1. THE GLOBALIZATION OF KALINGA ETHNIC
GROUP UNDER THE 21ST CENTURY
GEC3
GROUP MEMBERS:
AVELINO
DIEGO
GERONGA
PANDAAN
PRUDENTE
VALENZUELA
2. INTRODUCTION
To understand how significant is the effect of globalization to Igorot people
primarily the Kalinga Ethnicity
To identify the effects of globalization on the Kalinga people’s vernacular
lives
To weigh the changes in foreign interaction inside and outside of the
community
OBJECTIVE
5. BACKGROUND
What is
Globalization
?
According to GCSP (2006), “Globalization is a process
that encompasses the causes, course, and
consequences of transnational and transcultural
integration of human and non-human activities.” At the
same time, the effects of Globalization do not just
transcend countries but also change the minor groups
specifically the ethnic groups that inhabit vernacular
practices and cultural identities of their community.
8. BACKGROUND
It is a culture where your skin
signaled your social position to the
surrounding community; the
Kalinga people lived modest but
passionate lives amidst the
gorgeous mountains (Bramhall,
2016).
Who are the
Kalinga
people?
13. BACKGROUND
MAIN OBJECTIVE
The Globalization
of Kalinga ethnic
group in the 21st
century
What are the effects of
globalization in kalinga
people in terms of
• Cultural heritage
• Beliefs
14. BACKGROUND
MAIN OBJECTIVE
The Globalization
of Kalinga ethnic
group in the 21st
century
What are the effects of
globalization in kalinga
people in terms of
• Cultural heritage
• Beliefs
• Behavior of the
community
15. BACKGROUND
MAIN OBJECTIVE
The Globalization
of Kalinga ethnic
group in the 21st
century
What are the effects of
globalization in kalinga
people in terms of
• Cultural heritage
• Beliefs
• Behavior of the
community
How does foreign
interaction affect the
contemporary social
experience of the
Kalinga people
concerning its pros
and cons?
22. WHAT IS BATEK (BATOK) AND HOW
DOES GLOBALIZATION AFFECT ITS
CULTURAL IDENTITY?
23. As stated by Salvarod-Amores (2002), the
groups found in Northern Luzon have different
words for Batok as batek (Kalinga), fatek (Bontoc),
and fatak (Benguet) which are all derived from the
sound of tapping of a stick on the tattoo instrument
that pierces the skin.
WHAT IS BATEK (BATOK)
“the awarded ‘Gawad sa Manlilikha ng
Bayan’ named Apo Wang-Od Uggay who is the
oldest and the last ‘mambabatok’ in the Philippines”
(Barnes,2019)
24. AND HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION
AFFECT ITS CULTURAL IDENTITY?
Heath (2019) stated that Whang-od’s chosen
apprentices constituted only women which
breaks the patrimonial tradition of Kalinga
History.
Kips (2010) stated the youngsters have different
ways and that most are studying outside the
village wherein they come to interact with
people who have different backgrounds.
25. AND HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION
AFFECT ITS CULTURAL IDENTITY?
Due to foreign interaction and migration of
Kalinga people outside of their community, the
tattoo ‘is not a beauty anymore’ said Kanu in
interview (Kips, 2010).
Additionally, as stated by the interviewee in the
article ‘Kalinga Ethnic Identity Awareness’ by
Dr. Guidange (2019) of Kalinga State
University, the relocation of the White Carabao
is not a historical landmark but it is a cultural
landmark of the Kalinga people.
28. The Kalinga believes in a Supreme Being, Kabunyan,
the creator and giver of life, who once lived amongst
them. They also believe in numerous spirits and
deities.
Forced resettlement associated with the construction of
establishments for economic purposes and road widening projects
displaces and destabilizes communities and most of all destroy the
cultural heritage of the community (www.culturalsurvival.com).
HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION AFFECT THE BELIEFS
OF THE KALINGA ETHNIC PEOPLE?
29. According to the 2000 census (Encyclopedia.com)
HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION AFFECT THE BELIEFS
OF THE KALINGA ETHNIC PEOPLE?
