The Influence Of Hiking On American Culture

The Influence Of Hiking On American Culture
Edward Alley once said, "Wilderness is not a luxury but a necessity of the human spirit, and as vital
to our lives as water and good bread." It wasn't until the 20th century did people realize the
importance of hiking. My name is Karina Licon and hiking became a part of my culture when I was
16 years old. Today I would like to share with you all, my hiking backpack. This dirty green
backpack has been through more than 200 hikes in more than 50 parks, it has fallen down numerous
hills, and has been attacked my ants and even the Red Island Foxes. Through my experience with
my internship in the Santa Monica Mountains, I have gained knowledge on the origin and history of
hiking, cultural significance on American culture, and the personal effects
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Case Study: Aboriginal And Culturally Responsive...
As an immigrant to Australia, Aboriginal and Culturally Responsive Pedagogies unit helped me in
connecting to the non–westernized Aboriginal culture of Australia. As an Australian teacher, I will
have Aboriginal students in my class, and thus it requires me to have an authentic understanding of
Australian history and Aboriginal culture. The first most learning from this unit was that Elders of
local Aboriginal community undertakes 'Welcome to Country' ceremony and 'Acknowledgement of
Country' can be carried out by anyone to show respect to the Aboriginal culture and heritage
(Guidelines and Protocols of NSW Public schools). Aboriginal and Culturally Responsive
Pedagogies unit further provided me with the knowledge of 'Stolen Generations' ... Show more
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DiAngelo (2011) states that unequal distribution of resources or opportunities is a disadvantage to
the unprivileged group only. So in education, if Aboriginal students do not get the same
opportunities of education as non–Aboriginal students, then in future there will be more
unemployment and low standard of living of Aboriginal Peoples. DiAngelo (2011) further supports
individualism against universalism. Individualism states that everyone is an individual with different
needs whereas Universalism believes that everyone is the same. Definitely, in Aboriginal students
education, teaching methodologies that are one size for all students will not bring equality.
Individualism demands that teaching Aboriginal students to require meeting their specific
requirements which may be very different from non– Aboriginal students because Aboriginal
students'' life experiences and realities are different than that of non–Aboriginal

Wireless Hill Business Case
Wireless Hill Project Preparing for the 2012 Centenary Celebration and Realising Vision 2020
Business Case (FINAL) July 2011 Business Case Summary Project Title Wireless Hill Project –
Preparing for the 2012 Centenary Celebration and Realising Vision 2020 Strategic program See 4.4
Strategic Impact for the link to the City of Melville Strategic Plan Realise the Wireless Hill Vision
2020 Concise Scope Interpretation plan, concept plan, detailed design, approvals, staged
implementation and construction of concept works at Wireless Hill Reserve. Museum plan, museum
de–accessioning, preparing museum space & developing the Wireless Hill Museum internal area
into a new multi–use museum exhibition and learning space. ... Show more content on
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19 6.1 Strategic Risks ....................................................................................................... 19 6.2
Project Risks .......................................................................................................... 20 Stakeholder &
Communications Management ..................................................................... 21 7.1 Stakeholder
Assessment ....................................................................................... 21 7.2 Stakeholder Importance
and Influence................................................................... 24 7.3 Community Consultation and Key
Stakeholder Information.................................... 25 7.4 Key Messages
....................................................................................................... 25 7.5 Required
Approvals................................................................................................ 25 7.6 Organisational Impact
............................................................................................ 25 Project
Schedule.................................................................................................................. 26 8.1 Overall
Project Schedule........................................................................................ 26 8.2 Staging of Works
................................................................................................... 26 Project Organisation

Howard's Utopia Essay
The notion of "Garden City", famously explored by Ebenezer Howard was a solution intended to
bring together the economic and cultural advantages of both city and country living. He sees it as an
alternative to the congested urban areas in England. Canberra –the capital city of Australia differs
from the garden city proper, a city that is perhaps not what Howard wished garden city to be.
Nonetheless Canberra is a city that incorporates many of the garden city principles and in this essay
I will argue that Canberra indeed is a garden city, as Canberra is build on central garden city
concepts such as public ownership of land, limited growth and population in the city and a balance
between town and country. Whilst Canberra may not be a true ... Show more content on
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However, this system did not benefits citizens in any collective ways and is gradually been
abolished (Czamanski and Benchetrit 2004). Howard's vision of social reform achieved through
community ownership of land never materialised. While Canberra was deeply touched by his idea,
yet the direct economic impact is some what minimal.
Garden city was subject to limited growth and limited population. Howard (1965) anticipated that
the garden city would have a population of 30,000–32,000 in the town and other 2,000 in the
agricultural lands. When the city reaches its limits, it would replicate itself in a new community
separated by a greenbelt yet connected by railways. The published sketch in figure 1 suggests the
garden city to be circular, though Howard (1965) conceded that the shape was suggestive. Canberra
was not expected to be a large city. Still, Griffin planned the city for 45,000, this was reached by
1960. By 1965 it was 78,000 and in 2004 the population was around 330,000. The population is
anticipated to grow to 500,000 in the next 25 years. (Firth n.d) This does not show any indication of
limited population that Howard wants in the garden city. Nevertheless, the National Capital
Development Commission (1984) did took the ideas of Howard's garden city growth concept refined
it and developed the Y–Plan as a strategy to cope with Canberra's long–term

General Attitudes Towards Aboriginal Tourism Experiences
 Age: 21–45 Year old
 Place of birth:
Thailand
 Disability:
N/A
 education:
Diploma in business
 first language:
Thai
 gender:
Female
 household income:
$100,000 per year
 indigenous Australian:
N/A
 languages spoken at home: Thai
 marital status: Single
 nationality: Thai
 number and age of children: N/A
 occupation: Served in restaurant
 General attitudes towards Aboriginal tourism experiences:
 An analysis of Aboriginal tourism experiences that most appeal to domestic consumers.
Authentic personal experiences:
– Walkabout Cultural Adventures
The Daintree Rainforest, sensual fun with spectacular views and equipped with wildlife. Imagine
throwing spears and imagine the taste of the Bush Tucker. Using the words ... Show more content on
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Most of the mangroves and has been fishing since the Battle of the house in this area are rich and
varied. Mangrove and beach shores of Lough Neagh are in contact with the other side. From the
substitution conversion over time. And the tide As a result, we are observing the behavior of wild
animals and plants around them. And continuing to bring food and medicine to.
– Social interactions:
We support each other within the community and the lives of our own group – creating a positive
future growth and prosperity.
The farm has made food like Pat Mamanyjun Torres from the West, Kimberly and Max and Ruth

Emery from Rainbow Valley, NT Foundation Spirit Outback know how. Better But they need your
help. Donate these things to change the way of life of indigenous Australians.
Contributing to the availability of future development of the firm 's permanent ethical food
production. Thousands of acres of Australia Total of non–agricultural land with local knowledge
could become a land of unique Australian products. Who are the indigenous people of Australia are
searching for ways to stop the continuing education of lower standards and health, high rates of
unemployment and dependency on passive welfare. With the knowledge of wild plants from
Australia 's unlike anyone else. All people in the world are looking for some chemistry and some
gluten–free or natural vitamin is an antioxidant–rich diet. The substance

