This document discusses various methods for separating mixtures, including physical separation techniques used in daily life and chemistry. It defines mixtures and the two types - homogeneous and heterogeneous. It then describes 14 different separation methods: hand picking, threshing, winnowing, sieving, magnetic attraction, sublimation, evaporation, crystallization, sedimentation and decantation, loading, filtration, distillation, centrifugation, and paper chromatography. For each method, it provides examples of how it separates mixtures and is used in applications like farming, distilling water, and separating solids from liquids.

1. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Maria Teresa Esperanza H. Badon
Naguilian National High School
Senior High School
Matter and Its
Properties

2. Content standards Learning competencies
1. the particulate
nature of matter
2. states of matter-
macroscopic and
microscopic view
1. recognize that substances
are made up of smaller
particles
2. describe and/or make a
representation of the
arrangement, relative spacing,
and relative motion of the
particles in each of the three
phases of matter
Matter and its properties

3. Chemistry: The study of the properties of matter
and the changes that matter undergoes.
Matter : Physical material of the universe
Anything that has mass and occupies space
Changes in Matter : Physical or Chemical
changes

4. Macroscopic vs. Microscopic
Macroscopic World : Realm of ordinary-sized
object. Things we can see with the naked eye.
(Sub)Microscopic World : Realm of
atoms and molecules
Carbon nanotube (10-9 m)

5. Chemistry is the science that
seeks to understand the
properties and behavior of matter
(macroscopic) by studying the
properties and behaviors of
atoms and molecules
(microscopic)

6. Matter

7. Anything occupying space and having
mass.
Matter exists in three states.
▪ Solid
▪ Liquid
▪ Gas

8. The Three States of Water

9. • Rigid
• Has a fixed volume and shape.
• Examples: Ice cube, diamond, iron bar
Solid

10. Crystalline Solids
• Some solids have their
particles arranged in
an orderly geometric
pattern─we call these
crystalline solids.
– salt
– diamonds
– sugar
10

11. Amorphous Solids
• Some solids have
their particles
randomly distributed
without any long-
range pattern─we call
these amorphous
solids.
– plastic
– glass
– charcoal
11

12. • Has a definite volume but no
specific shape.
• Assumes shape of container.
• Ex: Gasoline, water, alcohol, blood
Liquid

13. Liquid Water Takes the Shape of Its Container

14. • Has no fixed volume or shape.
• Takes the shape and volume of its
container.
• Ex: Air, helium, natural gas, oxygen
Gas

19. Formula of Common
Substances

20. Formula of Common
Substances

21. Formula of Common
Substances

22. Consumer Products: Components, Use,
Safety, Quality and Cost
The better way to look for the quality of consumer products is
to look at what it contains or what makes it up, its intended
use, safety, and cost are where the principles of chemistry will
come in and apply to various areas.
Consumers make comparisons to find the best product
(quality) or service at the best price (cost). If information about
a product is available, you have the responsibility to read that
information about its components and to use the product the
way it is intended.

23. Categories of Consumer Products
Food and Nutrition → a knowledge of the composition of the
major classes of foods like carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
minerals and vitamins are needed in the selection of foods for
particular health conditions of individual.
Detergents and Soaps →Common chemicals used in soap
industries are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lauric
acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, etc. Knowing the ingredients will
give us the knowledge to choose what is safe and suited to our
cleaning needs.

24. Categories of Consumer Products
Medicine and Drugs →These are made of chemicals that are
produced in pharmaceutical industries. The knowledge of
chemistry is vital for pharmacists and doctors.
Raw materials →These are materials or substances used in the
primary production or manufacturing of goods such as in the
textile industry, wool, silk, jute, cotton, flax, glass fiber,
polyester, acrylic, nylon, etc. are being used to produce
different kinds fabric.

25. Categories of Consumer Products
Building Materials →Chemistry governs the performance of
buildings. Building materials play a significant role in
improving the performance of buildings.
Paper and Pulp Industry →Over the last few decades, paper
and pulp industries are responsible for negative impacts on the
environment. Paper and pulp industries are facing grave
challenges to meet environmental norms.

26. Categories of Consumer Products
Fuel Industry →Petrol, diesel, LPG, CNG, kerosene, oils,
hydrogen and the like are all fuel produced from complex
refining processes. Today’s transportation (land, water, and air)
is possible because of these fuels. These fuels are extracted
from crude oil found beneath the earth or oceans.
Batteries → Batteries work based on the principle of
electrochemistry. The energy inside a battery is stored in the
form of chemical energy, which converts into electric energy by
electrochemical reaction.

27. Categories of Consumer Products
Environmental Chemistry → the central subject in the study of
environmental conservation. All those pollutants and
greenhouse gases nothing but hazardous chemicals. All these
interactions of pollutant with the environment are chemical
reactions. Hence, chemistry is vital to alleviate the
environment and ourselves from these poisons.
Forensic Chemistry →has made the jobs of police officers a lot
easier. Forensic helps to identify criminals by detecting
chemical evidence left behind crime scenes, identifying
dangerous drugs, and performing DNA tests.

28. D
0
Methods of Separating
Mixtures
Chemical Separation Techniques
(MELC 4 Week 1 General
Chemistry 1)

29. ❖Separation of Mixtures
❑Identify the different ways of separating mixtures.
❑Determine how the different ways are used to
separate mixtures.
❑Identify the ways in which Hand Picking, Threshing,
Winnowing, Sieving, Magnetic Attraction, Sublimation,
Evaporation, Crystallization, Sedimentation and
decantation, Loading, Filtration, Distillation,
Centrifugation, and Paper Chromatography can be
used in daily life.

