Seminar presentation on snp (mulualem & janvier)Mulualem Teshome
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are variations in a single DNA nucleotide that occur in over 1% of the population. SNPs are the most common type of genetic variation among humans, as 99.9% of human DNA sequences are identical, while the remaining 0.1% makes each individual unique. Modern techniques can efficiently determine the status of large numbers of SNPs, which promises to advance our understanding and treatment of human disease.
This document provides an overview of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). It defines key terms related to GWAS such as linkage disequilibrium, minor allele frequency, and odds ratio. It compares linkage mapping and association mapping. It describes the methodology of GWAS including identifying population structure, selecting case and control subjects, genotyping samples, and determining associated SNPs. It discusses challenges such as multiple hypothesis testing and population structure. It provides examples of successful GWAS in crops like maize and Arabidopsis. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive introduction and overview of GWAS.
This document discusses gene mapping and gene cloning. It defines gene mapping as identifying the locus and distance between genes using genetic or physical mapping techniques. Gene cloning involves inserting a fragment of DNA containing a gene into a cloning vector, which is then propagated in bacteria to make multiple copies. The document provides detailed descriptions of genetic mapping, physical mapping, gene cloning techniques like transformation, PCR cloning, and their applications and limitations.
Propensity score matching (PSM) is a quasi-experimental technique used to estimate causal treatment effects from observational data. It involves matching treated observations to untreated observations based on propensity scores, which represent the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates. Key assumptions are that treatment assignment is independent of outcomes conditional on covariates, and there is sufficient overlap in covariate distributions between treated and untreated groups. PSM was used to estimate the impact of piped water access on child health in rural India by matching households based on village characteristics, assets, and education levels, though some important behavioral factors were unobserved.
This document discusses genome editing techniques. It begins by defining genomes and how they consist of DNA or RNA that contains both coding and non-coding regions. It then discusses several methods of genome editing including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR-Cas system. Each method uses engineered nucleases to introduce targeted double-strand breaks in DNA, allowing the cell's repair mechanisms to modify the genome. The CRISPR-Cas system was selected as the breakthrough of the year in 2015 due to its simplicity, efficiency and precision for genome editing applications.
The document describes a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. A CRD is the simplest experimental design where treatments are assigned to experimental units completely at random. Each unit has an equal chance of receiving any treatment. A CRD is best for small numbers of treatments on homogeneous units. Randomization, advantages like flexibility and simple analysis, and disadvantages like potential loss of precision are discussed. The key differences between fixed and random effects in how inferences can be drawn are also outlined.
Internal validity refers to establishing a causal relationship between a treatment and outcome. Some threats to internal validity include history effects from outside events between pre- and post-testing, maturation effects from natural physical/intellectual changes, and testing effects from taking a pre-test influencing later tests. Other threats are instrumentation changes affecting measurements, regression toward the mean for extreme pre-test scores, mortality from participant dropout, diffusion of treatment between groups, and experimenter bias from expected outcomes influencing results.
Seminar presentation on snp (mulualem & janvier)Mulualem Teshome
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are variations in a single DNA nucleotide that occur in over 1% of the population. SNPs are the most common type of genetic variation among humans, as 99.9% of human DNA sequences are identical, while the remaining 0.1% makes each individual unique. Modern techniques can efficiently determine the status of large numbers of SNPs, which promises to advance our understanding and treatment of human disease.
This document provides an overview of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). It defines key terms related to GWAS such as linkage disequilibrium, minor allele frequency, and odds ratio. It compares linkage mapping and association mapping. It describes the methodology of GWAS including identifying population structure, selecting case and control subjects, genotyping samples, and determining associated SNPs. It discusses challenges such as multiple hypothesis testing and population structure. It provides examples of successful GWAS in crops like maize and Arabidopsis. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive introduction and overview of GWAS.
This document discusses gene mapping and gene cloning. It defines gene mapping as identifying the locus and distance between genes using genetic or physical mapping techniques. Gene cloning involves inserting a fragment of DNA containing a gene into a cloning vector, which is then propagated in bacteria to make multiple copies. The document provides detailed descriptions of genetic mapping, physical mapping, gene cloning techniques like transformation, PCR cloning, and their applications and limitations.
Propensity score matching (PSM) is a quasi-experimental technique used to estimate causal treatment effects from observational data. It involves matching treated observations to untreated observations based on propensity scores, which represent the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates. Key assumptions are that treatment assignment is independent of outcomes conditional on covariates, and there is sufficient overlap in covariate distributions between treated and untreated groups. PSM was used to estimate the impact of piped water access on child health in rural India by matching households based on village characteristics, assets, and education levels, though some important behavioral factors were unobserved.
