Gas Tax Essay

Gas Tax Essay
The topic of this paper is gasoline prices and higher state sales tax. According to Stephen Singer's
article(Aug 24,2017), ITEP'S research reports(July,2017), (July,2017),(Aug 2011), and(December
2011), the authors tell the reader the consequences of higher taxes on sales and gasoline in
Connecticut and the solution to reduce tax burden on low income family. In Singer's article,
Connecticut legislators are deciding to increase sales tax from it's current to 6.85% to fix a budget
deficit, estimated to reach $3.5 billion in two years and improve state aid to towns. Retailers and
consumers criticize the decision and thinks "it would hurt consumers and hurt retailers" (Tim
Phelan). ITEP'S research report(Aug 2011), sales and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This quotes shows that, upper income families are not affected by the tax, but people who cannot
afford. Comparing Connecticut's gas tax to other states shows that, Connecticut's gas tax is not
among the highest. According to the graph provided by ITEPS research report (July 2017),
Connecticut's four percent gas tax is higher than certain states such as Kentucky, South Dakota, and
Michigan, but lower than other states such as Alaska, Louisiana and New Mexico. If Connecticut
decides to increase its state gas tax to fix its budget crisis and grow it economy, will encourage
government spending. There will be an abundant flow of money to maintain transportation systems
and also public project. 2. Excise tax is a sales tax based on the unit of goods and services purchased
by individuals. Many state and government officials impose this tax on certain goods such as
gasoline, alcohol, tobacco and other product to generate tax revenue. Excise tax can be levied on
either the buyer or seller. When the tax is levied on the buyer, the prices of goods increases and the
quantity demanded by consumers decline .
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Taking a Look at Belgium Culture
Belgium Culture
Belgium is located north of France and south of the Netherlands. It covers an area of 11,780 sq.
miles. There are two major rivers in Belgium, the Schelde and Meuse, both start in France and flow
north towards Netherlands. The land in the southern Belgium, which is called Wallonia, is hillier
than the northern part of Belgium, a region called Flanders. Brussels is the capital city in Belgium,
located in the center of the country, and it has more than a million residents. " Belgium is one of the
most urbanized and densely inhabited countries in the world with about 97 percent of the 10 million
inhabitants living in cities in 2000."(1) Not many people live outside of the cities in Belgium. There
are many medium and smaller sized cities in Belgium. Many people in Belgium live in a city and
have their job in another.
There are three national languages in Belgium, Dutch, French, and German. The Dutch and French
languages are the most commonly spoken languages in the country. In Wallonia the language most
spoken there is French, and in Flanders the language spoken is Dutch, it is also called Flemish. This
has been a point of contention between the two regions. Many people to the north want only
Flemish, or Dutch, spoken throughout the country. Going back to the 1800's French was the official
language spoken in Belgium. Since then there has been a Flemish revival in Belgium. This is tied
into their national identity. Since Belgium moved away from their French

Puffle Party Research Paper
Hey guys, how are you all doing? We are representing the Puffle Party of Canada. As a new party,
we have a fresh view on Canada's biggest issue. Our party's platform on the important issue is pro–
harper. Trudeau's hair is definitely great. Haha, our old PM had some issues with new PM's hair.
Anyways, we really do think that our party's views will provide a better alternative to Canada's
current government, because our views reflect the priorities of the people, and our plan is built
around Canada's current issues.
Economy
One of the big problems Canada has had recently is the recession. To reduce the effects of this
catastrophe, we plan to give benefits to those most affected: the middle class. We will invest in jobs
for those who lost theirs during the recession and provide benefits to ... Show more content on
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We plan to implement a taxing system on carbon emissions that we call "Cap–and–Tax" and
increase the gas tax to encourage responsible use of gas.
The "Cap–and–Tax" program will be a mixture of carbon taxing and a cap–and–tax system. At the
start of the year, the government will put a cap on the carbon emissions a company can produce for
the year, then space can be auctioned around. Then, throughout the year, the government will tax the
company on their emissions, but not as severely as a solely carbon tax system.
For example, under a cap–and–trade system, a company with large carbon emissions might pay $1
billion dollars upfront for a high cap, or pay almost $2 billion under a carbon taxing system. With
our Cap–and–Tax program, a company might pay $500,000 to get a high cap on their emissions,
then pay $750,000 in gas taxes. The company doesn't have to pay a massive amount upfront, and
doesn't pay as much to carbon taxes. This system will make large carbon taxes more manageable for
struggling companies, and save companies money from carbon

British Columbia’s Carbon Tax and its Impact on Greenhouse...
In June of 2008, British Columbia became the first and only Canadian province to introduce a
carbon tax, and has been praised and scone by environmentalists, economists, and politicians alike,
arguing whether the tax is efficient or destructive method of controlling greenhouse gas emissions.
The liberal premier Gordon Campbell introduced the carbon tax; its main purpose would be to
enforce a carbon tax to increase the price of consumption of fossil fuels within the province, the
philosophy behind the tax was to make taxes higher on the deemed environmentally detrimental
purchases and lessen the tax on the others. The carbon tax promised to achieve this in a carbon
neutral way, which meant that the revenue received from the tax would be ... Show more content on
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Stewart Elgie, a University of Ottawa law and economics professor and chair of the green economy
think–tank Sustainable Prosperity suggests that British Columbia's per–capita fuel usage had fallen
more than 4 per cent compared with the rest of Canada and its economy (Ebner, McCarthy, 2011)
Evidently it is reducing the amount of green house gasses emitted by fossil fuel use. However this is
not the concern many had with the introduction of the tax, but the concerns were focused upon the
externalities caused by this and the effects it would have on the economy. Three years since the
carbon tax introduction and the Provincial level of GDP has remained approximately the same,
(Greenery in Canada: We have a winner) With the provincial level of GDP remaining around the
same, this suggests that at the very worst the carbon tax has had no negative effects to the provincial
economy. Furthermore the tax also promised to remain carbon neutral and promised to cut corporate
and private income tax. British Columbia has become the province with the lowest income tax
regime and the lowest corporate tax regime (Greenery in Canada: We have a winner). Although the
carbon tax is being praised by many, it still faces concerns as many still argue the ineffectiveness of
the tax and what that means for the province.
One major objection many economists have to the question of carbon tax effectiveness is whether
the taxes on carbon are high enough to create any change in

