The document introduces CIRCUTOR S.A., a company that produces power capacitors and other equipment to improve energy efficiency. It then describes CIRCUTOR's new range of cylindrical capacitors filled with inert gas. The key advantages of these capacitors are that they eliminate the risk of leaks, are lighter than oil-filled models, and provide complete environmental protection. The capacitors also have safety systems to disconnect them in the event of overpressure.
Partial discharge monitoring of High Voltage Assets - TATA Steel Scunthorpe Mikolaj Kukawski
Extensive Presentation with 14 Case Studies from High Voltage Assets Preventative Maintenance by Non-intrusive testing using Partial Discharge detection and monitoring equipment. This Presentation contains: Author's Key Facts, Integrated Steelworks Plants brief overview of processes and Biggest Private HV Network in the UK Single Line Diagram - to highlight importance of HV Assets importance to the whole site uninterrupted operations, 14 case studies showing various High Voltage Switchgear and Transformers Partial Discharge issues detected, located and eliminated by prompt action.
This document discusses semiconductor materials and devices. It begins by explaining electricity and electron bands in atoms. It then discusses the properties and atomic structures of conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Semiconductors can be made to act as insulators or conductors through doping, which introduces impurity atoms. The document describes how n-type and p-type semiconductors are formed and their current flow. It concludes by explaining how a p-n junction diode is formed at the interface of p-type and n-type semiconductors and its current-voltage characteristics.
Electric arc welding through salt water converted (1)S PARVEEN SINGH
This document appears to be a student project report on electric arc welding through salt water. It includes sections on introduction, principles, components, methodology and advantages/limitations. The project involves using salt water as a resistor to control current for arc welding. Students will submerge electrodes in a saltwater solution and use an AC power source to create an arc and weld metal materials. The report is submitted for a degree in mechanical engineering and includes standard elements like declarations, certificates and acknowledgments.
The document discusses different types of dielectric materials including solid, liquid, and gaseous dielectrics. Solid dielectrics are effective electrical insulators and can transmit or emit light. Liquid dielectrics are used in high voltage applications to prevent electric discharges and provide insulation and cooling. Common examples include transformer oil. Gaseous dielectrics also prevent electric discharges in high voltage equipment and commonly used gases include air, nitrogen, sulfur hexafluoride and perfluorocarbons. Dielectrics are used in capacitors to store charge and increase capacitance. Dielectric resonators are used in oscillator circuits to provide a frequency reference. Transformer oil is used to cool transformers and provide electrical insulation between live parts.
This document discusses different types of dielectric materials including solids, liquids, and gases. Some key solid dielectrics mentioned are mica, glass, rubber, and ceramics. The main liquid dielectrics described are mineral oils, synthetic oils, and miscellaneous oils. Gaseous dielectrics include air, nitrogen, sulfur hexafluoride, and inert gases. The document also discusses specific dielectric materials like mica, glass, asbestos, and rubber. It describes the composition and properties of each and their applications, particularly in capacitors and transformers.
The document discusses single electron transistors (SETs). [1] A SET uses a small conductive island separated by insulating barriers, allowing single electrons to tunnel on or off the island. [2] This "Coulomb blockade" effect only allows current to flow when bias voltage exceeds charging energy. [3] Potential applications of SETs include quantum computers, electrometers, memory devices, and logic systems due to their ultra-low power consumption and sensitivity to single electrons.
When a dielectric material is placed between the plates of a capacitor, the capacitance increases. This is because the dielectric material becomes polarized in the electric field, resulting in a net separation of positive and negative charges. The polarization is represented by a vector quantity P called the polarization vector. The relative permittivity εr of a material quantifies how much more charge can be stored in a capacitor due to the presence of that material. In covalent solids, electronic polarization occurs due to the displacement of electrons in covalent bonds between atoms in response to an applied electric field.
Partial discharge monitoring of High Voltage Assets - TATA Steel Scunthorpe Mikolaj Kukawski
Extensive Presentation with 14 Case Studies from High Voltage Assets Preventative Maintenance by Non-intrusive testing using Partial Discharge detection and monitoring equipment. This Presentation contains: Author's Key Facts, Integrated Steelworks Plants brief overview of processes and Biggest Private HV Network in the UK Single Line Diagram - to highlight importance of HV Assets importance to the whole site uninterrupted operations, 14 case studies showing various High Voltage Switchgear and Transformers Partial Discharge issues detected, located and eliminated by prompt action.
This document discusses semiconductor materials and devices. It begins by explaining electricity and electron bands in atoms. It then discusses the properties and atomic structures of conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Semiconductors can be made to act as insulators or conductors through doping, which introduces impurity atoms. The document describes how n-type and p-type semiconductors are formed and their current flow. It concludes by explaining how a p-n junction diode is formed at the interface of p-type and n-type semiconductors and its current-voltage characteristics.
Electric arc welding through salt water converted (1)S PARVEEN SINGH
This document appears to be a student project report on electric arc welding through salt water. It includes sections on introduction, principles, components, methodology and advantages/limitations. The project involves using salt water as a resistor to control current for arc welding. Students will submerge electrodes in a saltwater solution and use an AC power source to create an arc and weld metal materials. The report is submitted for a degree in mechanical engineering and includes standard elements like declarations, certificates and acknowledgments.
