Gas cooled reactors
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Gas-cooled reactors use gas like CO2 or helium as a coolant and graphite as a moderator. There are several types of gas-cooled reactors including Magnox reactors, UNGG reactors, Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors (AGR), Gas-cooled Fast Reactors (GCFR), Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactors (GT-MHR), Very High Temperature Reactors (VHTR), High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGCR), Pebble Bed Reactors (PBR), and Prismatic Block Reactors (PMR). Each type has distinct features related to the coolant, moderator, fuel type, and design configuration.
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Gass cooled reactor
A gas cooled reactor uses graphite as a moderator and gas as a coolant. There are two types: gas cooled graphite moderator reactors which use natural uranium fuel and CO2 as a coolant, and high temperature gas cooled reactors which use uranium carbide and thorium carbide fuel and can operate at higher temperatures and pressures with coolants like helium or CO2. Gas cooled reactors have advantages like simpler fuel processing and no corrosion or explosion risks, but also disadvantages like costly fuel loading and more complicated control.
Gas cooled reactors
Gas cooled reactors use gas as a coolant, which has advantages over liquid coolants. Early gas cooled reactors used air or carbon dioxide as coolants. Key advantages of gas coolants include continuous cooling flow without phase changes, ease of temperature control and calculation, and reduced risks of fuel-coolant interactions. Later advanced gas cooled reactors used carbon dioxide at higher pressures and temperatures, or helium, to achieve improved efficiencies over 40%. Generation IV gas cooled fast reactors aim to further boost efficiency by combining high operating temperatures with fast neutron spectra.
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The document discusses Magnox nuclear reactors. Magnox reactors use natural uranium fuel clad in an alloy of magnesium called Magnox. They have a graphite moderator and use carbon dioxide as a coolant. Key features include low neutron capture cross-section of Magnox but low maximum temperature. The first Magnox reactors produced plutonium and electricity. They were later replaced by Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors but some remain in operation today.
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A gas cooled reactor uses graphite as a moderator and gas as a coolant. There are two types: gas cooled graphite moderator reactors which use natural uranium fuel and CO2 as a coolant, and high temperature gas cooled reactors which use uranium carbide and thorium carbide fuel and can operate at higher temperatures and pressures with coolants like helium or CO2. Gas cooled reactors have advantages like simpler fuel processing and no corrosion or explosion risks, but also disadvantages like costly fuel loading and more complicated control.
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This document discusses various topics related to nuclear reactors, including:
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[ ] 00_History_of_Nuclear_Fission_short_vers.pdf 05-May-2009 10:48 2.5M
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http://www.ati.ac.at/fileadmin/files/research_areas/ssnm/nmkt
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A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.
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This document provides an overview of nuclear power plants. It discusses nuclear fuel, the nuclear fission process, and nuclear chain reactions. It describes the main components of a nuclear power plant including the fuel tubes, shielding, moderator, control rods, coolant, containment, steam generators, turbines, and cooling towers. It also discusses common reactor types like boiling water reactors and pressurized water reactors. Finally, it provides information on nuclear power programs worldwide and in Bangladesh specifically, as well as advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power.
Murray2015
Ahora mismo el tipo de visibilidad es público. Esto significa que el contenido se indexará en motores de búsqueda y cualquier persona podrá verlo.
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
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- Steps:
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- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
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- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
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- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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Gas cooled reactors
- 1. Gas-cooled reactors By- Dinesh Chandra Pant M140207ME
- 2. Why gas cooled reactor ? Single phase behavior. Optical transparency and electrically non-conducting. Low power density.
- 3. Types of gas cooled reactor CO2 cooled reactor Helium cooled reactor Magnox UNGG AGR GCFR GT-MHR HTGCR
- 4. Magnox
- 5. Features Pressurized, CO2 cooled Graphite moderated Using natural uranium MAGNOX alloy for cladding Boron-steel control rods
- 6. Magnox is short for Magnesium non-oxidizing – an alloy used to clad the fuel rods(covering to contain fission products) inside the reactor • This material has the advantage of a low neutron capture cross-section • Two major features of MAGNOX: 1. Limits the maximum temperature, and hence the thermal efficiency 2. Reacts with water, preventing long-term storage of spent fuel under water • MAGNOX Reactors used as 1. Power plant 2. Producer of Plutonium for nuclear weapons
- 7. UNGG (Uranium Natural Graphite Gas) (France) • UNGG used a horizontal fuel rod orientation • Requires heavily shielded facilities
- 8. Features Graphite moderated Cooled by CO2 Fueled with natural uranium metal Cladding material- Magnesium-zirconium alloy
- 9. Later, • Magnox was replaced by the Advanced Gas-Cooled reactor (AGR) (an improved Generation II gas cooled reactors) • And UNGG was replaced by the pressurized water reactor (PWR)
- 10. Thermal, Hydraulic, Neutronic and Material Considerations- Mass flow rate of coolant gas. Pumping power requirement of coolant. Heat transfer performance of coolant. Heat transfer area. Neutronic considerations. Material/chemical considerations.
- 12. Features • Helium-cooled system • Using a direct Brayton cycle gas turbine • Produce electricity, while at the same time; producing (breeding) new nuclear fuel. • Fast-neutron spectrum.
- 13. Gas turbine modular helium reactor
- 14. Features Helium as a coolant. Graphite is used as a moderator. Cross vessel. The reactor and power conversion systems are located in a below grade concrete silo. It gives an efficiency up to 48% - higher than any other reactor.
- 15. Very high temperature reactor
- 16. High temperature gas cooled reactor
- 17. There are two main types of HTGRs: 1. Pebble bed reactors (PBR) 2. Prismatic block reactors (PMR) • Uses a graphite-moderated nuclear reactor • The high temperatures enable applications such as process heat or hydrogen production via the thermo-chemical sulfur-iodine cycle. • The prismatic block reactor refers to a prismatic block core configuration, in which hexagonal graphite blocks are stacked to fit in a cylindrical pressure vessel
- 18. Pebble bed reactor Graphite-moderated Gas-cooled Type of (VHTR) Contain about 15000 TRISO particles Each has a mass of 210g, of which 9g is uranium
- 19. Figure : Pebble Bed TRISO Fuel Sphere Cross Section
- 20. Advanced gas-cooled reactor (Second generation of British gas-cooled reactors) 1. Charge tubes 2. Control rods 3. Graphite moderator 4. Fuel assemblies 5. Concrete pressure vessel and radiation shielding 6. Gas circulator 7. Water 8. Water circulator 9. Heat exchanger 10. Steam
- 21. Developed from the MAGNOX reactor Coolant outlet temperature 650 0C High thermal efficiency – 42% Requiring stainless steel fuel cladding The fuel is uranium dioxide pellets, enriched to 2.5-3.5%, in stainless steel tubes. Good quality superheated (and reheated) steam (comparable to quality from a highly optimised coal plant)
- 22. References en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-cooled reactor Malcolm P. LaBar General Atomics3550 General Atomics Court San Diego, CA 92121-1122