Gametogenesis (The process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis formation, as well as their different stages) in simple and understandable form with diagrams
Specialities in Birds respiratory system: Air sacs, specialized parabronchi , Unidirectional flow
Benifits of air sacs, Benefit of 2 respiratory cycles
Bird-like respiratory systems in dinosaurs
Rate of breathings in birds
1. Amphibian embryos undergo radial cleavage where cell divisions are slower in the vegetal hemisphere containing yolk. Gastrulation begins with the invagination of cells at the blastopore forming the archenteron.
2. Fate mapping shows superficial cells form ectoderm and endoderm, while deeper cells form mesoderm. During gastrulation, bottle cells migrate inward expanding the archenteron.
3. Spemann and Mangold's experiments showed the dorsal lip tissue of the blastopore, known as the organizer, can induce a secondary embryonic axis when transplanted, demonstrating its inductive properties.
The document discusses testicular function and hormonal control. It notes that the testes contain two compartments - the tubular compartment containing seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis occurs, and the interstitial compartment containing Leydig cells that produce testosterone. Spermatogenesis requires high intratesticular testosterone levels produced by Leydig cells under control of LH from the pituitary. The hypothalamus secretes GnRH to stimulate the pituitary to secrete LH and FSH. LH stimulates testosterone production and FSH supports spermatogenesis by acting on Sertoli cells. Inhibin and activin secreted by Sertoli cells provide local feedback regulation of FSH levels
Sense organs are the specialized organs composed of sensory neurons, which help us to perceive and respond to our surroundings. There are five sense organs – eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.
External receptors (exteroceptors): sense organs for touch, smell, taste, sight and hearing.
Internal receptors (interocepyors): these sense organs found in the body which detect the temperature, pain, hunger, thirst, fatigue and muscle position.
This document contains instructions for a lab experiment to determine the rate of oxygen consumption in a fish and the effect of temperature on the operculum movement of a fish. It provides background information on fish respiration and how temperature affects physiological processes. The procedure for the oxygen consumption experiment involves measuring the dissolved oxygen content of water with and without a fish, while the temperature experiment involves counting operculum movements of a fish at different temperatures. Safety precautions for the lab are also listed.
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells develop from stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. It begins with the mitotic division of spermatogonial stem cells into primary spermatocytes, which then undergo meiosis to form haploid spermatids. The spermatids develop tails and mature into spermatozoa through spermiogenesis. Sertoli cells support this process by maintaining the environment, secreting substances, and protecting the developing cells. Spermatogenesis is regulated by hormones like testosterone and FSH and sensitive to fluctuations in temperature.
Specialities in Birds respiratory system: Air sacs, specialized parabronchi , Unidirectional flow
Benifits of air sacs, Benefit of 2 respiratory cycles
Bird-like respiratory systems in dinosaurs
Rate of breathings in birds
1. Amphibian embryos undergo radial cleavage where cell divisions are slower in the vegetal hemisphere containing yolk. Gastrulation begins with the invagination of cells at the blastopore forming the archenteron.
2. Fate mapping shows superficial cells form ectoderm and endoderm, while deeper cells form mesoderm. During gastrulation, bottle cells migrate inward expanding the archenteron.
3. Spemann and Mangold's experiments showed the dorsal lip tissue of the blastopore, known as the organizer, can induce a secondary embryonic axis when transplanted, demonstrating its inductive properties.
The document discusses testicular function and hormonal control. It notes that the testes contain two compartments - the tubular compartment containing seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis occurs, and the interstitial compartment containing Leydig cells that produce testosterone. Spermatogenesis requires high intratesticular testosterone levels produced by Leydig cells under control of LH from the pituitary. The hypothalamus secretes GnRH to stimulate the pituitary to secrete LH and FSH. LH stimulates testosterone production and FSH supports spermatogenesis by acting on Sertoli cells. Inhibin and activin secreted by Sertoli cells provide local feedback regulation of FSH levels
Sense organs are the specialized organs composed of sensory neurons, which help us to perceive and respond to our surroundings. There are five sense organs – eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.
External receptors (exteroceptors): sense organs for touch, smell, taste, sight and hearing.
Internal receptors (interocepyors): these sense organs found in the body which detect the temperature, pain, hunger, thirst, fatigue and muscle position.