The document discusses different types of dielectric materials including solid, liquid, and gaseous dielectrics. Solid dielectrics are effective electrical insulators and can transmit or emit light. Liquid dielectrics are used in high voltage applications to prevent electric discharges and provide insulation and cooling. Common examples include transformer oil. Gaseous dielectrics also prevent electric discharges in high voltage equipment and commonly used gases include air, nitrogen, sulfur hexafluoride and perfluorocarbons. Dielectrics are used in capacitors to store charge and increase capacitance. Dielectric resonators are used in oscillator circuits to provide a frequency reference. Transformer oil is used to cool transformers and provide electrical insulation between live parts.
This document discusses different types of dielectric materials including solids, liquids, and gases. Some key solid dielectrics mentioned are mica, glass, rubber, and ceramics. The main liquid dielectrics described are mineral oils, synthetic oils, and miscellaneous oils. Gaseous dielectrics include air, nitrogen, sulfur hexafluoride, and inert gases. The document also discusses specific dielectric materials like mica, glass, asbestos, and rubber. It describes the composition and properties of each and their applications, particularly in capacitors and transformers.
The document discusses single electron transistors (SETs). [1] A SET uses a small conductive island separated by insulating barriers, allowing single electrons to tunnel on or off the island. [2] This "Coulomb blockade" effect only allows current to flow when bias voltage exceeds charging energy. [3] Potential applications of SETs include quantum computers, electrometers, memory devices, and logic systems due to their ultra-low power consumption and sensitivity to single electrons.
When a dielectric material is placed between the plates of a capacitor, the capacitance increases. This is because the dielectric material becomes polarized in the electric field, resulting in a net separation of positive and negative charges. The polarization is represented by a vector quantity P called the polarization vector. The relative permittivity εr of a material quantifies how much more charge can be stored in a capacitor due to the presence of that material. In covalent solids, electronic polarization occurs due to the displacement of electrons in covalent bonds between atoms in response to an applied electric field.
This document discusses the key principles of quantum physics including:
(1) The wave-particle duality of microparticles like electrons described by de Broglie's equation.
(2) Energy quantization described by Planck's equation.
(3) Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
It describes how Schrodinger's equation is used to model the wave-like behavior of electrons in solids. The energy and behavior of electrons is quantized based on solutions to Schrodinger's equation under different boundary conditions, such as electrons confined in a potential well or interacting with a potential barrier. Quantum theory was needed to fully explain properties of electrons in solids and failures of classical free electron theory
The document discusses various types of breakdown that can occur in solid dielectric materials. It describes intrinsic breakdown, which includes electronic and avalanche breakdown caused by electrons gaining energy from an electric field. It also discusses electromechanical breakdown that occurs when electrostatic forces exceed the material's mechanical strength. Thermal breakdown is caused by heat generated from current flow exceeding the material's ability to dissipate heat. Treeing and tracking refer to the formation of conductive pathways over time from electrical discharges partially eroding the material surface. The document provides details on the mechanisms and factors that influence different types of breakdown in solids.
Overview of Grounding for Industrial and Commercial Power Systemsmichaeljmack
This document summarizes a presentation on grounding for industrial and commercial power systems. It begins with an overview of basic electrical concepts like voltage, current, capacitance, and transformers. It then discusses the two main functions of grounding: safety/protection and providing a common reference point. Key aspects of grounding systems are explained, including minimizing shock hazards and ensuring proper overcurrent protection. The document provides definitions of grounding terminology and discusses requirements for grounding separately derived systems and solidly grounded transformer secondaries.
Dielectrics are materials that have permanent electric dipole moments. They contain atoms or molecules with separated positive and negative charges. When an electric field is applied, the dipoles in dielectrics can become polarized through various processes. The main polarization processes are electronic, ionic, orientation and space charge polarization. Together they result in dielectric materials gaining an induced dipole moment and becoming polarized in the direction of an applied electric field. The dielectric constant of a material depends on its ability to polarize and is a measure of the amount of electric flux density it can sustain compared to a vacuum.
Semiconductors have electrical properties between conductors and insulators. They behave as insulators at low temperatures but conduct electricity at room temperature due to their small band gap. Doping semiconductors with impurities creates an excess of electrons or holes, making them n-type or p-type. A p-n junction is formed at the boundary between p-type and n-type semiconductors and allows current to flow in only one direction, making it useful for diodes. Diodes are used to convert alternating current to direct current and have many applications in electronics.
This document describes the implementation of a bandgap reference circuit. It was designed by M. Lingadhar Reddy under the guidance of Mr. G. Shiva Kumar at GITAM University in Hyderabad, India from 2013-2015. The document outlines the basic operation of a bandgap reference circuit, which produces a reference voltage that is stable over changes in temperature, supply voltage, and process parameters. It discusses the tool and technology used, different approaches to bandgap references, and details the design and simulation results of a two-stage CMOS operational amplifier and final bandgap reference circuit implemented in a 90nm CMOS technology using Cadence Virtuoso.
This document discusses polytronics, which involves making plastics electrically conductive by doping them with impurities. Certain plastics have inherent conductive and light-emitting properties. Conjugated polymers can also gain conductivity through chemical doping and have alternating double and single bonds along the polymer chain. This allows for applications like electronic paper, plastic batteries, artificial muscles using electroactive polymers, and OLED displays using organic thin films. Polytronics provides opportunities for cheap, flexible and lightweight electronic products printed on plastic substrates.
