Gary King from Harvard University gave a talk about measuring the impact of progressive media. His goals were to measure public discourse, estimate the causal effect of progressive media on discourse, and learn how to make progressive media more effective. He discussed how frames imposed by events like 9/11 or language used in polls can influence public opinion, and showed that media use of the word "baby" rather than "fetus" correlated with increased support for banning partial birth abortion, demonstrating the media's power to frame debates.
This study examines the relationship between Twitter activity related to movies and those movies' box office receipts. The study tracked hashtags and titles of 4 movies over 4 weeks from their U.S. release, collecting a total of 87,978 tweets. It found correlations between various Twitter metrics like number of original tweets and box office receipts, with generally stronger correlations in the first week and for smaller movies. The study aims to provide insights into how social media reflects and potentially predicts movie success.
Public News Service provides localized public interest news content to media outlets across all platforms. It began in 1996 to provide more balanced news coverage of Idaho issues. The service now reaches an audience of 24 million per week, with over 8,000 media outlets regularly using its stories. One-third of its content is also picked up by national networks like CBS and NPR. Reporters produce stories which are then edited, distributed to media outlets, and tracked for pickup and reach.
The document promotes the liberalfix.tv website which focuses on issues like women's rights, voting rights, gun control, marriage equality, and the environment. It advertises an interview with author Claire Conner from November 15th 2013 and encourages subscribing to their YouTube page, liking them on Facebook, and writing articles or embedding videos on their website.
NewsCloud is free, open source software that allows media organizations to build interactive online communities and crowdsource content from readers. It provides features like forums, classifieds, event calendars, and photo galleries to engage audiences and generate new traffic and revenue. NewsCloud can be installed in under 20 minutes and costs as little as $45 per month to use. It is an alternative to limited Facebook pages that don't effectively build communities or allow monetization. Promoting and linking to the NewsCloud community is key to driving participation and success.
Newsforward.org is a news aggregation and curation website that collects the latest breaking news, reports, opinions, and tweets from progressive and mainstream media sources as well as advocacy organizations, politicians, and influentials. It organizes content into curated channels on issues to provide deeper dives and allows users to take action while maintaining access to personal Twitter settings and lists.
The document discusses how news apps have not fully adapted to tablets and mobile devices like television has, still focusing more on articles than engagement. It introduces Tactilize, a startup creating an HTML5 platform to easily build beautiful and interactive news apps. Tactilize has a working prototype and is selecting strategic partners from news organizations to test their platform.
The document discusses various monetization strategies for online content. It notes that most users expect content to remain free. However, it suggests that mobile apps, utilities, and unique content could be sold for $2.99 or $1. Freemium models that offer a free basic experience but charge for premium features are also effective. Premium memberships that provide loyal users with special privileges and offers are another good option, as they allow free users to enjoy content while supporting creators voluntarily.
The document discusses strategies for making the media consortium more sustainable financially. It notes that expenses are rising as the organization grows more ambitious, while funding is becoming more difficult to obtain. It proposes developing a new business model where grant funding covers project expenses for members, while earned income covers general operations. Specific ideas to generate earned income include opening some programs to non-members for a fee, seeking corporate sponsors, and keeping overhead costs low. The overall goal is for the consortium to become less dependent on outside funders over time through collaborative efforts.
This study examines the relationship between Twitter activity related to movies and those movies' box office receipts. The study tracked hashtags and titles of 4 movies over 4 weeks from their U.S. release, collecting a total of 87,978 tweets. It found correlations between various Twitter metrics like number of original tweets and box office receipts, with generally stronger correlations in the first week and for smaller movies. The study aims to provide insights into how social media reflects and potentially predicts movie success.
Public News Service provides localized public interest news content to media outlets across all platforms. It began in 1996 to provide more balanced news coverage of Idaho issues. The service now reaches an audience of 24 million per week, with over 8,000 media outlets regularly using its stories. One-third of its content is also picked up by national networks like CBS and NPR. Reporters produce stories which are then edited, distributed to media outlets, and tracked for pickup and reach.
The document promotes the liberalfix.tv website which focuses on issues like women's rights, voting rights, gun control, marriage equality, and the environment. It advertises an interview with author Claire Conner from November 15th 2013 and encourages subscribing to their YouTube page, liking them on Facebook, and writing articles or embedding videos on their website.
NewsCloud is free, open source software that allows media organizations to build interactive online communities and crowdsource content from readers. It provides features like forums, classifieds, event calendars, and photo galleries to engage audiences and generate new traffic and revenue. NewsCloud can be installed in under 20 minutes and costs as little as $45 per month to use. It is an alternative to limited Facebook pages that don't effectively build communities or allow monetization. Promoting and linking to the NewsCloud community is key to driving participation and success.
Newsforward.org is a news aggregation and curation website that collects the latest breaking news, reports, opinions, and tweets from progressive and mainstream media sources as well as advocacy organizations, politicians, and influentials. It organizes content into curated channels on issues to provide deeper dives and allows users to take action while maintaining access to personal Twitter settings and lists.
The document discusses how news apps have not fully adapted to tablets and mobile devices like television has, still focusing more on articles than engagement. It introduces Tactilize, a startup creating an HTML5 platform to easily build beautiful and interactive news apps. Tactilize has a working prototype and is selecting strategic partners from news organizations to test their platform.
The document discusses various monetization strategies for online content. It notes that most users expect content to remain free. However, it suggests that mobile apps, utilities, and unique content could be sold for $2.99 or $1. Freemium models that offer a free basic experience but charge for premium features are also effective. Premium memberships that provide loyal users with special privileges and offers are another good option, as they allow free users to enjoy content while supporting creators voluntarily.
The document discusses strategies for making the media consortium more sustainable financially. It notes that expenses are rising as the organization grows more ambitious, while funding is becoming more difficult to obtain. It proposes developing a new business model where grant funding covers project expenses for members, while earned income covers general operations. Specific ideas to generate earned income include opening some programs to non-members for a fee, seeking corporate sponsors, and keeping overhead costs low. The overall goal is for the consortium to become less dependent on outside funders over time through collaborative efforts.
The document discusses various media effects including persuasion, reinforcement, learning, agenda setting, priming, and framing. It provides definitions and examples of each. Agenda setting refers to how the amount of news coverage of an issue influences the public's perception of its importance. Priming is an extension of agenda setting where media coverage changes the criteria used to evaluate political leaders. Framing alters how people think about issues by influencing the importance they attach to certain beliefs through techniques like headlines and photos. Experiments show that news coverage and frames can influence perceptions and criteria for judgment. However, framing effects are limited by people's predispositions and source credibility.
This document summarizes three experiments that tested the effects of subliminal priming on evaluations of politicians delivered over the Internet. In Experiment 1, subliminally presenting the word "RATS" led to more negative ratings of an unknown politician. Experiment 2 found that subliminally showing a photo of Bill Clinton weakened negative ratings of an unknown politician. Experiment 3, conducted during Gray Davis' recall referendum in California, found subliminal photos of Clinton affected Davis' ratings, primarily among independents. The results suggest subliminal priming can influence political evaluations and be conducted online in real world contexts.
Midwest Political Science Association and Wiley are collabor.docxaryan532920
Midwest Political Science Association and Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
American Journal of Political Science.
http://www.jstor.org
Midwest Political Science Association
Wiley
Why Do Partisan Media Polarize Viewers?
Author(s): Matthew S. Levendusky
Source: American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 57, No. 3 (July 2013), pp. 611-623
Published by: Midwest Political Science Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23496642
Accessed: 13-10-2015 05:37 UTC
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/
info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
This content downloaded from 140.211.95.10 on Tue, 13 Oct 2015 05:37:58 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mpsa
http://www.jstor.org/stable/23496642
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Why Do Partisan Media Polarize Viewers?
Matthew S. Levendusky University of Pennsylvania
The recent increase in partisan media has generated interest in whether such outlets polarize viewers. I draw on theories of
motivated reasoning to explain why partisan media polarize viewers, why these programs affect some viewers much more
strongly than others, and how long these effects endure. Using a series of original experiments, I find strong support for my
theoretical expectations, including the argument that these effects can still be detected several days postexposure. My results
demonstrate that partisan media polarize the electorate by taking relatively extreme citizens and making them even more
extreme. Though only a narrow segment of the public watches partisan media programs, partisan media's effects extend
much more broadly throughout the political arena.
America's
constitutional system, with its multi
ple veto points and separation of powers, re
quires compromise and consensus to function
effectively.1 Citizens can passionately advocate for their
beliefs, but they must also be willing to find a middle
ground if American government is to function effectively
( Gutmann and Thompson 2012). Many now claim, how
ever, that such compromise is increasingly out of reach in
American society, with deleterious consequences for our
politics (Gutmann and Thompson 2012). One potential
partial culprit for this lack of consensus is partisan media
outlets, such as Fox News. Such outlets provide view
e ...
