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Vinnikov, M. & Allison, R.S.
York University, Centre for Vision Research
ETRA2014
Depth Cues
• Monocular cues
• Motion Parallax
• Perspective
• Relative size & Familiar size
• Aerial perspective
• Occlusion
• Texture gradient
• Lighting and shading
• Accommodation
• Defocus blur (DOF)
ETRA2014
2
Real Life
Accommodation & Defocus Blur
ETRA2014
3
ETRA2014
4
• Binocular cues
• Stereopsis
• Convergence/Vergence
Depth Cues II
Problem with Stereo
Displays
ETRA2014
5
Accommodation - Vergence
Conflict
ETRA2014
6
Gaze-Contingent Depth of Field (DOF)
• Natural relationship
between retinal
image blur and
binocular disparity
• DOF
• Depth range centred
at the focus point
• Eye perceives the
image as sharp
• Outside the DOF
objects have
noticeable blur
ETRA2014
7
System Architecture
ETRA2014
8
Gaze location
DOF
Final Left Image Final Right Image
Objective
•Does gaze-contingent DOF improve depth
perception?
•Assess impressions of
• Depth perception
• General comfort
• Image quality
ETRA2014
9
DOF
 
S
t
e
r
e
o
 None (N) DOF (D)
 Stereo (S) DOF & Stereo (DS)
Experimental Conditions
ETRA2014
10
• Each Trial
• One scene
• 2 conditions (N, D, S, SD)
• 2 questions
• Group 1:
• Depth perception
• Image quality
• Group 2:
• Viewing comfort
• Image quality
• 3 scenes
• Office desk
• Pizza
• Flower
• 36 trials with 4 repeats
ETRA2014
11
Setup & Participants
ETRA2014
12
35 cm
2 Groups (each):
• 9 university students
• 6 females and 3
males
• age 19 to 29
The experiment was
conducted in dim lighting
ETRA2014
13
Depth Preference
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
D vs N S vs N DS vs N S vs D DS vs D DS vs S
%Preference
ETRA2014
14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
D vs N S vs N DS vs N S vs D DS vs D DS vs S
%Preference
Flowers
Pizza
Office Desk
Depth Preference Across Scenes
ETRA2014
15
Viewing Comfort Preference
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
D vs N S vs N DS vs N S vs D DS vs D DS vs S
%Preference
ETRA2014
16
Viewing Comfort Preference
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
D vs N S vs N DS vs N S vs D DS vs D DS vs S
%Preference
Flowers
Pizza
Office Desk
ETRA2014
17
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
D vs N S vs N DS vs N S vs D DS vs D DS vs S
%Preference
Depth
Viewing Comfort
Image Quality Preference
ETRA2014
18
ETRA2014
19
Image Quality Preference with
Viewing Comfort
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
D vs N S vs N DS vs N S vs D DS vs D DS vs S
%Preference
Flowers
Pizza
Office Desk
Discussion
• Depth
• Enhance perception
• when combined with other cues
• Should be added to
• Non-stereoscopic displays
• Viewing comfort
• Was not enhanced
• Short-term discomfort
• Due to perceptible blur
• Image Quality
• Strong impact on perception
ETRA2014
20
Conclusions and Lessons learned
• Need to consider the type of
• Scene
• Task
• Questions asked
• Tradeoff between
• Simulated blur and image quality
• Image quality and comfort preferences
• Individual tuning is required
• Accuracy and latency should be minimized
ETRA2014
21
Future Work
• Long term visual comfort
• Quantitative evaluation methodologies
• Aging population
• Impact of exaggerated DOF
ETRA2014
22
Questions
ETRA2014
23

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