California 's Gas Prices Overpriced
California's Gas Prices Overpriced California since the gold rush has been known as the "Golden
State" where it's flooded with multicultural richness from the beaches to the mountains. California
today is the most densely populated state with 38.8 million residents and is still rising, however, not
only is the population ever increasing so are gas prices. Allysia Finley an editorial writer from The
Wall Street Journal states, "The national average is $2.76 a gallon, while the Golden State drivers
pay $3.88. Eco–virtue is expensive" (Finley 1). Gas prices in California has left an effect of
overpriced due to many contributing factors: regulation over the environment, overconsumption,
and how rational people think at the margin.
Finley ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, mostly these regulations have affect only those small refineries drastically to the point of a
shut down and let only the big and powerful industrial companies' take over and collect more profit.
Jennifer L. Brown author of "The Market Effects of Going Green" states, "Additionally, trends in
industry concentrations during the time period reformulated gasoline regulation compliance appear
to have favored large refiners as small refiner market share decreased and industry concentration
increased simultaneously from 1997 to 1999" (Brown 126). Meaning that regulations in California
can be visible from the 90's and have slowly increased, yet unnoticed to the public until now. While
these large corporations have slowly eliminated its small rivals and maintain more of the power of
the market in gasoline. Which later can have an effect of market failure.
Multiple solutions to California's problem have a rise in order to prevent a long–run effect or a
market failure. For instance, Tom Steyer a billionaire environmentalist has proposed an oil–
extraction tax. However, adding another tax can lead into two directions. First, if it becomes a
corrective tax to corporations it can correct their actions, and take account of the social cost. Which
leads to low prices for consumers, and at the same time protect the environment because the seller
will have the incentive to reduce low pollution. Or it can create

Essay on The United States' Budget
The budget of the United States is a document that announces how much the government will
collect in taxes and spend in revenues and how those expenditures will be allocated among various
programs. The basic jist of it is how much money the government is going to spend and where it is
going to spend it. There are three major areas the government spends this money: the country's
defense, Medicare, and social security. These are called uncontrollable expenditures because they
involve contracts already signed, payments like social security that are guaranteed by law, and
interest on the national debt that must be paid if the government is to stay in business.
The budget was started in 1921. At this time both the president and congress had ... Show more
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We were spending billions over what we were bringing in. To fight this President Reagen used the
first budget resolution in May 81 and ordered senate and house committees to reduce federal
spending by about 39 billion in 1982. This didn't work very well because some wanted spending cut
all together and others wanted cutting in certain areas more than others. (Based on who represented
what part of the population.) Then in 1985 the Gramm–Rudman Balanced Budget Act changed the
process again. This involved creating a plan whereby the budget would automatically be cut until
there was no longer a deficit. Each year between 86 and 91 the deficit could not exceed a specified
declining amount. Unfortunately no one liked the idea of automatic budget cuts and it did not pass.
This leads us to taxing, and the only other way to make money, as a government is to tax the people
of that government. This includes raising taxes on gas, alcohol, tobacco, and the overall tax rate. In
the last 10 years our tax rate has grown from 28 % to an astonishing 39.6%.
Every president since about the 30's has struggled with the budget and it is only going to get worse
if we cannot find a better way to deal with it. Federal programs contain countless provisions that
automatically cause spending to increase or decrease depending on economic conditions that cannot
be foreseen. It has been estimated that a 1% increase in unemployment rate of the country cause the
govt. To spend 7

To What Extent Did Margret Thatcher Impact the British...
A. Plan of Investigation
The purpose of this investigation is to analyze to what extent did Margret Thatcher, the prime
minister of the United Kingdom, impact Britain's economy from 1997–1990. This analysis will look
at themes revolving around her impact on the trade unions, tax rates, her impact on unemployment
in the UK and her role in the Lawson Boom in the 1980s. However, how other neighboring
countries besides the US were affected when Margaret Thatcher came to power will not be
investigated. In order to research these themes, news articles in BBC will be used to help find how
Margret Thatcher changed Britain and its economy. In Addition, books such as the "No Such Thing
as Society" and other online journals will be used. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1980: trade union membership fell (Pettinger Tejvan)
She ended the right to secondary picketing, closed shops, compulsory ballots. There was also a
decline in trade union power and British manufacturing (Adam Taylor)
economy lost around 62,000 worker years of production (Taylor Adam)
British rate of lost production: 150% higher than in the United States.
Lost of production: less than 5% when Thatcher came to power (1970) (Taylor, Adam)
Unemployment:
GDP & unemployment: 3 million (1980). (Pettinger Tejvan)
Housing market: "home owning democracy" idea. 1980s: home ownership rates rose. Therefore.
Council houses were bought by tenants. (Pettinger Tejvan)
1980s: unemployment was over 2 million (Pettinger Tejvan)
unemployment rate decreased to 7.1% (Adam Taylor)
Lawson Boom:
1985: UK economy grew rapidly (Lawson Boom). "economic growth reached 4–5% a year"
(Pettinger Tejvan)
Inflation increased to 10% (Pettinger Tejvan)
1990: Boom came to an end which led to another recession (1991–1992) (Pettinger Tejvan)
In Lawson Boom: deficit "reached 5% of GDP" (Pettinger Tejvan)
Rise of house prices, tax cuts, lower interest rates and high confidence (Pettinger Tejvan)
Supply side policies: "reducing the power of trade union, privatization of state owned assets from
BP and BT to gas, water and electricity, deregulation of monopolies, such as gas and electricity and
deregulation of financial

Ronald Reagan's Domestic Conservatism
Ronald Reagan began his rise in fame as a movie star, appearing in over 50 movies, after entering
politics in 1966 he was elected governor of California serving two terms. He was elected the 40th
President of the United States serving from 1981 to 1989. Ronald Reagan won the Presidential
nomination in 1980. Today Ronald Reagan is mainly remembered for reducing taxes and achieving
"peace through strength" abroad. This paper will summarize President Reagan's domestic, foreign
policy, and economic accomplishments.
Reagan's domestic conservatism evolved around his promise for reduced spending, big tax cuts and
smaller government. Once he took office, he pushed for breaking up big industries through
deregulation, reduced government spending and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His tax cuts were innovative putting more money in businesses and everyday people's pockets. With
this money people bought more goods and services boosting the economy. On foreign policy he
ended the Cold War fight with the Soviet Union and defeated Communism throughout the world.
His economic policies, known as Reaganomics has a mixed track record because of the huge debt
incurred by the nation, a majority of Americans still believed in Reagan's conservative agenda. At
the end of his administration, the Nation was enjoying its longest recorded period of peacetime
prosperity without recession or depression. When Ronald Reagan left office in 1989, he had the
highest approval rating of any president since Franklin

Government Spending of Tax Dollars Essay
Government Spending of Tax Dollars
Taxes are the dollars that we pay to government to supply the services that are not or can not be
provided through the free enterprise system. Taxes have been around since the beginning of
organized societies. They come in various forms. Most common are income taxes both federal and
local government. These taxes are assessed on the amount of income a person earns. Other taxes
come in the form of user taxes; these taxes are imposed on the people that are using the goods being
taxed, such as gas tax, alcohol tax, sales tax, and luxury taxes. Property taxes make up the major
revenues for local and city governments. Furthering the burden of taxation are taxes that are
attached to such bills as utility ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order for these governments to function there was a need for revenue to meet the expenses
incurred by these governments. This need for revenue was met by levying taxes on individuals and
businesses. It has always been a question to the population being taxed as to whether or not the
government was doing a good job in assessing and managing the money it collected from taxes.
Taxes 4
The purpose of this report is to determine if the government is acting fairly in its taxation of the
American population, and to point out the waste in government spending. In an article published
November 1995, an unknown author explained the need for government "revenue" by defending
what the revenue supplies for the people. In America we live within a free enterprise society. A free
enterprise system is based on the idea of competition is good and that only the most efficient
businesses will survive. The free enterprise system works with the idea that the consumer is
somewhat knowledgeable about the products they buy. However, in today's modern world the
consumer cannot be always be expected to make an informed decision about something. This is
where federal laws are put in place to protect the interest of the public. Examples of such laws are
regulations covering quality and safety of home