An Overview of Agenda Setting Theory in Mass Communications.pdfSara Parker
The agenda setting theory was first introduced in 1972 and suggests that mass media has the ability to influence the salience of topics on the public agenda by telling people what issues are important through the amount of coverage those issues receive. The theory originated from studies of the 1968 US presidential election and has since been expanded on. There are three main types of agenda setting: public, media, and policy. While the theory aims to show how media can shape public perceptions, it has also received criticisms for being difficult to measure and not accounting for many variables. As media continues to evolve, some argue the agenda setting theory may become less relevant.
Review Paper – Power Point PresentationFerglapanter
This paper examines the negative effects of religiosity on aggression, education, and intelligence in the United States. It reviews research showing religiosity is correlated with increased aggression due to violent passages in religious texts. Studies also demonstrate religiosity is negatively correlated with education and intelligence, as more religious individuals are less open to knowledge. Polls reveal only 39% of Americans believe in evolution, and belief decreases with increased religious attendance. The research aims to show how religiosity hinders progress in factors contributing to America's development as a modern society.
The document discusses several theories of communication that have been developed since World War II to understand the impact of media. It describes the hypodermic/bullet theory, which posits that media messages can directly influence audiences. The two-step flow theory argues that influence occurs through opinion leaders. The gatekeeping theory explains how individuals control what information passes through channels to audiences. Later sections cover agenda-setting theory, reinforcement theory, cultivation theory, and uses and gratification theory, all of which aim to understand media effects and audiences' interactions with media.
This document discusses a study examining the portrayal of the United States in online journalism in the Arab world. The study analyzed over 1600 news and editorial articles from 8 Arab and non-Arab online news websites over the period of one year. The study aimed to determine if coverage of the US was biased and to understand how the US image is portrayed. The methodology involved coding the articles using various measures of content, tone, and presentation. Preliminary findings suggested differences in portrayal based on website and topic. The study hoped to provide insights into the mutual perceptions between the Arab and American people as portrayed through the media.
From across the spectrum of governmental agencies, a selection of suppressive activity is examined relying on quotes from the involved and affected participants themselves.
The document discusses various methods used in media effects research, including surveys, experiments, and hybrid approaches. Surveys have strengths in external validity but weaknesses in determining causation, while experiments have stronger internal validity for causation but can lack realism. The document advocates a pluralistic approach using multiple methods like surveys, lab experiments, field experiments, and survey experiments to enhance both the internal and external validity of findings.
This document discusses several major theories of communication, including the hypodermic/bullet theory, two-step flow theory, and gatekeeping theory. The hypodermic/bullet theory proposes that media messages can directly influence audiences like bullets. The two-step flow theory suggests influence occurs through opinion leaders. Gatekeeping theory examines how individuals control information flow. Additional theories addressed are agenda-setting theory, reinforcement theory, cultivation theory, spiral of silence, social learning theory, and uses and gratifications theory.
Cancer Prevention & Control in the Changing Communication LandscapeBradford Hesse
Keynote given at the Broadcast Education Association on April 17, 2016. Purpose was to portray ways in which the media can play to influence agenda setting in an era of new communication channels.
This document discusses how individual bias and algorithms can contribute to the spread of misinformation. It notes that algorithms personalize content based on what users like, exposing them only to information that confirms their views. This can lead to confirmation bias and the backfire effect where people reject information threatening their beliefs. The document provides examples of COVID misinformation and examines how language can contain bias. It suggests addressing bias is key to stopping the spread of misinformation and provides games and activities to help evaluate news sources and check for bias.
The document discusses several empirical questions and theoretical perspectives related to public opinion and war. It begins by outlining some key empirical questions, such as explaining public support for or opposition to war and whether politics stops at the water's edge in foreign policy attitudes. It then discusses different theoretical perspectives on the public's role in war policy decisions and the constraints on various actors. The document also examines Berinsky's work on public opinion in wartime, noting its contributions in examining multiple wars using a single framework and testing theories with different data types. It discusses opinion leadership models and how people may respond directly to events or in a mediated fashion based on elite cues.
This document discusses various theories about media audiences and effects, including:
- Direct effects theories that see audiences as passive recipients of media messages.
- Uses and gratifications theory that sees audiences as active in using media to fulfill needs.
- Cultivation theory that examines how heavy media exposure shapes viewers' perceptions of social reality.
- Agenda-setting theory about how media influence which issues the public sees as important.
- Two-step flow theory that found opinions are often influenced through opinion leaders not direct media exposure.
- Reception theories that examine how audiences make meanings from media in social and cultural contexts.
This document summarizes several studies that examine the negative effects of religiosity on aggression, education, and intelligence in the United States compared to other developed nations. It discusses research by Gregory Paul that found countries with higher secularism scored better on socioeconomic success scales. Studies by Bushman et al. and Lynn et al. found correlations between religiosity and increased aggression and lower intelligence, respectively. Gallup polls in the US show divisions in beliefs about evolution and correlations with religious attendance. The purpose is to analyze impacts of religiosity on psychology in a modern nation like the US.
Tracy A Weitz, PhD, MPA
Director
Advancing New Standard in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH)
Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health
University of California, San Francisco
January 25, 2010
A presentation prepared for the Archdiocese of Chicago's Office of Human Dignity and Solidarity, June 6, 2018.
Event description: "Join the Office of Human Dignity and Solidarity on Wednesday, June 6 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. as we answer Pope Francis’ call to 'each person on this living planet' to care for our common home. Because everyone’s home is different, creating effective campaigns around this initiative can be challenging. During this seminary, Assistant Professor of Journalism Jill Hopke of DePaul University will share insights from the latest social science research on how to design communication strategies that connect climate change to daily life and tips for choosing engaging climate visuals. Participants will get ideas for how to tell new narratives about the human toll of our changing climate, as well as for building community resiliency and climate hope."
This document outlines a course on persuasion, propaganda, and attitude change. It discusses several key theories:
1) Hovland's message-learning approach which examines factors like the source, message, audience, and their influence on persuasion.
2) The cognitive response approach which focuses on the thoughts people have in response to a message, and how favorable thoughts lead to attitude change.
3) The elaboration likelihood model which proposes two routes to persuasion - a central route using careful thought, and a peripheral route using simple cues, with the latter more common in propaganda.
The document provides examples and analysis applying these theories to understand political ads, propaganda techniques, and how to most effectively influence
By Day 6 of Week 9Respond to at least two of your .docxbartholomeocoombs
By Day 6 of Week 9
Respond to at least
two of your colleagues
* on two different days by suggesting additional opportunities or recommendations for overcoming the challenges described by your colleagues.
Response 1
HealthCare Program Evaluation
A program evaluation is an effective and systematic way to improve and account for different public health actions (Framework for Program Evaluation - CDC, n.d.). Policy evaluation is essential in public health and is essential to take public health action (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES, 1999). This evaluation is an effective way that is designed to summariz and oragnize essential elements of program evaluations (Framework for Program Evaluation - CDC, n.d.). The process of evaluating policy may be done using a formal method called a program evaluation design (Milstead & Short, 2017). This relies on standardized strategic evaluation processes (Milstead & Short, 2017). Program evaluation follows specific guidelines tha ai,s to provide information to assit others in making accurate and well informed decisions about a program or policy (Milstead & Short, 2017).
There are five steps involved in the evaluation framework (Milstead & Short, 2017). The first step begins as the program is being planned and aims to establish goals, objectives, and timelines (Milstead & Short, 2017). The second step involves developing a formalized process where individuals are given responsibilities for each step, data is collected, and a timeline is selected (Milstead & Short, 2017). The third step involves gathering data using a determined format which is analyzed to reach a conclusion (Milstead & Short, 2017). The fourth step involves the evaluator trying to understand the success of the program in attaining the goals and objectives that were first set (Milstead & Short, 2017). Step five involves sharing the information in an evaluation report high is a formsal document that highlights the evaluation methods and results (Milstead & Short, 2017). At the federal level the oversight and evaluation of policies or programs occurs in the executive agencies and General Accounting Office (Milstead & Short, 2017).
When conducting a program or policy evaluation, it may be negative,y or positively skewed by different social determinants. For example, if you are evaluating the a program aiming to decrease the amount of cavities seen in kids, the community you are eva,hating is going to skew the results. In a wealthier neighborhood, kids will have the necessary resources to see a regular dentist and eat healthy foods to prevent cavities. In a low income neighborhood, kids may not have the necessary resources to see a regular dentist and to eat healthy no sugary foods. A program evaluation in the rich neighborhood may seem successful, where the low income neighborhood may seem like it failed. In reality, this program could be equally impactful in both communities, the only difference is o.
Presentation of and discussion guide for James Hoggan and Richard Littlemore's book "Do the Right Thing: PR Tips for a Skeptical Public," used in PR Research & Strategies class at Florida A&M University.
This document discusses strategies for making the media consortium more sustainable through earned income rather than relying solely on grants. It proposes generating earned income through services like webinars, labs and trainings to cover general operations, while continuing to use grants for specific projects. This would make the consortium less competitive with members for funds and more independent in the long run. Details are provided on current budgets, costs, potential new revenue streams, and how staff and members can work together to implement this new business model.
