, hence the need to use them
together to favour full citizenship for women, to abolish discrimination and to achieve
equality and peace building:
2
. Final Draft: coordination by Maria Elena Ruiz Abril (Regional Project Coordinator),
elaboration and editing finalized with contributions from Ana Lydia Fernández-Layos (Gender
Specialist).

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- Citizenship
- Human Rights
- Civil, Political, Social and Economic Rights
- Gender Equality
- Participation
- Inclusive Governance Systems
- Gender Equality and Citizenship
- Gender Equality, Empowerment, Women’s Citizenship and Governance
- Peace Building
- Gender and Citizenship in a Peace Building Context
Following this, key obstacles, areas of action and strategies to promote gender
equality, citizenship and peace are also listed in the following sections:
- Women’s Main Obstacles To Full Citizenship
- The Key Areas Of Action In The Field Of Gender Equality, Citizenship And
Peace
- Some Key Strategies to promote Gender Equality, Citizenship and Peace
Section 2: Tool and Instruments to Work on Gender, Citizenship and Peace
This section contains information with respect to the legislative frameworks and most
relevant declarations of all times to progress in the field of basic rights towards gender
equality, at regional, national and international levels. It is divided upon five main
categories:
 International Instruments: Democracy and Human Rights
 Spain: National Instruments Gender, Human Rights and Citizenship
 Africa: Regional Instruments Gender and Human Rights
 Africa: Sub regional Instruments
 Africa- Spain Bilateral Instruments
You should consult this section if what you are looking for is the history of
developments, achievements and commitments in the fields of gender equality,
women’s rights and full citizenship.
Section 3: Main Agents Working on Gender Equality, Citizenship and Peace
This section lists the main International Bodies with Specific Mandate on
Gender and other Agents that Work on Gender Equality, Citizenship and Peace
You should have a look at this section if you need guidance or help with respect to
what institutions are working in the field of developing gender equality, citizenship and

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peace and where to go for more information about how they work, how they are
structured and the organization in general.
Section 4: Key Resources on Gender Equality, Citizenship and Peace
This section contains information regarding Key Resources in English and Spanish on
Gender Equality, Citizenship and Peace, both Bibliographic References and Websites.
All References have been divided by different categories and organized in alphabetic
order to allow for an easier search:
Key Resources on:
 Gender Mainstreaming
 Empowerment and Leadership
 Gender and Citizenship
 Gender and Peace building
Websites
This section is where you want to look if you are interested in accessing key
documents, guides and information (Bibliographic References and Websites) with
respect to gender equality, full citizenship for men and women, and gender and peace
building.
Appendix 1. Glossary
You may find information regarding the main concepts related to the issues
approached through the Resource Pack organized by alphabetic order:
 Citizenship
 Civil and Political Rights
 Cultural Rights
 Cultural Diversity
 Democratic Governance
 Democracy
 Empowerment
 Feminism
 Gender
 Gender Analysis
 Gender Budgeting
 Gender Empowerment
 Gender Equality
 Gender Equity
 Gender Identity
 Gender Mainstreaming
 Gender Perspective
 Gender Relationships

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 Gender Roles
 Gender Sensitive Indicators
 Gender Stereotypes
 Gender Violence
 Human Rights
 Invisible Barriers
 Leadership
 Mainstreaming Gender or Cross Cutting Themes
 Participation and Levels of Participation
 Peace Building
 Policies of Equal Opportunities
 Sexual and Reproductive Rights
 Social and Economic Rights
 Social Cohesion
Appendix 2. Bibliography
List by alphabetic order of all the sources consulted during the elaboration of
the present Resource Pack.

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Section 1
Gender, Citizenship, and Peace:
Concepts and Areas of Action
The starting point of this resource pack is to present the main concepts related
to gender, citizenship and peace. Besides, in the present section, key threats to
women’s full citizenship are identified taking into account that building inclusive
and gender sensitive governance systems can facilitate women’s full
citizenship. This is particularly important in the aftermath of conflict as the peace
building and reconstruction process offers an important opportunity to reshape
governance systems and social rules to make them more gender equitable.
This section contains general definitions and explanations of what are the main
concepts shaping Gender, Citizenship and Peace, how they are intimately inter-
related and inter-dependent, and how they should be used together to favour
full citizenship for women, to abolish discrimination and to achieve equality and
peace building.

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1.1 Gender, Citizenship, and Peace: Concepts and Areas of Action
To understand the areas shared by gender equality, full citizenship and peace, just
take a look at the following terms included in our glossary. Here we offer you a brief
explanation of some of the key concepts. The definitions are those which have been
agreed upon by women‟s organizations themselves, or which are the result of
international encounters and conferences such as the one held in Beijing in 1995. It is
really useful to get to know and familiarize ourselves with the terminology, to use it
correctly, and thereby advance along the road towards the goals defined in pro of the
empowerment of women.
CITIZENSHIP refers to the state of a person‟s belonging to a political community,
as based on the principles of a legal, social and democratic State. Such belonging
confers social, political and legal rights and obligations. Citizenship also designates
belonging to social groups or communities, by assuming community obligations and
functions, not only at the level of the institutions that represent the public authority but
also at a group or individual level. The rights allow the citizens to participate in the
shaping of their society. Citizenship implies not only rights and obligations but also
interaction with and influence over the public sphere.
Citizenship involves the full exercise of individual HUMAN RIGHTS, gender equality
included and meaningful participation in society, for a number of reasons, women see
the exercise of their rights threatened and find genuine obstacles to participate and
exercise their citizenship. Human rights are the rights to freedom and basic goods as
are merited by any person simply on the grounds that he/she is human and has the
right to a life lived with dignity. For human rights to be valid, they must be applicable
universally, without discrimination on the grounds of social class, gender, religion, race,
age or nationality.
Human rights include CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS, as well as SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS. Civil and political rights, also known as first generation
rights, are such individual freedoms and rights recognized by the State, which it is
committed to respect. They include the right to freedom and personal integrity, the right
to a fair trial, the right to presumption of innocence, the right to marriage and the right
to participate in public life. Social and Economic rights, or second generation rights,
refer to the necessary conditions which allow for the full development of any individual
and access to an adequate standard of living. These rights are often more difficult to
apply since they depend on the available resources. They include, for example, the
right to work, to an education, to leisure and to an adequate standard of living.
GENDER EQUALITY is a fundamental human right and an essential guiding
principle to build inclusive societies. As a guiding principle, gender equality becomes
essential in the construction of a society, which guarantees the rights of all its
members, men and women alike, and ensures their full participation and contribution.
Gender equality translates into equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities for
women and men, together with equal participation in all spheres of public and private
life.

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PARTICIPATION is essential for citizens to fulfil their rights and obligations in
society. Participation is the means towards full citizenship and social inclusion.
Participation is also an empowering mechanism, which helps both women and men
assume total responsibility and control over their own lives, both at an individual and a
collective level.
The State has a direct responsibility in the construction of INCLUSIVE
GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS, which ensure full citizenship, and social inclusion of its
citizens. Democratic governance consists of practices of participation and collective
action based on negotiation and consensus between the State and individual persons,
and which respect the ethical and moral principles of all citizens. Inclusive governance
systems are those, which allow for a meaningful participation of all members of society,
men and women alike, including in key decision-making processes. They actively
promote non-discrimination and equal opportunities legislation and policies as the
measures and instruments to fight discrimination on the grounds of sex, race, religion,
disability or special needs, age or sexual identity.
GENDER EQUALITY AND CITIZENSHIP: These are key, interdependent
concepts to achieve equality and universal Human Rights. One of the basic
characteristics of the development of any given society is the achievement of equal
rights for all the members of said society, that is, for women and men alike. If
inequality is produced on the grounds of gender, women are excluded from the rights
and responsibilities of citizenship simply because of their sex.
Exclusion from citizenship on the grounds of gender occurs when men take over the
public sphere, that is, the space of politics, the workplace and outdoors areas of social
expansion and the women are relegated to the private space of their houses and their
housework and caring duties, thereby excluding both men and women from developing
their real capacity to the same degree or their accepting the same level of obligations
and responsibilities in both. This division, moreover, is something that has to be done
away with, since private space is also public and political. For example, women‟s
interests can be seen as family affairs and not as public or community questions.
Domestic violence and sexual or psychological cruelty and torture are political
questions that require commitments and solutions on the part of the State.
GENDER EQUALITY, EMPOWERMENT, WOMEN´S CITIZENSHIP AND
GOVERNANCE: How governance institutions should be organized to
guarantee women’s rights and facilitate women’s full citizenship.
Governance cannot be built without overcoming traditional traits of domination and
abuse of power, above all from the perspective of the trend towards exclusion and
intolerance. We need to ensure compliance with the principles and objectives of a new
and real political system, which includes: citizens‟ participation, respect and active
promotion of rights, social justice (gender, race, age, religious, economic, political and
cultural aspects), and the sustainability of the economic processes. It is here where the

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gender perspective has an important role to play, to ensure that gender equality and
equity is mainstreamed in the whole process and the results of the changes.
To achieve this transformation and the full exercise of citizenship by men and women,
we need to promote mechanisms of empowerment which pursue participation and
social cohesion, in favour of equality, such as the following:
To domesticate the national and local legislation on subjects such as
equality and lack of discrimination according to the international norms
pertaining to gender3
to consolidate political systems and democratic
organizations where men and women enjoy full citizenship as equals.
To design specific laws to ensure gender equality and women’s rights, laws
designed to guarantee the total security of women, to safeguard them from gender
violence, together with local, regional and national policies and plans towards
equality.
To prioritize mainstreaming the gender perspective and achieving equality
among men and women as one of the priorities in all development plans and all
strategies to mitigate or eradicate poverty.
To work with civil society and to promote specific activities designed to
empower women, who are suffering the worst forms of discrimination and social
exclusion.
To promote a new pact for development, peace and gender equality, and to
progressively involve governmental agents, civil society and the economic powers-
that-be, at a local, regional, national and international level.
PEACEBUILDING includes gender-aware and women-empowering political, social,
economic, and human rights. It involves personal and group accountability and
reconciliation processes that contribute to the reduction or prevention of violence. It
fosters the ability of women, men, girls, and boys in their own culture(s) to promote
conditions of non-violence, equality, justice, and human rights of all people, to build
democratic institutions, and to sustain the environment (Mazurana & McKay, 1999, p. 9).
3
See Section 2.
In October, 2000, the UN Security Council debated, for the first time in their history, the
different ways in which women were being the protagonists of initiatives towards the peace
building in their societies and how, likewise, the present situations of armed conflict affect men
and women differently. As a result, Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security was
produced. The adoption of this Resolution occurred as the result of political pressure exerted
by the organizations of women involved in building towards peace and, as such, has become a
basic tool for building peace from a gender perspective.