Indigenous
Religion
18%
Christianity
67%
Evangelical
9%
Iglesia ni Cristo
3%
Jehova's
Witness
2%
Aglipayan
1%
Indigenous Religion Christianity
Evangelical Iglesia ni Cristo
Jehova's Witness Aglipayan
30. As expressed by Bramhall D. (2016)
“Although tribal wars and blood feuds still
exist, they are less common. Headhunting has
been replaced with firearms and Animist rituals
with Christian worship, so there is less and less
call for the traditional tattooing traits.”
HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION AFFECT THE BELIEFS
OF THE KALINGA ETHNIC PEOPLE?
32. As with most cultural practices, globalization associated with
time can change people’s perception of traditions and can
probably result in prejudice.
In the interview conducted by Bramhall D. (2016) the
interviewee said, “When I left my village, I was ashamed of
my tattoos. My daughter married an American soldier, so
when my husband died, I moved to New York with them. It
was there I realized that tattoos were often associated with
criminals. I felt embarrassed and tried to cover them up. But
later people would ask me more and more about my culture,
and they wanted to see my tattoos. I felt proud to be a
Kalinga woman.” (Lasoy, personal interview, 2016).
HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION AFFECT THE
BEHAVIOR OF THE KALINGA ETHNIC PEOPLE?
33. Their ‘Tribal Conflicts’ regarded them as savage.
These events intensified the pessimistic perceptions of
other people about the Kalingas, hence would push
for some of the Kalingas to deny their identity outside
the province to avoid criticism, discrimination, and
intimidation.
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272774222
_Integration_of_Kalinga_Indigenous_Law_in_the_Im
plementation_of_Modern_Criminal_Law_in_Tabuk_
City)
HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION AFFECT THE
BEHAVIOR OF THE KALINGA ETHNIC PEOPLE?
34. HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION AFFECT THE
BEHAVIOR OF THE KALINGA ETHNIC PEOPLE?
As Ryan M. (2010) explains: “Ethnicity is also one of the
languages with which we think about the world. And like so
much of the information that circulates in the media and everyday
discourse (rumor, gossip, small talk, etc.), ethnic information is a
mix of truth and inaccurate or incomplete representation. Indeed,
the danger culture poses for the issue of ethnicity is that cultural
representations exist on a spectrum from the objective and factual
on the one end to the fictive and conjectural on the other. With
cultural representation, we make fictions, but we use the same
tools to make truths about the world, and the two often blend and
mix in ways that can be harmful.” (p.73)
35. HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION AFFECT THE
BEHAVIOR OF THE KALINGA ETHNIC PEOPLE?
Despite that, social media and the local media as much
as the international media has featured and recognized
the culture of Kalinga these recent years
Other significant reasons to be proud of as people of Kalinga: the
natural tourist attractions like the one astounding sight in Tinglayan,
the Sleeping Beauty Mountain also known as Mt. Patukan. It is a
mountain ridge located between the municipalities of Tanudan and
Tinglayan. It is called such because it resembles a sleeping woman
lying on its back; the rich culture of the province and many more (Dr.
Guidangen, 2019).
37. The following data you will see and learn here are screenshots of the case
study taken from (Kalinga Mission for Indigenous Children and Youth
Development, Inc. (KAMICYDI) – Equator Initiative, 2022)
38. A PEOPLE AND WAY OF LIFE
UNDER THREAT in response to
The Chico River Dam Project was a notable
case, in which an electric power generation
project threatened the Kalinga peoples’ ancestral
domain. The Batong Buhay Gold Mines, under
the control of the Philippines government from
1979, also had significant harmful environmental
impacts. Local slash-and-burn agricultural
practices had further contributed to the loss of
forest cover and watershed degradation
39. The following data you will see and learn here are screenshots of the case
study taken from (Kalinga Mission for Indigenous Children and Youth
Development, Inc. (KAMICYDI) – Equator Initiative, 2022)
40. Pinagwa
system
KEY ACTIVITIES AND INNOVATIONS OF KAMICYDI
- is an indigenous means of
securing watershed
management, where families
own, maintain, manage,
protect and preserve the
agro-forest systems within
the watershed.