1. This document describes an experiment to identify resistor color codes and verify Ohm's Law. It includes objectives, equipment, procedures, and questions.
2. The first part explains how to determine a resistor's value and tolerance from its color bands. Tables list the color codes used in 4-band and 5-band resistors.
3. The second part tests Ohm's Law by measuring the current through resistors under different voltages. A circuit is assembled and current is measured both ways through each resistor to verify the relationships defined by Ohm's Law.
Analysis of space charge controlled electric field 1Chandan Kumar
The document discusses space charge and its effects on cable insulation failures. Space charge forms due to inhomogeneous resistivity, ionization within dielectrics, charge injection from electrodes, and polarization. Its presence distorts electric fields inside dielectrics, potentially leading to localized breakdown. Simulation results show how voids and trapped charge can enhance electric field stresses. The document also examines space charge limited current in cable insulation and simulates the relationship between current density and voltage for parallel plate electrodes, finding good agreement with analytical solutions. Future work is proposed to further study space charge effects in cables and insulation materials.
KEMET Webinar - Large-current power inductors TPIIvana Ivanovska
The KEMET TPI ferrite core inductors are designed for
a very low core loss. Its’ flat wire, “1 turn through the construction” design, enables high efficiency at large currents. The core material used is ideal for high switching frequency applications. TPI power inductors can be used up to 125°C ambient temperature as a resonant inductor in LLC converter applications or for EMI reduction on processor boards up to 50A.
Network theorems for electrical engineeringKamil Hussain
The document discusses several circuit analysis theorems and methods. Kirchhoff's laws describe the conservation of charge and energy in circuits. Mesh analysis and nodal analysis are methods to solve circuits by assigning currents or voltages and setting up equations based on Kirchhoff's laws. The superposition theorem allows analyzing circuits with multiple sources by solving for each source independently and summing the results.
This document discusses direct and indirect bandgap semiconductors. Direct bandgap semiconductors have their valence band maximum and conduction band minimum occur at the same value of k, allowing for energy and momentum conservation. Examples include GaAs, InP, CdS. Indirect bandgap semiconductors have their bands offset in k, making them unsuitable for optical devices. The document also describes methods to determine if a bandgap is direct or indirect using absorption spectroscopy plots of the absorption coefficient. Finally, it introduces 1D, 2D and 3D quantum confinement structures and how quantum confinement can modify electron-hole pair energies and radiation wavelengths.
The document discusses LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramics) passive integration, including challenges. It provides an overview of LTCC materials and processes, comparing LTCC to other integration technologies. Key advantages of LTCC include its parallel layer process, ability to achieve high layer counts up to 100 layers, compatibility with RF-friendly materials, and potential for high component density and module reliability. However, challenges for LTCC include limitations on forming precise resistors and inductors. The document also reviews common LTCC dielectric materials and provides details on Motorola's high-Q T2000 LTCC dielectric composition.
Thevenin's theorem states that a linear circuit containing sources and elements can be represented by a voltage source and resistance. It allows a complex circuit to be reduced to a simple series circuit. The four steps are: 1) remove the load, 2) determine voltage seen by load (Vth), 3) replace voltage source with short, 4) determine resistance seen by load (Rth). Using these steps, any linear circuit can be converted into a Thevenin equivalent circuit with a single voltage source and resistance.
This document provides an introduction to spintronics and half-metallic ferromagnetic materials. It discusses how spintronics devices manipulate electron spin in addition to charge to process and store information. Spintronic devices are classified into three types: ferromagnetic metal alloy devices, semiconductor devices, and quantum computing devices. Half-metallic ferromagnets are ideal for spintronics as they have 100% spin polarization at the Fermi level. Several transition metal compounds have been predicted or shown to exhibit half-metallic ferromagnetism, including some Heusler alloys.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon that occurs in certain materials below a critical temperature where they show zero electrical resistance. It was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes who found that mercury's resistivity disappeared below 4K. Superconductors expel magnetic fields, known as the Meissner effect. An experiment is described where a ceramic disk made of yttrium-barium-copper oxide is cooled below its critical temperature using liquid nitrogen, causing it to become a superconductor and levitate a small magnet due to persistent electric currents. Theories like the BCS theory and London theory were developed to explain the microscopic mechanisms of superconductivity.
This document provides an overview of nonlinear optics and second harmonic generation. It begins with an introduction to lasers and their components. It then discusses symmetry operations in crystals and how centrosymmetric and noncentrosymmetric materials affect nonlinear polarization. Maxwell's equations are presented for linear media. The document introduces nonlinear optics and lists various nonlinear optical effects such as second harmonic generation. It derives the wave equation for nonlinear media and shows how second harmonic generation leads to frequency doubling. Examples of nonlinear crystals used for second harmonic generation are also provided.
This document discusses the density of states (DoS) for bulk semiconductors. It begins by defining DoS as the number of available energy states per unit energy interval per unit dimension in real space. It then derives the DoS for bulk semiconductors using the Bloch theorem and shows that the DoS is proportional to the square root of energy. Finally, it defines the effective DoS, which accounts for occupancy based on the Fermi-Dirac distribution.