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GENDER AND CITIZENSHIP IN A PEACE-BUILDING CONTEXT
Gender discrimination increases in situations of armed conflict and humanitarian crises
together with gender violence towards specially women and girls, which increases their
vulnerability and marginalization. However, women play a key role in achieving and
reinforcing social cohesion and the organization required to build informal services and
health and aid networks, profitable use of natural and economic resources and general
mechanisms to protect them against all kinds of violence that they and their
dependents suffer. Besides, they are active mediators to achieve peace building
worldwide4
which is increasingly recognized.
1.2 WOMEN’S OBSTACLES TO FULL CITIZENSHIP
The threats to women‟s full citizenship come from two angles and the combination of
these two severely limits women‟s enjoyment of full citizenship and in certain cases,
may lead to their exclusion from society:
1. Threats to women’s human rights
2. Threats to women’s participation in key decision-making processes
The list of factors contributing to the limitation of women‟s rights and participation is
long. Cultural and social factors rooted in long standing discrimination against women
have paved the way towards legal, institutional and social discrimination in many
spheres of life. Such cultural and social biases largely limit women‟s participation in key
social, political and economic processes, some of the examples of how women see
their rights diminished are the following:
Women confinement to the domestic sphere and their domestic burden
Lack of control over important areas of their lives (e.g. sexual and
reproductive decisions, who to marry and when, other individual life
choices)
Low level of skills and education
Limited participation in the formal labour market
Under representation in political decision making bodies at the local,
regional and national level
Violence against women and gender based violence of all types, a serious
threat to women’s exercise of full rights and participation.
4
Action Plan of the Government of Spain for the implementation of Resolution 1325 of the UN
Security Council (2000) with respect to Women, Peace and Security.

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1.3 KEY AREAS OF ACTION AND STRATEGIES IN THE FIELD OF
GENDER, CITIZENSHIP AND PEACE5
The threats to women‟s full citizenship come from different sides. Addressing them
becomes an essential guiding principle for any development work. This resource pack
has selected some key areas where those willing to work in the field of gender,
citizenship and peace can start to promote women‟s full exercise of their human rights
including sexual and reproductive rights and migration rights. They represent important
priorities in the women‟s agenda, where the concepts outlined above intersect.
Main Areas of Action:
 Fighting women’s social and economic exclusion making visible the
specific problems they face and making concrete changes on public policies
and programs.
 Fighting women’s lack of participation in decision making processes
contributing to eliminating all discriminatory barriers, external and internal,
strengthening their capacities and empowerment and promoting more and
better opportunities for all to be present, express freely and increase their
influence and leadership potential in negotiation and decision making.
 Fighting violence against women eliminating all discriminatory
stereotypes, promoting non-sexist education and reviewing all social and
educational patterns and models that may contribute to place women in a
subordinate and vulnerable position and men identity and masculinity upon
dominating others, specially women and girls.
 Building peace through gender sensitive governance systems that
promote a close and democratic relation and interaction among the
citizenship and governors ensuring full participation of men and women in
negotiation and decision making process over all issues that may affect
their lives.
 Ensuring equitable and fair access to justice eliminating all
discriminatory legislation, policies and practices and promoting full exercise
of human rights for all citizens, women and men.
Possible Strategies6
to promote Gender Equality, Citizenship and Peace
Due to the complex context in which we work to promote gender equality, citizenship
and peace, it is especially relevant to improve our strategies to be most effective.
Please find below some key ones for all human rights advocates and organizations:
5
. Authors‟ Compilation with contributions from (2008) „Incidencia Política y Participación
Ciudadana de las Mujeres: Reflexiones en Clave Feminista‟, page 18.

15. 15
 Research and Documentation: Full understanding of the actual situation,
main concepts, the role of the main agents involved, and reliable and objective
information and analysis of the issue and its implications.
 Good Planning: Set clear objectives and approach, needed resources, map of
actors, timeframe, main actions to develop and expected impact.
 Organization: To strengthen the knowledge and capacities of the institutions at
personal and group level ensuring opportunities to exchange thoughts and
experiences, joint learning and analysis from the feminist perspective.
 Alliance Building & Networking: generating and coordinating support from
other groups, people, and institutions to accomplish the set goals.
 Lobby and Advocacy: Mean actions and messages to approach an issue and
its possible solutions by influencing key actors and decision makers to make a
positive change
 Capacity Building and Raising Awareness: information review and sharing
make the issues visible and raise awareness on its importance and how to
approach them to find a common solution.
 Media Relations: to create opinion channels, place issues in the public
agendas, to create social pressure and build credibility as a source.
 Mobilization: to obtain political will and social pressure and support to
increase the opportunities of negotiation, it also helps to make the issue visible,
and raise public awareness.

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Section 2
Tools and Instruments on Gender Equality, Citizenship and
Peace
This section presents the international tools of regional or global nature ratified
by most countries in the world in international conferences or world summits,
declarations, treaties, conventions or agreements, charters, protocols, or those
deriving from community law, such as directives, rulings, and decisions.
Consult this section if you are looking for the history of developments,
achievements and commitments in the fields of gender equality, women’s rights
and full citizenship.
Section 2. Tools and Instruments on Gender Equality, Citizenship and
Peace
The following instruments are the main references to advocate for the full guarantee of
Human Rights, Gender Equality and Peace Building. In the following boxes, you can
find information on the instruments, relevant contents and whether they are Legally
Binding instruments, that is, those that are of obligatory compliance for all States from
those which are exclusively relevant in a given historical moment or which possess
significant content and are taken as guidelines by countries, international organizations
and civil society but are Not Legally Binding for the parties that signed them.

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INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (1948)
Not legally binding
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights covers the
human rights, which are considered to be basic. It is
made up of a preamble and thirty articles, which cover
civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights.
Although it is not a legally binding document of
obligatory compliance for all States, it was used as the
basis of the UN‟s two international Conventions, the
International Pact of Civil and Political Rights and the
International Pact of Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights.
http://www.un.org/spanish/aboutun/hrights.htm
International Convention
on the Elimination of all
Forms of Racial
Discrimination (1965)
Not legally binding
Racial discrimination and governmental policies, which
submit one race to another, are violations of the basic
human rights and endanger friendly and harmonious
relations between people, countries, whilst jeopardizing
possible cooperation towards peace and international
security. Racial discrimination not only harms the people
who are discriminated against but also those people who
discriminate. One of the basic principles of the UN is that
of a global society free from racial segregation and
discrimination.
http://www.pdhre.org/conventionsum/cersum-
sp.html
International Pact of Civil
and Political Rights (1966)
Legally binding
This is a multi-lateral treaty, which was adopted by the
General Assembly of the United Nations. It came into
force in 1976. It is made up of 6 parts, one of the most
important of which is the part referring to the Rights
recognized by the signatory States which obliges them to
assume the duty to respect for all people within their
territories and to respect and safeguard the Human
Rights acknowledged therein. This implies that they must
respect these rights and adopt positive measures to
guarantee that the rights will be effective.
http://www.unhchr.ch/spanish/html/menu3/b/a_ccpr_
sp.htm

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INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
International Pact on
Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (1966)
Legally binding
Multilateral Treaty adopted by the General Assembly of
the United Nations. It came into force in 1976. It is made
up of 5 parts. This Pact limits the leeway of States in the
compliance of these rights and affirms the existence of a
minimum obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at least,
the most essential levels of each of the rights.
http://www.unhchr.ch/spanish/html/menu3/b/a_cescr
_sp.htm
Declaration of the
Protection of Women and
Children in States of
Emergency and Armed
Conflict (1974)
Not legally binding
This establishes the measures to be in place by States
in times of armed conflict to protect the most vulnerable
sectors of society. Although it is based on the concept of
women as victims, the declaration is important given that
armed conflicts affect mostly the civil society, and
basically, women and children.
http://www.unhchr.ch/spanish/html/menu3/b/24_sp.h
tm
Convention on the
Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination against
Women, CEDAW
(1979)
Legally binding
With a preamble and 30 articles, this Convention states
the principles that are universally accepted and the
measures to be adopted, in a legally binding manner, by
all States and private agents to allow women to enjoy the
same rights the world over, by acknowledging the
principle of non-discrimination. It calls upon governments
to work to eliminate discrimination against women in
public and private spheres.
http://www.unhchr.ch/spanish/html/menu3/b/e1ceda
w_sp.htm
Convention against
Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment
(1984)
Legally binding
This came into force in 1987 and states, among other
articles, that all States should take legislative,
administrative and legal measures, or measures of
whatever other nature that are deemed effective to
impede acts of torture in all territories under their
jurisdiction.
http://www.unhchr.ch/spanish/html/menu3/b/h_cat39
_sp.htm
International Convention
on Protection of Migrant
This states that there should be no discrimination with
respect to rights and the promotion of satisfactory, fair

19. 19
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
Workers’ Rights and the
Rights of their Families
(1990)
Legally binding
and dignified conditions.
http://www.unhchr.ch/spanish/html/menu3/b/m_mwc
toc_sp.htm
Program of Action of the
International Conference
on Population and
Development – CIPD (1994)
On Sexual Rights and
Reproduction.
Not legally binding
170 States signed the commitment to promote an action
plan over the following 20 years. The most important
objectives were the reduction of women and children‟s
deaths at childbirth, universal access to education
(especially for girls) and access to services safeguarding
sexual health and reproduction, together with family
planning. Women‟s empowerment is considered to be an
integral part of Development. Since the Cairo meeting,
rights to control one‟s sexual life and reproduction have
been recognized to be human rights.
http://www.unfpa.org/spanish/icpd/icpd_poa.htm
Declaration and Platform
for Beijing Action, dating
from the IV World
Conference on Women:
Equality, Development,
and Peace. (Peking, 1995)
Not legally binding
The Platform is the most complete document to have
come out of the World Conferences on Women
organized by the UN. It incorporates the achievements
from previous Conferences and International
Conventions, it analyses various critical areas and
strategic objectives, with specific measures designed,
together with clauses, institutional mechanisms and
budgets to allow for the implementation of the same,
destined for governments, international organizations
and civil society in grass root organizations. This is a
proposal designed to empower women and the
promotion of the cross-cutting theme of gender,
mainstreaming it into all policies, plans and programs in
all countries. It acknowledges the need to include gender
perspective at all levels of intervention and in a new
structure in society and politics, designed to promote
equality.
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/confer/beijing/report
s/platesp.htm