Essay about America Needs a Larger Gas Tax
America Needs a Larger Gas Tax
Don't you hate driving up to the gas station to fill up your car with gasoline only to see that the price
has risen again. You stand there stunned for a moment. Just long enough for the rage to build up and
compell you to go into a frenzy of screaming obsceneties. Yes, it is a scene that happens all across
the country, but, I think I can offer some words of advice: Get used to it.
You may hate the gas prices now but if I had my way I would raise it a whole dollar more than what
it is now. Now before you gouge my eyes out let me explain. Gas prices should go up a dollar for
three reasons. First, we need to build a high speed rail system in America. We are long overdue for
one and as our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We would keep it tightly regulated and only the
upmost security would be kept.
A high speed rail system would be a good idea for many reasons. Primarily, it would cut down on
the amount of people who drive or fly. In 1997 the government issued a report about how high speed
trains would help solve congestion problems that face our nation's highways and airports
(www.fra.dot.gov/o/hsgt/index.html). Also, most high speed trains require less fuel than your
average airplane or automobile.
Money left over form the tax, or if we choose to continue the tax just for this purpose, would be
used to help fund research on alternative fuels. They have already made a great many advances with
alternative fuels and hybrid cars. Honda has already made a that can travel up to 700 miles on one
tank of gas. And it can get up to 70 mpg on the highway
(www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afv/hybrid.html). This kind of progress has all been
done within the last decade. Imagine with a little extra funding the progress that could be made.
Imagine, driving down the road, getting about 100 to 150 mpg. You would no longer have to even
worry about gas prices because you would only have to fill up about once a month, which leads me
to the next reason why raising gas prices would be a good idea.
If we raise gas prices now it'll mean a lot lower prices later on. Simple math will

The Similarities Between Reagan And Clinton Tax Policies
Taxes are an important aspect of the American economy. Due to the vital role taxes play, it is a
controversial issue among politicians especially between fiscal Republicans and Democrats. As a
result, tax policies fluctuate as a president leaves and a new one takes his place. For example,
Republican President Ronald Reagan and Democratic President Bill Clinton had a different
approach on how to revive the American economy. Despite the differences between their tax
policies, Reagan and Clinton share some similarities regarding their tax system. All in all,
Democratic President Bill Clinton and Republican President Ronald Reagan's created tax policies
that have similarities and differences. To begin with, Democrat Bill Clinton made the economy
prosper by increasing and decreasing taxes. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, also
known as the Deficit Reduction Act raised the income tax from 28 to 36 percent for those who
earned more than $115,000 (Amadeo). Also, under this tax policy, those with an earning of $250,000
or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1981, Reagan signed the Economic Recovery Tax Act, which reduced marginal taxes for every
individual by 25 percent (History). Marginal tax is a tax on the additional income of an individual
(Investopedia). In 1986, Reagan initiated another tax policy that would close loopholes within the
tax system and reduce taxes even more (Feulner). The Tax Reform Act of 1986 reduced the tax rate
of the middle class by 15 percent and the wealthy's by 28 percent (Feulner). Both the 1981 and 1986
tax policies reduced the tax rate of high–income earners from 70 to 28 percent (History). Reagan's
massive tax cut did not seem to disrupt tax revenue since it increased from "$500 billion to $1
trillion by the end of the 1980s" (Feulner). All in all, Reagan pushed a tax agenda that called for a
significant tax reduction, and the economy improved as a

Gas Guzzler Tax Case Study
Introduction
Gas economy in today's times has been one of the major issues that the U.S government has been
trying to solve ever since the auto industry had a financial and economic effect in your economy.
Now the government must intervene in this Keynesian economist mode of thought in order to get
the economy into equilibrium of aggregated demand and short–run aggregated supply. During this
time the expectations for vehicle purchases were at an all–time low due to the expectation of the
consumer of not making enough wages to cover their financial need. In order to stimulate the
economy the government had to promote more spending by creating supply and demand for more
fuel–efficient vehicles, trying to keep fuel prices at descent price and ... Show more content on
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There are multiple ways but in particular I will be focusing on the taxes that are imposed when a
vehicle is purchased and how greenhouse is effected when vehicles emit carbon monoxide into the
environment. The United States is one of major countries in the world that consume oil so it is only
feasible that we are as country need to control our oil consumption and have less reliance in foreign
nations. In order to do that the government must develop policies for reducing gasoline consumption
and fuel economy regulations that manufacturers' must adhere to. One policy that was put in effect
is what economist calls the "Gas Guzzler Tax". This tax levied an excise tax on passenger cars that
have fuel economy below a certain level. The minimum tax is $1,000 on passenger cars that get
below 22.5 mile per gallon (mpg), and any vehicle getting above that fuel economy is free of
taxation. The maximum tax is $7,000 for any vehicle with a combined fuel economy rating below
12.5 mpg. (Austin,2003) While on the other hand there are benefits for owning clean vehicles. With
the Clean Fuel Vehicle Tax Deduction consumer are able to deduct $2,000 off of the manufacturer's
sticker price. The only stipulation was that the vehicle must operate under alternative fuels such as
hydrogen, compressed natural gas, and electricity. Here is a chart in 2006 that shows how much the
Gas Guzzler Tax and Hybrid Vehicle Tax Credit made that year. Now on the other side of the
spectrum you might wonder how the environment is changed due to the release of carbon monoxide
into the environment. There are two important ratings the consumers should be aware when
purchasing a vehicle. If you're shopping for a vehicle and you happen to look at the Fuel Economy
and Environment Label. Focus your attention on the Fuel Economy & Green House Rating and
Smog Rating. The label shows you how

Gasoline Prices
The topic of this paper is Gasoline prices and potentially high state sales tax. According to Stephen
Singer's article (2017, August 24); Connecticut legislators are deciding to raise state sales tax and
gas prices from its current rate to 6.85% to close a budget gap that's predicted to reach $3.5 billion
over two years to help lower state aid cut to towns. I disagree with the decision the legislators of
Connecticut are making to fix budget gap with higher taxes on retail products and gasoline prices
because, increasing the prices of these products with higher taxes would "hurt consumers and would
hurt retailers." It would limit the amount of tax revenues generated by the tax and slow the economy
activity. "A higher tax on the sale ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My reaction toward states seeking update in their gas tax at federal level to rise along the prices of
infrastructure materials is a bad idea because the tax will not generate enough revenue to maintain
states transportation. "Increasing gas prices with higher tax rate will decrease the amount of income
earned after the tax is deducted. "
Nineteen of these states have waited a decade or more for an update in federal gas tax, since the time
they increased their gas tax. Among these state, six of them as well as District of Columbia have
abandoned their old gas tax for variable– tax rate that increases along with the rising prices of
transportation materials.
According to ITEP research report(August 2011),although sales tax and excise tax are important for
improving state tax revenue, increasing these taxes on goods and services can have a negative
impact on low income families, creating tax fairness. I agree with the author because these taxes are
added to the total price of goods and services that the consumer purchases in the market. Increasing
the rate of these taxes will cause consumers to change their spending habit as their willingness to
pay for the good is limited by the tax. According the concept of demand and supply, when taxes are