41. ARA system
KEY ACTIVITIES AND INNOVATIONS OF KAMICYDI
- Indigenous Communal Irrigation
Systems (ICIS) are indigenous
irrigation systems that connect
watersheds to rice fields. The
purpose of these systems is to
irrigate rice fields sustainably.
42.
43. BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS
In 1990, for instance, one-third of
the area’s forest cover had been
destroyed due to forest fires and
the practice of kaingin, a Tagalog
phrase roughly equating to shifting,
slash-and-burn cultivation; it has
led to substantial habitat loss.
Thanks to the various components of the SIPAT
approach, the mountain biodiversity of Kalinga
District has substantially recovered from its degraded
state
44. POLICY IMPACTS
The main policy successes of the
Kalinga Mission for Indigenous
Communities and Youth Development,
Inc. have been in resisting projects that
would have resulted in the destruction
of the Cordillera’s biological diversity or
Kalinga’s cultural heritage.
45. SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
KAMICYDI’s integrated vegetable and fishing
activities have seen 153 hectares of rice fields
rehabilitated, and a further 72 hectares of
fields newly constructed, allowing families to
diversify sources income through rearing fish
and growing vegetables.
KAMICYDI’s Microfinance Programme for
Indigenous Women Entrepreneurs
(MPIWE) has helped to underpin the
sustainability of the initiative’s work by
supporting indigenous women’s groups to
develop weaving and organic household
farming enterprises.
46.
47. The sustained success of KAMICYDI’s work owes much to their
capacity-building work with Kalinga communities, which has
incorporated financial and organizational management training
as well as instruction in sustainable agricultural techniques.
48. SUMMARY
By thoroughly discussing the effect of
globalization on the Kalinga Ethnic Group’s
identity, we have learned that there are
reasons which cause the declining beauty of
their vernacular ethnicity but still, positive
reactions are present as a progressive world
helps the Kalinga people to cope with the
contemporary changes of globalization.
49. References
Al-Rodhan, D. N. (June 19, 2006). Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a
Proposed Definition. Program on the Geopolitical Implications of Globalization and
Transnational Security.
Calimag, J. P. (June 2016). THE MIGRANTS OF KALINGA: FOCUS ON THEIR LIFE AND
EXPERIENCES. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social
Sciences, 5(6).
Chac-Ip, R. O. (December 2016). INCORPORATION OF ISUMACHER INDIGENOUS SONGS IN ESP
SUBJECT: A PRESERVATION OF THE KALINGA CULTURAL VALUES. International
Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences.
GUIDANGEN, D. J. (2019, July). KALINGA ETHNIC IDENTITY AWARENESS. IJRDO - Journal of
Social Science and Humanities Research, 4(7).
Kips, T. (2010, November). The Globalization of Kalinga Tattoos.
Salvador-Amores, A. I. (January-June 2002). Batek: Traditional Tattoos and Identities in Contemporary
Kalinga, North Luzon Philippines. Humanities Diliman, 3(1), 105-142.
United Nations Development Programme. 2012. Kalinga Mission for Indigenous Children and Youth
Development, Inc. (KAMICYDI), Philippines Equator Initiative Case Study Series. New York, NY.
My Modern Met. 2022. 102-Year-Old Tattooist Is Keeping an Ancient Philippine Tattoo Tradition Alive.
[online] Available at: <https://mymodernmet.com/whang-od-tattoo-artist/> [Accessed 30 April 2022].
2022. [online] Available at: <https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/138427-kalinga-culture-tribal-
traditions-tatoos/> [Accessed 30 April 2022].
Gonzalez, M. and Gonzalez, M., 2022. Dancing with the Kalinga: Homage to a Brave Past — Positively
Filipino | Online Magazine for Filipinos in the Diaspora. [online] Positively Filipino | Online Magazine for
Filipinos in the Diaspora. Available at: <http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/dancing-with-the-
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