This document provides an overview of basic electrical engineering concepts including charge, current, voltage, circuits, network elements, sources, superposition theorem, Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, and maximum power transfer theorem. Key points include:
- Current is the rate of charge flow measured in amperes. Voltage is the potential difference measured in volts.
- Circuits contain both active elements that supply energy (sources) and passive elements that consume energy.
- Superposition and source transformation theorems allow analysis of circuits containing multiple sources.
- Thevenin's and Norton's theorems convert circuits to equivalent circuits with a single voltage or current source.
- Maximum power is delivered to a load when
The document discusses optimizing electrical consumption in car parks through various systems. Lighting accounts for 42% of consumption on average, while fume extraction accounts for 38%. Replacing fluorescent lights with LED lights controlled by motion sensors can reduce lighting consumption by 75%. An intelligent LED lighting system pays for itself within 3 years through energy savings and increased comfort, security, and customer loyalty.
In 1980, CEGASA started its AIR-ALKALINE battery technology and manufacturing program with a new generation of High Energy Density Batteries for industrial use. By producing such a highly reliable,long lasting product suitable for any situation, we can proudly claim to be the world leaders.
This document discusses the key principles of quantum physics including:
(1) The wave-particle duality of microparticles like electrons described by de Broglie's equation.
(2) Energy quantization described by Planck's equation.
(3) Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
It describes how Schrodinger's equation is used to model the wave-like behavior of electrons in solids. The energy and behavior of electrons is quantized based on solutions to Schrodinger's equation under different boundary conditions, such as electrons confined in a potential well or interacting with a potential barrier. Quantum theory was needed to fully explain properties of electrons in solids and failures of classical free electron theory
The document discusses various types of breakdown that can occur in solid dielectric materials. It describes intrinsic breakdown, which includes electronic and avalanche breakdown caused by electrons gaining energy from an electric field. It also discusses electromechanical breakdown that occurs when electrostatic forces exceed the material's mechanical strength. Thermal breakdown is caused by heat generated from current flow exceeding the material's ability to dissipate heat. Treeing and tracking refer to the formation of conductive pathways over time from electrical discharges partially eroding the material surface. The document provides details on the mechanisms and factors that influence different types of breakdown in solids.
Overview of Grounding for Industrial and Commercial Power Systemsmichaeljmack
This document summarizes a presentation on grounding for industrial and commercial power systems. It begins with an overview of basic electrical concepts like voltage, current, capacitance, and transformers. It then discusses the two main functions of grounding: safety/protection and providing a common reference point. Key aspects of grounding systems are explained, including minimizing shock hazards and ensuring proper overcurrent protection. The document provides definitions of grounding terminology and discusses requirements for grounding separately derived systems and solidly grounded transformer secondaries.
Dielectrics are materials that have permanent electric dipole moments. They contain atoms or molecules with separated positive and negative charges. When an electric field is applied, the dipoles in dielectrics can become polarized through various processes. The main polarization processes are electronic, ionic, orientation and space charge polarization. Together they result in dielectric materials gaining an induced dipole moment and becoming polarized in the direction of an applied electric field. The dielectric constant of a material depends on its ability to polarize and is a measure of the amount of electric flux density it can sustain compared to a vacuum.
Semiconductors have electrical properties between conductors and insulators. They behave as insulators at low temperatures but conduct electricity at room temperature due to their small band gap. Doping semiconductors with impurities creates an excess of electrons or holes, making them n-type or p-type. A p-n junction is formed at the boundary between p-type and n-type semiconductors and allows current to flow in only one direction, making it useful for diodes. Diodes are used to convert alternating current to direct current and have many applications in electronics.
This document describes the implementation of a bandgap reference circuit. It was designed by M. Lingadhar Reddy under the guidance of Mr. G. Shiva Kumar at GITAM University in Hyderabad, India from 2013-2015. The document outlines the basic operation of a bandgap reference circuit, which produces a reference voltage that is stable over changes in temperature, supply voltage, and process parameters. It discusses the tool and technology used, different approaches to bandgap references, and details the design and simulation results of a two-stage CMOS operational amplifier and final bandgap reference circuit implemented in a 90nm CMOS technology using Cadence Virtuoso.
This document discusses polytronics, which involves making plastics electrically conductive by doping them with impurities. Certain plastics have inherent conductive and light-emitting properties. Conjugated polymers can also gain conductivity through chemical doping and have alternating double and single bonds along the polymer chain. This allows for applications like electronic paper, plastic batteries, artificial muscles using electroactive polymers, and OLED displays using organic thin films. Polytronics provides opportunities for cheap, flexible and lightweight electronic products printed on plastic substrates.
1. This document describes an experiment to identify resistor color codes and verify Ohm's Law. It includes objectives, equipment, procedures, and questions.
2. The first part explains how to determine a resistor's value and tolerance from its color bands. Tables list the color codes used in 4-band and 5-band resistors.
3. The second part tests Ohm's Law by measuring the current through resistors under different voltages. A circuit is assembled and current is measured both ways through each resistor to verify the relationships defined by Ohm's Law.
Analysis of space charge controlled electric field 1Chandan Kumar
The document discusses space charge and its effects on cable insulation failures. Space charge forms due to inhomogeneous resistivity, ionization within dielectrics, charge injection from electrodes, and polarization. Its presence distorts electric fields inside dielectrics, potentially leading to localized breakdown. Simulation results show how voids and trapped charge can enhance electric field stresses. The document also examines space charge limited current in cable insulation and simulates the relationship between current density and voltage for parallel plate electrodes, finding good agreement with analytical solutions. Future work is proposed to further study space charge effects in cables and insulation materials.