This document contains instructions for a lab experiment to determine the rate of oxygen consumption in a fish and the effect of temperature on the operculum movement of a fish. It provides background information on fish respiration and how temperature affects physiological processes. The procedure for the oxygen consumption experiment involves measuring the dissolved oxygen content of water with and without a fish, while the temperature experiment involves counting operculum movements of a fish at different temperatures. Safety precautions for the lab are also listed.
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells develop from stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. It begins with the mitotic division of spermatogonial stem cells into primary spermatocytes, which then undergo meiosis to form haploid spermatids. The spermatids develop tails and mature into spermatozoa through spermiogenesis. Sertoli cells support this process by maintaining the environment, secreting substances, and protecting the developing cells. Spermatogenesis is regulated by hormones like testosterone and FSH and sensitive to fluctuations in temperature.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system and how it regulates long-term processes in the body like growth, development, and reproduction. It describes the major endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreas. It also explains the different classes of hormones, how they are secreted and distributed, the mechanisms of hormone action including first and second messengers, and the effects of abnormal hormone production.
Development of gonads (Gonad differentiation)male gonad and female gonadshallu kotwal
The development of the gonads is part of the prenatal development of the reproductive system and ultimately forms the testes in males and the ovaries in females. The gonads initially develop from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum.
Sexual differentiation in humans occurs through a multi-step process determined by chromosomal, gonadal, hormonal, and morphological sex. The presence or absence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testis or ovary development from the initially undifferentiated gonad. The testes secrete testosterone and Müllerian inhibiting hormone which masculinize the internal and external genitalia as well as the brain, preventing female development. In the absence of these hormones, the individual develops along female lines. Disorders can occur at each stage of differentiation, resulting in intersex conditions or abnormalities in sexual development.
Follicular development and selection- introduction , synopsis , follicular development stages , Follicular development and hormone , follicular development explanation through the different diagram , follicular development fertilization , reference etc.
comparative anatomy of respiratory system of Reptiles, Birds and Mammals.UttamaTungkhang
This document compares and contrasts the respiratory systems of reptiles, birds, and mammals. It notes that all three use aerial respiration through lungs, but that some reptiles and birds undergo specialized adaptations related to their habitats. For example, crocodilians have a bony secondary palate for breathing underwater, while some lizards can increase stamina through buccal pumping. The document outlines key parts of the respiratory tract and how gas exchange occurs differently depending on the type of animal.
This document discusses ovarian follicle development and the menstrual cycle. It explains that folliculogenesis is the process by which follicles form, mature through different stages, and eventually release an oocyte or undergo atresia. Primordial follicles are activated through changes in intraovarian factors and develop through primary, preantral, and antral stages in a gonadotropin-independent manner. Select antral follicles are recruited in a gonadotropin-dependent manner by responding to FSH, and mature into preovulatory follicles capable of ovulation and corpus luteum formation.
This document provides an overview of female reproductive physiology. It discusses the function of the female reproductive system and its main components, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and cervix. Key topics covered include oogenesis, folliculogenesis, the ovarian and menstrual cycles, cervical mucus changes throughout the cycle, ovulation and pickup of the ovum by the fallopian tubes. The roles of hormones like estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH in regulating the cycles are also summarized.
Ovulation occurs when a mature follicle ruptures and releases an egg. This process is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, where hormones like GnRH, FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone interact in a feedback loop. Near the midpoint of the menstrual cycle, rising estradiol triggers an LH surge which causes the follicle to rupture and the egg to be released, in a process called ovulation. If the egg is fertilized, the remaining follicle cells form the corpus luteum which produces progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation.
In testis, the immature male germ cell (spermatogonia ) produce sperms by spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia ( sing. Spermatogonium ) present on the inside of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocyte, which have only 23 chromosomes
The secondary spermatocyte undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream and have effects at low concentrations throughout the body. There are two main types of hormone receptors: steroid hormones bind to receptors in the cell cytoplasm and form complexes that enter the nucleus and affect gene transcription, while peptide hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane and activate intracellular second messenger systems. The hypothalamus controls hormone secretion from the pituitary gland which regulates growth, development, reproduction and homeostasis. Some athletes improperly use growth hormones in attempts to build muscle mass despite health risks.