Cultural Plunge Analysis
Growing up in a diverse environment with different culture is not simple. It takes a person to learn
about the survival of other people and their settings as a whole. Plunges stand for education that
involves the application of practice, which makes to gain interests at the same time build their
confident by encountering ideas that are challenging. This in turn plays a significant role of
rewarding the students by instilling an element of understanding in them and appreciating others the
way they are. When teachers familiarize themselves with other people's culture, they create self–
awareness and the potential in handling a wide variety of educational approaches thus; it assists to
sensitize both teachers and students in facing the cultural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Educators can open up opportunities for change and improvement (Woodrow, 2001). ECEC services
need to embed interests of children and families from culturally diverse backgrounds and building
relationship of trust and understanding with parents and corers. By doing this they can make positive
difference to children's mental health and wellbeing. Educators can also support children and
families from diverse backgrounds by promoting understandings of and mutual respect for diversity.
Children benefit when service do this because it creates inclusive environment where everyone can
participate and feel connected (ECA, 2009). A strong sense of belonging helps children understand
and appreciate differences in themselves and others, which ultimately benefits their mental health
and wellbeing (DEEWR, 2009). This means that as an educator, I need to 'think about my own
values, beliefs and attitudes related to diversity and differences and acknowledge and address any
bias that we may hold. As well as critically examining our own assumptions, 'cultural competence'
requires us to take a strong approach to countering racism and bias when we encounter it (Miller,
2013). This is a long way from 'live and let live' attitude. It involves

Historical Conflict Over Israel : Historical Conflict Over...
Historical Conflict over Israel It started May 15th, 1948 when Israeli–Palestinian conflict began.
The Israelis think that they own a land called Israel and the Palestinians think they own a land called
Palestine. The Palestinians are also considered as Arabs. However according to (Historyguy, 2017),
it seems that both sides claim the same land but they each call it a different name. What exactly is
Palestine? Palestine is an Eastern Mediterranean area that contains several parts of latter–day Israel
as well as Palestinian region of the Gaza strip (along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea) and West
bank (precinct of Jordan River) , (Albright ,2017). What is Israel? Israel is a Middle Eastern country
on the Mediterranean Sea. However, it is regarded by the Jews, Christians and Muslims also known
as the biblical Holy Land. "Israelis and Arabs have been fighting over Gaza on and off, for decades.
It's part of the wider Arab Israeli conflict." Says (BBC, 2015). During the Holocaust and World War
II, there were six million Jewish people that were killed. So then after that more and more Jewish
people wanted their own country. Eventually the Jews was given a prodigious amount of the
Palestine. The Arabs did not think it was fair. The Arabs whom already lived there and the
neighboring countries did not think it was fair. Nevertheless, the Arabs and neighboring countries
did not accept the new country, (BBC, 2015). So basically the conflict began when the Jews were
given a large

Analysis Of Symbols Affecting Australia's Culture
Many Australians pride themselves on our quirky animals or the unusual aspects of our culture, or
even our country's relatively stable financial situation compared to most other countries. However,
many Australians fail to see how Australia is sacrificing this natural beauty, internationally
recognisable icons and unique culture, all for the sake and profits of development. These images
reflect on the vulnerability of Australia's culture, icons and healthy ecosystems and challenge the
tourism/'perfect Australia' stereotype that makes Australia seem ecologically, economically and
socially stable. Three aesthetic features that demonstrate this are colour, positioning and symbols.
The need for a national shift in economical power and an intuitive ... Show more content on
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The positioning of the subjects in image 1 and image 3 in relation to their environment is a
quintessential example of how Australia is sacrificing its natural beauty and icons. Image 3 shows
two kangaroos, another internationally recognisable icon, positioned in their natural environment
which is a healthy and thriving Australian bush. This image is affiliated with a typical Australian
ecosystem and means that in this area, Australian flora and fauna are thriving. Image 1 also shows
an Australian icon in it's natural environment, but the environment in this image has been destroyed
by humans. This means that in this particular area the flora and fauna are not thriving due to the
negative effects of human intervention. These images clearly demonstrate how Australia is
sacrificing its natural beauty and internationally recognisable icons for the sake of development and
profits, because together they discern the effects of deforestation and provide a before and after
point of

Australian Identity
Australia is a young, modern country made up of a diverse and multicultural population, therefore,
it's difficult to say that it has a single national identity. This essay will examine what Australia's
identity may look like, specifically, through art.
Australia has only been here for little over 200 years whereas other countries have a lot of history
with solid identities. Australian art is an important factor that helps to create its identity because its
artists are passionate about the unique aspects and symbols of Australia and they incorporate them
into their works to really show what they think Australia is.
Australian Impressionism is a good place to start to reflect on the early influences in Australian art.
In the late 19th and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ned Kelly is considered to be a folk hero and is remembered as one of Australia's most significant
people because he stood up to corrupt police officers, unfair laws and biased government. Kelly is
immortalized in Sidney Nolan's 'Ned Kelly' collection of 27 paintings that re–count his daring
exploits with the law. Nolan was sympathetic to this story as he, himself, was a fugitive from the
law and, using various Australian landscape scenes as a backdrop, transcended his own conflict onto
the canvas to make the series a success. Sidney Nolan, Glenrowan, 1946 Sidney Nolan, Ned Kelly,
1946
The land has a lot to do with Australia, the way that its identity may have developed might be
through its isolation and our slow understanding and respect for it. Landscape pieces by other artists
at this time depict the land in a much different light than Nolan. Lawson's 'The Drover's Wife' has a
woman dressed in dull clothing, standing alone, highlighting her isolation in the Australian outback.
Whereas Preston's abstract landscape 'Flying Over The Shoalhaven River' depicts the land to be an
inviting and welcoming place. Henry Lawson, The Drover's Wife, 1945 Margaret Preston, Flying
Over The Shoalhaven River,

Aboriginal Tourism Essay
 Age: 21–45 Year old
 Place of birth: locally and overseas born Australian
 Disability: N/A
 education: Min. Diploma level
 first language: English, Thai, Vietnamese, Polish, Hindu, French, German, etc
 gender: both female and male
 household income: No more than $100,000 per year
 indigenous Australian: N/A
 languages spoken at home: English, Thai, Vietnamese, Polish, Hindu, French, German, Chinese,
etc
 marital status: Single, married, divorced, separated, de facto
 nationality: Australia, France, German, Italy, Poland, India, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam, China,
etc
 number and age of children: 0–4
 occupation: Students, officials, teachers, workers
 General attitudes towards Aboriginal tourism experiences: local tourists want to explore their
local tour spots first before they travel overseas. They have grown up hearing about the local famous
tourists spots, but due to work schedule and family life, they have not found the time to travel
locally, they would like to know more about the local touring spots when they are young and fit.
 An analysis of Aboriginal tourism experiences that most appeal to domestic consumers.
Authentic personal experiences:
– Walkabout Cultural Adventures
The Daintree Rainforest, sensual fun with spectacular views and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the same way, by land and sea as part of the Aboriginal and Islander Torres Strait way of life and
culture, family and kinship relations are the basis of Aboriginal and Islander bouquet. The narrow
social Torres People who have been able to revive this tradition, social system and the pension and
the difference they can make them to renew their ancestral links. Such as child care can be shared
between parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles and everyone teaches standards of behaviour. By this
development, the idea of extended family support to children as part of the family and