The document summarizes the successes of The Media Consortium (TMC) in 3 areas:
1) Journalism collaborations where TMC partnered with 10 outlets on campaigns coverage and 800 pieces were produced on the Wisconsin protests.
2) A media policy reporting initiative with 9 organizations producing biweekly blogs and monthly briefings.
3) Moving into mobile with partnerships and content for over 50 mobile applications reaching 1,000 campaigns.
The document discusses various media effects including persuasion, reinforcement, learning, agenda setting, priming, and framing. It provides definitions and examples of each. Agenda setting refers to how the amount of news coverage of an issue influences the public's perception of its importance. Priming is an extension of agenda setting where media coverage changes the criteria used to evaluate political leaders. Framing alters how people think about issues by influencing the importance they attach to certain beliefs through techniques like headlines and photos. Experiments show that news coverage and frames can influence perceptions and criteria for judgment. However, framing effects are limited by people's predispositions and source credibility.
This document summarizes three experiments that tested the effects of subliminal priming on evaluations of politicians delivered over the Internet. In Experiment 1, subliminally presenting the word "RATS" led to more negative ratings of an unknown politician. Experiment 2 found that subliminally showing a photo of Bill Clinton weakened negative ratings of an unknown politician. Experiment 3, conducted during Gray Davis' recall referendum in California, found subliminal photos of Clinton affected Davis' ratings, primarily among independents. The results suggest subliminal priming can influence political evaluations and be conducted online in real world contexts.
Midwest Political Science Association and Wiley are collabor.docxaryan532920
Midwest Political Science Association and Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
American Journal of Political Science.
http://www.jstor.org
Midwest Political Science Association
Wiley
Why Do Partisan Media Polarize Viewers?
Author(s): Matthew S. Levendusky
Source: American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 57, No. 3 (July 2013), pp. 611-623
Published by: Midwest Political Science Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23496642
Accessed: 13-10-2015 05:37 UTC
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/
info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
This content downloaded from 140.211.95.10 on Tue, 13 Oct 2015 05:37:58 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mpsa
http://www.jstor.org/stable/23496642
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Why Do Partisan Media Polarize Viewers?
Matthew S. Levendusky University of Pennsylvania
The recent increase in partisan media has generated interest in whether such outlets polarize viewers. I draw on theories of
motivated reasoning to explain why partisan media polarize viewers, why these programs affect some viewers much more
strongly than others, and how long these effects endure. Using a series of original experiments, I find strong support for my
theoretical expectations, including the argument that these effects can still be detected several days postexposure. My results
demonstrate that partisan media polarize the electorate by taking relatively extreme citizens and making them even more
extreme. Though only a narrow segment of the public watches partisan media programs, partisan media's effects extend
much more broadly throughout the political arena.
America's
constitutional system, with its multi
ple veto points and separation of powers, re
quires compromise and consensus to function
effectively.1 Citizens can passionately advocate for their
beliefs, but they must also be willing to find a middle
ground if American government is to function effectively
( Gutmann and Thompson 2012). Many now claim, how
ever, that such compromise is increasingly out of reach in
American society, with deleterious consequences for our
politics (Gutmann and Thompson 2012). One potential
partial culprit for this lack of consensus is partisan media
outlets, such as Fox News. Such outlets provide view
e ...
An Overview of Agenda Setting Theory in Mass Communications.pdfSara Parker
The agenda setting theory was first introduced in 1972 and suggests that mass media has the ability to influence the salience of topics on the public agenda by telling people what issues are important through the amount of coverage those issues receive. The theory originated from studies of the 1968 US presidential election and has since been expanded on. There are three main types of agenda setting: public, media, and policy. While the theory aims to show how media can shape public perceptions, it has also received criticisms for being difficult to measure and not accounting for many variables. As media continues to evolve, some argue the agenda setting theory may become less relevant.
Review Paper – Power Point PresentationFerglapanter
This paper examines the negative effects of religiosity on aggression, education, and intelligence in the United States. It reviews research showing religiosity is correlated with increased aggression due to violent passages in religious texts. Studies also demonstrate religiosity is negatively correlated with education and intelligence, as more religious individuals are less open to knowledge. Polls reveal only 39% of Americans believe in evolution, and belief decreases with increased religious attendance. The research aims to show how religiosity hinders progress in factors contributing to America's development as a modern society.
The document discusses several theories of communication that have been developed since World War II to understand the impact of media. It describes the hypodermic/bullet theory, which posits that media messages can directly influence audiences. The two-step flow theory argues that influence occurs through opinion leaders. The gatekeeping theory explains how individuals control what information passes through channels to audiences. Later sections cover agenda-setting theory, reinforcement theory, cultivation theory, and uses and gratification theory, all of which aim to understand media effects and audiences' interactions with media.
This document discusses a study examining the portrayal of the United States in online journalism in the Arab world. The study analyzed over 1600 news and editorial articles from 8 Arab and non-Arab online news websites over the period of one year. The study aimed to determine if coverage of the US was biased and to understand how the US image is portrayed. The methodology involved coding the articles using various measures of content, tone, and presentation. Preliminary findings suggested differences in portrayal based on website and topic. The study hoped to provide insights into the mutual perceptions between the Arab and American people as portrayed through the media.
From across the spectrum of governmental agencies, a selection of suppressive activity is examined relying on quotes from the involved and affected participants themselves.
The document discusses various methods used in media effects research, including surveys, experiments, and hybrid approaches. Surveys have strengths in external validity but weaknesses in determining causation, while experiments have stronger internal validity for causation but can lack realism. The document advocates a pluralistic approach using multiple methods like surveys, lab experiments, field experiments, and survey experiments to enhance both the internal and external validity of findings.
This document discusses several major theories of communication, including the hypodermic/bullet theory, two-step flow theory, and gatekeeping theory. The hypodermic/bullet theory proposes that media messages can directly influence audiences like bullets. The two-step flow theory suggests influence occurs through opinion leaders. Gatekeeping theory examines how individuals control information flow. Additional theories addressed are agenda-setting theory, reinforcement theory, cultivation theory, spiral of silence, social learning theory, and uses and gratifications theory.
Cancer Prevention & Control in the Changing Communication LandscapeBradford Hesse
Keynote given at the Broadcast Education Association on April 17, 2016. Purpose was to portray ways in which the media can play to influence agenda setting in an era of new communication channels.
This document discusses how individual bias and algorithms can contribute to the spread of misinformation. It notes that algorithms personalize content based on what users like, exposing them only to information that confirms their views. This can lead to confirmation bias and the backfire effect where people reject information threatening their beliefs. The document provides examples of COVID misinformation and examines how language can contain bias. It suggests addressing bias is key to stopping the spread of misinformation and provides games and activities to help evaluate news sources and check for bias.
The document discusses several empirical questions and theoretical perspectives related to public opinion and war. It begins by outlining some key empirical questions, such as explaining public support for or opposition to war and whether politics stops at the water's edge in foreign policy attitudes. It then discusses different theoretical perspectives on the public's role in war policy decisions and the constraints on various actors. The document also examines Berinsky's work on public opinion in wartime, noting its contributions in examining multiple wars using a single framework and testing theories with different data types. It discusses opinion leadership models and how people may respond directly to events or in a mediated fashion based on elite cues.
This document discusses various theories about media audiences and effects, including:
- Direct effects theories that see audiences as passive recipients of media messages.
- Uses and gratifications theory that sees audiences as active in using media to fulfill needs.
- Cultivation theory that examines how heavy media exposure shapes viewers' perceptions of social reality.
- Agenda-setting theory about how media influence which issues the public sees as important.
- Two-step flow theory that found opinions are often influenced through opinion leaders not direct media exposure.
- Reception theories that examine how audiences make meanings from media in social and cultural contexts.
This document summarizes several studies that examine the negative effects of religiosity on aggression, education, and intelligence in the United States compared to other developed nations. It discusses research by Gregory Paul that found countries with higher secularism scored better on socioeconomic success scales. Studies by Bushman et al. and Lynn et al. found correlations between religiosity and increased aggression and lower intelligence, respectively. Gallup polls in the US show divisions in beliefs about evolution and correlations with religious attendance. The purpose is to analyze impacts of religiosity on psychology in a modern nation like the US.
Tracy A Weitz, PhD, MPA
Director
Advancing New Standard in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH)
Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health
University of California, San Francisco
January 25, 2010
A presentation prepared for the Archdiocese of Chicago's Office of Human Dignity and Solidarity, June 6, 2018.
Event description: "Join the Office of Human Dignity and Solidarity on Wednesday, June 6 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. as we answer Pope Francis’ call to 'each person on this living planet' to care for our common home. Because everyone’s home is different, creating effective campaigns around this initiative can be challenging. During this seminary, Assistant Professor of Journalism Jill Hopke of DePaul University will share insights from the latest social science research on how to design communication strategies that connect climate change to daily life and tips for choosing engaging climate visuals. Participants will get ideas for how to tell new narratives about the human toll of our changing climate, as well as for building community resiliency and climate hope."
This document outlines a course on persuasion, propaganda, and attitude change. It discusses several key theories:
1) Hovland's message-learning approach which examines factors like the source, message, audience, and their influence on persuasion.
