Gamification involves applying game mechanics to non-game contexts to drive user behavior. The document discusses key game mechanics like points, badges, leaderboards, and missions that can be used to motivate behaviors. It also outlines a process for applying gamification that involves determining business goals, key behaviors to achieve those goals, examining the context around those behaviors, and then applying the right feedback loops and game mechanics. An example of using this process to address lack of student engagement in online education is provided.