20. 20
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
Protocol to the Convention
for Elimination of all Forms
of Discrimination against
Women (1999)
Legally binding
The Protocol of the Convention allows women, victims of
discrimination on the grounds of gender, to present legal
claims to this body, set up under the International Treaty,
as of 1999.
http://www.unhchr.ch/spanish/html/menu3/b/opt_ced
aw_sp.htm
Resolution 1325 of the UN
Security Council on
Women, Peace and
Security (2000)
Not legally binding
The Security Council made a pronouncement with
respect to the impact of armed conflict on women, and
acknowledged the underestimated value women make to
preventing and resolving conflict and building towards
peace, underlining the importance of their participation
as active agents of peace and security.
It adopts specific measures to promote gender equality
and active participation of women in the processes of
building towards peace. This has had a significant
impact on the plans of many countries.
http://www.acnur.org/biblioteca/pdf/5287.pdf
Final Document from the
49th Period of Sessions of
the CSW Special Follow-Up
Session to the Platform for
Action from Beijing + 10
(New York, March 2005)
Not legally binding
Monitor of the progress in the application of the
Declaration and Platform for Action of Beijing 1995, after
ten years of application of the same. It acknowledges the
lack of compliance with the objectives of the Platform for
Action of Beijing, and the urgent need for its enforcement
the world over.
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/csw49/doc
uments/E-CN-6-2005-CRP2
S.pdf?OpenAgent&DS=E/CN.6/2005/8&Lang=S
Final Document from the
54th Period of Sessions of
the CSW Special Follow-Up
Session to the Platform for
Action from Beijing + 10
(New York, March 2010)
Not legally binding
Monitor of the progress in the application of the
Declaration and Platform for Action of Beijing 1995, after
fifteen years of application of the same. It acknowledges
the lack of compliance with the objectives of the Platform
for Action of Beijing, and the urgent need for its
enforcement the world over.
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing15/index.
html

21. 21
SPAIN -NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
Law for Cooperation
23/1998 pertaining to
International Cooperation
for Development (Council
of Ministers 1998)
Article 7 of the Law states that „Spanish policy in the field
of international cooperation for development, in its goal
to combat poverty in all of its manifestations, is to be
directed most specifically at addressing the following
sector priorities: c) Protection of human rights, equality of
opportunity, participation in social integration of women
and defence of the most vulnerable groups of the
population (...)
http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/l23-
1998.html
Organic Law to pursue
extra-territorially the
practice of female ablation
(2005)
Legally binding
Female ablation is a serious attack on human rights and
constitutes an act of violence against women, a violation
of human integrity. The mutilation of the genital organs of
girls and young women must be considered inhuman
and degrading, an act of torture, prohibited under article
3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
http://boletin.ahige.org/index2.php?option=com_con
tent&do_pdf=1&id=51
Law for Promotion of
Education and the Culture
of Peace (2005)
Legally binding
The Government of Spain passed the resolution to
promote peace through initiatives of solidarity, cultural
research, and education, cooperation and information.
Amongst other measures, the Government should
promote actions and activities designed to develop upon
the contents required under the International
Conventions to eliminate all types of present
discrimination, be it racial or against women, or
discrimination deriving from sexual option, activating all
the mechanisms required towards demobilization and
reintegration into society of minors involved in conflicts.
http://www.fund-
culturadepaz.org/spa/DOCUMENTOS/leyculturadepa
z.pdf
Law for the Promotion of
Personal Autonomy and
Attention for people in
situations of dependence
(2006)
Legally binding
Better known as the «Law of Dependence», this is a
Spanish law which lays down the bases for building the
future National System of Attention to Dependents,
which finances the services required by dependents, be
they in need of care because of illness, invalidating
accident, or old age. This is one of the basic instruments
designed to improve social services in Spain in response

22. 22
SPAIN -NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
to the need to attend situations of dependence and to
promote personal autonomy, quality of life and equal
opportunities. One of the principles of the Law is the
inclusion of gender perspective, bearing in mind the
various different needs of men and women.
http://www.boe.es/g/es/bases_datos/doc.php?colecc
ion=iberlex&id=2006/21990
Organic Law for Effective
Equality of Men and
Women (2007)
Legally binding
The Organic Law of Equality represents a decisive step
towards full gender equality. The Law does not only look
exclusively at questions relating to the workplace but is
clearly universal, designed to cover all areas of social
life.
http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo3-
2007.html
Action Plan for the
Application of Resolution
1325 (Council of Ministers,
November 2007)
Not legally binding
The Government of Spain, taking into account the
international commitments acquired in the field of
contributing towards building peace and the need to
integrate gender perspective in armed conflicts, drew up
the Action Plan to apply Resolution 1325.
www.mde.es/obs_mujer/plan_accion_espana1325.pd
f
Gender Strategy in the
Development of Spanish
Cooperation
2007
This is designed to comply with the Director Plan 2005-
2008 and as a vehicle for the application of the Organic
Law 3/2007, dating from the 22nd March for equality in
development policies. The Strategy reviews the focus of
rights as a way of combating poverty and acknowledges
that gender is a subject of redistribution of power, by
contemplating specific action directed at women‟s
empowerment as a real and effective formal means of
achieving equality.
http://www.aecid.es/03coop/6public_docs/2seci/2doc
_coop_esp/ftp/Estrategia_GeneroDes/EstrategiaGEN
EROdes.pdf

23. 23
SPAIN -NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
Spanish Cooperation
Director Plan (2009-2012)
A basic planning element, which sets out the guidelines,
aims, priorities and budget resources for a period of four
years.
Gender is one of the five horizontal or mainstreamed
priorities in all the policies of cooperation.
The MP supports integration of the Gender Development
Perspective (GDP)
Formally: by mainstreaming it into development policies
On the ground: by favouring the institutionalization of
the Gender and Development Perspective and
consolidating capacity-building in order to allow for
effective implementation, together with women‟s
empowerment.
http://www.aecid.es/es/servicios/publicaciones/Docu
mentos/Plan_director/
The Strategic Plan of Equal
Opportunities (2008-2011).
This promotes measures designed to contribute towards
eliminating discrimination against women. The guiding
principles are citizenship, empowerment, mainstreaming
and innovation.
http://www.mtas.es/mujer/novedades/docs/Plan_estr
ategico_final.pdf
The Strategic Plan for
Citizenship and Integration
(2011-2014). Ministry of
Employment and Social
Affairs
This Strategic Plan aims at guaranteeing the full exercise
of civil, social, economic, cultural and political rights of
immigrants and to introduce the gender perspective into
the migratory policies of integration and their
implementation.
http://extranjeros.mtin.es/es/IntegracionRetorno/Plan
_estrategico2011/

24. 24
AFRICA- REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
Conferences of
Nouakchott
(Mauritania, 1977),
Lusaka (Zambia,
1979), Arusha
(Tanzania, 1984)
and Abuja (Nigeria,
1989)
Not legally binding
These conferences studied the specific needs of the African
context and prepared the plans of action at regional levels. In the
Conference of Nouakchott in 1977, it was recommended that a
Regional Coordinating Commission be set up for Africa. In 1978,
the African Regional Centre for Women was set up with the
collaboration of the members of State, with sub-regional offices
as coordinating bodies for activities in various countries. Their
mission included monitoring national proposals to obtain financial
and technical resources for the implementation of projects,
exchange of experiences, studies at a national level, statistical
research and the study of sub-regional projects from the
perspective of women‟s development.
Conferences of
Addis Ababa
(Ethiopia, 1978)
and Rabat
(Morocco, 1979)
Not legally binding
In March 1979, in the inaugural encounter in Rabat, it was
recommended that a Commission of Coordination be set up. This
new body was given the responsibility of harmonizing and
coordinating programs on a sub-regional level, monitoring
implementation of programs and availability of resources,
mobilization of resources and evaluation, stage by stage,
representation and exchange of information and experience, and
the celebration every three years of the Regional African
Conference on Women.
African Charter
relating to Human
Rights and the
rights of the
Population with
respect to the
Rights of Women
in Africa (1981)
Legally binding
It states, among other articles, that there should be elimination of
all discrimination towards women, respect for the dignity of
womenfolk, the right to physical and emotional security,
elimination of violence and harmful practices towards women,
rights in marriage, separation and annulment, the right to legal
information and assistance, the right to participation in public
processes and in decision-making and reproductive, health,
economic and social rights.
http://www.acnur.org/biblioteca/pdf/1297.pdf
Protocol of the
African Charter
relating to Human
Rights and the
rights of the
Population with
respect to the
It provides a continental legal framework to address gender
inequalities and the social underlying elements that perpetuate
women‟s marginalization, disempowerment and subordination.
http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/women_en.html

25. 25
AFRICA- REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
Rights of Women
in Africa (Maputo
Women Protocol)
(2003)
Legally binding
Fifth Annual
Regional
Conference on
Africa held in
Dakar (1994)
Legally binding
Promoted by the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), this has
become a reference for the priorities of women in Africa.
http://www.womensnet.org.za/hr/dakarplat.htm
Solemn
Declaration of
Gender Equality in
Africa (2004)
Legally binding
Declaration of the African Heads of State in favour of the
promotion of gender equality and empowerment for women in
Africa.
http://www.peacewomen.org/resources/1325/AfricaSolemnDe
c04.pdf
In 2005, the ministers developed two documents to facilitate the
implementation: the Guidelines for Reporting and the
Implementation framework.
http://www.africa-
union.org/root/au/conferences/past/2006/October/WG/doc.ht
m
Maputo Plan of
Action on Sexual
and Reproductive
Health and Rights
of
operationalisation
of the Continental
Policy Framework
on Sexual and
Reproductive
Health and Rights
2006.
Not legally binding
It was adopted at the special session of the AU Conference of
Ministers of Health meeting in Maputo in September 2006 to
implement the Continental Policy Framework on Sexual and
Reproductive Health and Rights during the period 2006-2010. It
was extended during the Head of States Summit held in Kampala
in 2010 to 2015 to align it with the timeframe for the review of the
MDGs and the ICPD Cairo.
http://www.unfpa.org/africa/newdocs/maputo_eng.pdf