Different Theories And Models Of Care Used At The Atherton...
Rural and remote Australia refers to those areas outside of major cities and are made up of many
diverse towns including pastoral, farming, mining, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
communities. The Atherton Tablelands, a highland region of northern Australia near Cairns, is
classified as a rural and remote area. This essay will provide a profile on Atherton including the
demographical, geographical, environmental, and cultural features as well as how these factors
impact on the health of individuals within the community. It will all discuss the various theories and
models of care used at the Atherton Hospital, the role of the registered nurse and the
multidisciplinary team. The specific knowledge and clinical skills required for registered nurses will
also be outlined, as well as examples of how these skills could be demonstrated.
Atherton is a town located within the Tablelands Region in Far North Queensland, 90 kms south–
west of Cairns. The Atherton Tablelands is known for its mild climate with temperatures ranging
from 5°C to 25°C (Local Tourism Network, 2016). In 2014 the population in Atherton was
approximately 10,886 with 5,117 males and 5,769 females, and an increasingly aging population
trend (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). According to the 2011 census 7.1% of the population
were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and in 2009 there was an unemployment rate of 7.6%
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). The area is well–known for its rich

The Men of the Open Spaces
THE MEN OF THE OPEN SPACES
Identity is a very important part of being Australian; it is a feeling of being associated with a
national group, defined by a common heritage, which may be based on many attributes, including
race, territory, language and history. "The Men of the Open Spaces", written be Will H. Ogilvie
addresses these issues of Australian identity, constructing a powerful representation of the Australian
'bush ' culture. The text uses past views of popular culture that are still ubiquitous today, to construct
a sense of national ideology. The text focuses on a very traditional concept of nationhood and
constructs a stereotypical representation of Australian culture. This essay will explore this in relation
to the discourses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We live in a very classless society, and when we feel someone is a high achiever we show or feel
contempt towards them, which is commonly referred to as the 'tall poppy syndrome '. This idea is
excluding wealthy or successful people in Australian society. Australian 's strong belief of
egalitarianism and anti–authoritarianism are foregrounded with relationships to the discourse of
class in society.
Australia 's environment is focused in the text and reinforces the

Dispossession Of Indigenous People Essay
The dispossession of Indigenous people in early Australia has lead to years of suffering and
disconnect for those across Australia. As European settlement began to spread, the Indigenous were
forced off their land for claims of protection and assimilation. Since the first fleet, settlers were the
ones with the power – they had weaponry, resources, and strength to build a modern nation. The
colonists believed Indigenous Australian's were racially inferior, giving them the means to claim
'terra nullius', starting the dispossession process, destroying their inextricable connection by
destroying the land with livestock and disease. Bob Randall of the Mutitjulu, states in the
documentary 'Kanyini', "It may look like bush to you but it is my family", ... Show more content on
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till we get back to our land and put them back where they come from.' Not only does the forced
removal of land from the Aboriginal people lead to loss of food, but loss of all connection to the
spiritual power of the Dreaming. Dispossession didn't just separate the Aboriginals from their land,
but from their kinship groups, through forced separation or death at the hands of the settlers.
Centuries old languages were lost, ceremonies were never acted on, kinship obligations and taboo
vanished – and so too was their spiritual identity as Aboriginals. A National Inquiry into the
'Separation of ATSI Children from Their Families' based on stories of those who were part of the
Stolen Generation concluded in 1997 that genocide had taken place when children were forcibly
removed from their communities and put on reserves, orphanages or into foster care for the sake of
assimilating them into 'white society'. This planned extermination of the Indigenous race had major
phycological affects on the generation that grew up separate from lineage of cultural transmission,
feeling the loss of their heritage

By Vy Hoang: Racism Goes On
Racism Goes On
By Vy Hoang Australia's story is dominated by White colonialism, White Christianity, the White
Westminster System and the White Australia Policy. This whitewashing of Australia's history of
migration has silenced the First Australians and the many other cultures who have contributed to
making Australia a vibrant multicultural nation. Poetry has been as much to blame for this
dominating effect and anything else. However, in amongst all this whiteness are a few poignant
verses that give voice to this silent minority.
Poetry has long been an important aspect of the Australian literary tradition. From Banjo Patterson
and Henry Lawson's romantic idealisation of 'the bush' to Dorothea Mackellar's passionate
declaration of love ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She states it's especially hard for her to find a job but the people whom she graduated with had all
found their dream management jobs. She however hadn't been offered anything. She'd gone through
countless interviews but was always being beaten by the blonde, fair skinned and blue eyed woman
next to her.
Why is this? Why is it that the stereotype of the White Australia is always better than anyone else?
Australia's meant to be a land full of endless and equal opportunities, "To make this Commonwealth
of ours Renowned of all the lands". But is this happening? Is everyone, no matter what race getting
the same and equal opportunity?
'White Australian' poet, Ted Egan is highly regarded for his work. He isn't just the stereotypical
White Australia, he is different. He understood the value of all races and their benefit to Australia.
His poem 'She's Australian' shows his confusion at why people were treated badly because of not
being a White Australian. It expresses his disbelief.
Ted Egan, years ago, was admiring someone of not typical white heritage, and said "She's not an
alien she's Australian – and she's a pioneer". This is a prime example of how they shouldn't be
treated any differently. They work just as

Disadvantages Of Tourism
]
Flights
Tourist can book various forms of flights from anywhere around Australia, including:
1. Flights are available from Sydney to Uluru, via Jetstar. This flight costs approximately $380–
$400, however prices can change with dates. This flight offers a non–stop, round trip flight to Uluru
with carry–on luggage, taking only 3 hours.
2. Tourists can also fly daily with Qantas, for approximately $350, on a one–way trip to Uluru, with
carry–on luggage.
Accommodation
Accommodation at Uluru can be made via the internet.
For example, tourists can book accommodation with the hotel known as "Longitude 131°". This
hotel is ranked 5 stars, and is located immediately outside the UNESCO World Heritage–listed
Uluru–Kata Tjuta National Park, within 10 kilometres from Uluru, and only a short driving distance
from of Yulara. This hotel can be booked from $1400 in the Luxury Tent and $2,400 in the Dune
Pavilion, with an additional $600 per extra person.
Tourists can also book accommodation with the "Outback Pioneer Hotel and Lodge – Ayers Rock
Resort". This is a 3 star hotel, offering rooms from just $300 per night. This hotel offers swimming
pools, Resort Town Square shops, petrol station, tennis courts, and a visitor centre.
Activities
Tourists can book a range of activities online. For example, Ayers Rock Scenic Flights are available
for booking online. These flights allow tourists to experience the bird's eye view of Uluru. For
example, Ayers Rock helicopters offers a 15