2) The cognitive response approach which focuses on the thoughts people have in response to a message, and how favorable thoughts lead to attitude change.
3) The elaboration likelihood model which proposes two routes to persuasion - a central route using careful thought, and a peripheral route using simple cues, with the latter more common in propaganda.
The document provides examples and analysis applying these theories to understand political ads, propaganda techniques, and how to most effectively influence
By Day 6 of Week 9Respond to at least two of your .docxbartholomeocoombs
By Day 6 of Week 9
Respond to at least
two of your colleagues
* on two different days by suggesting additional opportunities or recommendations for overcoming the challenges described by your colleagues.
Response 1
HealthCare Program Evaluation
A program evaluation is an effective and systematic way to improve and account for different public health actions (Framework for Program Evaluation - CDC, n.d.). Policy evaluation is essential in public health and is essential to take public health action (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES, 1999). This evaluation is an effective way that is designed to summariz and oragnize essential elements of program evaluations (Framework for Program Evaluation - CDC, n.d.). The process of evaluating policy may be done using a formal method called a program evaluation design (Milstead & Short, 2017). This relies on standardized strategic evaluation processes (Milstead & Short, 2017). Program evaluation follows specific guidelines tha ai,s to provide information to assit others in making accurate and well informed decisions about a program or policy (Milstead & Short, 2017).
There are five steps involved in the evaluation framework (Milstead & Short, 2017). The first step begins as the program is being planned and aims to establish goals, objectives, and timelines (Milstead & Short, 2017). The second step involves developing a formalized process where individuals are given responsibilities for each step, data is collected, and a timeline is selected (Milstead & Short, 2017). The third step involves gathering data using a determined format which is analyzed to reach a conclusion (Milstead & Short, 2017). The fourth step involves the evaluator trying to understand the success of the program in attaining the goals and objectives that were first set (Milstead & Short, 2017). Step five involves sharing the information in an evaluation report high is a formsal document that highlights the evaluation methods and results (Milstead & Short, 2017). At the federal level the oversight and evaluation of policies or programs occurs in the executive agencies and General Accounting Office (Milstead & Short, 2017).
When conducting a program or policy evaluation, it may be negative,y or positively skewed by different social determinants. For example, if you are evaluating the a program aiming to decrease the amount of cavities seen in kids, the community you are eva,hating is going to skew the results. In a wealthier neighborhood, kids will have the necessary resources to see a regular dentist and eat healthy foods to prevent cavities. In a low income neighborhood, kids may not have the necessary resources to see a regular dentist and to eat healthy no sugary foods. A program evaluation in the rich neighborhood may seem successful, where the low income neighborhood may seem like it failed. In reality, this program could be equally impactful in both communities, the only difference is o.
Presentation of and discussion guide for James Hoggan and Richard Littlemore's book "Do the Right Thing: PR Tips for a Skeptical Public," used in PR Research & Strategies class at Florida A&M University.
Similar to Metrics for Progressive Media's Impact (20)
This document discusses strategies for making the media consortium more sustainable through earned income rather than relying solely on grants. It proposes generating earned income through services like webinars, labs and trainings to cover general operations, while continuing to use grants for specific projects. This would make the consortium less competitive with members for funds and more independent in the long run. Details are provided on current budgets, costs, potential new revenue streams, and how staff and members can work together to implement this new business model.
The document summarizes the successes of The Media Consortium (TMC) in 3 areas:
1) Journalism collaborations where TMC partnered with 10 outlets on campaigns coverage and 800 pieces were produced on the Wisconsin protests.
2) A media policy reporting initiative with 9 organizations producing biweekly blogs and monthly briefings.
3) Moving into mobile with partnerships and content for over 50 mobile applications reaching 1,000 campaigns.
Journalism will return to being a form of art similar to over a century ago, according to Chris Hedges. Hedges argues that journalism will become artistic again rather than just a business. The quote suggests that high-quality journalism values artistry over commercialism.
The document discusses responsive web design for BostonGlobe.com. It describes taking a user-centered approach to understand different types of readers and their needs. This involved usability testing and prototyping different designs. The key aspects of responsive design are outlined as having a flexible grid layout, flexible images and media that resize appropriately, and using media queries to design for different breakpoint widths. The process of designing and refining the layout is discussed, moving from prototypes to coding and testing in the browser.
Junar is a startup company founded by Diego May and Javier Pajaro that aims to transform how users discover and use data. The company provides dashboards to track data and has a REST/JSON API. Diego May is the CEO and co-founder with previous experience in corporate leadership and venture capital. Javier Pajaro is the CTO and co-founder with experience in software development. Pablo Bertorello is the CMO with experience in software entrepreneurship.
This document outlines how HootSuite can help clients with their social media efforts across multiple platforms by allowing them to draft messages, schedule posts, track engagement and analytics. HootSuite provides security features like malware protection and limited user permissions, as well as support through a help desk, VIP support and training resources to ensure clients get the most out of managing their social profiles.
Junar is a startup company founded by Diego May, Javier Pajaro, and Pablo Bertorello that is transforming how users discover and use data. The company has a team of 13 employees including engineers and business/marketing staff. Junar's mission is to forever change how people discover and use data through their products and services.
The document discusses collaborative fundraising through the nonprofit Razoo. It provides statistics on Razoo's reach and partnerships with organizations for giving days. The case study focuses on GiveMN's Give to the Max Day, an annual online giving campaign. In 2010, it raised $10 million from over 42,000 donors for 3,663 nonprofits. Quotes from participating nonprofits emphasize how the event engaged new donors, rallied existing supporters, and introduced supporters to social fundraising.
This document introduces Zinger, an app that aims to help users engage in informed political debate by providing quick access to clever arguments and comebacks ("zingers") on various political topics. It outlines who the target users are, such as the politically engaged and gamers, and provides examples of zingers users could access on topics like climate change and feminism. It describes gaming elements like points, levels and badges to encourage engagement. The document also discusses integrating with social media, rewarding power users, potential paid partnerships, and the goal of changing political debates and driving traffic to progressive media.
Riotstartr is a proposed mobile app that aims to bring virtual networks and real-world locations together to track events in real-time. It would allow users to announce they are attending or organizing protests, rallies, and other events, track attendees' locations, and earn rewards through gamification. The app would help spread information about events and give organizers and journalists better crowd data and engagement metrics.
The document describes a partnership opportunity for progressive media sites to help nonprofits and good causes by extending their online advocacy campaigns. The flash widget allows readers to engage with campaigns without leaving the site, generating subscribers, donors and revenue. Partners can choose which causes to feature contextually and are paid for every signup to a client's list, boosting participation and income.
This document outlines different models for media organizations: pure journalism, journalism combined with action or community, and hybrid media makers who also take action. It shows the breakdown of these models in 2010 and 2015, with pure journalism and journalism combined with other activities both represented, and hybrid media makers and action also present in the field in 2015.
We are proposing experimenting with new ideas by having Media Consortium members submit project pitches that would be transparently shared online, allowing donors to have more control over where their donations are applied, as opposed to general donations that are akin to "throwing money over a wall". This approach stems from principles of agile development where it is better to fail early by testing ideas rather than debating them.
The document discusses using mobile technology and text messaging to connect with and engage audiences, as well as measure the results of campaigns. Some key points include:
- Over 300 million mobile subscribers in the US, with 97% able to send and receive text messages. About 5 billion texts are sent daily.
- Text messaging can help reach broad audiences, engage supporters through calls to action, house parties, and advocacy calls, and build profiles by collecting data from text interactions.
- Measuring results is important, and text messaging campaigns have been shown to increase contest entries by 325% compared to other calls to action and increase donations by 77%.
- Examples are given of organizations in various sectors that have used text messaging for different
The document discusses different types of journalism organizations and their characteristics. Organizations labeled "Pure Play Journalism" focus on one-way communication and avoid citizen engagement or advocacy. "Journalism + Community" organizations strategically integrate the community into media making and distribution by creating spaces for ongoing communication around stories. "Journalism + Action" organizations create or integrate strategies for communities to take action in response to journalism, sometimes partnering with advocacy groups. "Hybrid Media Makers + Action" emphasize community involvement in conversations, organizing, sharing information and media production with regular calls to action.
The document discusses different types of journalism organizations and their characteristics. Organizations labeled "Pure Play Journalism" focus on one-way communication and avoid citizen engagement or advocacy. "Journalism + Community" organizations strategically integrate the community into media making and distribution and create ongoing spaces for discussion. "Journalism + Action" organizations create strategies for communities to take action in response to journalism, sometimes partnering with advocacy groups. "Hybrid Media Makers + Action" emphasize community involvement, organizing, and regular calls to action.
The document discusses different types of journalism organizations and their characteristics. Organizations labeled "Pure Play Journalism" focus on one-way communication and avoid citizen engagement or advocacy. "Journalism + Community" organizations strategically integrate the community into media making and distribution and create ongoing spaces for discussion. "Journalism + Action" organizations create strategies for communities to take action in response to journalism, sometimes partnering with advocacy groups. "Hybrid Media Makers + Action" emphasize community involvement, organizing, and regular calls to action.