26. 26
AFRICA - SUB-REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
SADC Declaration on
Gender and. Development
(1997)
Addendum on the
Prevention and Eradication
of Violence Against
Women and Children
(1998)
Legally Binding
The Declaration commits the Heads of State and
Government and their respective countries to: placing
gender firmly on the agenda of the SADC Programme of
Action and the Community-Building Initiative, ensuring
the equal representation of women and men in decision-
making for member states and SADC structures at all
levels, promoting women‟s full access to and control
over productive resources in order to reduce the level of
poverty among women, repealing and reforming all laws,
amending constitutions and changing social practices
which still subject women to discrimination, and enacting
empowering mechanisms, enhancing access to quality
education by women and men, and removing gender
stereotyping in the curriculum, career choices and
professions, making quality reproductive and other
health services more accessible to women and men,
protecting and promoting the human rights of women
and children, recognising, protecting and promoting the
reproductive and sexual rights of women and the girl
child, taking urgent measures to prevent and deal with
the increasing levels of violence, and encouraging the
mass media to disseminate information and materials in
respect of the
Human rights of women and children.
http://www.sadc.int/index/browse/page/465
The Addendum on the Prevention and Eradication of
Violence against Women and Children includes
measures to be adopted in the areas of legal, social,
economic, cultural and political, services, education,
training and awareness-building, integrated approaches,
budgetary allocations, and adoption of policies,
programmes and mechanisms to enhance the security
and empowerment of women and children.
http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/treaty/SADC_
GenderDecl_Add.pdf
Declaration of Zanzibar:
the Women of Africa for a
Culture of Peace and the
Agenda of Women for a
Culture of Peace in Africa
(1999). Pan-African
Conference
This was a general appeal for women to increase their
participation in the decision-making process and the
promotion of peace, and coordination of women‟s
movements in Africa and abroad, together with
mobilization of resources. The Declaration spoke in
favour of demilitarization and disarmament of the African
Continent, together with free access of women to the

27. 27
AFRICA - SUB-REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
Legally binding
technologies of communication to promote peace.
http://www.unesco.org/cpp/uk/declarations/zanzibar.
htm
Economic Community of
West African
States (ECOWAS) Political
Declaration
Against Trafficking of
Human Beings, and
Sub-Regional Plan of
Action, Regional
Level
(2001)
Legally binding
The Political Declaration underscores the commitment of
the Heads of State and Government to the eradication of
the trafficking in persons, and in particular, the
eradication of the trafficking in women and children. The
declaration also sets out a series of measures
mandatory in pursuit of this objective, among them the
Plan of Action.
www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/african/docs/other/ecowa
s2.doc
ÁFRICA – SPAIN. BILATERAL INSTRUMENTS:
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
Declaration of
Mozambique on Women
and Development (2006)
(Vice-presidency of the
Government of Spain
and the government of
Mozambique)
Not legally binding
Final document of the Encounter between African and
Spanish Women for a Better World, referring to the creation
of a Network of African and Spanish Women and taking up
commitments in the areas of education, health, economic
empowerment, environmental preservation and the rights of
full citizenship for women.
http://www.fundacioncarolina.es/NR/rdonlyres/C17A3F7
F-0079-4E91-ABC8-
02A20687287B/614/plantilladomaputo.pdf
Declaration of Madrid on
Women and
Development (2007)
(Government of Spain,
and African countries)
Legally binding
Final document of the II Encounter of African and Spanish
Women for a Better World, held in Madrid as a follow-up to,
and reinforcement of the Declaration of Mozambique:
1. To progress in a joint agenda for action and to
consolidate the Network of Spanish and African Women.
2. To increase economic and human resources;
3. To improve non-sexist public education.
4. To fortify public health system and the protection of
Social Security coverage
5. To promote economic empowerment.
6. To contribute towards environmental preservation.
7. Facilitate access to posts of responsibility as a right of
citizenship for women.
8. Good government for personal freedom.

28. 28
ÁFRICA – SPAIN. BILATERAL INSTRUMENTS:
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
9. To include in the political and economic agendas the
demands and needs of the most impoverished women.
10. Support for the creation of a gender Agency in the UN.
http://www.aecid.es/galerias/noticias/descargas/declara
cion_madrid.pdf
Declaration of Niamey
on Women and
Development (2008) (the
Government of Spain
and the African
Countries)
Not legally binding
Final document of the III Encounter of African and Spanish
Women for a Better World, the continuation of the
Declarations of Mozambique and Madrid, on Women and
Development in 2006 and 2007. Amongst the principles
outlined in the Declaration are the emphasis on the
intention to advance a political agenda assumed by the
governments, public and private institutions, civil society
and other economic and social agents.
http://www.mpr.es/es/pagina/60/declaraciones-de-los-
encuentros.html
Declaration of
Monrovia (2009)
(The Government of
Spain and the
government of
Mozambique and other
African Countries)
Not legally binding
Final document of the IV Encounter of African and Spanish
Women for a Better World, the continuation of the
Declarations of Mozambique, Madrid, and Niamey on
Women and Development in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The
main agreements reached were focused on: the definition
and implementation of a Plan of Action Women for a Better
World, promotion of technical assistance, capacity building
and networking amongst the African and Spanish Gender
and Equality Ministries, alliance-building with the African
Union relevant institutions and African Development Bank,
Inter-University Cooperation, Centre of Studies on Gender
Platform based in Casa Africa and in collaboration with the
African Spanish Women‟s Network, implementation of
cultural cooperation projects, creation of an Organization of
Women for a Better World,
http://www.mpr.es/es/pagina/60/declaraciones-de-los-
encuentros.html
Declaration of Valencia
(2010)
(The Government of
Spain and the
government of
Mozambique and other
African Countries)
Not legally binding
Final document of the V Encounter of African and Spanish
women for a Better World, the continuation of the
Declarations of Mozambique, Madrid, Niamey and
Monrovia on Women and Development in 2006, 2007, 2008
and 2009. The main agreements were mainly focused on
the support for women‟s political and entrepreneurship
leadership, institutional development, access to
microfinance, advances on agriculture management,
regional institutions cooperation, education, health systems
and the approval of Women for a Better World Strategic
Plan.

29. 29
ÁFRICA – SPAIN. BILATERAL INSTRUMENTS:
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
http://www.mpr.es/es/pagina/60/declaraciones-de-los-
encuentros.html
Declaration of Windhoek
(2011)
(The Government of
Spain and the
government of
Mozambique and the
African Countries)
Not legally binding
Final document of the VI Encounter of African and Spanish
women for a Better World, the continuation of the
Declarations of Mozambique, Madrid, Niamey, Monrovia
and Valencia on Women and Development in 2006, 2007,
2008, 2009 and 2010. The declaration has 12 themes and it
was sparked by the recognition that the attainment of the
Millennium Development Goals is directly linked to the
empowerment of women to guarantee the full realisation of
their rights.
http://www.aecid.es/galerias/descargas/noticias/110406
_DECLARACION_DE_WINDHOEK_2011_ESP.pdf

30. 30
Section 3: Main Agents working on Gender,
Citizenship and Peace
This section introduces and presents the various international bodies and main
agents involved in, or supporting programs or projects pertaining to gender
equality, citizenship and peace.
Have a look at this section if you need guidance or help with respect to what
institutions are working in the field of developing gender equality, citizenship
and peace and where to go for more information about how they work, how they
are structured and the organization in general.

31. 31
Section 3: Main Agents working on Gender, Citizenship and
Peace
This section lists the main International Bodies with a Specific Mandate on
Gender Issues and other Agents that Work on Gender Equality, Citizenship and
Peace together with a short description of each of them and the website where you
can find more detailed information and their contact.
International Bodies with a Specific Mandate on Gender
Issues
UNWOMEN. The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of
Women (UNWOMEN) was created in July 2010. The creation of UN Women came about as
part of the UN reform agenda, bringing together resources and mandates for greater impact. It
merges and builds on the important work of four previously distinct parts of the UN system,
which focused exclusively on gender equality and women‟s empowerment:
Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW)
International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women
(INSTRAW)
Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI)
United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
The main roles of UN Women are:
To support inter-governmental bodies, such as the Commission on the Status of
Women, in their formulation of policies, global standards and norms.
To help Member States to implement these standards, standing ready to provide
suitable technical and financial support to those countries that request it, and to forge
effective partnerships with civil society.
To hold the UN system accountable for its own commitments on gender equality,
including regular monitoring of system-wide progress
WEB: http://www.unwomen.org/
UNFPA: is an international cooperation fund designed for the type of development which
promotes the rights of every man, woman, girl and boy child to enjoy a healthy life, with equal
opportunities for all. The UNFPA supports countries with social and demographic data to allow
them to draw up policies and programs to mitigate poverty, and ensure the reproductive rights
of all people, for every pregnancy to be planned and desired, for all childbirth to be safe, and
for all young people to be free of HIV/AIDS by mainstreaming gender equality as one of the
priorities of the organization.
WEB: http://www.unfpa.org/sitemap/sitemap-esp.htm

32. 32
IANWGE: This is an inter-institutional network designed to deal with women and gender
equality (IANWGE). The network is made up of various different bodies and gender units,
representing the various agencies of the United Nations, with focus on gender. Said network is
presided over by the Special Consultant for Gender Matters and Women‟s Advancement.
IANWGE supervises and controls the mainstreaming of the gender perspective into all the
norms, programs and operations within the systemic framework of the United Nations.
WEB: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ianwge/
UNPD: This is the Program of the United Nations, which is devoted to Development, with a
central focus on the advancement of the Millennium Development Objectives, which establish
as clear aims for 2015 the need to mitigate poverty, reduce disease, illiteracy and deterioration
of the environment, together with discrimination against women. The challenges are centred
along the following lines of action: democratic governance, reduction of poverty, prevention
and resolution of conflicts, energy and environment, and the fight to combat HIV/AIDS. The
Program promotes gender equality and the mainstreaming of gender in all of the activities to
be undertaken.
WEB: http://www.undp.org/spanish/
WHO: the WHO has as its mandate to develop health as a basic right of all people. It
takes into account the way in which the social and biological differences of women
affect their health, together with the steps to be taken in order to achieve health
equality for everyone.
WEB: http://www.who.int/es/
ILO: This is one of the tripartite agencies of the United Nations, designed to bring together
governments, employers and workers from all the member states in joint ventures, which
should offer decent work to the world. The office for Gender Equality makes sure that
mainstreaming of gender is a priority and is applied to the four strategic objectives:
international laws and regulations, employment, social protection and tripartite social dialogue.
WEB: http://www.ilo.org/global/lang--es/index.htm
The General Directorate of Development (DGDEV) of the European
Commission: this Directorate is responsible for producing development policies for Sub-
Saharan Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific area, from the global perspectives of regional
integration, trade, environment and sustainable management of resources, infrastructure,
communication and transport, water and energy, rural development, territorial planning,
agricultural and food safety, governance, democracy and human rights, prevention of conflicts,
social cohesion and employment. All the policies are framed within gender equality,
democracy, respect for human rights of children and indigenous populations, environmental
sustainability and the fight against HIV/AIDS. It has a unit for Women and Development.
WEB: http://ec.europa.eu/development/index_en.cfm
Other General Directorates of the European Commission:
DG for Research: the Unit of Women and Science, and the DG of Foreign