3 Sisters Case Study
1. Examine your chosen unique landform.
1.a The Three Sisters is a unique landform with an Aboriginal relationship to the land. These three
large rocks stand tall over the Jamison Valley near New South Wales, Katoomba, with the largest at
(922m). The Three Sisters were formed by land erosion, which has slowly eroded over time from
natural weather like rain, wind and rivers. The Three Sisters is believed to be disintegrated in the
future due to erosion and wet surroundings. The native plants of the blue mountains have adapted to
the unique climate and particular geology.
Many plants in the blue mountains which surrounds the Three Sisters are found no where else in the
world because of the unique temperature, climate, rugged landscape and ... Show more content on
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The Three sisters have an important cultural relationship with the Gundangurra, Wiradjuri, Tharawal
and Darug nations, not just the sisters but the Jamison Valley below also plays a vital role for
cultural ceremonies. Indigenous Australians have the longest cultural history on earth, dating back
over 50,000 years. The dreaming stories tell how the spirit ancestors formed and gave life to the land
and laid down the law for human behavior. Dreaming stories are explanations of how geographic
features are formed such as The Three Sisters. The dreamtime lies at the heart of their culture. The
dreamtime explains the creation of the universe and how these geographic features are formed.
These sites are respected and looked after so the dreaming will survive. The Greater Blue Mountains
is one of the 19 listed world heritage sites in Australia and is looked after carefully so the Indigenous
Australians can look after the dreaming so the dreaming will survive. Sharing is past down through
families and are an important feature in Aboriginal societies. Ideas and beliefs were taught through
art, songs, stories, dance and art. The legend behind The Three Sisters is that is that there were three
sisters named, 'Meehni', 'Wimlah' and Gunnedoo' they lived in the Jamison Valley as members of the
Katoomba tribe. These three sister had fallen I love with three brother from the Nepean tribe. The
law meant so one was allowed to marry to different tribes. These three brothers thought that

An Excursion At The Royal Botanic Garden Essay
This excursion has been organised for students in Stage 2, grades 3 and 4. The excursion will be
taking place at The Royal Botanic Gardens with a focus on the rich Indigenous history and culture
of Australia. The main focus for this excursion brings together outcomes and content from the
Australian Curriculum and New South Wales Syllabus. In accordance with the cross curriculum
priority "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Histories" students will be provided with
opportunities to deepen their knowledge of Australia by engaging with the World's oldest continuous
living culture, their connection to Country and Place and the implications for their daily lives.
Students in stage 2 will use skills of historical and scientific inquiry to investigate a wide variety of
local native plants which were integral in the life of the first Australians. During the lesson at the
Royal Botanic Garden, Aboriginal Education Officers will guide students through the Cadi Jam Ora:
First Encounters award–winning garden display that interprets the Aboriginal cultural heritage of the
Royal Botanic Garden. The 50 meter sculptural 'storyline' tells the Aboriginal history of Sydney
from The Dreaming to the present. This garden gives insight into the first encounters between the
early settlers and the traditional Indigenous inhabitants (Royal Botanic Garden Sydney [RBGS],
2016). They will also provide students with a personal perspective of how indigenous people of the
Sydney area used plants for

Australia 's Indigenous People Of The World 's Most...
People who are not from Australia, may have never heard the word Indigenous or know the meaning
behind it. If they have heard the word they might not know about Australia's Indigenous people.
Maybe when they think of Australia they automatically think of British convicts. Only the British
convicts weren't the first people to own the land in Australia, there come people way before them
and they are still fighting for their rights and land today.
It is said that humans have been on this continent from somewhere around 60,000 years. "Prior to
British settlement, more than 500 Indigenous nations inhabited the Australian continent,
approximately 750,000 people in total. Their cultures had developed over 60,000 years, making
Indigenous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The first Tasmanians used large sandstone overhangs and limestone cave systems as permanent
shelters from the cold winds that cut across a frozen landscape. Throughout the Pleistocene a thick
icesheet covered the highland plateaus, and glaciers flowed down the mountain valleys within a few
kilometres of where the people had made their homes. They lived in caves in the south–west
hinterland as well as sandstone rock shelters in close proximity to the ancient coastline." They found
ways to quickly adapt to the land that surrounded them. Learning new things each day in order to
survive.
Aboriginals could have never guessed that their whole world was going to change in such a short
amount of time. "The arrival of Lt James Cook in 1770 marked the beginning of the end for this
ancient way of life. Cook was followed soon enough by the arrival of the First Fleet, in January of
1788, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, whose mission was to establish a penal colony
and take control of Terra Australia for settlement." With the arrival of the first British ships
everything that was once known for Australia's Indigenous people was completely destroyed. "It is
estimated that between 1788 and 1900, the Indigenous population of Australia was reduced by 90%.
Three main reasons for this dramatic population decline were: The introduction of new diseases,
Settler acquisition of Indigenous lands, Direct and

Summary: The Influence Of The First Fleet
On the 18 January 1788, the First Fleet arrived at Botany Bay. The arrival of the First Fleet caused
both positive and negative impacts towards the Aboriginal population including offers to help teach
them how to read/write and the spread of diseases like chicken pox, typhoid, smallpox, influenza,
and measles. The people of the first fleet were completely ignorant of the Aboriginals' deep
connection with their land. The people aboard the First Fleet were carrying many infectious diseases
that the Aboriginals were un–immune to. Before the First Fleet arrived there were not many illnesses
spreading amongst the Aboriginal tribes, which means that they did not have a cure for the diseases
that the First Fleet carried. Diseases such as typhoid, chicken pox, smallpox, measles, and influenza
were spread around causing the Aboriginal population to decrease rapidly. Due to the fact that many
Aboriginals became sick; fertility and birth rates were reduced (Skwirk Online Education).
Smallpox was one of the deadliest diseases that was to spread, Both Settlers and Aboriginals that
caught the disease were unlikely to survive. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The white settlers thought that because the Aboriginals didn't have fences around their land made it
so assuming they had no understanding of land owner ship, so they claimed it for themselves. They
were completely unaware of the fact that the Aboriginals did not need fences to show that the land
was theirs because they would only stay in a certain spot for six to eight weeks then move to a
different location "where there was more tucker and bush medicine for them to use" (Aboriginal
Heritage

Internal Monologue Of Nanberry
Nanberry is a historical fiction novel written by Australian author Jackie French. The story follows
an Aboriginal boy named Nanberry during the time of colonisation. His life falls to pieces as his
family dies of smallpox but the benevolent Surgeon White adopts Nanberry bringing him into
English society. Yet Nanberry still struggles with his identity and his place in the world. In the story
of Nanberry, French reveals many facets of Nanberry's character such as his identity struggle, his
caring personality and his transition from being a naive Aboriginal boy to becoming a privileged but
complacent 'white' boy. French uses an abundant variety of literary techniques such as symbolism,
dialogue and internal monologue to construct and reveal Nanberry's ... Show more content on
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Nanberry feels apart from both worlds, he is neither white nor black, only a small amount of both. "I
am a ghost, he thought. I walk upon the world but I have no meaning. Maybe I died when the
sickness came, and only know it now." (pg. 213) Through internal monologue French communicates
a sense of insecurity and ambivalence present in the mind of Nanberry. She shows us that Nanberry
feels English when he associates with English things. "He was Nanberry, the surgeon's son, in his
good clothes, his hair tied back. But if he took off his clothes, untied his hair ..." (pg. 169) Yet
Nanberry has a strong yearning for his Aboriginal heritage. For example when Nanberry finds out
that his Aboriginal friend, Balloonderry, was going to be ambushed by some British soldiers he
takes off his clothes and runs to warn him but is upset to find that Balloonderry didn't really care
about him. At that point Nanberry starts to doubt himself. When Father White leaves for England,
Nanberry's world is shaken but in a sense it is a blessing in disguise because it makes him face his
identity struggle. After the traditional Aboriginal ceremony of becoming a man Nanberry finds
himself. "Yes, he knew who he was now. He had the bush. He had the sea. He had a home with
Rachel. He was Cadigal still. And he was English. He was a warrior and a sailor. 'I am Nanberry
Buckenau White!' He would wear his name with pride." (pg.214/215) Nanberry resolves his internal
battle. Instead of choosing one path he chooses many: Aboriginal, English. Bush, sea. Warrior,
sailor. French uses internal monologuing to show and finally resolve the identity struggle Nanberry
battles with. In the end his identity is shaped by his decision to chose both