Oakland Local is a community news site focused on Oakland, California that was started in 2010 with $8,000 in seed funding. It now receives around 25,000 unique visitors and 66,000 page views per month, has over 2,350 Facebook fans and 1,000 Twitter followers, and partners with over 35 non-profit organizations. The site provides original reporting, community posts, and a full calendar of local events, and trains community partners on topics like mobile and web technologies. It aims to serve the community by building relationships, including a wide range of views, and being inclusive and responsive.
The document discusses the work of the New York Times Interactive News team, which consists of 10 journalists focused on creating news-focused, data-driven apps. It notes that the team is based in the newsroom and run by journalists, rather than a software shop, with the goal of focusing on journalism rather than just news products. The document emphasizes that web journalism is about using interactivity and data to tell stories and provide context and analysis, not just presenting raw data. It provides tips for creating good interactive journalism, such as ensuring it is steeped in context and analysis, invites exploration, and is portable across platforms.
The Copenhagen News Collaborative brought together over 20 reporters and videographers from multiple news organizations like MoJo, The UpTake, The Nation, and Treehugger to better coordinate climate change coverage of the Copenhagen conference. They exchanged ideas and resources to produce more comprehensive multimedia coverage through collaborations between writers and videographers from different outlets. This resulted in significantly more content and broader reach for their reporting, although the conference did not result in a binding climate change treaty as hoped. They utilized a publishing tool called Publish2 to aggregate and share their work.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
1. Progressive Media Impact:
Metrics, Evaluation, and Improvement
Gary King
Institute for Quantitative Social Science
Harvard University
(talk at The Media Consortium, San Francisco, 10/13/2011)
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 1 / 11
2. Goals
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 2 / 11
3. Goals
Measure public discourse
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 2 / 11
4. Goals
Measure public discourse
Estimate the causal effect of the progressive media on discourse
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 2 / 11
5. Goals
Measure public discourse
Estimate the causal effect of the progressive media on discourse
Learn together how to make the progressive media more effective
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 2 / 11
6. Goals
Measure public discourse
Estimate the causal effect of the progressive media on discourse
Learn together how to make the progressive media more effective
Take advantage of recent dramatic scientific advances:
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 2 / 11
7. Goals
Measure public discourse
Estimate the causal effect of the progressive media on discourse
Learn together how to make the progressive media more effective
Take advantage of recent dramatic scientific advances:
Informative data now available on the public debate
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 2 / 11
8. Goals
Measure public discourse
Estimate the causal effect of the progressive media on discourse
Learn together how to make the progressive media more effective
Take advantage of recent dramatic scientific advances:
Informative data now available on the public debate
Measurement methods: meaning, not word counts
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 2 / 11
9. Goals
Measure public discourse
Estimate the causal effect of the progressive media on discourse
Learn together how to make the progressive media more effective
Take advantage of recent dramatic scientific advances:
Informative data now available on the public debate
Measurement methods: meaning, not word counts
Experimental designs: avoiding confounding factors
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 2 / 11
10. Goals
Measure public discourse
Estimate the causal effect of the progressive media on discourse
Learn together how to make the progressive media more effective
Take advantage of recent dramatic scientific advances:
Informative data now available on the public debate
Measurement methods: meaning, not word counts
Experimental designs: avoiding confounding factors
Causal effect estimation: less bias & inefficiency
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 2 / 11
11. Goals
Measure public discourse
Estimate the causal effect of the progressive media on discourse
Learn together how to make the progressive media more effective
Take advantage of recent dramatic scientific advances:
Informative data now available on the public debate
Measurement methods: meaning, not word counts
Experimental designs: avoiding confounding factors
Causal effect estimation: less bias & inefficiency
New ways of working together to improve impact
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 2 / 11
12. Who Frames the Public Debate?
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 3 / 11
13. Who Frames the Public Debate?
“Do you approve of how George W. Bush is handling his job?”
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 3 / 11
14. Who Frames the Public Debate?
“Do you approve of how George W. Bush is handling his job?”
On 9/10/2001, 55% of Americans approved of the way George W.
Bush was “handling his job as president”.
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 3 / 11
15. Who Frames the Public Debate?
“Do you approve of how George W. Bush is handling his job?”
On 9/10/2001, 55% of Americans approved of the way George W.
Bush was “handling his job as president”.
The next day — which the president spent in hiding — 90% approved.
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 3 / 11
16. Who Frames the Public Debate?
“Do you approve of how George W. Bush is handling his job?”
On 9/10/2001, 55% of Americans approved of the way George W.
Bush was “handling his job as president”.
The next day — which the president spent in hiding — 90% approved.
Was this massive opinion change, or did the 9/11 frame change how
we viewed the question?
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 3 / 11
17. Who Frames the Public Debate?
“Do you approve of how George W. Bush is handling his job?”
On 9/10/2001, 55% of Americans approved of the way George W.
Bush was “handling his job as president”.
The next day — which the president spent in hiding — 90% approved.
Was this massive opinion change, or did the 9/11 frame change how
we viewed the question?
The frame: imposed by events, not the media
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 3 / 11
18. Who Frames the Public Debate?
“Do you approve of how George W. Bush is handling his job?”
On 9/10/2001, 55% of Americans approved of the way George W.
Bush was “handling his job as president”.
The next day — which the president spent in hiding — 90% approved.
Was this massive opinion change, or did the 9/11 frame change how
we viewed the question?
The frame: imposed by events, not the media
Public opinion polls: measuring what?
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 3 / 11
19. Who Frames the Public Debate?
“Do you approve of how George W. Bush is handling his job?”
On 9/10/2001, 55% of Americans approved of the way George W.
Bush was “handling his job as president”.
The next day — which the president spent in hiding — 90% approved.
Was this massive opinion change, or did the 9/11 frame change how
we viewed the question?
The frame: imposed by events, not the media
Public opinion polls: measuring what?
Support for Ban on “Partial Birth” Abortion
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 3 / 11
20. Who Frames the Public Debate?
“Do you approve of how George W. Bush is handling his job?”
On 9/10/2001, 55% of Americans approved of the way George W.
Bush was “handling his job as president”.
The next day — which the president spent in hiding — 90% approved.
Was this massive opinion change, or did the 9/11 frame change how
we viewed the question?
The frame: imposed by events, not the media
Public opinion polls: measuring what?
Support for Ban on “Partial Birth” Abortion
Supporters: use “baby”
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 3 / 11
21. Who Frames the Public Debate?
“Do you approve of how George W. Bush is handling his job?”
On 9/10/2001, 55% of Americans approved of the way George W.
Bush was “handling his job as president”.
The next day — which the president spent in hiding — 90% approved.
Was this massive opinion change, or did the 9/11 frame change how
we viewed the question?
The frame: imposed by events, not the media
Public opinion polls: measuring what?
Support for Ban on “Partial Birth” Abortion
Supporters: use “baby”
Opponents: use “fetus”
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 3 / 11
22. Who Frames the Public Debate?
“Do you approve of how George W. Bush is handling his job?”
On 9/10/2001, 55% of Americans approved of the way George W.
Bush was “handling his job as president”.
The next day — which the president spent in hiding — 90% approved.
Was this massive opinion change, or did the 9/11 frame change how
we viewed the question?
The frame: imposed by events, not the media
Public opinion polls: measuring what?
Support for Ban on “Partial Birth” Abortion
Supporters: use “baby”
Opponents: use “fetus”
In surveys, “baby” increases support for the ban by ≈ 30%!
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 3 / 11
23. Who Frames the Public Debate?
“Do you approve of how George W. Bush is handling his job?”
On 9/10/2001, 55% of Americans approved of the way George W.
Bush was “handling his job as president”.
The next day — which the president spent in hiding — 90% approved.
Was this massive opinion change, or did the 9/11 frame change how
we viewed the question?
The frame: imposed by events, not the media
Public opinion polls: measuring what?
Support for Ban on “Partial Birth” Abortion
Supporters: use “baby”
Opponents: use “fetus”
In surveys, “baby” increases support for the ban by ≈ 30%!
Control the frame & you control the debate and policy outcome
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 3 / 11
24. “Partial Birth” Abortion Ban: Who controls the frame?
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 4 / 11
25. indicate their level of support for a PBA ban). Figure 1 shows that aggregate support
“Partial Birth” Abortion Ban: Who controls the frame?
for a ban seemed to rise and fall in tandem with the proportion of ‘‘baby’’ usage in
news stories about PBA.
Stenberg v.Carhart
1 70
argued
0.8 Second
Clinton
Proportion
veto
Support
First
0.6
Clinton
veto 60
0.4
0.2
0 50
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Proportion "Baby" in Media Support (PSRA)
Trend Line (20 period moving average) Support (Gallup)
Figure 1 Relationship between media discourse and public support for partial-birth abor-
tion ban.