33. 33
Affairs. The Unit of Women and Development.
WEB: http://ec.europa.eu/development/policiesgen_en.cfm
GENDERNET: The Network for Gender Equality of the CAD/OCDE: this network is
contained within the Centre for Aid to Development (CAD) of the Organization for Cooperation
towards Economic Development. It contributes towards improving quality and efficiency of
Cooperation for Development by taking advantage of good practice and socializing awareness
and knowledge through analysis and implementation of gender projects. It aims at achieving
greater gender equality and empowerment of women, essential if they are to improve the
overall economic, social and political situation in developing countries. It also plays the role of
catalyser and facilitator of assessment in gender mainstreaming in all the work of the AD,
prioritizing this subject in the member countries and giving support to the partner countries. As
of 2006, it has carried out analysis and offered proposals for the Paris Declaration to be
applied on gender themes and to reinforce the mandate of gender in the agenda and, thus, to
review the compliance of said Declaration in the III Top Level Debate on aid efficiency.
WEB: http://www.gendernet.at/opencms/opencms/gnet/de/topNav/About_GenderNet.html
The African Union: this regional organization was created in 2001 and is devoted to
increasing political and economic integration and reinforcing cooperation between the member
states. It covers aspects such as setting up specific legal social and economic measures for
women (as carers, nurses and providers) in the fight against HIV/AIDS, the role of women in
armed conflict and in building peace, recruitment of child soldiers, be they boys or girls, the
exploitation of girls as child wives or sex slaves, measures to combat gender violence, legal
measures for the protection of women, putting an end to impunity, political participation at all
levels and mainstreaming gender into the African Union.
WEB: http://www.africa-union.org/
NEPAD: the New Association for the Development of Africa was set up in July 2001 within
the framework of the Summit Meeting of the Organization for the African Union, in an attempt
to eradicate poverty in the Continent. Amongst its aims figures advancement of women,
elimination of gender differences and promoting good government as a basic requirement for
peace and security.
WEB: http://www.nepad.org/
ECOWAS: the Economic Community of West African States is a regional group,
which was founded in 1975. To date, it has 16 member countries and has a Gender
Unit, through which it has mainstreamed gender policy as part of a regional
construction, making women into main agents of development.
WEB: http://www.ecowas.int/
Other Agents
There are also a wide range of national agents and civil society organizations and
institutions in Spain and Africa that work on issues related to Gender, Citizenship and

34. 34
Peace:
 National Governmental institutions in Spain and the different African Countries
 Some Worldwide and/or Regional International Networks
 International Development NGOs specialized in Gender in Development,
Peace and Promotion of Democracy and Citizenship
 Centres of International Studies, Observatories, Research Centres and,
Universities specialized in Gender in Development, Peace and Promotion of
Democracy, both in Spain and in the African Continent
 Trade Union and Business Organizations that support and work on subjects of
Gender in Development, Peace and Promotion of Democracy and Full
Citizenship

35. 35
Section 4: Key Resources on Gender,
Citizenship and Peace
This section contains information regarding Key Resources in English and
Spanish on Gender Equality, Citizenship and Peace both Bibliographic
References and Websites.

36. 36
Section 4: Key Resources on Gender, Citizenship and Peace
This section includes selected websites and resources relevant to inform your
work on gender equality, citizenship and peace. All the resources have been
divided in different categories and are listed under alphabetic order to allow for
an easier search.
Gender Mainstreaming
 Neimains, Astrida, 2002, „Gender Mainstreaming in Practice: A Handbook‟, United
Nations Development Program and Regional Office for Europe and the CIS:
http://www.undp.org/gender/docs/RBEC_GM_manual.pdf
 Lawson, V., 2003, „Gender Mainstreaming NGOs in Africa: An Emerging Agenda of
the Globalisation Era‟, Atakpamé, Extended Agricultural Group
 2003 (27-31 October), „Gender Mainstreaming in AU and NEPAD‟, Nairobi
http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000608/page1.php
 Reimann, C., 2001, „Towards gender mainstreaming in crisis prevention and
conflict management: guidelines for the German Technical Co-operation‟, Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH
 Pankhurst, D., 2000, „Mainstreaming Gender in Peace-building: a Framework for
Action: From the Village Council to the Negotiating Table‟, International Alert,
London
http://citieslocalgovernments.org/uclg/upload/docs/mainstreaminggenderinpeacebui
lding-aframeworkforaction.pdf
 Aguilar, L., 1998, „Guías Metodológicas para trabajar desde el enfoque de género‟,
Unión Mundial para la Naturaleza, Fundación Arias para la paz y el Progreso
Humano, Costa Rica
 Bellamy, K., 2002, „Presupuestos de Género‟, Consejo de Europa
 2008, „Una visión de género… es de justicia‟, Campaña Muévete por la Igualdad,
Ayuda en Acción, Entreculturas e Intered, Madrid
 Correa, M. y Fernández-Layos, A.L., 2008 „Análisis de Género en la Ayuda Oficial
al Desarrollo‟, Campaña Muévete por la Igualdad, Madrid

37. 37
 De la Cruz, C., Pérez G. y Martínez, A., 2000, „Modelo Metodológico para potenciar
la Participación de las Mujeres Excluidas en las acciones y proyectos de las
Organizaciones’, Fundación Mujeres, Madrid
 2007, „Estrategia de género en desarrollo y efectividad de la ayuda en la
cooperación española‟, MAEC
 Fernández-Layos Fernández, A.L., 2009, „Enfoque de género en los proyectos
de cooperación al desarrollo y acción social’, guía práctica, Paz y Desarrollo
 2001, „Guía de Indicadores para la aplicación del Mainstreaming de género‟,
Fundación Mujeres, Madrid
 Kabeer, N., 1998, „Realidades Trastocadas. Las jerarquías de género en el
pensamiento del desarrollo‟, Editorial Paidós-UNAM-PUEG, México
 León, M. (comp.) 1997, „Poder y empoderamiento de las mujeres’, Editorial Tercer
Mundo y Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Bogotá
 Murguialday, C. y Vázquez, N., 1998, „Guía para alfabetizarse en género y
desarrollo‟, Emakunde
 Navarro, N., 2007, „Desigualdad de Género en las organizaciones. Procesos de
cambio organizacional‟, PNUD
 Tamayo, G., Delso, A., López, I., Navarro, N., Fernández-Layos, A.L., 2003,
„Género en la Cooperación al Desarrollo: una mirada a la desigualdad‟, ACSUR
Las Segovias, Madrid
 Williams, S., Seed, J. y Mwau, A., 1997, „Manual de capacitación en género de
OXFAM’, tres volúmenes, OXFAM-Flora Tristán, Lima
Gender and Citizenship:
 ACSUR Las Segovias and Hegoa, 2008. „Incidencia Política y participación
ciudadana de las mujeres: reflexiones en clave feminista‟, Bilbao
 Chambers, R. and Blackburn J., 1996, „PRA − The Power of Participation‟, IDS
Policy Briefing 7, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
 Clulow, M., 2003, „Gender Equity and Local Governance: A Study of the San
Salvador Municipal Gender Equity Policy‟, One World Action, London
 García, A., 2004, „ Género y Ciudadanía‟, Icaria Editorial, Madrid

38. 38
 Hunt, J., 2004, „Successful Strategies for Addressing Gender Equality Issues in
Programs and Projects: What Works‟, Development Bulletin, Australian
Development Studies Network
 Jones, E. and Gaventa, J., 2002, „Concepts of Citizenship: A Review‟, Development
Bibliography 1, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
 Kabeer, N., 2002, „Citizenship and the boundaries of the acknowledged community:
identity, affiliation and exclusion‟, IDS Working Paper 171, Brighton: Institute of
Development Studies 1994, Reversed realities: gender hierarchies in development
thought, Verso, London
 Kraft, D., 2003, „The Changing Role of Africa‟s Women‟, Independent Online (IOL)
http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=68&art_id=qw107111754327B213&set_id=1
48
 Lister, R., 2003a, „Justice Equality and Dependency: a critical social policy
perspective‟, paper presented at Symposium on Nancy Fraser‟s work, Warwick, 22
March http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/socioogy/gender/events/symposium/lister
 2003, „Feminist Theory and Practice of Citizenship‟, paper presented at annual
conference of DVPW (German Political Science Association), Mainz
http://www.dvpw.de/data/doc/ad-hocCitizen.pdf
 1997, „Citizenship: Towards a Feminist Synthesis‟, Feminist Review, 57: 28−48
 2003, „Gender, Citizenship and Nationality‟ draft report Beirut: Machreq/Maghreb
Gender Linking and Information Project
 Mamdani, M., 1996, „Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of
Late Colonialism‟, Princeton University Press
 Meer S. and Sever C., 2004, „Gender and Citizenship‟ Bridge, Brighton
 Mukhopadhyay, M., (ed.), 2003, „Governing for Equity: Gender Citizenship and
Governance‟, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam
 Mukhopadhyay, M., Meer, S. and Appel, M., 2003, „Creating Voice, Carving Space:
Defining Good Governance from a Gender Perspective‟, final research report,
Gender, Citizenship and Governance Programme, Royal Tropical Institute,
Amsterdam
 Nash, K. and Scott, A. (eds.), 2001, „Citizenship and Gender‟, Blackwell Companion
to Political Sociology, Blackwell, Oxford Nzomo, M., 2003, „From OAU to AU and