Essay on Tragedy of Deforestation
Human activity can negatively impact on the environment in different ways, which can lead to
consequences which are not only bad for the environmental area affected, but humans too. Activities
such as causing radiation leaks with nuclear meltdowns and dumping waste are just some examples
of how humans can worsen their own environment.
One environment damaging human activity in particular is deforestation. It is a significant problem
in many parts of the world, with over four fifths of the worlds forest wiped out according to the
World Resources Institute. So what are the main consequences which are caused by deforestation,
and why does it happen?
A major result on the environment is the habitat destruction and endangerment of animals. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This problem certainly isn't central to Australia, with deforestation most commonly occurring in
Latin America, Southeast Asia and Africa, however Australia like the rest of the world is affected by
the consequences nonetheless. It's a well–known fact that rainforests have the ability to absorb
immense amounts of carbon dioxide and release oxygen by photosynthesis. Not only do we lose a
source of oxygen and CO2 recycling, but when trees are burned or cut down, they actually release
CO2 because 50 percent of trees is CO2. According to the Global Canopy Program (organisation of
chief rainforest scientists) "If we lose the forests, we lose the fight against climate change".
Deforestation will continue for a long time, due to financial gain and people needing more space for
agriculture or clearing out forest due to urbanisation and similar developments. Agriculture is the
main cause, as farmers need large spaces for planting crops and keeping animals; however they can
do a lot damage to forests at the same time. Forests are obviously abundant in vegetation; however
tropical rainforests are often on soil which contains low levels of nutrients in thin layers. The bulk of
rock beneath is prone to erosion from the rain and high temperatures of the tropics. Substantial
amounts of nutrients which are vital for animal communities are contained

South Australia And The Environmental Aspect Of The...
To most, Australia is thought to be mostly an area of sand and dirt roads with kangaroos
hoping allover, but in reality it has multiple climates due to the large area. The northern part has
a tropical climate, varied between tropical rainforests, grasslands, and part desert. In the south, a
temperate climate and discreetly fruitful soil can be found. With a nation active, large and
variable as Australia, it may be a learning point for the United States of America. With the
legislation and active energy conservation department that is well funded, we may be able to
adapt these ideas and incorporate them into our society and government. However, not
everything in Aussie is so green.
The main focus of this paper will be on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to its location, the seasons in South
Australia are opposite of those here; for example, their summer is from December to February.
Therefore, S.A's winter is during the months of June–August, however rather than snow, an
annual average of 40 inches of rain occurs. Although temperate, most of South Australia
resembles the red–rock areas of Colorado and New Mexico where the red land meets the bright
blue skies.
An exception to this desert–like landscape is the Southernmost point of South Australia,
known as Kangaroo Island has a rather diverse landscape which includes a beautiful marine life,
caves and caverns, robust fields and majestic deserts. A majority of the Island, and rightfully so,

are homes to several resorts. Between the warm temperatures and clear waters, the island has
become a hot spot for Northern Hemisphere visitors during the months of December to
February. The animals that inhabit this area are just as diverse as the landscape itself including,
but not limited to, pelicans, penguins, dolphins, wallabies, brush–tailed possums, ducks, swans
and waders on 267 species of birds found in various habitats on the island, sea lions, New
Zealand fur seals and, of course, kangaroos.
However, not everything is so crystal clear for South Australia, or the country as a
whole. South Australia is becoming warmer as surface temperature has risen 0.96°C, while
the global average is 0.7°C.

Australian Stereotype
Representations of the "Australian Persona"
‘Mateship'
A key element of what is presented to be the Australian character is that of camaraderie, base
friendliness towards everybody, and egalitarianism, the belief that everybody is equal and should
have the same opportunities, treatment, etc. as everybody else. As such, Australians are very
supportive of democracy, compulsory voting, and are generally, in most cases, unprejudiced towards
each other based on such trivialities as, for example, social class – everybody will kick back
together at the pub for a ‘coldie' in that ‘typical Aussie scene', described so well in the quote by
Australian legend Henry Lawson, one of the best–known Australian poets and fiction writers of the
colonial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Australian casual English, like African–American speech, is one of the most complex forms of
English slang, and not always so easy to understand. Phrases such as "G'day Mate" and "Chuck a
shrimp on the barbie" are well–known internationally as being ‘Australian', having been made
popular by Paul Hogan's representation in the 1986 internationally highest–grossing film Crocodile
Dundee. Numerous examples of the frequent use of common Australian slang can be found in the
six–book series Western Wildcats by Australian author John Larkin, e.g. where phrases such as "But
not any more, but." is characteristic one of the main characters, known as ‘Splinters' – even when
talking to the Queen of England. In the same series, another character, Eric, is ranting about what is
seen as the norms of Australian society and the persona that is represented to be Australian, and as a
part of his tirade states "Somebody who doesn't end every sentence with ‘You Know', you know?"
Australian slang seems to be bent on taking the shortest, easiest possible route for words to come out
of the speaker's mouth, shortening everything to the minimum amount of syllables possible. A cup
of coffee (or tea) becomes a ‘cuppa', football becomes footy etc. This style of common Australian
speech has its roots, once again, in Australia's heritage as a convict colony – a majority of the
people that

Australian National Identity
Australia has a strong association with nature as part of its national identity. Our flora and fauna are
celebrated as some of the most unique found in the world. The landscape was so foreign to the
European settlers who came with the First Fleet and Taylor notes the difficulties European artists
had in replicating the scenery, except through the European style of painting (1992, 90). By
exploring the landscape art from the First Settlers as scientific documentations and enticing imagery
of pastured lands, and quaint cottages; and comparing them to the more experienced works of John
Glover and Eugene von Guerard, the painters who sought to capture the eucalyptus trees as they
really are, the bright Australian light and our harsh, vast, unforgiving bushland, this essay will
explore how our national identity was forged along with the folklore of the Bush, the people who
settled it; resulting in iconic imagery that is vastly different to a European landscape.
To begin, the statement 'founding of a nation' needs to be defined as a grounding point for the
following essay. In Mark Peel and Christina Twomey's book A History of Australia, their
introduction acknowledges Australia's founding as a nation began in 1901 with the federation of the
six colonies to make up the Commonwealth of Australia (2011, xiii). The arguments presented in
this essay will follow this outdated notion of a liberal 'Austral–British' nation beginning with the
British invasion and unloading of the