California Roadway Regulation
o California's regulation and direct public funding of roadways can be broken into three major time
periods; 1895 till 1922, 1923 till 1959, and 1960 till the present. The first period started with the
creation of the Bureau of Highways in 1895, which was created by California senate with the goal of
studying highway needs and making suggestions for a state highway system. In 1910, voters
approved the State Highways Act of 1909 which created $18 million worth of bonds for sale in
order to fund construction of a state highways system to connect all county seats, with two more
rounds of bond sales in 1916 and 1919, providing $15 million and $20 million respectively, to finish
the system. This period is defined by bonds sales to fund ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
DOT) is responsible for implementing/enforcing regulations and allocating funds to states and
regional and local agencies. The U.S. DOT is comprised of multiple divisions that are responsible
for specific transportation areas such as highways, transit, aviation, safety, and other emphasis areas.
Some of this funding goes to specific projects earmarked by Congress Federal aid transit programs
included approximately five billion dollars, largely for capital transit investments. The unpredictable
political nature of transportation funds, which have repeatedly been used for general purposes
throughout history, leads to great uncertainty for regional and statewide

Summary: Hydraulic Fracking
anomaly and stated to be caused by radiation. We discontinued selling calves for two years." Due to
Alvarado being largely an agricultural community, many resident's livelihoods were impacts due to
their inability to grow crops or raise cattle without the fear of contamination or radioactivity.
Additionally, when David went to confront the oil companies about the cancerous side effects
undoubtedly due to their fracking operations, he was told that, "The fracking ingredients/chemicals
were proprietary and they could not be released. I also unfortunately fought cancer through the
statute of limitations and could not sue them to make them stop drilling". These enormous gas
companies lie, deceive, and take advantage of residents all to increase ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Specifically, in the presence of negative externalities, a Pigovian Tax can be utilized to correct the
externalities and produce an efficient outcome. In regards to hydraulic fracking, a Pigovian Tax can
be applied to the quantity of gas pumped daily during the process of shale fracking. A Pigovian Tax
would incentivize producers to reduce the quantity of gas pumped daily as well as generate revenue
that can be used to offset the negative effects of hydraulic fracking in communities. Exemplified by
Graph 4, the Marginal Private Cost endured by the firms would be shifted upwards by the amount of
the tax to the point of Marginal Private Cost + Tax. Due to this increased cost, producers would have
the incentive to diminish daily output of gas to the socially optimum level of QS, which considers
the Marginal Social Cost as well. The level of the tax would equal the external damage at the
quantity produced, which is represented by the difference between Marginal Social Cost and
Marginal Private Cost at the point they both cross the Marginal Private Benefit. Therefore, the total
tax revenue is represented by the light purple area. By utilizing a tax, it offers an economic incentive
to hydraulic fracking firms to reduce production levels as well as compensate communities with the
tax revenue. However, the Pigovian Tax would only apply to gas pumped from the process of shale
fracking in order to address the specific negative externalities that arise during hydraulic fracking.
Additionally, the tax revenue collected can be distributed back to the communities

The U.S. National Debt and Selected Reduction Plans and...
Fifteen trillion three hundred and fifty–six billion one hundred and forty million dollars was the
measure of the public debt at last count in January 2012 (The Bureau of Public Debt). Even at the
current higher–than–average national average gas price of $3.51 that could buy more than four
trillion gallons of gas (Pankratz). That's enough gasoline to drive a Hummer H2 around the equator
of the Earth one hundred and seventy–five million times. It is also 31 times the U.S. yearly
consumption of gasoline(U.S. Department of Energy). The ratio of government debt held by the
public to current dollar gross domestic product is 70 percent but the ratio of total debt including
intergovernmental holdings to GDP is 102 percent (Bureau of Economic ... Show more content on
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He started with a debt of $10.6 trillion and the current debt is $15.3 trillion. A lot of that comes from
the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2009. Bush accumulated debt faster than the
presidents before him and Obama is continuing the trend. Of course, the president isn't solely
responsible for the debt but it proves a good way to organize. The debt could lead to a financial
crisis. A U.S. credit default or fears of such default could cut off credit flowing to the United States.
A true sovereign debt crisis is unlikely to occur in the United States as the U.S. debt is held in
dollars and the Federal Reserve could always print more dollars (Wallison). A true crisis could only
occur if our debt was held in the Euro or Chinese Yuan. But the U.S. could still have a pseudo–
default situation where concerns about American ability to repay debt limit creditor's willingness to
loan money.
Wallison sees the trend of divided government continuing and doesn't see compromise as likely
without the onset of a crisis. If Congressional Budget Office outlooks hold true, and the U.S. keeps
it's same policies the debt will be double annual GDP by 2041. When the markets and financial
sector sees a point of no return where the Federal Reserve can't pay off the debt without major
inflation, a debt crisis consisting of damaging inflation will occur. This will send negative shocks
through the U.S. economy. The buying power of the dollar will fall and Americans will no longer be

Sample Resume : Food Loss And Food Waste Reduction
MEMORANDUM
TO: The Honorable Jane Doe House of Representatives
FROM: Mary Mayes, California State University, Long Beach
DATE: May 11, 2016
RE: Food Loss and Food Waste Reduction
______________________________________________________________________________
A. Issue
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates 30% to 40% of our food is "lost"
(any amount of edible food available for human consumption but is not consumed for any reason) or
"wasted" (a component of food loss that occurs when an edible food item goes unconsumed due to
rejection by retailers or consumer plate waste) because it is discarded into a landfill. At the same
time about 14% of U.S. households are food insecure, meaning they do not always have access to
food. There are charitable organizations that can pick up and deliver surplus food to food banks but
this can be expensive and a food bank may not be near those in need. There are many stakeholders
who have opportunities to reduce waste but at the present time there are a limited number of policies
to address this issue. Three policy options are a good starting point: 1. consumer education to
prevent food waste, 2. expansion of business tax benefits for food donations, and 3. grant funding
for organizations that transport food donations.
B. Market Failure
A market that over produces so that the surplus is discarded into landfills is inefficient. The
production inputs of land, water, labor, and energy that create the

Cap And Trade Vs Carbon Tax Essay
1. This is the third class I have taken where we have discussed cap & trade vs. carbon tax. I believe
both systems have their merits and utilizing either one would positively affect climate change and
the economy. I believe carbon taxes are the better of the two options because it is simple and
immediately causes companies and individuals of ways to reduce fuel and energy consumption.
Simply put the less fossil fuel used the less the tax affects the company or individual. Secondly
money collected in taxes should be based right back to the businesses and individuals in the form of
tax breaks and rebates. This will spark growth in the economy. Cap and Trade on the other hand set
a predictable carbon dioxide levels and rewards companies for being beneath those limits by
allowing them to sell their their unused allotment of carbon credits. Companies that have been able
to meet their required levels can in turn by these extra allotments and in turn by themselves more
time to develop new ways to reach the predetermined goal. This later system spars free trade and
will have the overall affect of reducing carbon emissions however I believe it creates less of an
initiative for bigger more lucrative companies to reduce carbon emissions and just gives them a way
to buy themselves a way to continue to pollute above acceptable standards.
2. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I find Jeffrey Sachs points most compelling in the fact that a carbon tax covers the entire economy
and reaches units impossible by cap and trade. I also agree with him that a cap and trade market can
be manipulated. Lastly, I also like the fact that a clear revenue is collected with a tax system. I do
not disagree with any of the points offered by the experts I just personally lean more toward the
carbon tax