Note: The media series represents a 5-week moving average of the proportion of ‘‘baby’’
mentions. Public opinion data come from similarly worded questions in surveys by Gallup
(squares) and Princeton Survey Research Associates (triangles). These items ask respondents
about their level of support for a ban on partial-birth abortion. Question wording can be
obtained from LexisNexis or the iPoll database at the Roper Center for Public Opinion.
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 4 / 11
26. indicate their level of support for a PBA ban). Figure 1 shows that aggregate support
“Partial Birth” Abortion Ban: Who controls the frame?
for a ban seemed to rise and fall in tandem with the proportion of ‘‘baby’’ usage in
news stories about PBA.
Stenberg v.Carhart
1 70
argued
0.8 Second
Clinton
Proportion
veto
Support
First
0.6
Clinton
veto 60
0.4
0.2
0 50
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Proportion "Baby" in Media Support (PSRA)
Trend Line (20 period moving average) Support (Gallup)
Figure 1 Relationship between media discourse and public support for partial-birth abor-
tion ban.
When “baby” is used in the media, support forthe proportion increases
Note: The media series represents a 5-week moving average of
PBA ban of ‘‘baby’’
mentions. Public opinion data come from similarly worded questions in surveys by Gallup
(squares) and Princeton Survey Research Associates (triangles). These items ask respondents
about their level of support for a ban on partial-birth abortion. Question wording can be
obtained from LexisNexis or the iPoll database at the Roper Center for Public Opinion.
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 4 / 11
27. indicate their level of support for a PBA ban). Figure 1 shows that aggregate support
“Partial Birth” Abortion Ban: Who controls the frame?
for a ban seemed to rise and fall in tandem with the proportion of ‘‘baby’’ usage in
news stories about PBA.
Stenberg v.Carhart
1 70
argued
0.8 Second
Clinton
Proportion
veto
Support
First
0.6
Clinton
veto 60
0.4
0.2
0 50
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Proportion "Baby" in Media Support (PSRA)
Trend Line (20 period moving average) Support (Gallup)
Figure 1 Relationship between media discourse and public support for partial-birth abor-
tion ban.
When “baby” is used in the media, support forthe proportion increases
Note: The media series represents a 5-week moving average of
PBA ban of ‘‘baby’’
Did the Public opinion data come from similarly wordeddid public surveys by Gallup
mentions. media influence public support or questions in support influence
the media? of support forResearch Associates (triangles). These items ask respondents
(squares) and Princeton Survey
about their level a ban on partial-birth abortion. Question wording can be
obtained from LexisNexis or the iPoll database at the Roper Center for Public Opinion.
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 4 / 11
28. indicate their level of support for a PBA ban). Figure 1 shows that aggregate support
“Partial Birth” Abortion Ban: Who controls the frame?
for a ban seemed to rise and fall in tandem with the proportion of ‘‘baby’’ usage in
news stories about PBA.
Stenberg v.Carhart
1 70
argued
0.8 Second
Clinton
Proportion
veto
Support
First
0.6
Clinton
veto 60
0.4
0.2
0 50
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Proportion "Baby" in Media Support (PSRA)
Trend Line (20 period moving average) Support (Gallup)
Figure 1 Relationship between media discourse and public support for partial-birth abor-
tion ban.
When “baby” is used in the media, support forthe proportion increases
Note: The media series represents a 5-week moving average of
PBA ban of ‘‘baby’’
Did the Public opinion data come from similarly wordeddid public surveys by Gallup
mentions. media influence public support or questions in support influence
the media? How canforResearch Associates (triangles). These items ask respondents
(squares) and Princeton Survey
about their level of support
we ban on partial-birth abortion. Question wording can be
a
tell?
obtained from LexisNexis or the iPoll database at the Roper Center for Public Opinion.
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 4 / 11
29. indicate their level of support for a PBA ban). Figure 1 shows that aggregate support
“Partial Birth” Abortion Ban: Who controls the frame?
for a ban seemed to rise and fall in tandem with the proportion of ‘‘baby’’ usage in
news stories about PBA.
Stenberg v.Carhart
1 70
argued
0.8 Second
Clinton
Proportion
veto
Support
First
0.6
Clinton
veto 60
0.4
0.2
0 50
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Proportion "Baby" in Media Support (PSRA)
Trend Line (20 period moving average) Support (Gallup)
Figure 1 Relationship between media discourse and public support for partial-birth abor-
tion ban.
When “baby” is used in the media, support forthe proportion increases
Note: The media series represents a 5-week moving average of
PBA ban of ‘‘baby’’
Did the Public opinion data come from similarly wordeddid public surveys by Gallup
mentions. media influence public support or questions in support influence
the media? How canforResearch Associates (triangles). These items ask respondents
(squares) and Princeton Survey
about their level of support
we ban on partial-birth abortion. Question wording can be
a
tell?
Do “baby”LexisNexis or the iPoll database at the Roper Center for Public Opinion.
obtained from and “fetus” word counts even measure what we intend?
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 4 / 11
30. The Plan, 1: Collect New Data
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 5 / 11
31. The Plan, 1: Collect New Data
Data on Public Discourse
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 5 / 11
32. The Plan, 1: Collect New Data
Data on Public Discourse
Until recently, measures of public discourse were inadequate: public
opinion polls, content analyses of newspaper editorials; systematic,
real time, informative data nonexistent
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 5 / 11
33. The Plan, 1: Collect New Data
Data on Public Discourse
Until recently, measures of public discourse were inadequate: public
opinion polls, content analyses of newspaper editorials; systematic,
real time, informative data nonexistent
Now:
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 5 / 11
34. The Plan, 1: Collect New Data
Data on Public Discourse
Until recently, measures of public discourse were inadequate: public
opinion polls, content analyses of newspaper editorials; systematic,
real time, informative data nonexistent
Now:
Hallway conversations appear in the 1.4B social media posts a week
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 5 / 11
35. The Plan, 1: Collect New Data
Data on Public Discourse
Until recently, measures of public discourse were inadequate: public
opinion polls, content analyses of newspaper editorials; systematic,
real time, informative data nonexistent
Now:
Hallway conversations appear in the 1.4B social media posts a week
Growing sources: blogs, Twitter, Facebook, forums, chat rooms, etc.
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 5 / 11
36. The Plan, 1: Collect New Data
Data on Public Discourse
Until recently, measures of public discourse were inadequate: public
opinion polls, content analyses of newspaper editorials; systematic,
real time, informative data nonexistent
Now:
Hallway conversations appear in the 1.4B social media posts a week
Growing sources: blogs, Twitter, Facebook, forums, chat rooms, etc.
Data on Media Outlets
Work together to find or create
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 5 / 11
37. The Plan, 1: Collect New Data
Data on Public Discourse
Until recently, measures of public discourse were inadequate: public
opinion polls, content analyses of newspaper editorials; systematic,
real time, informative data nonexistent
Now:
Hallway conversations appear in the 1.4B social media posts a week
Growing sources: blogs, Twitter, Facebook, forums, chat rooms, etc.
Data on Media Outlets
Work together to find or create
Existing data on outputs (web traffic, donations, comments, emails,
phone logs, etc.)
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 5 / 11
38. The Plan, 1: Collect New Data
Data on Public Discourse
Until recently, measures of public discourse were inadequate: public
opinion polls, content analyses of newspaper editorials; systematic,
real time, informative data nonexistent
Now:
Hallway conversations appear in the 1.4B social media posts a week
Growing sources: blogs, Twitter, Facebook, forums, chat rooms, etc.
Data on Media Outlets
Work together to find or create
Existing data on outputs (web traffic, donations, comments, emails,
phone logs, etc.)
Existing data on content: e.g., tagged story databases, web artifacts,
listener information, etc.
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 5 / 11
39. The Plan, 1: Collect New Data
Data on Public Discourse
Until recently, measures of public discourse were inadequate: public
opinion polls, content analyses of newspaper editorials; systematic,
real time, informative data nonexistent
Now:
Hallway conversations appear in the 1.4B social media posts a week
Growing sources: blogs, Twitter, Facebook, forums, chat rooms, etc.
Data on Media Outlets
Work together to find or create
Existing data on outputs (web traffic, donations, comments, emails,
phone logs, etc.)
Existing data on content: e.g., tagged story databases, web artifacts,
listener information, etc.
New systematic data from texts of stories, audio-to-text, etc.