Iconic Australian Images. Sydney Nolan and Russell Drysdale
Iconic Australian Images.
Sydney Nolan and Russell Drysdale by Julie Perri. CSU, ART215.
Australia's national and cultural icons range from natural landmarks to man–made wonders. They
are instantly recognisable, have special significance and are uniquely Australian. (1) Two Australian
artist's that created cultural iconic images through their artworks, were Sydney Nolan and Russell
Drysdale. During the 1940s cultural, social changes and the Second World War influenced them to
depict issues in their works. Both artists were affected by the war, had an interest in the bush, its
people and the harsh drought at the time. This encouraged them to reflect on national themes which
they personally could associate and identify with. Their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(16) Nolan's 'First class marksman' (Image 5.) painting sold for $5.4 million at auction, by NSW
gallery. Which made Nolan's Kelly painting 'Australia's most wanted' Together with Sidney Nolan,
Russell Drysdale created iconic images of the Australian outback. Prior to Drysdale, landscape
painting had concerned itself with the pretty country and not ventured far from the coast. (11) He
chose to portray the difficult life on the land, the ugly side of hardship and the empty vast interior so
few had previously seen.(12) Drysdale's career changed when in hospital his drawings and talent
was noticed. This led him to study at Bell art school and began the foundation for his future life as a
painter. Both realistic and expressive, his works signaled a complete break from the early landscape
traditions that had dominated Australian art in the 18oo's.(15) The 1940s greatly affected by the
Second World War saw social and cultural changes, which affected the whole nation. Drysdale had
lost an eye which made it impossible for him to enlist in the army and so he decided to serve his
country by painting during the war. (17) War themes, drought, bushfire, rural hardship and
indigenous Australian's were common subjects for Drysdale, and in these paintings the viewer is
confronted with disturbing aspects of

Flight Centre Essay
Flight Centre founded by Graham Turner in 1981. Flight Centres vision is 'To be the world's most
exciting travel company, delivering an amazing experience to our people customers and partners.
Well haven't they achieved this, having won market global market share. Is an extremely successful
company considering he started out with just one bus. In Australia alone Flight Centre has 1152
business units. These cover holidays, cruises, rail and flights. Turner was quite innovative in his
management shown through Turner his idea to focus on his profits being driven by 'volume rather
than margins. Flight Centre has established and bought different brands now consisting of more than
thirty to cater to different levels of customer. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Perhaps to buy out any competition to ensure he had the majority market share?? To try and crush
any other competitor, Flight Centre had a Price Beat Policy. This means that if a customer could find
a cheaper airfare, Flight Centre would beat it by one dollar and also give the customer a twenty–
dollar gift voucher. (Flight Centre are now being investigated for price fixing regarding this. Should
include??) The company employs more then 15000 employees, and has been judged successful of
the 'best employer to work for in Australia' award by the Hewitt Associates. This is just one award
one out of many of travel awards won. The companies philosophy supports this through stating 'our
company is our people. Flight Centre not only care about their staffs health and wellbeing, but also
their professionally and financially. (How does their management style support??) The company
management style supports the staff through giving opportunities to share in the companies success.
This is done through outcome–based incentives, profit share, franchises and Employer Share
Schemes. This is simply judged on KPI's . 'What gets rewarded gets done'. (what sort of
management style/theory is this??) Flight Centre have worked on setting up not just a team dynamic
but family atmosphere to aid creating a supportive working environment. Flight Centre focuses on
their customers

The Importance Of Storytelling
Storytelling unites people in all cultures, from as early as the age of one. STories are said to have
many uses; ranging from helping us individuals make sense of the world around us. This is by
explaining natural phenomena. They help keep our culture, history and traditions alive by
condemning the youths of our generations to be known to our stories for the next generations to be
aware. Many studies show that "people believe storytelling is developed as a way of 'practising'
reality". Storytelling is an important figure of our society today as it lays out our culture and
influences the next generation to expand these stories. Numerous cultures over the world today
share these stories and traditions differently. An example of this can be Australian and Torres Strait
Islanders express some their stories through artworks, whereas some bush ballads express theres
through landscape images and poems. But what needs to be recognised is that, they are all important
rather it be your culture or not, all matter!
Oral histories are rendering the cultures of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. This
includes stories from the dreamtime ; these as such of our history, culture and future. Stories from
the dreamtime are spiritual narratives of Ancestral Beings walking the earth, creating people and
landscaping across Australia. They impart systems of law, a set of values and beliefs for each
Indigenous language forum. These stories can be conveyed through artworks, dance

The Controversy of Stem Cell Research Essays
The Controversy of Stem Cell Research
One of the most controversial topics these days is Stem Cell Research. There seems to be a split
opinion among societies about the research and whether it is socially and morally acceptable. As a
society, we need to open our minds to the possibility of broadening our scientific horizons with stem
cell research, and take the time to learn and understand whatever we can about it.
There are a lot of people who don't know exactly what Stem Cell Research is which contributes to
why a lot of people seem so against it. Stem Cell Research can best be described as taking a stem
cell, 'a primitive type of cell that can be coaxed into developing into most of the 220 types of cells
found in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are a large amount of people, both political and social, that believe in the advancement of the
research of stem cells. Research is now being done ?in U.S. private labs and in both government and
private labs in the UK, Japan, France, Australia, and other countries.? (Robinson). ?The former
governor of California also signed a bill into a law that is the first law that permits stem cell research
in the United States? (Robinson) which is now being followed up and executed by the current
governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger. Nancy Reagan also supports stem cell research
since her husband, former president Ronald Reagan died of Alzheimer?s. ?Nancy Reagan and all of
her family, except for Michael Reagan, have mounted a campaign to encourage President Bush to
relax restrictions on embryo stem cell research. Fifty–eight senators, almost all Democrats, sent a
letter to President Bush, urging the same action.? (Robinson).
Other big supporters of stem cell research are Senator Kerry and the widow of the late Christopher
Reeve, Dana Reeve. Kerry is a very liberal Democrat and is known for his support on stem cell
research; Dana Reeve is now giving her time to carry on her late husband?s legacy of trying to win
support on stem cell research. ?Senator John Kerry accused President Bush of slowing scientific
advancement after earning a special endorsement

Australian Waterways Facilitation
Today, this briefing note is put to you the 'National Taskforce on Environmental Science and
Sustainable Development' in response to Urbanisation and its effects on Australias' waterways. This
is fast becoming a critical environmental issue affecting Australia.
It has long been known that plants act as a natural filter of water, removing all the properties that
would harm the creatures that ingest it. A key issue facing developers today is an expanding
population. With expanding urban sprawl vastly affecting the green space urban development,
strategies continue to focus on removing the encroachment of land as a development strategy and
going 'up'. This essay will focus on the eutrophication of waterways within Australia and in ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ammonium is the form of nitrogen taken up most readily by phytoplankton because nitrate must
first be reduced to ammonia before it is assimilated as amino acids in organisms (Geoscience
Australia, 2013). The excessive level of certain nutrients in waterways is often linked to human
activities.
A comprehensive investigation on how nutrients in waterways were increasing, was undertaken by a
body of individual scientists and their findings were as follows;
– Run–off from agricultural areas;
– Storm water and wastewater;
– Turbidity and nutrient levels occur within Australia's river systems, generally coincide in
Australia's river systems. A large proportion of the suspended sediment in Australian rivers results
from vegetation removal, leading to gully and stream bank erosion and sheetwash. Phosphorus is
overwhelmingly associated with such particulate loads (The National Land and Water Resources
Audit, 2002).
– Dentrification is a major sink for inorganic nitrogen in estuaries. Nitrogen loss due to
denitrification can exceed 50% of the total nitrogen input, and is probably the main reason why
nitrogen can sometimes be the limiting nutrient in estuaries (Berelson, W.M., Heggie, D.,
Longmore, A., Kilgore, T., Nickolson, G., Skyring, G. 1998).
– Water column phosphorus concentrations have also been shown to increase under anoxic
conditions (Webb, K.L. and D'Elia, C.F. 1980). This is because some of the iron oxyhydroxides that