County Tax Return
RV–R0012301 Tennessee Department of Revenue County Business Tax Return
Use RV–R0012301 Tennessee Department of Revenue County Business Tax Return form for filing
the county tax returns. Please complete Schedule A, Deductions from Gross Sales duly and file
along with RV–R0012301 form at the Tennessee Department of Revenue, Nashville, Tennessee.
Your payment check should be payable to Tennessee Department of Revenue. Please provide all
particulars accurately and avoid strikeouts or omissions. You need to enter values and descriptions
along with selection of options by marking right boxes. You may choose to prepare this form with
the help of a professional preparer. Do not enter any details in the space reserved for office use.
Steps to Prepare RV–R0012301 Tennessee Department of Revenue County Business Tax Return ...
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Enter your name and address for receiving returns. Then select if this is an amended return and or
you are filing this return for closed business by marking the boxes on the right when applicable.
Select your business type and business tax jurisdiction on the succeeding lines.
Please enter amounts rounded to the nearest dollar in the following portions of V–R0012301
Tennessee Department of Revenue County Business Tax Return.
Enter the amount of Total gross sales without sales tax, and then specify deductions from line 18 of
Schedule A. enter taxable gross sales on line 3. Calculate and enter the business tax as directed on
line 4. Specify value of the personal property tax on line 5.
Calculate and enter total tax due on line 6. Continue by providing credit memo balance and penalty
on line 7 and 8 respectively. Enter interest amount and total amount due on line 9 and 10. You and
preparer if any must date and sign V–R0012301 Tennessee Department of Revenue County
Business Tax Return.
Schedule A – Deductions from Gross

Essay On Gas Tax
The topic of this paper is gasoline prices and higher state sales tax.
According to Singers(Aug 24,2017), ITEP'S (July,2017), (July,2017),(Aug 2011), and(December
2011), higher sales and gas tax in Connecticut have consequences and a solution proposed to reduce
tax burden on low income family. Based on the readings and my understanding of this topic, I
conclude that increasing sales and gas taxes in Connecticut to fix a budget crisis will be financially
harmful to low income families and needs to be address with new policy. Singer(Aug 24,2017),
pointed out that, Connecticut legislators are deciding to increase sales tax from its current level to
6.85 percent to fix a budget deficit, estimated to reach $3.5 billion in two years and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. Comparing sales tax to other states shows that, Connecticut's sales tax is not among the highest.
According to Singer's (Aug 24, 2017), the Connecticut 6.35 percent sales tax ranks thirty two in the
US. It's higher than certain state such as Massachusetts, and lower than others, such as Rode Island
and New York. As Connecticut tries to grow its economy and fix it budget crisis with higher sales
tax, will create a financial problem for the lower and middle classes. "based on estimate produced
by ITEP data, low income families spend seventy five percent of their income on items subjected to
sales tax, higher than fifty percent spent by middle–income families and ten percent spent by the
richest families"(ITEP). Considering this, upper income families are not affected by the tax, but low
and mid–income people who cannot afford the tax. Comparing Connecticut's gas tax to other states
shows that, Connecticut's gas tax is not among the highest. According to the graph provided by the
ITEPS research report (July 2017), Connecticut's four percent gas tax is higher than certain states
such as Kentucky, South Dakota, and Michigan, but lower than other states such as Alaska,
Louisiana and New Mexico. If Connecticut decides to

Barack Obama 's Current Tax Code
With the presidential elections coming up, different tax policies are being debated between the
candidates. Whether it is proposed by a Democratic or a Republican presidential candidate, there
have been many possible solutions presented on how to reform the current tax code. Focusing
specifically on four candidates, two from the Democratic Party, and two from the Republican Party,
I will compare and contrast their respective tax proposals. While the Democratic candidates
generally agree with President Obama's current tax code, all four candidates are looking to reform it
in some way in order to, in their own eyes, better the current tax code affecting today's citizens.
For the Democratic party, I will be taking a look into the proposed tax policies of Hillary Clinton as
well as Bernie Sanders'. On the other hand, for the Republican Party, I will examine the tax policies
of Donald Trump along with Marco Rubio's. Before I begin comparing each of the four candidates, I
will present some of the policies in the current tax code. This will help analyze the changes the
candidates want to make when I immediately after list their tax policies and the specific changes
they wish to bring about in order to improve the current tax code.
Current tax code:
The current tax code is aimed towards making it more fair for working families. The policy includes
the American Opportunity Tax Credit, which gives up to $10,000 worth of tax credits to college
students. For businesses that make less

Essay On Gas Tax
According to Singers(Aug 24,2017), ITEP'S (July,2017), (July,2017),(Aug 2011), and(December
2011), higher sales and gas tax in Connecticut have consequences and a solution proposed to reduce
tax burden on low income family. Based on the readings and my understanding of this topic, I
conclude that increasing sales and gas taxes in Connecticut to fix a budget crisis will be financially
harmful to low income families and needs to be address with the new policy. Singer(Aug 24,2017),
pointed out that, Connecticut legislators are deciding to increase the sales tax from its current level
to 6.85 percent to fix a budget deficit, estimated to reach $3.5 billion in two years and improve state
aid to towns. Based on Tax Foundation studies, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Comparing sales tax to other states shows that, Connecticut's sales tax is not among the highest.
According to Singer's (Aug 24, 2017), the Connecticut 6.35 percent sales tax ranks thirty–two in the
US. It is higher than certain state such as Massachusetts, and lower than others, such as Rode Island
and New York. As Connecticut tries to grow its economy and fix it budget crisis with higher sales
tax, will create a financial problem for the lower and middle classes. "Based on estimate produced
by ITEP data, low income families spend seventy five percent of their income on items subjected to
sales tax, higher than fifty percent spent by middle–income families and seventeen percent spent by
the richest families"(ITEP). Considering this, the tax do not affect upper income families,but low
and mid–income people who cannot afford the tax . Comparing gas tax to other states shows that,
Connecticut's gas tax is not among the highest. According to the graph provided by the ITEPS
research report (July 2017), Connecticut's four percent gas taxes is higher than certain states such as
Kentucky, South Dakota, and Michigan, but lower than other states such as Alaska, Louisiana and
New Mexico. As Connecticut tries to grow its economy and fix it budget

Pan Democrats Proposal
According to the following articles; "Retailers Pan Democrats' Proposal To Raise State Sales Tax"
by Stephen singer, "The efficiency of market and the cost of Taxation" in Dirk Mateer and Lee
Coppock's, Principles of Macroeconomics 2nd ed.,"How Sales and Excise Taxes Work", "Most
Americans live in States with Variable–Rate Gas Taxes", "How Long Has it Been Since Your State
Raised its Gas Tax", and "Building a Better Gas Tax" from, www.itepnet.org and www.ctj.org, the
authors informs the reader about the consequences the government's decision to increase gasoline
prices and high state sales tax to fix transportation systems in Connecticut can have a negative
impact on the lives of low income family. In Stephen singer's article, Connecticut