FSH, LH, and testosterone are hormones that regulate reproductive functions. FSH acts on the ovaries and testes to stimulate gamete production. LH triggers ovulation in females and supports testosterone production in males. Testosterone promotes male sexual development and secondary sex characteristics. The hormones work by binding to receptors on target cells and activating intracellular signaling cascades. Abnormal levels can cause diseases like polycystic ovarian syndrome or Klinefelter syndrome.
sex determination and differentiation in human with development and differentiation of gonads. this presentation helps you in understanding the concept of sex at genetic level.
This document discusses spermatogenesis, the process by which spermatogonia are transformed into spermatozoa in the testes. It begins at puberty around ages 13-16 and continues into old age, taking around 64 days total. The process involves spermatogonia dividing to form primary spermatocytes, which then undergo two rounds of meiotic division to form four haploid spermatids. Testosterone and other hormones control spermatogenesis and stimulate proliferation of Sertoli cells at puberty to facilitate the process. Spermatogenesis is significant as it produces mature sperm required for sexual reproduction and the transmission of genetic information between generations.
This document discusses hormones and their mechanisms of action. It describes the different types of hormones, including proteins/polypeptides, steroids, and derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. It explains how hormones are synthesized, stored, transported in blood, and cleared from the blood. The mechanisms of action of both lipid-soluble and hydrophilic hormones are covered, including their interactions with receptors and use of second messenger systems. Methods for measuring hormone concentrations in blood, such as radioimmunoassay and ELISA, are also summarized.
This document discusses sexual differentiation in humans. It begins by defining genetic males and females based on their chromosomes and gonads. It then describes how the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome leads to testis development, while its absence leads to ovary development. The role of testosterone and Mullerian Inhibiting Substance in driving the development of male internal and external genitalia is also described. Finally, examples of abnormal sexual differentiation caused by chromosomal abnormalities or hormonal defects are provided.
The document provides an overview of the male reproductive system, including its anatomy and function. It describes the testes, spermatic ducts, and accessory glands. It discusses puberty and the hormonal control of the brain-testicular axis. The role of testosterone in sexual development and maintenance of reproductive functions is also summarized.
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the adrenal medulla. It notes that the adrenal medulla is composed of chromaffin cells that are derived from neural crest cells and act as a sympathetic ganglion. The adrenal medulla secretes the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. It summarizes the biosynthesis pathway of catecholamines from tyrosine and discusses how the hormones signal through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors to produce various effects in different tissues.
The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain that regulates several important bodily functions. It is divided into anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands and regulate processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. These include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and help regulate water balance and milk release. Disorders of the pituitary can impact hormone levels and cause wide-ranging symptoms.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system and how it regulates long-term processes in the body like growth, development, and reproduction. It describes the major endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreas. It also explains the different classes of hormones, how they are secreted and distributed, the mechanisms of hormone action including first and second messengers, and the effects of abnormal hormone production.
Development of gonads (Gonad differentiation)male gonad and female gonadshallu kotwal
The development of the gonads is part of the prenatal development of the reproductive system and ultimately forms the testes in males and the ovaries in females. The gonads initially develop from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum.
Sexual differentiation in humans occurs through a multi-step process determined by chromosomal, gonadal, hormonal, and morphological sex. The presence or absence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testis or ovary development from the initially undifferentiated gonad. The testes secrete testosterone and Müllerian inhibiting hormone which masculinize the internal and external genitalia as well as the brain, preventing female development. In the absence of these hormones, the individual develops along female lines. Disorders can occur at each stage of differentiation, resulting in intersex conditions or abnormalities in sexual development.
Follicular development and selection- introduction , synopsis , follicular development stages , Follicular development and hormone , follicular development explanation through the different diagram , follicular development fertilization , reference etc.
comparative anatomy of respiratory system of Reptiles, Birds and Mammals.UttamaTungkhang
This document compares and contrasts the respiratory systems of reptiles, birds, and mammals. It notes that all three use aerial respiration through lungs, but that some reptiles and birds undergo specialized adaptations related to their habitats. For example, crocodilians have a bony secondary palate for breathing underwater, while some lizards can increase stamina through buccal pumping. The document outlines key parts of the respiratory tract and how gas exchange occurs differently depending on the type of animal.