KEMET Webinar - Large-current power inductors TPIIvana Ivanovska
The KEMET TPI ferrite core inductors are designed for
a very low core loss. Its’ flat wire, “1 turn through the construction” design, enables high efficiency at large currents. The core material used is ideal for high switching frequency applications. TPI power inductors can be used up to 125°C ambient temperature as a resonant inductor in LLC converter applications or for EMI reduction on processor boards up to 50A.
Network theorems for electrical engineeringKamil Hussain
The document discusses several circuit analysis theorems and methods. Kirchhoff's laws describe the conservation of charge and energy in circuits. Mesh analysis and nodal analysis are methods to solve circuits by assigning currents or voltages and setting up equations based on Kirchhoff's laws. The superposition theorem allows analyzing circuits with multiple sources by solving for each source independently and summing the results.
This document discusses direct and indirect bandgap semiconductors. Direct bandgap semiconductors have their valence band maximum and conduction band minimum occur at the same value of k, allowing for energy and momentum conservation. Examples include GaAs, InP, CdS. Indirect bandgap semiconductors have their bands offset in k, making them unsuitable for optical devices. The document also describes methods to determine if a bandgap is direct or indirect using absorption spectroscopy plots of the absorption coefficient. Finally, it introduces 1D, 2D and 3D quantum confinement structures and how quantum confinement can modify electron-hole pair energies and radiation wavelengths.
The document discusses LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramics) passive integration, including challenges. It provides an overview of LTCC materials and processes, comparing LTCC to other integration technologies. Key advantages of LTCC include its parallel layer process, ability to achieve high layer counts up to 100 layers, compatibility with RF-friendly materials, and potential for high component density and module reliability. However, challenges for LTCC include limitations on forming precise resistors and inductors. The document also reviews common LTCC dielectric materials and provides details on Motorola's high-Q T2000 LTCC dielectric composition.
Thevenin's theorem states that a linear circuit containing sources and elements can be represented by a voltage source and resistance. It allows a complex circuit to be reduced to a simple series circuit. The four steps are: 1) remove the load, 2) determine voltage seen by load (Vth), 3) replace voltage source with short, 4) determine resistance seen by load (Rth). Using these steps, any linear circuit can be converted into a Thevenin equivalent circuit with a single voltage source and resistance.
This document provides an introduction to spintronics and half-metallic ferromagnetic materials. It discusses how spintronics devices manipulate electron spin in addition to charge to process and store information. Spintronic devices are classified into three types: ferromagnetic metal alloy devices, semiconductor devices, and quantum computing devices. Half-metallic ferromagnets are ideal for spintronics as they have 100% spin polarization at the Fermi level. Several transition metal compounds have been predicted or shown to exhibit half-metallic ferromagnetism, including some Heusler alloys.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon that occurs in certain materials below a critical temperature where they show zero electrical resistance. It was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes who found that mercury's resistivity disappeared below 4K. Superconductors expel magnetic fields, known as the Meissner effect. An experiment is described where a ceramic disk made of yttrium-barium-copper oxide is cooled below its critical temperature using liquid nitrogen, causing it to become a superconductor and levitate a small magnet due to persistent electric currents. Theories like the BCS theory and London theory were developed to explain the microscopic mechanisms of superconductivity.
This document provides an overview of nonlinear optics and second harmonic generation. It begins with an introduction to lasers and their components. It then discusses symmetry operations in crystals and how centrosymmetric and noncentrosymmetric materials affect nonlinear polarization. Maxwell's equations are presented for linear media. The document introduces nonlinear optics and lists various nonlinear optical effects such as second harmonic generation. It derives the wave equation for nonlinear media and shows how second harmonic generation leads to frequency doubling. Examples of nonlinear crystals used for second harmonic generation are also provided.
This document discusses the density of states (DoS) for bulk semiconductors. It begins by defining DoS as the number of available energy states per unit energy interval per unit dimension in real space. It then derives the DoS for bulk semiconductors using the Bloch theorem and shows that the DoS is proportional to the square root of energy. Finally, it defines the effective DoS, which accounts for occupancy based on the Fermi-Dirac distribution.
This document provides an overview of basic electrical engineering concepts including charge, current, voltage, circuits, network elements, sources, superposition theorem, Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, and maximum power transfer theorem. Key points include:
- Current is the rate of charge flow measured in amperes. Voltage is the potential difference measured in volts.
- Circuits contain both active elements that supply energy (sources) and passive elements that consume energy.
- Superposition and source transformation theorems allow analysis of circuits containing multiple sources.
- Thevenin's and Norton's theorems convert circuits to equivalent circuits with a single voltage or current source.
- Maximum power is delivered to a load when
The document discusses optimizing electrical consumption in car parks through various systems. Lighting accounts for 42% of consumption on average, while fume extraction accounts for 38%. Replacing fluorescent lights with LED lights controlled by motion sensors can reduce lighting consumption by 75%. An intelligent LED lighting system pays for itself within 3 years through energy savings and increased comfort, security, and customer loyalty.