Did Reaganomics Fix The Economic Troubles
What was Reaganomics?
The economic policies of Ronald Reagan, which called for widespread tax cuts, decreased social
spending, increased military spending, and the deregulation of domestic markets.
How was the state of the economy in the 1980s?
When Reagan entered office during the beginning of the 80s the economy was suffering.
Stagflation, or high inflation combined with a high unemployment rate was occurring. But by 1983,
inflation had eased and the economy had sustained a period of economic growth.
Did Reaganomics fix the economic troubles? Explain!
Reaganomics did fix economic troubles. His goals of the policies were achieved. Reagan cut tax
rates enough to stimulate consumer demand. Government spending was slowed down,

Gasoline Prices
Reaction Paper
The topic of this paper is Gasoline prices and potentially high state sales tax. According to Stephen
Singer's article (2017, August 24); Connecticut legislators are deciding to raise state sales tax and
gas prices from its current rate to 6.85% to close a budget gap that's predicted to reach $3.5 billion
over two years to help lower state aid cut to towns. I disagree with the decision the legislators of
Connecticut are making to fix budget gap with higher taxes on retail products and gasoline prices
because, increasing the prices of these products with higher taxes would "hurt consumers and would
hurt retailers." It would limit the amount of tax revenues generated by the tax and slow the economy
activity. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nineteen of these states have waited a decade or more for an update in federal gas tax, since the time
they increased their gas tax. Among these state, six of them as well as District of Columbia have
abandoned their old gas tax for variable– tax rate that increases along with the rising prices of
transportation materials.
ITEPs(Decmenber,2011), Inflation has increased the prices of construction materials as many states
try to cover the cost of these materials with revenues generated from fixed tax to main their
transportation system.
According to ITEP research report(August 2011),although sales tax and excise tax are important for
improving state tax revenue, increasing these taxes on goods and services can have a negative
impact on low income families, creating tax fairness. I agree with the author because these taxes are
added to the total price of goods and services that the consumer purchases in the market. Increasing
the rate of these taxes will cause consumers to change their spending habit as their willingness to
pay for the good is limited by the tax. According the concept of demand and supply, when taxes are
impose on either the consumer or producer, the tax incidence is split between them. The consumer
pays half of the tax through higher prices, whiles the producers pay the other half of the tax from the
difference between it revenue and the

Arguments Regarding the US Economy from Conservative and...
Arguments Regarding the US Economy from Conservative and Liberal Mindsets
Introduction The Republicans and Democrats have similar and different views on how to handle the
United States of America and its immense economy. Both of the parties are more ideologically alike
than different. Both parties support the United States Constitution, private property, free enterprise,
and our individual freedom. Both view government's role as a limited one, to varying degrees. They
support majority rule and the due process of law. Both generally support the reforms made in the
New Deal, such as social security, income tax, and welfare. (Goshen, Chapter 10 Notes)
Republicans tend to be conservative and Democrats tend to be liberal. If ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Federalist Party ended in 1816. In 1834 it was rekindled under the name of the Whig Party.
They were a loose coalition of groups united in their opposition to what party members viewed as
the executive tyranny of "King Andrew" Jackson. The Whig Party ended slightly after the Civil War.
The Republican Party came about in the early 1850's on the issue of granting western lands to
settlers and supporting the abolitionist movement. The Republican Party is the only third party is
United States history to ever become a major party. The Republican Party, or GOP, formed in 1854.
The party did not win an election until 1861 when Abraham Lincoln took office. (Goshen, Chapter
10 Notes) Ronald Reagan completely changed the way the federal government works when he undid
many of the things Franklin D. Roosevelt created when Reagan dissolved power back to the states,
in support of the ideals of the Republican party.
The Republican Argument Freedom is what our ancestors fought for in the Revolutionary War:
freedom to do what we want with our lives and freedom from taxation without representation. It is a
quality that most capitalistic countries cherish. This quality, freedom from big government and high
taxes, could be said to be the basis of conservative beliefs. By having less government intervention
in our economy, it allows the people

Operation Bootstrap Research Paper
The origins of the current Puerto Rican debt began long ago when the United States and Puerto
Rican governments created an ambitious plan called "Operation Bootstrap." The "bootstrap" was a
reference to the idiom of "pulling oneself up by one's bootstraps," to help oneself without the aid of
others; use one's resources ("bootstrap"). The plan was to shift Puerto Rico's economy from an
Agriculture based one, to a more modern manufactory based economy. The plan created in 1970
has, "boosted the creation of industry over agriculture to improve the local economy and offered tax
incentives to American corporations" (Figuerdo and Argot–Freyre 187). The Puerto Rican
government gave American companies 10 years of tax breaks including low–interest government ...
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Due to the 1917 Jones act, bonds distributed by Puerto Rico are different from ones given by regular
states; Puerto Rico's bonds are "triple tax exempt", meaning; income on the bonds are not subject to
federal, state or, local

Domestic Production Activities Deduction (DPAD)
Domestic Production Activities Deduction (DPAD): This is special deduction which is available for
the business farms that is engaged in manufacturing or production activities within the United
States. In order to be qualified for the deduction, the business must involve in domestic production
activities which are manufacturing of tangible personal property, production of sound recording and
certain films, software development, production of energy, natural gas, or water; selling, leasing or
licensing items manufactured, construction, print media and engineering services. The activities
which are not qualified for DPAD includes constructions that are cosmetic in nature, e.g., painting,
decorating etc., leasing or licensing items which is related to a party and selling foods or beverages
prepared at a retail party ( ). The domestic production activities rate is 9% which reduces the
corporate income tax by 3 points. Individuals can claim DPAD on Form 1040, line 35 and C
Corporations on Form 1120, line 25. The deduction is figured out by individual and corporation
using the Form 8903. The DPAD is a unique opportunity provided ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The alternative minimum tax is implemented in order to ensure that individuals and corporations
which have substantial income must pay the regular income tax plus the excess, the AMT, when the
tentative alternative minimum tax is greater than the regular tax. There are several reasons for which
a corporation is likely to pay an AMT: a). A high level of investment in fixed assets, such as
buildings, equipment etc., and b). low taxable income due to a strong foreign competition, a low–
margin industry or other factors; c). investment at low real interest

1. How Does Tax Affect Market Activity?
1a. How does a tax affect market activity?
Taxes discourages market activity and/or growth. Taxes disrupts the markets natural equilibrium by
artificially raising the price of the good. The customers reaction to the higher price is to buy less of
the good, and manufacturers reaction is to provide less of the good at a higher price to remain in
business.
1b. How does a tax on a good affect the price paid by buyers and the price of received by sellers?
The buyers will have to pay more for the same good and the seller will receive less income from the
same good.
1c. How does the tax affect the quantity of a good that is sold? The tax tends to lower the quantity of
goods sold due to the price increase. The buyer does not wish to spend