This document discusses genome editing techniques. It begins by defining genomes and how they consist of DNA or RNA that contains both coding and non-coding regions. It then discusses several methods of genome editing including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR-Cas system. Each method uses engineered nucleases to introduce targeted double-strand breaks in DNA, allowing the cell's repair mechanisms to modify the genome. The CRISPR-Cas system was selected as the breakthrough of the year in 2015 due to its simplicity, efficiency and precision for genome editing applications.
The document describes a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. A CRD is the simplest experimental design where treatments are assigned to experimental units completely at random. Each unit has an equal chance of receiving any treatment. A CRD is best for small numbers of treatments on homogeneous units. Randomization, advantages like flexibility and simple analysis, and disadvantages like potential loss of precision are discussed. The key differences between fixed and random effects in how inferences can be drawn are also outlined.
Internal validity refers to establishing a causal relationship between a treatment and outcome. Some threats to internal validity include history effects from outside events between pre- and post-testing, maturation effects from natural physical/intellectual changes, and testing effects from taking a pre-test influencing later tests. Other threats are instrumentation changes affecting measurements, regression toward the mean for extreme pre-test scores, mortality from participant dropout, diffusion of treatment between groups, and experimenter bias from expected outcomes influencing results.
This document discusses single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs represent variations in a single DNA nucleotide where one nucleotide differs between members of a species. They are the most common type of genetic variation. SNPs can occur in coding and non-coding regions, and may alter protein function or be silent. Methods to genotype SNPs include direct sequencing, TaqMan assays, and microchips. SNPs are useful as genetic markers and have applications in gene mapping, disease association studies, and personalized medicine.
BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) is a program that detects sequence similarities between a query sequence and database sequences. It uses statistical analysis to determine if alignments between sequences are statistically significant. BLAST is helpful for identifying known genes in a novel sequence and determining relationships between genes/proteins. Users select a query sequence, database, and BLAST program, then receive output including alignments and statistics describing matches.
This document discusses correlations between different traits in a population. It defines correlation as a measure of the relationship between two variables. There are three main types of correlations: phenotypic, genetic, and environmental. Phenotypic correlation is observed between traits and is partitioned into genetic and environmental correlations. Genetic correlation is important because selection for one trait will cause changes in genetically correlated traits. Methods like parent-offspring analysis and half-sib analysis are used to estimate genetic correlations. Knowledge of genetic correlations is useful for selection programs and predicting response to selection.
Molecular markers are variations in DNA sequences that can be used to differentiate between individuals. They are found at specific locations in the genome and can be used to identify genes or track inheritance of characteristics. There are two main types of molecular markers - genetic markers based on DNA sequences and biochemical markers which are molecules that serve as indicators of changes in the body. Molecular markers are identified using techniques like RFLP analysis, AFLP, and PCR-based methods and are important for applications such as gene mapping, DNA fingerprinting, and phylogenetic studies.
this presentation is about the molecular markers as we all know the molecular markers are the DNA sequences it can be easily detected and its inheritance is easily monitored.so the main basics of the molecular markers is the polymorphic nature so it can used as molecular markers.and this will gives you the idea about AFLP, RFLP, RAPD, SNPS,ETC.
This document discusses the debate around single-sex education versus coeducational schools. It provides background on the history of gender separation in education and notes that while most schools are now coeducational, some remain single-sex. Pros of single-sex education discussed include that boys and girls learn differently and are less distracted without the opposite sex present, though critics argue this does not reflect diversity or prepare students for real life. The document also explores gender biases and inequities that can occur in coeducational classrooms.
Crossing over occurs during meiosis when non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange segments. This creates new combinations of genes in gametes and contributes to genetic diversity. Morgan's experiment with fruit flies provided early evidence of crossing over and genetic linkage. Recombinant frequency is a measure of how many new combinations are formed in offspring and indicates the distance between genes - a higher frequency means genes are farther apart. In an experiment with beetles, two traits - body texture and color - showed a recombinant frequency of 30%, indicating the genes are linked but some crossing over occurs between them.
This document provides an overview of the field of proteomics. It lists the names and student IDs of 10 students in Group #3 who will study proteomics. It then outlines the topics to be covered, including an introduction defining proteomics and the proteome, a brief history of the field, techniques used in proteomics like mass spectrometry and gel electrophoresis, advantages and disadvantages, and applications in fields like oncology and agriculture.