In 1980, CEGASA started its AIR-ALKALINE battery technology and manufacturing program with a new generation of High Energy Density Batteries for industrial use. By producing such a highly reliable,long lasting product suitable for any situation, we can proudly claim to be the world leaders.
The document discusses filtration and separation technologies that address emissions control needs and powder recovery needs in various industries. It notes increasing regulations on particulate matter emissions and the need for industries like steel, cement, and power plants to control emissions. Many processes also generate powder waste that can be recovered. The company, ACS, describes their core cyclone technology that offers higher efficiency than traditional cyclones through modeling and design optimization. They have over 120 installations globally in industries like pharmaceuticals, food, chemicals, and more. ACS discusses their commercial strategy of working directly with customers and partners.
This document provides details on a proposal from SERVINAV LTDA to provide a mobile gas supply system for towns and small cities between 500 to 2000 subscribers in Guinea. The system includes a mobile gas decompressor unit, gas storage units, an external gas network, measurement devices, and internal installation. The total projected cost for a 1000 subscriber system is $330,000 USD. The host country is expected to provide equipment, permits, labor, and infrastructure to support the installation and operation of the gas network.
The Scarabeus project, funded by the European Commission, seeks to reduce carbon emissions in solar thermal plants by introducing novel supercritical CO2 cycles in solar thermal plants. Abengoa participates in the project along with eight other partners, including universities and companies, from six different countries.
IRJET- Real Time Fault Detection System for Steam Condenser by using PLC SCADAIRJET Journal
This document describes a real-time fault detection system for steam condensers using a programmable logic controller (PLC) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) software. The system can detect three common condenser faults: loss of vacuum, condenser tube failure, and condenser tube fouling. Sensors connected to the PLC detect faults and send signals to the PLC. The PLC program uses logic to determine the fault status. The SCADA software receives the fault information from the PLC and displays the condenser conditions and any active faults in real-time for operators to monitor and control remotely. The system allows faults to be quickly identified and addressed to reduce downtime and maintenance costs in power
The document summarizes a presentation given at the 8th International Conference on Compressors in Smolenice, Slovakia from September 2-4, 2013. The presentation discusses the new generation of semi-hermetic piston compressors, including their operating envelope for various refrigerants, digital modulation capabilities, advantages over conventional modulation methods, advanced diagnostics and protection features, communication capabilities, and sound emissions reductions from the addition of sound shells.
The following example describes the design and application of an electromagnetic flowmeter, BATCHFLUX. This type of flow meter has been specially developed for volumetric filling machines in close co-operation with leading machine manufacturers.
The document describes the design of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system. It discusses the working principles of CVD, the key components of a CVD system including the reactor chamber, gas distribution system, heating elements and vacuum system. It outlines the functional, performance and reliability requirements for the CVD tool, as well as environmental health and safety considerations. The document also discusses the product lifecycle and costs associated with developing, operating and disposing of the CVD system.
This document summarizes the SlimLine tank system for safely storing and distributing AdBlue®. The key features are its compact design that fits in space-restricted areas, a variety of equipment to operate in severe weather, and a reinforced polyethylene tank inside a lockable container for protection. The system prevents leaks with detection systems and overfill protection while keeping the AdBlue® at the proper temperature for distribution.
The document describes ETC catalytic air treatment systems for producing oil-free compressed air. ETC systems use catalytic oxidation to convert oil and hydrocarbons in compressed air into water and CO2, continuously producing Class 0 compressed air according to industry standards with residual oil content less than 0.0025 mg/Nm3. ETC systems offer guaranteed oil-free air quality for 20,000 hours of operation without risk of saturation from hydrocarbon compounds. The systems can treat air with up to 200 mg/Nm3 of oil and produce clean condensate.
This document discusses CAREL's experience improving energy efficiency in Biedronka retail stores in Poland through the use of CO2 booster packs. It notes that Biedronka operates over 2900 stores across Poland with over 4 million customer visits daily. The document analyzes energy usage data from 4 Biedronka stores, finding that stores using CAREL's new DC Rotary compressor technology for refrigeration consumed 22.8% less energy on average for refrigeration compared to standard reciprocating compressor technology. It estimates that the DC Rotary technology can provide an average 15% energy savings for refrigeration in Biedronka stores. The document concludes the real-world energy usage data supports the theoretical energy savings estimates
This document provides specifications for the KB127212V 7.2Ah lead-acid battery. It lists the battery's dimensions, weight, voltage, discharge times at different currents, temperature performance characteristics, and applications for general equipment such as UPS systems, security systems, and computers. The battery has a design life of 5 years and uses AGM technology.
Yunasko presentation at Global Cleantech Summit 2016Yunasko
This document discusses the need for energy storage and harvesting and outlines the advantages of ultracapacitors over batteries. It summarizes that ultracapacitors are better suited than batteries for applications requiring high power delivery and frequent charging due to their faster charge/discharge rates, unlimited cycling ability, higher safety, and longer predictable lifetimes. The company, Yunasko, produces ultracapacitor cells, modules, and electrodes and is developing a factory in China to mass produce its ultracapacitors and better serve the growing Chinese energy storage market.
This document provides information about Rainbow Electronics Co., Ltd., a manufacturer of capillary thermostats and thermometers. It includes the company's contact information, history dating back to its founding in 1983, product lines including industrial capillary thermostats, single pole safety limiters, high amperage thermostats, thermostats with enclosures, multi-function industrial controls, and freezing and cooling thermostats. The document discusses the company's focus on innovation, quality certifications, and commitment to serving customers worldwide.