Regressive Taxes Case
1) McCain was a person who talked about taxes, but not any taxes, his article pointed out that
regressive taxes. McCain explained regressive taxes, by making sure that other people could
understand it was clear on what regressive taxes was about. McCain was looking at regressive taxes
and try to lower the gas prices, which are taxed at the pump. The key idea that was behind this
proposal was that McCain was trying to get people to see that gas prices are being taxed more than
they should be, even though gas prices are not highly priced. The main reason why that economist
did not like this proposal because it would cost the government money, more than it was worth.
Even Obama did not like this proposal because he thought that taxing this would make people pay
even more that they are already paying for. People did not like this proposal because it would put a
cost on things, like gasoline, that where being taxed.
2) If the congress decided to pass a temporary suspension of the gas tax the demand of this would go
up because if this where in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It would also help reduce global warming and carbon dioxide levels if these taxes prices were
increased than the pollution from our vehicles would not harm the environment and would also help
the pollution in the air.
4) The carbon tax and cap and trade is where they try to use less chemicals in the air so it helps with
the pollution in are air. It has also help stop some of the carbon dioxide that is giving into global
warming that is happing on this planet. Economist favors the carbon tax because they use less
chemicals in the air. They also like this method better because it would cost less time to do and they
would enforce the carbon tax with all the companies that produce carbon

Percentage Depletion
INTRODUCTION
When accounting students study income tax accounting, the first concept they learn is financial
accounting and income tax accounting will produce different amounts of revenue and expenses. The
net income reported on financial statements will differ from the net income reported to the Internal
Revenue Service. The difference is created by temporary and/or permanent tax differences.
Temporary tax differences are caused by timing; these differences will eventually reverse
themselves. Permanent tax differences, as the name suggests, will not be reversed. An example that
most students are familiar with would be interest income earned on municipal bonds. However,
many students are not familiar with the permanent tax ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marginal wells, also referred to as stripper wells, produce less than 15 BO per day. These wells
contribute 20% of domestic oil production and 12% of domestic gas production (U.S. Energy
Information Administration). The IPAA also reminded Congress that marginal wells are expensive
to operate and revenue barely covers operating costs. Percentage depletion allows the operator to
retain more of the marginal well's revenue.
Obviously the goal for the oil and gas producer is to make more money and using percentage
depletion will help the producer reach that goal. The goal of permanent tax differences is to
encourage desirable behavior or discourage undesirable behavior. For example, buy municipal
bonds and the government will not tax your interest income because the government encourages this
behavior. Fines and penalties paid for infractions of regulations are not allowed as expense
deductions. Government will not reward bad behavior. Percentage depletion was meant to encourage
drilling and to keep marginal wells producing. The statistical data provided by the US Energy
Information Administration support the conclusion that this tax policy is working.
While the benefit of this permanent tax difference is apparent, costs associated with percentage
depletion are harder to

Essay On Gas Tax
Reaction Paper
The topic of this paper is Gasoline prices and potentially higher state sales tax. According to
Stephen Singer's article (2017, August 24); Connecticut legislators are deciding to raise the state
sales tax and gas prices from its current rate to 6.85% to close a budget gap that's predicted to reach
$3.5 billion over two years to help lower state aid cut to towns. I disagree with the decision the
legislatures of Connecticut are making to fix a budget gap with higher taxes on retail products and
gasoline prices because increasing the prices of these products with higher taxes would increase the
price of consumer goods and services. According to the law of demand and the law of supply, when
there is an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to a November 2009 ITEP report titled Who Pays? Found that, the poorest 20 percent of
state residents pay about 10.9 percent of their income in state and local taxes, while the richest 1
percent pays about 5.2 percent. According to ITEP's research report(August 2011), although sales
tax and excise tax are important for improving state tax revenue, increasing these taxes on goods
and services can have a negative impact on low–income families, creating tax fairness. I agree with
the author because these taxes are in the total price of goods and services that the consumer
purchases in the market. Increasing the rate of these taxes will hurt the middle and low–income
families. According to estimates produced by ITEP's Consumer Expenditure Survey, low–income
families typically spend three–quarters of their income on items subjected to sales tax, middle–
income families spend about half of their income on items subjected to sales tax and the richest
family spends only about a sixth of their income on sales–taxable items. Therefore, by increasing the
gas tax, not only is the tax leasing the amount of money these families earn but decreasing the
amount of money going into the economy. According to the concept of taxation and deadweight
loss, I learn in macroeconomics, increasing the prices of goods and services with higher taxes would
not always

Patrick Murphy's Resuscitate The American Dream For All
In the commentary "Resuscitate the American dream for all" Patrick Murphy writes about the
changes he believes America needs to undergo. He is very concerned with the working class yet
some of his solutions appear to contradict just that. Patrick feels that one of America's biggest
problems is the lack of pay and people being underwater on their mortgages, yet his solution is to
raise taxes. He also talks about pouring a trillion dollars into the government like it is so easily
obtainable. While more than likely Patrick is a very educated man, its blatant exceptions that render
this article very unpersuasive. To start the article off the first thing the author Patrick Murphy does is
assert his importance. The very first line of the article reads "As a Cook County Circuit judge". At
this point he has many of his readers hooked already. An insight into a judge's mind seems like a
captivating thing, and after all one would think someone who works for the American Government
would have a great option on it. He then goes on to talk about his experience in the court of law, as
well as his personal beliefs on what makes men and women so depressed. Patrick tells of drugs,
alcohol, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He talks about them like they are so simple and powerless saying "the people before me take a lunch
box and go off to work" (Murphy). This paints a vivid image of a beaten and broken man walking
into court carrying his lunch box with his head hunched over just trying to make it through the day.
Patrick is setting up the article. He wants the audience to feel sorry for Americans so that he can
now begin to focus on the huge changes that he feels need to happen to fix it. Patrick uses the idea
of an inferior society as the rhetoric for the rest of the article. Some readers may relate with the
image of the broken down man, and at this point are paying more attention so any possible solutions
to boost the

Essay Texas Toll Roads
Texas Toll Roads – an examination of tolling and alternate measures
Nothing that has occurred in the last several years in Texas has been quite as controversial as the
new and increased usage of toll roads for new road construction. We have heard many statements
that the toll roads are being built as a money–making system for the state (and the Department of
Transportation). Statements have also been made to the effect that the state is "selling" the state, one
length of roadway at a time; that the current roads could be maintained by the state, with current
state funding levels. The main complaint is that the roads of Texas have always been free, and
should continue to be free. But are these arguments correct?
Texas Roads have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As well, the money which is currently being gathered to fund road maintenance and building in
Texas, is not all going to road maintenance or building.
At this time, 18.4 cents is gathered as a federal gasoline tax, and 20 cents is gathered as a state gas
tax. However, the federal tax is sent to Washington, and we only receive back 87 cents of every
dollar sent (the rest goes to other states). As an example of this, Rhode Island gets back $2.10 for
every dollar in gas tax that they send to Washington. For the state gas taxes gathered, it is even
worse.
Of the money gathered by the state, almost 1 billion dollars is sent to other state agencies (such as
the Department of Public Safety, Education, and other state colleges and state parks).3 This money
is regulated by the state government to go to these other agencies, which detracts from the
department of transportation's ability to handle road maintenance. So, even before taking into
account the increases due to inflation, the budget of TxDOT is decreased by $1 billion dollars
(almost half of which goes to the state's educational system).
The state is selling itself, one length of roadway at a time.
People seem to want to believe that the state is giving