Assess The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Impact Of...
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, land care was a major purpose in life for Aboriginal people and
although their approach was entirely sustainable, they were actively intervening in the landscape.
They involved activities such as damming creeks, fire–stick farming and sustainable harvesting
methods. (Roberts, 2014) The damming of creeks created natural watering holes for their own use as
well as attracting animals to the area, which incidentally resulted in a change in Australian
landscape. Fire–stick farming was used to promote the growth of valued plants, with plant species
unable to survive fire and declining in numbers, and more resistant species, such as grass trees,
eucalypts and acacias, dominating. The Indigenous harvesting techniques were also quite sustainable
in conserving resources. For example, women dug some varieties of yams in such a way that a
portion which would regenerate was left in the ground. (Williams, 1986, pp. 93–94) Prior to the
arrival of Europeans, the Indigenous Australians managed their lands in a way that was sustainable
and would ensure biodiversity for the future.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of the impact of 3 European farming ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
However, they left huge impacts on the environment. Whilst the artificial fertilisers provided extra
nutrition and improved yield, it also encouraged weed growth, consequently, causing a demand for
herbicides. The use of artificial fertilisers created runoff which entered rivers and contaminated
them, killing both aquatic life and the animals which relied on the rivers as their main water source.
Apart from contaminating the rivers, they also contaminated groundwater and this greatly changed
the pH of the soil in a large area, resulting in the change of soil acidity and toxic water; which was
harmful towards the growing native

Analysis Of The Lost Girl By Ambelin Kwaymullina
The Lost Girl is a beautiful, humble picture story book created by Ambelin Kwaymullina and
illustrated by Leanne Tobin. Kwaymullina, the author, is from the Palyku people for the Pilbar
region of Western Australia and is an Aboriginal legal academic. Tobin is a decentant of the Dharug,
the traditional Aboriginal people of Greater Western Sydney (Kitson, 2014). Both creators have
actively employed their prior knowledge, values, beliefs and culture to put together this engaging
and informative picture story book, perfect for young children. Tobin uses vivid colours to represent
the red sandy appearance of the Australian dessert outback and the native flora, in an effort to craft a
naturistic melody. Kwaymullina writes of sequenced events ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Using the text alongside the illustrations engages in critical literacy, revealing the hidden power
relationships and ideological assumptions that underline texts (Winch 2014, p.539), and strike in–
depth discussions. For example, about being lost and how you managed to find your way again,
what the differences are between your approach and her approach, what do you notice about where
they live, how is it different from where you live, and what are all the amazing things you could
possibly do if you lived there. The idea is helping to develop a child's knowledge of their world and
the knowledge about a world that is not their own (Winch 2014, p.536). Majority of Indigenous
content learning occurring in the younger years found in the Australian Curriculum, is remembering,
understanding and applying, in relation to Bloom's Taxonomy (Lowe, 2015). This book can be used
to unearth these cognitive processes but can further be explored beyond the elaborations of the
curriculum with the grade ones to build a greater depth of understanding through analysing,
evaluating and creating (Lowe, 2015). Indigenous perspectives The Australian Curriculum currently
is struggling with incorporating indigenous perspectives as a key focus in the curriculum properly. It
is lacking the ability to normalise indigenous knowledge and instead represents

Examples Of Racism In Jasper Jones
It is a natural part of human nature to long for the feeling of belonging, even if it means following a
corrupt and unjust social regime. Craig Silvey weaves this idea into the novel Jasper Jones, in which
the "half–caste" deuteragonist and protagonist Charlie Bucktin discover the death of the shire
president's daughter, Laura Wishart, and work together to find the culprit as to avoid the inevitable
scapegoating of Jasper for this crime. Silvey's implementation of the historical setting of the 1960's
introduces the themes of fear, racism within a social regime and scapegoating; these ideas relate to
the racism present in Australia at the time, due to the reign of the White Australia Policy and the
effect of the Vietnam War. By integrating these key ideas into the story of Jasper's experiences with
scapegoating, Silvey reflects on real–life examples of racism present in Australia during the 1960's,
as well as other developing nations, and how the need to impress others is the major drive for the
wider ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The themes of fear, racist social structures and scapegoating are indeed applicable to the wider
society of the real world, with another infamous example of social structures promoting racial
discrimination and apartheid being the Jim Crow Laws, which were enforced from 1877 to the
1950s. Unfortunately, many people are too conservative and stubborn to look beyond their beliefs,
take on a different point of view and put their differences aside to understand one another, which
ultimately leads to discrimination against one another. The effect of this is emphasized when people
are too afraid to speak out in fear of being punished, as it only allows those who are advocating and
participating in racist behaviours are allowed to do so without suffering consequences and fully
realizing the implications of their

The Secret River By Andrew Bovell Essay
Through our exploration within class, Andrew Bovell's adaption of The Secret River has shown us
its righteous place as a remarkable Australian play. The various themes throughout the novel
highlight issues revolving around ownership and dispossession as well as reiterating how important
reconciliation amongst white and indigenous Australians is. Bovell's adaption is captivating,
poignant and opens the door for a conversation of our nation's history that has been silenced on
many occasions.
Bovell's The Secret River is based on Kate Grenville's novel of the same title. The story follows
William Thornhill, his wife Sal and two children Dick and Willie on their journey to Australia. A
waterman from the slums of London, William is deported to a convict settlement in Sydney
Australia. This new country, this new land paves the way for his pardon and for him to have
something he never dreamed of possessing whilst in London; a place of his own. Will and his family
plant a crop and set up a hut right on the bank of the Hawkesbury River yet this place is home to
others; a family from the Dharug people whose sole existence is dependent on the land. Battle lines
are drawn in the earth between old and new inhabitants yet the battle of land simmers ahead. As
Will's desire for ownership of the land grows, the encounters with the Dharug are more constant and
the fear–mongering from other pardoned convicts travel up and down the river these circumstances
all boil to a head; the result is a

Outback Festival Research Paper
Waltzing to Winton Winton is a small town smack bang in the centre of outback Queensland station
country. When travelling to Winton don't be surprised if you find yourself humming along to
'Waltzing Matilda' – this country town is home to the iconic Australian tune which was written by
'Banjo' Paterson while he was holidaying at a local station. Given this musical heritage and the
town's remote Central Queensland location, it is only fitting that it is the setting for the biennial
Outback Festival. Recognized since 1991, the festival has won many Queensland Tourism
accolades. Outback Festival The Outback Festival is held in September of each odd calendar year,
and this year will be held from 22–26 September. Quirky is the theme of this five–day family
festival, with its carnival ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The star attraction of the festival has to be the Australian Dunny Derby. Lavishly decorated, teams
compete to navigate their 'dunny jockey' and their dunny through an obstacle course and make it
over the finish line. Getting There Winton is accessible via bitumen roads, and is situated 177km
from Longreach and 441km from Mt Isa. For off–road enthusiasts there are plenty of back roads and
little–known routes to be taken and don't forget to check your mobile phone reception in remote
areas. Staying there FESTIVAL PACKAGES Powered sites for tents, caravans and campervans will
be available at the Winton Show Ground at the Festival Campsite. Guests will have access to onsite
toilet and hot shower facilities. A shuttle service will operate regularly between the show grounds
and event venues. The campground opens 10am Sunday 20 September and closes 2pm Sunday 27
September, 2015. Campervans up to 7.5m and caravans up to 6m in length are