39. 39
NEPAD: Regional integration processes in Africa and African women‟, keynote
address made at Regional Strategy Meeting on Women‟s Political Participation
 Shabbir Cheema, G., 2000, Preface, „Women‟s Political Participation and Good
Governance: 21st
Century Challenges‟, report, UNDP, New York
http://magnet.undp.org/new/pdf/gender/wpp/women_book.pdf
 2000, „Women‟s Political Participation and Good Governance: 21st Century
Challenges‟, report, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York
http://magnet.undp.org/new/pdf/gender/wpp/women_book.pdf
 Yuval-Davis, N., 1997, „Women, Citizenship and Difference‟, Feminist Review, 57:
4−27
Gender, Empowerment and Leadership
 Afkhami, M., Eisenberg, A. y Haleh, V., 2005, „Liderazgo para la toma de
decisiones, manual de entrenamiento en liderazgo para mujeres‟, WLP
 Andras R. y Nazreen, K., 2007, „Hacia una ciudadanía activa. Buenas prácticas y
manual de capacitación del consejo local e internacional de mujeres jóvenes en
Europa y América Latina‟, Federación de Mujeres Jóvenes, Urval, EuropeAid Co-
operation Office
http://www.indera.es/media/urbal.pdf
 Coria, C., 1996, „Las negociaciones nuestras de cada día‟, Editorial Paidós
 García Prince, E., 2005, „Poder y empoderamiento de las mujeres‟, Programa
Equal, FEMEVAL, Valencia
 García Pince, E., 2003, „Diferencias en el liderazgo y los modos de dirección de las
mujeres‟, Programa Equal-FEMEVAL, Valencia
 2007, „Guía de liderazgo para la participación política de las mujeres en el ámbito
local‟, Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones y Capacitación de las Naciones
Unidas (INSTRAW)
 Jimena Medina, P., 2009, „El hilo de Ariadna. Manual de Incidencia Política para
Organizaciones de Mujeres‟ Campaña Muévete por la Igualdad
 Lagarde y de los Ríos, M., 2000, „Claves feministas para la autoestima de las
mujeres, los liderazgos entrañables y las negociaciones en el amor. Cuadernos
inacabados‟, Editorial Horas y horas, Madrid
 Martínez Luz y Escapa, R., 2007, „Recetas de mujeres para la práctica política‟,
Fundación Jaime Vera
 Martínez Luz y Escapa, R., 2008, „Guía de formación para la participación social y
política de las mujeres‟

40. 40
 De la Cruz, C., Pérez, G. y Martínez, A., 2000, „Modelo Metodológico para potenciar
la Participación de las Mujeres Excluidas en las acciones y proyectos de las
Organizaciones‟, Fundación Mujeres, Madrid
 Urriola Pérez, I., Mendieta Jiménez, E. y Lobato Agudo, R., 2008,
„Empoderamiento y liderazgo, guía metodológica para trabajar con grupos‟,
Federación de Mujeres Jóvenes
 Vargas, L., 2003, „Módulos de Feminismo I. Liderazgo y Política Feminista‟, Centro
de la Mujer Peruana Flora Tristán, Lima
 2003, „Programa de formación de formadoras en Alfabetización en Economía con
perspectiva de género‟, WIDE
 Young, K., 1997, „El potencial transformador en las necesidades prácticas:
Empoderamiento colectivo y el proceso de planificación‟, Tercer Mundo Editores,
Santafé de Bogotá
Gender Equality and Peace building:
 2009, „1325 mujeres tejiendo la paz‟, Mesa Peinado, M. (introducción), CEIPAZ,
Fundación Cultura de Paz, Icaria
 Popovic, N., 2009, „Women, peace and security in Liberia: supporting the
implementation of Resolution 1325‟, United Nations International Research and
Training Institute for the Advancement of Women)
 P. Conaway, C., 2008, „Charting progress: the role of women in reconstruction and
stabilization operations‟, United States Institute of Peace
 Aremiebi Ekiyor, T. y Gbowee, L., 2008, „El activismo de las mujeres por la paz en
África Occidental: la experiencia WIPNET‟, West Africa Network for Peace building
(WANEP)
 Barnes, K. and Lyytikäinen, M., 2008, „Improving EU responses to gender and
peace building: priority action areas for the European Commission‟, International
Alert, The Initiative for Peace building
 2008, „Las mujeres y la paz y la seguridad: informe del Secretario General‟,
Naciones Unidas
 Campbell-Nelson, K., 2008, „Liberia is not just a man thing: transitional justice
lessons for women, peace and security‟, International Centre for Transitional
Justice, The Initiative for Peace building
 2008, „Mujeres en situaciones de conflicto: reflexiones en clave feminista‟,
Seminario Mujeres en Situación de Conflicto, (Hegoa y ACSUR; Las Segovias),
Barcelona

41. 41
 2008, „Resolución 1820: Mujer, paz, seguridad‟, Naciones Unidas, Consejo de
Seguridad
 Benard, C., 2008, „Women and nation building‟, RAND, Centre for Middle East
Public Policy, p.213
 Pampell Conaway, C. and Shoemaker, J., 2008, „Women in United Nations Peace
Operations: increasing the leadership opportunities‟, Women In International
Security, Georgetown University
 2008, „Women, peace and security: update report‟, Naciones Unidas, Consejo de
Seguridad
 2007, „Informe del Secretario General sobre las mujeres, la paz y la seguridad‟,
Naciones Unidas
 2007, „Plan de Acción del Gobierno de España para la aplicación de la Resolución
1325 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas (2000), sobre las Mujeres,
la Paz y la Seguridad‟, Gobierno de España
 Hudson, H., 2006, „Human security and peace building through a gender lens:
Challenges of implementation in Africa‟, DIIS Working Paper, n. 37
 2006, „Informe del Secretario General sobre las mujeres, la paz y la seguridad‟,
Naciones Unidas
 2005, „From local to global: making peace work for women‟, The NGO Working
Group on Women, Peace and Security
 2005, „The role of women in reconciliation and peace building in Rwanda: ten years
after genocide 1994-2004: contributions, challenges and way forward‟, The National
Unity and Reconciliation Commission
 Magallón Portolés, C., 2004, „Mujeres en los procesos de paz: la Resolución 1325
del Consejo de Seguridad‟, Fundación Seminario de Investigación para la Paz
 El Bushra, J, 2003, „Women building peace: sharing know-how‟, International Alert
 Pankhurst, D., 2000, „Women, gender and peace building‟, Donna Pankhurst,
University of Bradford, Department of Peace Studies
 1998, „Strengthening women‟s peace movements in Africa through greater
communication‟, United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organizations
(UNESCO), Fourth meeting of the African women‟s advisory group to UNESCO on
the implementation to the Fourth World Conference on Women, Dar Es Salaam

42. 42
 1995, Expert group meeting on women‟s contributions to a culture of peace‟,
Unesco, Manila
 Rehn, E. and Johnson Sirleaf, E., 2002, „Woman War Peace – Executive summary‟,
UNIFEM http://www.unfpa.org/upload/lib_pub_file/179_filename_assessment.pdf
 2003, „Gender Tip sheets‟, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and
Development (OECD) with contributors from the Swedish International Development
Agency and the Australian Agency for International Development
http://www.oecd.org/document/34/0,2340,en_2649_201185_1896290_1_1_1_1,00.
html
 2003, „Gender-aware Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR): A
Checklist‟, UNIFEM http://womenwarpeace.org/issues/ddr/ddrenglish.pdf
 2004, „Gender Perspectives on Disarmament, Mobilization and Reintegration
(DDR)‟, The Department for Disarmament Affairs with the Office of the Special
Advisor on Gender Issues and the Advancement of Women at United Nations
http://womenwarpeace.org/issues/ddr/CSWgenderDDR.pdf
 Barth, E., 2003, „The Reintegration of Female Soldiers in Post conflict Societies‟
http://www.aidworkers.net/exchange/20030820.html
 Schmeidl, S. with Piza Lopez, E., 2002, „Gender and Conflict Early Warning: A
Framework for Action‟, Swiss Peace Foundation and International Alert
http://www.peacewomen.org/resources/Early_Warning/IASWF.pdf or
http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/beijing12/Ewgender.pdf
 2001, „Gender Approaches in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situation‟, UNDP
http://www.undp.org/gender/docs/gendermanualfinalBCPR.pdf
 2001, „Gender Equality and Peace building: An Operational Framework‟, Canadian
International Development Agency (CIDA)
http://www.acdi-
cida.gc.ca/cida_ind.nsf/d86cbc87319a898c8525677e0072d6f8/38e406811791e814
85256990004f1c1e?OpenDocument#51

43. 43
WEBSITE RESOURCES:
http://au.int/en/dp/wgd/. African Union at its Directorate on Gender, Women and
Development has online resources on gender equality including main events, news,
documents, publications, speeches, Multimedia Galleries, Discussion Forums
Building Partnerships, Useful Links and Opinion Polls in English, French, Arabic and
Portuguese.
 http://www.aecid.es/en/que-hacemos/genero/.Gender at the Spanish Agency of
International Cooperation for Development (AECID). Sector approach and Action
Plan of AECID on gender equality.
 http://www.awid.org/esl/. Women‟s Rights in Development (AWID) is an international,
multi-generational, feminist, creative, future-orientated membership organization
committed to achieving gender equality, sustainable development and women's
human rights. AWID‟s themed publications cover areas of Funding for Women‟s
Rights work, Building Feminist Movements and Organizations, Resisting and
Challenging Religious Fundamentalisms, Young Feminist Activism and Influencing
Development Policy and Practice. In addition, you will find journals, handbooks and
materials on a range of subjects relevant to women‟s rights mostly in English, French
and Spanish.
 www.ceipaz.org - Resources and Database on Women, Peace and Security.
 http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm - European Commission Website, you may find
information regarding their structure, legislation, policies, public consultation, budget
and public contracts, funding and contacts in general and related to gender issues.
 http://www.emakunde.euskadi.net/u72-home/es/ - EMAKUNDE´s (Basque Women
Institute) website includes information on the work they do and a very interesting set
of publications and resources on gender equality, language, mainstreaming and
women political and labour rights: http://www.emakunde.euskadi.net/u72-
publicac/es/contenidos/informacion/pub_guias/es_emakunde/guias_es.html
 www.fride.org – A European Think Tank for Global Action. FRIDE research project
aims to inform state building processes that result in stronger citizenship for women
by addressing the above questions. It will develop recommendations for
international actors and national policy makers working in fragile countries on how
they can strengthen the gender focus within their state building strategies. It will also
promote greater gender analysis within state building theory and research.
http://fride.org/project/17/strengthening-women's-citizenship-in-the-context-of-state-
building
 www.icrc.org - the International Committee of the Red Cross has resources on
Women and War (English and French). See following link for the gender specific
section:
http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList74/8B4D441BF5F484EA41256E4E
00490BB8
 www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/cds/themes/women.html - INCORE guide to Internet sources
on women and conflict. Contains a list of useful links to organizations, various
sources and reports.