- Ultisolar New Energy Co., Ltd is a Chinese company founded in 2003 that is dedicated to solar control technology.
- The company manufactures intelligent solar controllers for solar thermal applications like solar hot water and solar heating systems.
- Over the past 12 years, Ultisolar has developed control technology expertise and provides integrated system controllers that effectively manage safety and optimize efficiency for solar energy systems. Their controllers are used in over 1 million solar hot water systems across more than 60 countries worldwide.
This document discusses CAREL's experiences improving energy efficiency in refrigeration systems for Biedronka retail stores in Poland using CO2 booster packs. Data from four stores shows refrigeration energy use was 42.2% lower in DC rotary compressor stores compared to reciprocating compressor stores when outdoor temperatures were between 16-25°C. Overall, DC rotary technology provided an estimated average 22.8% reduction in refrigeration energy use and costs savings of over 5,000 euros per year for the stores analyzed. The document concludes real store performance data supports the estimated 15% energy savings potential of DC rotary compressor technology found in prior modeling and testing.
This document provides information on decentralized wastewater treatment systems called DCD-Bever systems developed by BouwCoach Engineering BV. It includes test results showing the DCD-Bever systems can achieve effluent quality standards. A cost comparison shows the DCD-Bever systems have significantly lower capital costs than traditional centralized wastewater treatment plants due to avoiding long sewer pipes between communities. The modular design of the DCD-Bever systems provides flexibility to serve varying population sizes now and in the future.
Even during an economic slowdown, innovators will rise to the occasion. A bakery in Victoria, Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses, is doing just that as my colleague Craig Beaver has recently uncovered in a recent article in Manufacturing Supply Chain Magazine.
Savings on carbon emissions by the company demonstrated that by some fairly straight forward engineering delivered landfill, gas and electricity emissions reductions of 92, 76 and 62%, respectively, along with water savings of 2.5Ml per annum. This led to an overall reduction of more than 5000 CO2e annually and tens of thousands of dollars in cost savings, a strong business improvement in itself.
But what caught my eye was the story around how the improved safety culture of the bakery was reducing bottom line costs, and well below its industry peers. The company has demonstrated a strong correlation between sustainability effort and performance, and its safety metrics. For example, during the transformation to a sustainability–focused business, turnover reduced from 10% to 2 % per annum, incidents reduced by 58% from 33 to 14 per annum, and near misses decreased from 29 to 21 per annum.
As Craig illustrates, aside from the impact of carbon emissions and energy savings, it’s worth taking a deeper look at the impact of their sustainable business practices on their health and safety performance.
As a simple exercise:
They employ 150 people.
Assume average salary of $75,000 per annum.
Total wages bill equals $11,250,000 per annum.
Industry average worker’s compensation premium for their sector is 3.8860% of payroll.
Therefore their worker’s compensation premium should have been $437,175 per annum.
The really interesting piece here from a HSE perspective, is concurrent with their sustainability program, Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses have achieved significant improvements in their safety performance, such that their worker’s compensation premium is 1.8394% of their payroll – almost half the industry average!
Therefore their estimated workers compensation premium is in fact $206,932 per annum.
This equates to an estimated saving of $230,243 per annum.
As Craig points out, this is on top of all the financial returns from their other sustainability initiatives documented in the article.
This company is no stranger to those of you working in sustainability. Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses clearly have the ingredients for success as a sustainable business, taking the principles of sustainable development and mixing them into their every day work.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
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NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
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The fashion industry is dynamic and ever-changing, continuously sculpted by trailblazing visionaries who challenge norms and redefine beauty. This document delves into the profiles of some of the most iconic fashion personalities whose impact has left a lasting impression on the industry. From timeless designers to modern-day influencers, each individual has uniquely woven their thread into the rich fabric of fashion history, contributing to its ongoing evolution.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
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1. Web: www.circutor.com
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NEW RANGE OF CYLINDRICAL CAPACITORS FILLED WITH INERT GAS
Ongoing technological improvement of our products
Since its incorporation 35 years ago, CIRCUTOR S.A. has focussed all its efforts on producing
equipment that helps make rational use of electric energy, that is to say, to improve ENERGY
EFFICIENCY, a very popular concept at the moment, and one which has become a global target
worldwide.
Power capacitors are among the products that have always contributed to achieving high levels of
energy efficiency. They are used, individually or in automatic arrays of capacitors, to compensate
reactive energy in facilities. CIRCUTOR has developed ongoing innovations and technological
improvements in this field, ranging from the first intelligent, micro-processor-based regulators to
current regulators which can compensate not only by measuring the three phases, but also phase
by phase to guarantee perfect correction of the fi cosine, also including automatic arrays with
static operation (thyristors), which enable instant compensation regardless of load variations. One
more step in this continuous technological improvement is the market launch of the new three-
phase capacitors, enclosed in a cylindrical aluminium case filled with inert gas.
These new capacitors correspond to the models of the CLZ-FP range (Fig. 1), with power
comprised between 10 kVAR with 3 x 440 V / 50 Hz (8 kVAR with 3 x 400 V / 50 Hz) and 30 kVAR
with 3 x 440 V / 50 Hz (25 kVAR with 3 x 400 V / 50 Hz), which offers a large number of
combinations for setting up automatic arrays of capacitors, as in the case of the new STD series of
automatic arrays from CIRCUTOR (Fig. 2).