This document discusses ovarian follicle development and the menstrual cycle. It explains that folliculogenesis is the process by which follicles form, mature through different stages, and eventually release an oocyte or undergo atresia. Primordial follicles are activated through changes in intraovarian factors and develop through primary, preantral, and antral stages in a gonadotropin-independent manner. Select antral follicles are recruited in a gonadotropin-dependent manner by responding to FSH, and mature into preovulatory follicles capable of ovulation and corpus luteum formation.
This document provides an overview of female reproductive physiology. It discusses the function of the female reproductive system and its main components, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and cervix. Key topics covered include oogenesis, folliculogenesis, the ovarian and menstrual cycles, cervical mucus changes throughout the cycle, ovulation and pickup of the ovum by the fallopian tubes. The roles of hormones like estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH in regulating the cycles are also summarized.
Ovulation occurs when a mature follicle ruptures and releases an egg. This process is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, where hormones like GnRH, FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone interact in a feedback loop. Near the midpoint of the menstrual cycle, rising estradiol triggers an LH surge which causes the follicle to rupture and the egg to be released, in a process called ovulation. If the egg is fertilized, the remaining follicle cells form the corpus luteum which produces progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation.
In testis, the immature male germ cell (spermatogonia ) produce sperms by spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia ( sing. Spermatogonium ) present on the inside of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocyte, which have only 23 chromosomes
The secondary spermatocyte undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream and have effects at low concentrations throughout the body. There are two main types of hormone receptors: steroid hormones bind to receptors in the cell cytoplasm and form complexes that enter the nucleus and affect gene transcription, while peptide hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane and activate intracellular second messenger systems. The hypothalamus controls hormone secretion from the pituitary gland which regulates growth, development, reproduction and homeostasis. Some athletes improperly use growth hormones in attempts to build muscle mass despite health risks.
FSH, LH, and testosterone are hormones that regulate reproductive functions. FSH acts on the ovaries and testes to stimulate gamete production. LH triggers ovulation in females and supports testosterone production in males. Testosterone promotes male sexual development and secondary sex characteristics. The hormones work by binding to receptors on target cells and activating intracellular signaling cascades. Abnormal levels can cause diseases like polycystic ovarian syndrome or Klinefelter syndrome.
sex determination and differentiation in human with development and differentiation of gonads. this presentation helps you in understanding the concept of sex at genetic level.
This document discusses spermatogenesis, the process by which spermatogonia are transformed into spermatozoa in the testes. It begins at puberty around ages 13-16 and continues into old age, taking around 64 days total. The process involves spermatogonia dividing to form primary spermatocytes, which then undergo two rounds of meiotic division to form four haploid spermatids. Testosterone and other hormones control spermatogenesis and stimulate proliferation of Sertoli cells at puberty to facilitate the process. Spermatogenesis is significant as it produces mature sperm required for sexual reproduction and the transmission of genetic information between generations.
This document discusses hormones and their mechanisms of action. It describes the different types of hormones, including proteins/polypeptides, steroids, and derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. It explains how hormones are synthesized, stored, transported in blood, and cleared from the blood. The mechanisms of action of both lipid-soluble and hydrophilic hormones are covered, including their interactions with receptors and use of second messenger systems. Methods for measuring hormone concentrations in blood, such as radioimmunoassay and ELISA, are also summarized.
This document discusses sexual differentiation in humans. It begins by defining genetic males and females based on their chromosomes and gonads. It then describes how the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome leads to testis development, while its absence leads to ovary development. The role of testosterone and Mullerian Inhibiting Substance in driving the development of male internal and external genitalia is also described. Finally, examples of abnormal sexual differentiation caused by chromosomal abnormalities or hormonal defects are provided.
The document provides an overview of the male reproductive system, including its anatomy and function. It describes the testes, spermatic ducts, and accessory glands. It discusses puberty and the hormonal control of the brain-testicular axis. The role of testosterone in sexual development and maintenance of reproductive functions is also summarized.
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the adrenal medulla. It notes that the adrenal medulla is composed of chromaffin cells that are derived from neural crest cells and act as a sympathetic ganglion. The adrenal medulla secretes the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. It summarizes the biosynthesis pathway of catecholamines from tyrosine and discusses how the hormones signal through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors to produce various effects in different tissues.
The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain that regulates several important bodily functions. It is divided into anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands and regulate processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. These include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and help regulate water balance and milk release. Disorders of the pituitary can impact hormone levels and cause wide-ranging symptoms.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.