Oodgeroo Noonuccal's Poem, The Past
Oodgeroo Noonuccal's poem "The Past" was first published in 1970, narrated in the first person, by
the poet herself, with only her ancestors mentioned as other characters. Ostensibly, it appears to be a
reminiscence about an earlier time in the writer's life as she compares her 'accidental present' living
in suburbia with idealistic memories of her indigenous heritage. The idea that past and present are
connected is a recurring theme throughout the poem. Noonuccal is both the woman next to the
'electric radiator', relaxing in a 'deep chair' and the person that sits next to the fire in nature, in
ancestral times. She clearly feels connected with the ancestors of her tribe and that, in many ways,
they are still a part of her, "My own people, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Objects like the electric heater are almost symbolic of her current existence, devoid of any
interaction with Nature, as opposed to a time when her ancestors would sit "at the camp fire in the
bush" ... "at one with old Nature's lives". Her tone seems to imply that the past where her ancestors
lived in peaceful harmony with nature, where the trees composed "their own music" is preferable to
a present consisting of artificial comfort, "easy chair before electric heater", a man–made luxury in
replacement of camp fires. The reference to "No walls about me", also possibly functions as a
metaphor for the freedom the narrator and her ancestors once

Physical And Human Elements Of Coastal Zone Environment
Describe the interaction of physical and human elements of coastal zone environment and discuss
the different strategic response of individuals, groups and government bodies to the issue of coastal
management. The interaction between the physical and human elements of the coastal environment
has had a considerable effect on the various coastal zones in Australia and specific strategic events
responses of individuals, groups and governments. Australia has over 37 000 kilometres of coastline,
11 000 beaches and thousands of coastal landforms. Approximately 85% of Australia's population
live within 50 km of the coast. The coast is where the ocean meets the land and the coastal zone
comprises of many different environments including rivers, bays, wetlands, beaches, coral reefs,
estuaries and the continental shelf. Due to rapid urbanisation and development and other human and
physical processes such as erosion Australia's coastline, especially over the last 200 years, has been
greatly disrupted. Individuals, groups and government bodies need to manage these issues in order
to achieve a sustainable and equitable management strategies within our coastal zone. One of the
dominant physical elements that has major effects on Australian coastline is the issue of erosion.
Erosion is defined as the wearing away of physical rock by wind and water Many coastal landforms
such as cliffs, platforms, headland, caves, blowholes and stacks are formed by the process of
erosion. It is the key

Marika-Alderton House Analysis
Glenn Murcutt, Pritzker Architecture Prize winning architect, designed the Marika–Alderton House
for Aboriginal leader Banduk Marika and her husband. The Marika–Alderton House sits in North
Australia in Yirrkala, an indigenous community in Arnhem Land on a landscape facing a beach on
the gulf of Carpentaria. The house links back to Aboriginal huts while focusing on the extremities of
the weather in the surrounding environment. The house was seen as a link between Aboriginal and
White Australia, 'bridging cultures' with architecture that was uniquely Australian. Murcutt designed
the house around the site, the views and the climate. His design is simple and works harmoniously
with the land to create a home for the community.
The Marika–Alderton ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Occupying one of these buildings is like sailing a yacht; you modify and manipulate its form and
skin according to seasonal conditions and natural elements, and work with these to maximize the
performance of the building." Murcutt's challenge for the Marika–Alderton house was to create a
home that could withstand the wet and dry seasons of the Yirrkala area. The house is divided
allowing for use throughout the whole year. The main living area is located on the east side of the
house to allow for ventilation during the day, while the bedrooms are too the west which are coolest
at night. The building was designed to use affordable and local materials; hence the structure is
skeleton like made with solid steel to survive the extreme weather. The stability is achieved through
the length of the house. The eaves overhang to prevent direct sunlight from entering the house.
Murcutt calculated the angle of the sun and designed the eaves to drop far enough to provide shade
all year, as there is no cold climate. The house opens out on every–side to provide ventilation
throughout, together with the shutters allows air to be channeled through the house. The low
pressure of the hot air causes it to rise, pulling the cool air in. The house was designed to sit on stilts.
This is to keep various species of reptiles and spiders from entering the house, protects it from
flooding and again for cooling purposes. The stilts allow for the house to have little impact on the
surrounding native

An Elder's Passing Jonathan Hill Analysis
Response "An Elder's Passing", a poem written by Indigenous Poet, Jonathan Hill, aims to spread
awareness to ordinary people the cultural knowledge and history that is lost to the Indigenous people
of Australia, whenever one of their elders pass away. From the very first sentence, he explores the
Elder's heritage to the land and the knowledge and connection the elder shares with it. This is
continually emphasized in each stanza of the poem, by stating the various pieces of knowledge and
culture lost. This poem is used as a tool for raising awareness of the losses of the Indigenous people
and states that cultural oppression is a great injustice that still continues on today. With the
knowledge of the elders not being passed on by word of mouth, eventually all of this knowledge ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The last stanza however, gives a sense of peace and rest, as the elder finally 'descends into the
dreaming.' Jonathan Hill uses many poetic devices and techniques to help achieve the images and
meanings that are conveyed. The alliteration used in the poem give a sense of the growing grief and
loss, as well as movement. The use of alliteration in the last stanza, conveys a sense of sinking and
resting at peace. The poem itself maintains a rhyming pattern throughout the six stanza's, with the
exception of the 4th and last stanza. The fourth stanza has a rhyming pattern of the first and last
lines instead of the 2nd and 4th lines of the other stanzas, whilst the last stanza does not rhyme at all.
He does this to change the feel of the poem, instead of all the negativity and grief, there is still some
good things that can come out of it and the use of free verse allows him to truly say what he wants
the say, without the constrictions of the rhyming scheme. Jonathan Hill also uses repetition to his
advantage, with the repetition of 'bush' which emphasis the elder's connection and heritage with the

Bsbg402b Analysis Of Consumer Behaviour
BSBMKG402B Analyze consumer behavior for specific markets
Assessment Task 2: Project – Consumer behavior analysis
A summary of domestic consumer participation in Aboriginal tourism experiences. You should
include:
Key information about the demographics of domestic consumers participating in Aboriginal tourism
experiences, as well as their general attitudes towards participating in Aboriginal tourism
experiences.
 Age: 1 yr – 80 yrs
 Place of birth: can be born locally in Australia or any other overseas countries
 Disability: including disabled
 education: min high school graduated to doctor degree
 first language: English/French/Greek/Italian/Indian/Pakistan/Banglo/Cantonese/Vietnanmese
 gender: both female and male
 household income: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
values and beliefs Family oriented, fun, loving, spend time with families and close friends, love and
embrace different cultures and values Marketing campaign needs to promote and focus on family
and group travelling plans and packages to suit their demands and needs Tourism programs need to
include and design programs who can let the families to participate and join in together and
experience the deep cultures religion Very open and inceptive to different religions, love peace and
harmony, majorities are Christian Marketing campaign needs to promote and focus on embracing
different cultures and religions and all the differences are welcome and respected during the
travelling Tourism programs need to respect and appreciate different religions and cultures and
consider the special needs required by different religions during the journeys
Education level Min high school graduated with more and more consumers with higher education
backgrounds joining in Marketing campaign needs to promote and focus on culture and history
exploration as the tourists are highly educated and well informed Tourism programs need to provide
more flexible and versatile travelling programs to keep the interests of the local

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