1
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Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Main advantages of this type of capacitors
These capacitors are naturally developed using the latest technology commonly applied to the
production of power capacitors, essentially designed to compensate reactive energy, which is
based on using a film of metallized polypropylene as a dielectric (MKP technology), granting the
capacitors a series of advantages over former technology based on a metallized paper dielectric
and the use of impregnating agents consisting of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB), including mainly the
following among others: fewer losses, greater capacitance stability, smaller size and weight, self-
healing capability of the dielectric in the event of a failure in any of the capacitive elements, the
absence of highly flammable impregnating agents and, obviously, the use of non-toxic,
biodegradable materials.
The use in this case of impregnation by inert gas offers a number of important advantages in
addition to those listed, the main ones being:
• Complete elimination of the risk of leaks that exists with capacitors impregnated with oil and,
therefore of the possibility of said oil catching on fire. The absence of leaks also allows for a
greater diversity of installation positions, which can be adapted to different types of
enclosures.
• Less weight compared with other cylindrical capacitors with similar power, thus reducing the
transport costs of the capacitors and the automatic arrays equipped with the latter.
2
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• Increased efficiency of the protection system with an internal relief valve, since the gases
emitted in the event of a failure of the capacitive elements act on said system, since there is no
liquid (oil) or solid (thermosetting resin) impregnating agent inside the capacitor.
• Higher specific capacitance compared with those filled with liquid oil.
• Guarantee of full environmental protection, since the capacitors are free from oils and other
impregnating agents and filled with a completely harmless and inert gas.
All these features are achieved while also maintaining an internal cooling level of the capacitor
similar to that achieved with liquid oils.
Safety systems
The degradation of polypropylene-film capacitors basically occurs due to the loss of capacitance in
the capacitor caused by the self-healing phenomena of the polypropylene film, when the latter
has been subject to states of thermal or electric overload, which can include mains voltage surge
scenarios, high ambient temperature, presence of harmonic currents on the network to be
compensated or even a high number of connection operations. Furthermore, with the passage of
time, the polypropylene also suffers chemical degradation, which adds to the previously listed
negative effects.
It is therefore of utmost importance to equip the capacitors with suitable protection systems in
order to guarantee, whenever necessary, that they can be disconnected without causing any
damage to the adjoining elements (other capacitors, handling equipment, regulator, etc.). In this
way, CLZ-FP capacitors include a system for protection against voltage surges, which acts in the
event of an increase in its internal pressure by a value of more than approximately 506 hPa (0.5
bar), disconnecting the capacitor from the mains as shown in Fig. 3.
3
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Fig. 3
Production process
The main components of the CLZ-FP gas-filled capacitors can be seen in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4
4
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Its manufacturing process includes, as a main premise for the production of any CIRCUTOR
product, the achievement of maximum quality and reliability guarantees. In this way and given the
special nature of these capacitors, their production process includes a number of aspects that
deserve to be highlighted:
• Once the coils are installed inside the aluminium tube, it is essential to ensure the removal of
any possible moisture from the elements that make it up, for which reason each capacitor is
subjected to a long, exhaustive vacuum process, in autoclaves such as shown in Fig. 5. It is
essential to make sure that no trace of moisture or oxygen remains inside the capacitor to
avoid rusting of the metallized part of the polypropylene film, which would cause rapid
degradation of the capacitor, increasing its dielectric losses and internal discharges and
reducing its capacitance.
Fig. 5
• Having completed the vacuum process, the capacitors are filled with a mix of gases N2
(nitrogen) and He4 (helium gas isotope with an atomic mass of 4; a natural element which has
very low density and is colourless, odourless and flavourless), again under vacuum conditions,
to achieve an internal pressure in the capacitor of slightly more than 1013 hPa (1 atm). Fig.6
shows a detail of this filling process.
5
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Fig. 6
• As can be seen in Fig. 6, during the capacitor filling and sealing process, the lid already
comprises the terminals required for its connection to the mains. These terminals already
include the discharge resistors required to discharge the capacitor to a value of less than 75 V
three minutes after it is disconnected from the mains (Fig. 7), as specified in applicable
standard IEC 60831-1.
Fig. 7
6
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• The production process ends with the performance of a basic test to guarantee the quality and
full reliability of each capacitor, which consists of checking that the sealing process was
performed correctly and that there are no leaks of the internal gas. To perform this test, each
capacitor is individually inserted in a machine that checks for the presence of helium gas (He4).
The detection of this gas would indicate a leak in this capacitor, which would obviously be
removed from the subsequent final packaging process. Fig. 8 shows various parts of said
process to test for He4 gas.
Fig. 8
Conclusions
The new CLZ-FP capacitors filled with inert gas are the perfect complement for the well-known
prismatic capacitors filled with vermiculite developed more than twenty years ago by CIRCUTOR,
offering maximum performance in terms of reliability and sturdiness, and with a very low price. In
addition, these capacitors can be used in association with reactors to avoid amplifying harmonic
currents in facilities with high levels of harmonic pollution, and even in applications intended for
filtering harmonics by means of passive filtering devices.
7