30. A Mixture….
oconsists of two or more different substances
that are mixed but not chemically combined.
oThey do not have well-defined specific properties.
ocan be separated into its components by physical
means.

31. Rock-mixture of different
kinds of rocks
Sandwich- mixture
Of bread, meat, tomato
❖Examples of Mixtures
Soda- mixture of
sugar and water

32. ❖2 Types of Mixtures
The prefix: “hetero” indicates
different.
A heterogeneous mixture is
that which does not have the
same composition throughout,
that is, its components are not
uniformly distributed and can
be distinguished from each
other.

33. oExamples:
•Concrete
•Beach sand is heterogeneous since
you can see different colored
particles
•Vinegar and oil salad dressing is
heterogeneous since two
liquid layers are present, as
well as solids.

34. The prefixes: “homo”
indicate sameness.
A homogeneous mixture is
that which has the same
composition throughout, that is,
its components are uniformly
distributed and cannot be
distinguished from each other.

35. oExamples:
•Corn oil
•White vinegar
•A sugar solution
•A salt solution

36. What are the different ways of separating mixtures?
▪ Hand Picking
▪ Threshing
▪ Winnowing
▪ Sieving
▪ Magnetic Attraction
▪ Sublimation
▪ Evaporation
▪ Crystallization
▪ Sedimentation & Decantation
▪ Loading
▪ Filtration
▪ Distillation
▪ Centrifugation
▪ Paper Chromatography

37. ❖Hand Picking

38. ➢The components of a solid-solid mixture can be
separated by hand picking.
➢This is only useful when the particles are large
enough to be seen clearly.
For example
• Separating pebbles from rice or dal,
• Separating grass from mint leaves, and
• Separating parts of a salad.

39. ❖Threshing

40. ➢Threshing is the method that is generally used by the
farmers to separate the grains from the stalks after
harvesting.
➢The dried stalks are beaten or threshed to separate
the grains.
➢However, in large farms threshing is done by using
threshing machines.

41. ❖Winnowing

42. ➢In Winnowing the mixture is allowed to fall from a
height.
➢The lighter components get separated from the
heavier ones because of wind or air blow.
➢This method is used to separate lighter husk
from heavier Grains like wheat.

43. ❖Sifting or Sieving
Sieving is used to separate a
dry mixture that contains
substances of different sizes
by passing it through a sieve.

44. ➢A sieve is a device containing tiny holes that
separates wanted elements from unwanted material.

45. ❖Magnetic Attraction or Magnetism
Magnetism is a process
in which magnetically
susceptible material is
extracted from a mixture
using a magnetic force.

46. Sublimation
The process in which a solid
changes directly into the
gaseous state on heating is
called sublimation.

47. oExample
Iodine and ammonium chloride
➢On heating, they do not melt.
➢Iodine changes into a beautiful violet vapor while
ammonium chloride changes into a white vapor.
➢They change back into solid crystals on cooling.

48. ❖Evaporation
Evaporation is a process in which a liquid changes into
gaseous form on heating. Allowing the liquid to evaporate,
leaving the soluble solid behind.

49. Crystallization is a process that separates a pure solid in
the form of its crystals from a saturated solution.
Crystallization

50. ❖Sedimentation and Decantation
Sedimentation is the process by which the insoluble, heavy
solid particles settle down on their own in a solution. In
order to separate the two, the liquid has to be gently poured
into another container without disturbing the sediments.

51. This process of obtaining clear liquid by pouring a
solution from a container in order to leave the sediments
in the bottom of the original container is called
decantation.

52. ❖Loading
Loading is a process that speeds up the sedimentation. In
fact, loading is a faster process as compared to
sedimentation.

53. ❖Filtration

54. Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical
operation that is used for the separation of solids from
fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through
which only the fluid can pass.
example:
Using a coffee filter to separate the
coffee flavor from the coffee beans.

55. Distillation is the process by
which a mixture is separated by
heating a solution and
condensing using a cooling tube.
The liquid collected is the
distillate.
❖Distillation

56. “It is the process whereby distilled water is produced
and accessible in the market”
“Rainwater is a product of distillation” “Some
medicine that has fish oil ingredients passes
through double distillation”.
Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, and lubricating oil are
produced from petroleum by distillation.

57. The solution is boiled
and the steam is
driven off.

58. Salt remains after all
water is boiled off.

59. No chemical change occurs when salt water is distilled.
Saltwater solution
(homogeneous mixture) Pure water

60. No chemical change occurs when salt water is distilled.
Saltwater solution
(homogeneous mixture)
Pure water

61. Separation of undissolved solid from liquids

62. Centrifugation
• Spin sample very rapidly: denser
materials go to the bottom (outside)
• Separate blood into serum and
plasma
-Plasma = less dense
-Erythrocytes = red blood cells
•Check for anemia (lack of
iron)

63. ❖Paper Chromatography
Paper Chromatography is used to separate out one color
from a mixture of colors.

64. Separation by Chromatography

66. example:
Using chromatography paper to separate ink into its
original components

67. We can summarize the description
of matter in the diagram shown in
Figure 3.10. A given sample of
matter can be a pure substance
(either an element or a compound)
or, more commonly, a mixture
(homogeneous or heterogeneous).
We have seen that all matter
exists as elements or can be
broken down into elements, the
most fundamental substances.