44. 44
 www.ids.ac.uk/bridge - Offers packs on gender and armed conflict, citizenship,
budgets, HIV/ AIDS, cultural change and participation. Some of the reports are
available in French, Spanish and Arabic.
 http://www.inmujer.es. Women National Institute (Spain), a wide range of services
and resources can be found at this website on women‟s rights and gender equality
organized through different thematic categories.
 www.mujeresjovenes.org - Young Women Federation (Spain)- Feminist
organization created and led by young women among 18-30 years old to promote
equal opportunities for women and girls, they work on capacity building, research,
raising awareness campaigns and actions, on equity and political participation,
women leadership, breaking gendered stereotypes and sexual and reproductive
rights among other issues. They have a wide range of interesting publications that
you may select from their catalogue and order through their website.
 www.reddemujeresporunmundomejor.org. African Spanish Women‟s Network for a
Better World. Network of organizations and individuals that work for women‟s
empowerment and gender equality in Africa and Spain mainly around the issues of
health and sexual and reproductive rights, education, economic rights, women
empowerment and gender violence. The website contains updated news and key
resources together with a bulletin with key information on main data, challenges,
good practices, events and testimonies regarding the promotion of women‟s rights
and gender issues that can be accessed in English, French, Spanish and
Portuguese.
 http://www.oecd.org/document/27/0,3746,en_2649_34541_46582811_1_1_1_1,00.
html. Gender Equality Group of the Development Aid Committee (DAC). The DAC
Network on Gender Equality (GENDERNET) is an international forum where experts
from development co-operation agencies meet to define common approaches in
support of gender equality. You may find in the website information regarding the
work of the OCDE on gender, DAC guidelines on gender equality and also Aid
effectiveness and gender, meeting the MDGs, funding gender equality and,
women‟s economic empowerment among others.
 www.peacewomen.org/resources/resourcesindex.html - Women‟s International
League for Peace and Freedom have UN and grassroots resources arranged
according to country and theme, including also E-NEWS, advocacy tools, initiatives
and events and peace women voices.
 http://www.uneca.org/acgs/12areas/assessing_women_Legal_and_Human_Rights.
htm. African Centre on Gender and Development (ACGD) offers information
regarding the monitoring progress in the implementation of the Dakar and Beijing
Platforms for Action at sub-regional and national levels, and building capacity for
gender mainstreaming into sector-related policies at national and sub-regional
levels. ACGD has also developed tools for enhancing member state capacity in
monitoring and evaluation of internationally and nationally agreed women's
empowerment as well as gender equality objectives.
 www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/index. UN Division for the Advancement of Women.
The web page contains press releases, the Convention on the Elimination of all
Forms of Discrimination against Women, Commission of the Status of Women,

45. 45
country information and their compliance to the implementation of the Beijing
Platform.
 www.un.org/womenwatch - The United Nation‟s International Agency Network on
Women and Gender Equality, contains information and resources on gender
equality and empowerment of women.
 http://www.beta.undp.org/undp/en/home/ourwork/womenempowerment/overview.ht
ml. Gender at the United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Free documents
available for download, including guidelines, gender briefings, training kits and
resource books. Includes the quarterly review, Gender Beat, which describes
projects and activities worldwide.
 http://www.wide-network.org/index.jsp. Women in Development Europe (WIDE):
WIDE is the only network in Europe striving specifically for gender equality, women‟s
rights and social justice in development, trade and macroeconomic policies and
practices in the EU through lobby and advocacy, networking, research, and capacity
building. You may find reliable information about key news, position papers, and a
wide range of resources on the main relevant issues available mostly in English,
French and Spanish.
 www.womenwarpeace.org –have country profiles, issues briefs and checklists on
women, war, and peace.
 www.womenink.org - have timely and reliable information about the latest and best
women and development materials throughout the year.
 www.womenwagingpeace.net – (now The Initiative for Inclusive Security) the
website contains publications, policy documents and a search engine for searching
in the organization‟s bibliography on women, conflict and peace building.
Resources, maps and conflict backgrounds are also grouped by country and female
peace builders worldwide are introduced.
 www.worldbank.org/gender - The World Bank‟s Gender Net is a gateway to
resources, including statistics. Reports and practical examples of incorporation of
gender in various projects are also obtainable for download on this web page.

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Appendix 1: GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Please find below the main concepts related to the issues approached organized by
alphabetic order:
CITIZENSHIP: the state of a person‟s belonging to a political community, as based on
the principles of a legal, social and democratic State: such belonging confers social,
political and legal rights and obligations. The rights allow the citizen to participate in
the shaping of their society. Therefore, citizenship implies not only rights and
obligations but also interaction with and influence over the public authorities. In this
way, the exercise of citizenship is closely linked to the consolidation of democracy,
which supports the rights and obligations of each person to participate in the system.
Citizenship can also designate belonging to social groups or communities, by assuming
community obligations and functions, not only at the level of the institutions that
represent the public authority but also at a group or individual level.
CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS: Civil and political rights are, generally speaking,
such individual freedoms and rights as are recognized by the State and to which
it is committed to respect. These rights are often defined as „first generation‟ rights
within human rights, and include the freedom and right to freedom and personal
integrity, the right to a fair trial, the right to presumption of innocence, the right to
marriage and the right to participate in public life, They also include the prohibition of
torture or the infliction of any such cruel or inhuman treatment to persons, and the
prohibition of slavery and forced labour. These rights are recognized and
acknowledged at an international level under the Pact for Civil and Political Rights
adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 19667
.
CULTURAL RIGHTS: Cultural rights tend to go hand in hand with questions, which
affect identity, such as language, belonging to groups and even cultural heritage,
respecting the right to the defence of Human Rights and Gender Equality. The
International Pact for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognizes the rights of all
people to participate in a cultural life and to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and
its applications.
CULTURAL DIVERSITY: This concept goes far beyond the idea of tolerance to
positive and real value and respect for difference. It is one of the main drivers of
7
. See Section 2.
The term, ‘Global Citizen’ is relatively new and is used to describe individual men and
women from all around the world who come together in a global community at the level of a
social movement or international organization to fight together for some cause, to defend the
rights of all citizens, at a supra-national level. Global citizenship has to do with rights and
obligations but also with concepts of equality, justice and diversity.

47. 47
sustainable development for all the communities, peoples and nations, and is vital for
the full exercise of human rights and basic freedoms as proclaimed in the Universal
declaration of Human Rights.
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE: this consists of practices of participation and
collective action, which are not based on domination or violence but on negotiation and
consensus between the State and individual persons, together with the respect for the
ethical and moral principles of all citizens. The State has a direct responsibility in the
construction of citizenship and should ensure adequate conditions for the same at all
levels and in all areas of life, including the political, social, economic, cultural and
environmental aspects.
DEMOCRACY: Democracy is a political system based on a State of Law where the
civil, social, economic and political rights basic to active and participatory citizenship
are promoted and safeguarded. The equal rights and freedom of all individuals are
acknowledged and respected by the public authorities, together with the groups in
which these individuals actively participate, at the same time as the public authorities
are responsible for removing all obstacles or impediments to the citizen fulfilling her/his
role as such, by promoting the necessary conditions for full and effective participation
in the political, social and economic spheres of life, for all alike.
Cultural diversity creates a rich and varied world (…) it nurtures capacities and
human values and, therefore, constitutes one of the main drivers of sustainable
development for all communities, peoples and nations.
Convention for the Protection and Promotion of diversity of cultural expression
UNESCO 2005.
Governance is concerned with a broad range of subjects such as respect for human
rights and basic freedom, the process of starting up a democracy and the participation
of the citizens in said democratic process, a State of Law with full access to justice,
safeguarding of human life, access to information, management of migratory flows,
access to basic public services, efficiency and transparency in the State institutions,
the promotion of sustainable economic development and social cohesion. All levels of
governability be they local, national or international, are equally relevant.
Thus, the political system of representative democracy is characterized normally
by the following aspects:
 Independence of the legislative, executive, and legal powers.
 Existence of a civil society, independent of the State, which groups together
institutions, bodies and social agents that may express their opinions freely.
 Free and independent elections from political parties of different natures, by
vote, without discrimination whatsoever, including gender.
 Existence or independence of a public sphere through which to channel
citizens‟ views and debates.
.

48. 48
In a democratic system, social welfare, the elimination of social, cultural and economic
inequality and the fight against any kind of discrimination imply the full development of
citizens‟ rights.
EMPOWERMENT is a strategy and generalized proposal rooted in the Beijing
Conference, by means of which women assume total responsibility for control over
their own lives, both at individual and collective level:
- Reclaiming dignity and self esteem for themselves as individuals
- Creating their own agendas and social and economic policies
- Acknowledging their skills, abilities, rights and responsibilities
The process of empowerment is directed towards the individual and collective personal
growth to exercise human rights and to change the gendered power relationships that
limit the options of women and their autonomy. Empowerment is a mechanism
designed to reduce discrimination against women and the existing inequalities between
men and women in any patriarchal system.
FEMINISM is both a commitment and a political movement that seeks justice for
women and the end of sexism in all forms. It aims at defining, establishing, and
defending equal political, economic, social rights and equitable opportunities for women
in relation to men. Besides, seeks to understand the nature of gender inequality by
examining women's social roles and lived experience, developing theories in a variety
of disciplines in order to respond to issues such as the social construction of sex and
gender and its impact on women and men‟s lives.
GENDER: This refers to the meaning bestowed by any one society on the difference
between men and women. In most of the present-day societies, we are talking about
power relationships and the subordination of social constructs of the female and the
male sexes, which assign different tasks and roles onto men and women, in prejudice
of women. It is not to be confused with its meaning of „sex‟ which merely refers to the
biological characteristics of a human being and not to their social personae.
GENDER ANALYSIS: Gender analysis refers to the variety of approaches, and methods
used to assess and understand the differences in the lives of women and men, girls and
boys and the relationships between and amongst them including: their access and
control to and over the resources and opportunities, their activities, and the opportunities
and constraints they face relative to each other and the impact of gender discrimination
on the exercise of their human rights. It is a process that identifies the varied and
different roles and responsibilities that women, men, girls and boys have in the family, the
community, and in economic, legal, political, and social structures, their autonomy and
decision making possibilities and their personal growth development and opportunities to
define and accomplish their own goals in lifetime.
GENDER BUDGETING: It offers information through sex disaggregated data that allows
to determine the real value of resources managed or generated by women, the concrete
analysis of the expenditure and who are the beneficiary to identify if the resources are
spent towards supporting the most advantaged or disadvantaged groups, promoting