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 5 / 11
40. The Plan, 2: Adapt New Methods to Understand Billions
of Social Media Posts, & News Stories
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 6 / 11
41. The Plan, 2: Adapt New Methods to Understand Billions
of Social Media Posts, & News Stories
Until recently, methods were inadequate:
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 6 / 11
42. The Plan, 2: Adapt New Methods to Understand Billions
of Social Media Posts, & News Stories
Until recently, methods were inadequate:
Misleading word counts
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 6 / 11
43. The Plan, 2: Adapt New Methods to Understand Billions
of Social Media Posts, & News Stories
Until recently, methods were inadequate:
Misleading word counts
Impossible amounts of reading
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 6 / 11
44. The Plan, 2: Adapt New Methods to Understand Billions
of Social Media Posts, & News Stories
Until recently, methods were inadequate:
Misleading word counts
Impossible amounts of reading
Now, new statistical methods for text analytics:
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 6 / 11
45. The Plan, 2: Adapt New Methods to Understand Billions
of Social Media Posts, & News Stories
Until recently, methods were inadequate:
Misleading word counts
Impossible amounts of reading
Now, new statistical methods for text analytics:
Accurately summarize huge volumes of information
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 6 / 11
46. The Plan, 2: Adapt New Methods to Understand Billions
of Social Media Posts, & News Stories
Until recently, methods were inadequate:
Misleading word counts
Impossible amounts of reading
Now, new statistical methods for text analytics:
Accurately summarize huge volumes of information
Better than humans alone, or computers alone, we amplify human
intelligence
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 6 / 11
47. The Plan, 2: Adapt New Methods to Understand Billions
of Social Media Posts, & News Stories
Until recently, methods were inadequate:
Misleading word counts
Impossible amounts of reading
Now, new statistical methods for text analytics:
Accurately summarize huge volumes of information
Better than humans alone, or computers alone, we amplify human
intelligence
Works fast, in near real time
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 6 / 11
48. The Plan, 2: Adapt New Methods to Understand Billions
of Social Media Posts, & News Stories
Until recently, methods were inadequate:
Misleading word counts
Impossible amounts of reading
Now, new statistical methods for text analytics:
Accurately summarize huge volumes of information
Better than humans alone, or computers alone, we amplify human
intelligence
Works fast, in near real time
Can measure media frames (about politicians or policies) by volume,
sentiment, topics, perspectives — or any categories we think of
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 6 / 11
49. The Plan, 2: Adapt New Methods to Understand Billions
of Social Media Posts, & News Stories
Until recently, methods were inadequate:
Misleading word counts
Impossible amounts of reading
Now, new statistical methods for text analytics:
Accurately summarize huge volumes of information
Better than humans alone, or computers alone, we amplify human
intelligence
Works fast, in near real time
Can measure media frames (about politicians or policies) by volume,
sentiment, topics, perspectives — or any categories we think of
Measure as far back in time as feasible (6-24 months?)
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 6 / 11
50. The Plan, 2: Adapt New Methods to Understand Billions
of Social Media Posts, & News Stories
Until recently, methods were inadequate:
Misleading word counts
Impossible amounts of reading
Now, new statistical methods for text analytics:
Accurately summarize huge volumes of information
Better than humans alone, or computers alone, we amplify human
intelligence
Works fast, in near real time
Can measure media frames (about politicians or policies) by volume,
sentiment, topics, perspectives — or any categories we think of
Measure as far back in time as feasible (6-24 months?)
Design systematic measurement going forward
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 6 / 11
51. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
52. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
53. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Read & interpret: infeasible
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
54. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Read & interpret: infeasible
Sort into a few categories; track category percentages over time
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
55. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Read & interpret: infeasible
Sort into a few categories; track category percentages over time
Example of categories: Wisconsin budget standoff is
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
56. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Read & interpret: infeasible
Sort into a few categories; track category percentages over time
Example of categories: Wisconsin budget standoff is (1) a responsible
effort to fix budget deficit
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
57. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Read & interpret: infeasible
Sort into a few categories; track category percentages over time
Example of categories: Wisconsin budget standoff is (1) a responsible
effort to fix budget deficit, (2) an attack on public sector workers
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
58. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Read & interpret: infeasible
Sort into a few categories; track category percentages over time
Example of categories: Wisconsin budget standoff is (1) a responsible
effort to fix budget deficit, (2) an attack on public sector workers, (3)
an attack on the progressive movement generally
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
59. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Read & interpret: infeasible
Sort into a few categories; track category percentages over time
Example of categories: Wisconsin budget standoff is (1) a responsible
effort to fix budget deficit, (2) an attack on public sector workers, (3)
an attack on the progressive movement generally, or (4) due to an
arrogant publicity-hungry Governor
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
60. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Read & interpret: infeasible
Sort into a few categories; track category percentages over time
Example of categories: Wisconsin budget standoff is (1) a responsible
effort to fix budget deficit, (2) an attack on public sector workers, (3)
an attack on the progressive movement generally, or (4) due to an
arrogant publicity-hungry Governor
How to sort billions of social media posts into categories?
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
61. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Read & interpret: infeasible
Sort into a few categories; track category percentages over time
Example of categories: Wisconsin budget standoff is (1) a responsible
effort to fix budget deficit, (2) an attack on public sector workers, (3)
an attack on the progressive movement generally, or (4) due to an
arrogant publicity-hungry Governor
How to sort billions of social media posts into categories?
Classify by hand: infeasible for more than a sample at one point in time
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
62. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Read & interpret: infeasible
Sort into a few categories; track category percentages over time
Example of categories: Wisconsin budget standoff is (1) a responsible
effort to fix budget deficit, (2) an attack on public sector workers, (3)
an attack on the progressive movement generally, or (4) due to an
arrogant publicity-hungry Governor
How to sort billions of social media posts into categories?
Classify by hand: infeasible for more than a sample at one point in time
Guess what words imply which categories: inaccurate
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
63. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Read & interpret: infeasible
Sort into a few categories; track category percentages over time
Example of categories: Wisconsin budget standoff is (1) a responsible
effort to fix budget deficit, (2) an attack on public sector workers, (3)
an attack on the progressive movement generally, or (4) due to an
arrogant publicity-hungry Governor
How to sort billions of social media posts into categories?
Classify by hand: infeasible for more than a sample at one point in time
Guess what words imply which categories: inaccurate
Use “machine learning” methods with hand-coded training set to
automatically classify: at best 60-70% accuracy (useful for Google
searches, useless for category percentages)
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
64. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Read & interpret: infeasible
Sort into a few categories; track category percentages over time
Example of categories: Wisconsin budget standoff is (1) a responsible
effort to fix budget deficit, (2) an attack on public sector workers, (3)
an attack on the progressive movement generally, or (4) due to an
arrogant publicity-hungry Governor
How to sort billions of social media posts into categories?
Classify by hand: infeasible for more than a sample at one point in time
Guess what words imply which categories: inaccurate
Use “machine learning” methods with hand-coded training set to
automatically classify: at best 60-70% accuracy (useful for Google
searches, useless for category percentages)
Use new statistical method with hand-coded training set to estimate
category percentages (without individual classifications): Extremely
accurate
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
65. [Some detail on innovations in text analytics]
How can humans understand large numbers of social media posts (or
news stories)?
Read & interpret: infeasible
Sort into a few categories; track category percentages over time
Example of categories: Wisconsin budget standoff is (1) a responsible
effort to fix budget deficit, (2) an attack on public sector workers, (3)
an attack on the progressive movement generally, or (4) due to an
arrogant publicity-hungry Governor
How to sort billions of social media posts into categories?
Classify by hand: infeasible for more than a sample at one point in time
Guess what words imply which categories: inaccurate
Use “machine learning” methods with hand-coded training set to
automatically classify: at best 60-70% accuracy (useful for Google
searches, useless for category percentages)
Use new statistical method with hand-coded training set to estimate
category percentages (without individual classifications): Extremely
accurate
Finding the needle in the haystack (Google search) = characterizing
the haystack, and so new methods were required
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 7 / 11
66. The Plan, 3: Use New Methods of Causal Inference for
Observational Data
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 8 / 11
67. The Plan, 3: Use New Methods of Causal Inference for
Observational Data
Until recently: Estimating causal effects from observational data was
very risky and often illusory
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 8 / 11
68. The Plan, 3: Use New Methods of Causal Inference for
Observational Data
Until recently: Estimating causal effects from observational data was
very risky and often illusory
Now, new methods:
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 8 / 11
69. The Plan, 3: Use New Methods of Causal Inference for
Observational Data
Until recently: Estimating causal effects from observational data was
very risky and often illusory
Now, new methods:
Give strong hints about causal relationships
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 8 / 11
70. The Plan, 3: Use New Methods of Causal Inference for
Observational Data
Until recently: Estimating causal effects from observational data was
very risky and often illusory
Now, new methods:
Give strong hints about causal relationships
Reveal all hidden assumptions (ignorability, interference, etc.)
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 8 / 11
71. The Plan, 3: Use New Methods of Causal Inference for
Observational Data
Until recently: Estimating causal effects from observational data was
very risky and often illusory
Now, new methods:
Give strong hints about causal relationships
Reveal all hidden assumptions (ignorability, interference, etc.)
Help inform what experiments to run
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 8 / 11
72. The Plan, 3: Use New Methods of Causal Inference for
Observational Data
Until recently: Estimating causal effects from observational data was
very risky and often illusory
Now, new methods:
Give strong hints about causal relationships
Reveal all hidden assumptions (ignorability, interference, etc.)
Help inform what experiments to run
We’ll use new methods to:
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 8 / 11
73. The Plan, 3: Use New Methods of Causal Inference for
Observational Data
Until recently: Estimating causal effects from observational data was
very risky and often illusory
Now, new methods:
Give strong hints about causal relationships
Reveal all hidden assumptions (ignorability, interference, etc.)