U.s. Federal Gasoline Tax
Abstract Increasing the United States federal gasoline tax is currently a debated issue as a means of
curtailing dependency on foreign oil and improving the country's environment. An increases,
however, would be regressive and would place another hardship on citizens who already feel as if
taxes are too high. Because of the unpopularity of such a tax, nationally elected officials have not
seriously floated the plan as means of raising revenue, but it could be used as a means to
progressively cut income taxes.
Introduction Increasing the federal gasoline tax could reduce carbon emissions, benefit the
environment, decrease the current government deficit, and cut our reliance on foreign oil. Higher
taxes, however, are not met ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of this study is to examine both arguments and conclude whether a higher federal
gasoline tax is warranted.
History In 1932, the first gasoline tax was created and cost consumers one–cent per gallon. Over the
past 80 years, this tax has constantly increased. Events such as the Korean War in 1951 and the
construction of interstate highway systems in 1959 caused the tax to raise to its current level of 18.4
cents per gallon, which is its current rate (Williams, 2005). Revenues collected have been utilized
for a variety of purposes. For almost 20 years between 1932 and 1956, taxes collected were
allocated to the general fund. The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 established the Highway Trust
Fund, where all monies collected were allocated until 1983 when some funds were placed in a mass
transit account. Today, 15.44 cents of every 18.4 cents is allocated to the Highway Transit Fund
(Buechner, 2007). Controversy over the federal gasoline tax has always been present, with
opposition from the public to every proposed increase. Recently, when discussions arose to use the
tax to generate revenue, many public officials recommended suspending recent increases and some
argued to suspend the tax in its entirety citing its drain on the economy. These suggestions were not,
however, implemented.
State Gasoline

Executive Summary : Our Company Tnt Auto Sales Inc.
I. Executive Summary: Our company TNT Auto Sales Inc. implements a new approach to used car
sales. It only begins with the quality and reliability of the cars we sell. Considering the
professionalism and customer service experience of the founders, along with the financial training
and background, the company is looking forward to flourishing business and ever growing loyal
clientele base. The owner, Teneille Norville, has several years of personal experience with buying
and selling used vehicles as a hobby and additional income. Since the number of customers and
sales volume have significantly grown recently, it is necessary to take the next step and establish an
official business in order to continue the expansion. The purpose of this plan is to raise $100,000 to
cover start up expenses, including property security deposit and rent, building remodeling, security,
licensing and insurance, as well as inventory. The proposed lease property is closed down Fairburn
Sunoco gas station in Fairburn, GA, which is part of Fulton County. a. Products and services: We are
looking to provide one stop experience for our customers that will not only provide them with a
quality and reliable vehicle, but also with in–house financing in order to secure the car they like.
Our company will extend credit and work together with the future customers in order to provide
affordable down payments and monthly installments. The vehicles for sale at our location are mix of
imported and local make,

U.s. Mint Should Discontinue The Penny
In recent times the U.S. penny has become a heated topic for debate. The issue people debate is
whether the U.S. mint should discontinue the penny. Most Americans seem to have a definite
opinion about this topic. Both sides of the argument have increasing support and a numerous amount
of legitimate reasons to support their argument. In my opinion pennies are a nuisance and do not
really offer enough value, therefore the U.S. Mint should discontinue the production of the penny.
The U.S. Mint was established when congress passed The Coinage Act in 1792 (The New Yorker). A
year later in 1793 the Mint produced its first circulating coins. The U.S. Mint is responsible for
producing circulating coins that people use for monetary transactions. They also produce
commemorative coins for people to collect. The one cent coin was first produced in 1787 by private
mints. 5 years later the first U.S. pennies were created. According to the Americans for Common
Cents organization, over 300 billion one cent coins have been produced since 1787. Over time, more
and more people have thought the penny has outlived its worth. Though, there are still a large
amount of people who believe the penny is necessary to the U.S. economy. When it comes to this
debate there are many aspects people disagree about. Most of the aspects discussed have to do with
the future of the U.S. economy if the penny was discontinued. The price of making a penny and the
effect of not having a penny for normal

Increasing the Gas Tax Would Cause an Improvement in the...
Increasing the Gas Tax Would Cause an Improvement in the Environment
Many people all over the world are concerned about pollution. Gasoline use in automobiles is one of
the major causes of pollution. When gasoline is used it releases carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrogen oxide. These are gasses that contribute to the Greenhouse Effect. The Greenhouse Effect
refers to the trapping of the sun's radiation and is also used synonymously with Global Warming
(greenfuels.org). Governments are trying to come up with alternatives to gasoline to improve or at
least not hurt our environment as much as gasoline does.
There are things we can do to help out the environment. One suggestion is better public
transportation systems. For example, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead, some train systems use electricity, which doesn't release the harmful gasses that pollute our
environment. The more people that use these public transportation systems, the less people that will
drive themselves to work and therefore less gasoline is used. Also, the tax money could fund
research to come up with better alternatives to the gasoline and vehicles that are used at this time.
There are new technologies in automotives out there now. For example, there is the electric car. The
only problem with this is that the car needs to be plugged in and can only run for four to six hours at
a time, making it hard for long distance travel. Another example is a vehicle that uses a combination
of a gasoline and electric engines. They call it a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This particular
vehicle used no gas while idling and the gasoline engine turns off while the vehicle is stopped. As a
result, this vehicle uses less gasoline and the tank lasts longer. The electric motor boosts acceleration
so not as much gasoline is used. The HEV has a regenerative braking system that recharges the
battery. This vehicle emits half of what an ultra low emission vehicle does, so is much better for the
environment. It is already possible that by the year 2003 this type of vehicle will cost less because of
various state and national tax incentive plans to lower the cost significantly. This has already been
accepted in Maryland

Business Case Study: E & P Of Oil And Gas
3.0 Main Risks E&P of oil and gas usually considers as a high–risk business that may have a big
impact on the stakeholders of the project. Studies have shown that geological concepts are not
absolute when it comes to determining the reservoir seal, structure, and hydrocarbon charge (Suslick
et al., 2009, p.30). The engineering parameters at the stage of development and production possess
vast amounts of uncertainties regarding critical variables such as production schedule, infrastructure,
operational costs, quality of oil, and characteristics of the reservoirs. This suggests that the primary
stakeholders who will be affected are the owners of the of the E&P company. In case a firm is
unable to find resources that are economically viable after investing the high amount of resources, it
implies that owners of that company will have to incur a huge loss since the invested funds cannot
be recovered (Suslick et al., 2009). Potential investors will also be reluctant of investing in such a
company when there are clear signs that the management has not been able to find what it was
looking form and the company may have a difficult time trying to convince financial institutions to
give it loans or invest in the company. The primary source of these uncertainties is the geological
models as well as engineering and economic models that are exposed to high–risk scenarios of
decision–making. Research have shown that most of the risks are associated with the fact that there
is no

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