49. 49
gender equity and/or equality or perpetuating the gender gaps. Moreover, it shows all
available resources and cost benefits including care and domestic economy.
GENDER EMPOWERMENT: ability of both women and men to take control over their
lives, set their own agendas, gain skills, build self-confidence, solve problems and
develop self-reliance.
GENDER EQUALITY: Equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities for women and
men, together with equal participation in all spheres of public and private life. Gender
equality analyses inequalities when such exist as constructs in the society and looks at
the mechanisms required to modify the same via equal distribution of powers and
spaces for participation for men and women.
GENDER EQUITY8
: This refers to building justice into everything we do, into our ways
of treating men and women, according to their respective needs, their cultural
differences, ethnic, social and class variations or any other type of difference. Without
equality, there can be no equity or justice.
GENDER IDENTITY: this is the way in which people are perceived and perceive
themselves, as masculine or feminine, men or women, or under other transformational
gender identities. Gender identity is constructed by means of symbolic processes,
which in any given culture shape gender and represent historical constructs of the sex
and the sexes.
GENDER MAINSTREAMING: process of assessing the implications for women and
men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas
and at all levels. Strategy for making women's and men's concerns and experiences an
integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies
and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and
men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve
gender equality.
GENDER PERSPECTIVE: a working tool and a way of analyzing the variables of sex
and gender, thereby allowing for the identification of different roles and tasks carried
out by men and women in Society, in any project, in the workplace or whatever,
together with the dominant power structures and the inequalities which are established
and produced as a result. This helps us, moreover, to acknowledge the underlying
causes that provoke these inequalities and to create the mechanisms required to
eliminate them, since the problem, thus, is not restricted to men and women
themselves but to the social constructs of the patriarchal society, the dominance of
men over women and the exclusion of women from the public sphere. This is an
inclusive perspective, incorporating men and women the world over and of all social
conditions9
, in order to propose fair and equal relations.
GENDER RELATIONSHIPS: The economic, social and power relationships between
8
Estrategia Sectorial de Género en Desarrollo de la Cooperación Española, MAEC, 2007.
9
LAGARDE, M. (1997, Page 17).

50. 50
males and females including the comparison among their capacities, benefits,
opportunities, constraints to exercise their human rights and accomplish their personal
growth and goals.
GENDER ROLES: learned behaviours in a given society/community and include the
activities, tasks, behaviours and responsibilities assigned to males and females. The
assigning of gender roles is influenced by such factors as age, class, race, ethnicity
and religion.
GENDER-SENSITIVE INDICATORS: measure gender related changes in society
over time, point out how far and in what ways development programs and projects
have met their gender objectives. Their usefulness lies in their ability to point to
changes in the status and roles of women and men over time, and therefore to
measure whether gender equity is being achieved.
GENDER STEREOTYPES: the constant portrayal of women and men occupying roles
based on traditional concepts of masculinity and femininity. Very often, gender role
stereotyping reinforces the culture of gender inequality and legitimizes acts of
discrimination against individuals, especially women.
GENDER VIOLENCE: In 1993, the UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence
against Women offered the first official definition of gender-based violence:
Article 1: Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in,
physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such
acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or in
private life10
.
Article 2: of the Declaration states that the definition should encompass, but not be
limited to, acts of physical, sexual, and psychological violence in the family, community,
or perpetrated or condoned by the State, wherever it occurs. These acts include:
spousal battery; sexual abuse, including of female children; dowry-related violence;
rape, including marital rape; female genital mutilation/cutting and other traditional
practices harmful to women; non-spousal violence; sexual violence related to
exploitation; sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in school and elsewhere;
trafficking in women; and forced prostitution.
HUMAN RIGHTS: Human rights are the rights to such freedom and basic goods as
are merited by any person simply on the grounds that s/he is human and has the right
to the guarantee of a life lived with dignity. For human rights to be valid, they must
be applicable universally, without discrimination of social class, gender, religion, race,
age or nationality.
10
http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2005/english/ch7/.

51. 51
INVISIBLE BARRIERS: Attitudes, procedures and circumstances (as a result of the
sexist and gendered expectations, rules and traditional values) that restrict the
development of women and men in processes such as decision making and autonomy
and prevents them for fully participating in society (specially women). They can be
external or internal.
LEADERSHIP: Leadership is pursuing a vision through good communication, building
trust among potential allies, taking effective action to realize your own leadership
potential and the process of influencing the behaviour of other people toward group
goals in a way that fully respects their freedom.
MAINSTREAMING GENDER OR CROSS-CUTTING THEMES: this process consists
in including and evaluating the variable of gender in all social programs that we
plan, be it legislation, policies or programs, in all areas and at all levels.
It is an attempt to place gender upfront as one of the priorities on the political agendas
and that it should be written into all projects and policies at all levels and in all political,
social and economic spheres.
PARTICIPATION: suggests some degree of involvement in an activity or an organization.
However there are different levels of involvement, with some people being at the centre of
activity and decision-making whilst others may take more of a back seat, or passive role.
According to Arnstein Participation Ladder there are at least three levels of participation11
:
Level 1 of Participation suggests that people are in positions of influence, that they have a
say in decision-making and that their opinions are taken into account and acted upon.
11
Arnstein, S. 1971 “A ladder of citizen participation” in the USA Journal of the
Town Planning Institute, 54, 4.
The concept of Human Rights is previous to the declaration made by the United Nations
with respect to the same and yet this body had to be set up for human rights to be
acknowledged formally and to receive universal approval. The UN Charter is the basic
document with respect to human rights. The text is a description of the fundamental
rights of Humankind and the mechanisms and bodies designed to promote and protect
universal human rights governability be they local, national or international, are equally
relevant.
Why is it so important to Mainstream Gender?
 It opens the perspective for all people involved in producing policies
and plans to cover the different situation and needs of men and
women.
 It contributes towards greater sensitivity in the field of gender equality
of all the people involved in designing policies.
 It helps to produce information and to make analysis with respect to
situations, positions and resources of men and women in public policy
making.

52. 52
Level 2 of Participation suggests that people have some involvement in an organization, or
community, but other people make important decisions and inform members about new policies
or what action to take.
Level 3 of Participation is really non-participation because although people may be
members of an organization or community, they have no real say or influence in how it operates.
Members are expected to go along with decisions made by others and are powerless to make
changes themselves.
PEACE BUILDING: the concept includes the idea of preventing violent conflict and
crisis management as well as resolving conflicts and consolidating peace. It refers
therefore, to post-conflict reconstruction and to the normalization of social, political and
economic life in the territory affected by said violent conflict.
POLICIES OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES: these are the measures and instruments
used to fight against discrimination on the grounds of sex, race, religion, disability or
special needs, age or sexual bias. As far as equality of men and women is concerned,
equality should be guaranteed in all sectors, including employment, work and wages.
SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS: Sexual and reproductive rights include the
human right of women and men to have control over and decide freely and responsibly
on matters related to their sexuality. The exercise of these rights requires mutual
respect, consent and shared responsibility for sexual behaviour and its consequences.
Sexual and reproductive rights also include: the basic right of all couples and
individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children,
and to have the information, education and means to do so; the right to attain the
highest standard of sexual and reproductive health; and the right to make decisions
concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence12
.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS: These rights refer to the necessary conditions,
which allow for the full development of any individual and access to an adequate
standard of living. These rights are often called „second generation‟ rights and are more
difficult to apply since they depend on the available resources. They include, for
example, the right to work, to an education, to leisure and to an adequate standard of
living. These rights are recognized and acknowledged under the Pact for Social and
economic Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 196613
.
SOCIAL COHESION: a feeling of belonging and of welfare of the person in particular
and the community in general. Social cohesion implies the commitment of working
constantly towards the quality of life of the members of Society, by actively
eliminating obstacles and barriers to mutual understanding. To achieve social
cohesion, a set of activities are required, that are directed at incorporating
economically, ethnically, age or gender discriminated people into the policies and
activities of citizenship and its organization, in their own interests and in the general
interest, via the introduction of substantial improvements in the efficiency of the
management systems of public policies (education, health and employment).
12
http://www.womenslinkworldwide.org/prog_rr.html.
13
See Section 2.

53. 53
Appendix 2. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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2008, „Estrategia de Igualdad de Género de la Cooperación Española en Colombia‟,
AECID, Bogotá
http://www.aecid.es/en/aecid/
Arnstein, S., 1971, „A Ladder of Citizen Participation‟, the USA Journal of the Town
Planning Institute, 54, 4
2007, „Gender-Based Violence in Africa, Centre for Human Rights‟, University of
Pretoria
2007, „Alerta 2007 Informe sobre Conflictos, Derechos Humanos y Construcción de
Paz‟, Escola de Cultura de la Pau
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http://www.upnfm.edu.hn/bibliod/pgenero/tomo1.pdf
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Cuadernos Inacabados Nº 25, Editorial Horas y Horas, Madrid
Longwe, S., Clarke R., 1999, „Towards improved leadership for women
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Políticas para el Desarrollo, Madrid
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2007, „Estrategia de Cultura y Desarrollo de la Cooperación Española‟, MAEC-
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2007, „Estrategia de Género en Desarrollo de la Cooperación Española‟, MAEC-
SECI, Dirección General de Planificación y Evaluación de Políticas para el
Desarrollo, Madrid

54. 54
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2007, „Plan de Acción del Gobierno de España para la Aplicación de la Resolución
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df
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los Proyectos de la Cooperación Española‟, MAEC-AECI, Dirección General de
Planificación y Evaluación de Políticas para el Desarrollo, Madrid
http://www.bantaba.ehu.es/obs/files/view/AECI.pdf?revision_id=66203&package_id
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http://www.mpr.es/es/pagina/60/declaraciones-de-los-encuentros.html
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http://www.mpr.es/es/pagina/60/declaraciones-de-los-encuentros.html
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Expresiones Culturales‟, UNESCO, Paris
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001429/142919s.pdf

55. 55
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www.acsur.org