Help inform what experiments to run
We’ll use new methods to:
Estimate the effect of progressive media on use of media frames, &
sentiment about them, in public discourse
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 8 / 11
74. The Plan, 3: Use New Methods of Causal Inference for
Observational Data
Until recently: Estimating causal effects from observational data was
very risky and often illusory
Now, new methods:
Give strong hints about causal relationships
Reveal all hidden assumptions (ignorability, interference, etc.)
Help inform what experiments to run
We’ll use new methods to:
Estimate the effect of progressive media on use of media frames, &
sentiment about them, in public discourse
Develop strong testable hypotheses about what do next
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 8 / 11
75. The Plan, 3: Use New Methods of Causal Inference for
Observational Data
Until recently: Estimating causal effects from observational data was
very risky and often illusory
Now, new methods:
Give strong hints about causal relationships
Reveal all hidden assumptions (ignorability, interference, etc.)
Help inform what experiments to run
We’ll use new methods to:
Estimate the effect of progressive media on use of media frames, &
sentiment about them, in public discourse
Develop strong testable hypotheses about what do next
We’ll do everything that can be done this way before turning to
experiments (and using your time!)
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 8 / 11
76. The Plan, 4: Use New Experimental Designs
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 9 / 11
77. The Plan, 4: Use New Experimental Designs
Observational analysis: some evidence of what might have worked in
the past
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 9 / 11
78. The Plan, 4: Use New Experimental Designs
Observational analysis: some evidence of what might have worked in
the past
Experiments: gold standard for evaluating causal claims
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 9 / 11
79. The Plan, 4: Use New Experimental Designs
Observational analysis: some evidence of what might have worked in
the past
Experiments: gold standard for evaluating causal claims
Experiments benefits from: investigator control (usually randomized)
over the “treatment” (drugs, stories)
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 9 / 11
80. The Plan, 4: Use New Experimental Designs
Observational analysis: some evidence of what might have worked in
the past
Experiments: gold standard for evaluating causal claims
Experiments benefits from: investigator control (usually randomized)
over the “treatment” (drugs, stories)
What randomized treatments get us: a variable unrelated to all
confounders
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 9 / 11
81. The Plan, 4: Use New Experimental Designs
Observational analysis: some evidence of what might have worked in
the past
Experiments: gold standard for evaluating causal claims
Experiments benefits from: investigator control (usually randomized)
over the “treatment” (drugs, stories)
What randomized treatments get us: a variable unrelated to all
confounders
How experiments fail:
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 9 / 11
82. The Plan, 4: Use New Experimental Designs
Observational analysis: some evidence of what might have worked in
the past
Experiments: gold standard for evaluating causal claims
Experiments benefits from: investigator control (usually randomized)
over the “treatment” (drugs, stories)
What randomized treatments get us: a variable unrelated to all
confounders
How experiments fail:
Insensitivity to research subjects, political interests, or local context
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 9 / 11
83. The Plan, 4: Use New Experimental Designs
Observational analysis: some evidence of what might have worked in
the past
Experiments: gold standard for evaluating causal claims
Experiments benefits from: investigator control (usually randomized)
over the “treatment” (drugs, stories)
What randomized treatments get us: a variable unrelated to all
confounders
How experiments fail:
Insensitivity to research subjects, political interests, or local context
Examples: Drug trials; Mexico’s Anti-Poverty program
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 9 / 11
84. The Plan, 4: Use New Experimental Designs
Observational analysis: some evidence of what might have worked in
the past
Experiments: gold standard for evaluating causal claims
Experiments benefits from: investigator control (usually randomized)
over the “treatment” (drugs, stories)
What randomized treatments get us: a variable unrelated to all
confounders
How experiments fail:
Insensitivity to research subjects, political interests, or local context
Examples: Drug trials; Mexico’s Anti-Poverty program
solutions always exist; we’ll find them together
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 9 / 11
85. The Plan, 4: Use New Experimental Designs
Observational analysis: some evidence of what might have worked in
the past
Experiments: gold standard for evaluating causal claims
Experiments benefits from: investigator control (usually randomized)
over the “treatment” (drugs, stories)
What randomized treatments get us: a variable unrelated to all
confounders
How experiments fail:
Insensitivity to research subjects, political interests, or local context
Examples: Drug trials; Mexico’s Anti-Poverty program
solutions always exist; we’ll find them together
New experimental designs: let randomization survive disruption
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 9 / 11
86. The Plan, 5: Implementation Strategy
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 10 / 11
87. The Plan, 5: Implementation Strategy
Examples of how to experiment without infringing on editorial
discretion:
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 10 / 11
88. The Plan, 5: Implementation Strategy
Examples of how to experiment without infringing on editorial
discretion:
Offer optional small grants to media outlets to encourage covering
particular stories (everyone will get a chance, no requirements, all
decision making over content remains with organization)
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 10 / 11
89. The Plan, 5: Implementation Strategy
Examples of how to experiment without infringing on editorial
discretion:
Offer optional small grants to media outlets to encourage covering
particular stories (everyone will get a chance, no requirements, all
decision making over content remains with organization)
Find otherwise arbitrary decisions to randomize (e.g., a story we’re
indifferent to being above or below the fold; the order of stories to
present)
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 10 / 11
90. The Plan, 5: Implementation Strategy
Examples of how to experiment without infringing on editorial
discretion:
Offer optional small grants to media outlets to encourage covering
particular stories (everyone will get a chance, no requirements, all
decision making over content remains with organization)
Find otherwise arbitrary decisions to randomize (e.g., a story we’re
indifferent to being above or below the fold; the order of stories to
present)
Example: Mexico’s Health Insurance evaluation
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 10 / 11
91. The Plan, 5: Implementation Strategy
Examples of how to experiment without infringing on editorial
discretion:
Offer optional small grants to media outlets to encourage covering
particular stories (everyone will get a chance, no requirements, all
decision making over content remains with organization)
Find otherwise arbitrary decisions to randomize (e.g., a story we’re
indifferent to being above or below the fold; the order of stories to
present)
Example: Mexico’s Health Insurance evaluation
Our scarcest resource: your time (so observational work first)
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 10 / 11
92. The Plan, 5: Implementation Strategy
Examples of how to experiment without infringing on editorial
discretion:
Offer optional small grants to media outlets to encourage covering
particular stories (everyone will get a chance, no requirements, all
decision making over content remains with organization)
Find otherwise arbitrary decisions to randomize (e.g., a story we’re
indifferent to being above or below the fold; the order of stories to
present)
Example: Mexico’s Health Insurance evaluation
Our scarcest resource: your time (so observational work first)
Experiments will
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 10 / 11
93. The Plan, 5: Implementation Strategy
Examples of how to experiment without infringing on editorial
discretion:
Offer optional small grants to media outlets to encourage covering
particular stories (everyone will get a chance, no requirements, all
decision making over content remains with organization)
Find otherwise arbitrary decisions to randomize (e.g., a story we’re
indifferent to being above or below the fold; the order of stories to
present)
Example: Mexico’s Health Insurance evaluation
Our scarcest resource: your time (so observational work first)
Experiments will start small (probably individual media outlets)
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 10 / 11
94. The Plan, 5: Implementation Strategy
Examples of how to experiment without infringing on editorial
discretion:
Offer optional small grants to media outlets to encourage covering
particular stories (everyone will get a chance, no requirements, all
decision making over content remains with organization)
Find otherwise arbitrary decisions to randomize (e.g., a story we’re
indifferent to being above or below the fold; the order of stories to
present)
Example: Mexico’s Health Insurance evaluation
Our scarcest resource: your time (so observational work first)
Experiments will start small (probably individual media outlets), be
sequential (each will build on the previous)
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 10 / 11
95. The Plan, 5: Implementation Strategy
Examples of how to experiment without infringing on editorial
discretion:
Offer optional small grants to media outlets to encourage covering
particular stories (everyone will get a chance, no requirements, all
decision making over content remains with organization)
Find otherwise arbitrary decisions to randomize (e.g., a story we’re
indifferent to being above or below the fold; the order of stories to
present)
Example: Mexico’s Health Insurance evaluation
Our scarcest resource: your time (so observational work first)
Experiments will start small (probably individual media outlets), be
sequential (each will build on the previous), and grow in extent (larger
experiments, with more outlets, as we learn more)
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 10 / 11
96. The Plan, 5: Implementation Strategy
Examples of how to experiment without infringing on editorial
discretion:
Offer optional small grants to media outlets to encourage covering
particular stories (everyone will get a chance, no requirements, all
decision making over content remains with organization)
Find otherwise arbitrary decisions to randomize (e.g., a story we’re
indifferent to being above or below the fold; the order of stories to
present)
Example: Mexico’s Health Insurance evaluation
Our scarcest resource: your time (so observational work first)
Experiments will start small (probably individual media outlets), be
sequential (each will build on the previous), and grow in extent (larger
experiments, with more outlets, as we learn more)
Our goal: Turn evidence of what has worked into increasingly
effective strategies
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 10 / 11
97. For More Information
GKing.Harvard.edu
Gary King (Harvard) Progressive Media Impact 11 / 11