Two phase sampling is a method where a first phase sample is selected and observed to obtain data. Then a second phase subsample is selected from the first phase sample where the selection probability depends on the first phase observations. This allows collecting more detailed data from a smaller second phase sample while using the first phase to guide the selection. An example is capture-recapture estimation of animal populations where some are marked in the first phase and the proportion marked is estimated from the second phase sample. The method reduces data collection time but maintains accuracy by using a larger initial sample to focus the follow-up effort.
The document discusses different types of polymorphism, including balanced and non-balanced polymorphism. Polymorphism refers to the existence of two or more clearly different phenotypes in a population of a species. Balancing polymorphism specifically refers to the ability of natural selection to maintain stable frequencies of at least two phenotypes. There are three main types of natural selection: directional selection where allele frequency shifts in one direction, stabilizing selection where lower fitness alleles decrease until they vanish, and balancing selection where heterozygotes have higher adaptive value than homozygotes, conserving genetic polymorphism.
This presentation provides an overview of genome editing. It defines genome editing as a technique used to modify DNA within a cell precisely and efficiently using engineered nucleases. The presentation discusses different tools for genome editing including meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR. It explains how these tools work by creating cuts in DNA at specific sequences, and how cells naturally repair this using homologous directed repair or non-homologous end joining. Applications of genome editing discussed include gene therapy, modifying crops and animals, disease treatment, and ecological control.
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphic), SNP mapping, SNP profile, SNP types, SNP analysis by gel electropherosis and by mass spectrometry, SNP effects, single strand conformation polymorphism, SNP advantages and disadvantages and application of SNP profile in drug choice
Dr Avril Coghlan discusses the BLAST algorithm for comparing biological sequences and searching databases of DNA and protein sequences. BLAST is a fast heuristic method for sequence alignment and database searching. It works by first finding short words that are common between the query sequence and database sequences, and then extending the alignment around these words. BLAST is able to quickly search very large databases and find significant matches by calculating E-values, which estimate the statistical significance of matches. BLAST allows researchers to determine if a new sequence is similar to any known sequences and predict potential functions.
Basic Concepts of Standard Experimental Designs ( Statistics )Hasnat Israq
This document outlines key concepts in standard experimental design. It defines experimental design as assigning experimental units to treatment conditions to measure and compare treatment effects. Sample design selects units for measurement from a population. The document discusses necessary steps like replication and randomization. It presents linear statistical models including fixed, random, and mixed effects models. It also explains analysis of variance and standard designs like completely randomized design, randomized block design, and Latin square design, including their analysis of variance tables. The conclusion compares the efficiency of these standard designs.
This document discusses fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), which are molecular cytogenetic techniques used to localize DNA sequences on chromosomes. FISH uses fluorescent probes to detect specific DNA or RNA sequences on chromosomes. GISH uses total genomic DNA as a probe to detect specific chromosomes. Both techniques overcome limitations of conventional cytogenetics and have various applications, including gene mapping, analyzing structural abnormalities, and detecting aneuploidy. The document discusses the principles, methods, advantages and limitations of FISH and GISH.
1. Next-generation sequencing methods such as Roche 454, Illumina GAII, and ABI SOLiD allow for high throughput DNA sequencing through massive parallel sequencing.
2. These methods involve clonal amplification of DNA fragments on solid surfaces or in emulsion PCR followed by sequencing using pyrosequencing, sequencing by synthesis with reversible terminators, or sequencing by ligation approaches.
3. The resulting sequencing data requires high throughput management and analysis pipelines to process the large volumes of sequence data produced.
This document provides an overview of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). It discusses the basic concept of GWAS, running and analyzing a GWAS, and interpreting the results. Key points include: GWAS genotype individuals for hundreds of thousands to millions of SNPs to look for associations with traits; extensive quality control is required; imputation can increase SNP coverage; statistical analysis includes computing p-values and correcting for multiple testing; significant findings still require replication in independent samples.
This document summarizes Shivendra Kumar's class presentation on SNP genotyping using KASP. It introduces SNP genotyping and the KASP platform. It describes using KASP to genotype a wheat mapping population derived from a cross between an introgression line containing stripe rust resistance genes and a susceptible cultivar. KASP markers were developed and used to map the resistance genes. One candidate resistance gene was identified and further analyzed through expression studies and development of a linked KASP marker. Recombinants were identified and confirmed through additional KASP genotyping.
Sintesi
In quale scenario culturale ed economico si trova a operare oggi la farmacia? Quali le migliori strategie da mettere in atto per essere competitiva? Quali gli strumenti economico-finanziari da adottare per uscire da situazioni di difficoltà?
La farmacia deve adeguarsi al cambiamento culturale in atto. Il paziente è proattivo e informato, complice la grande quantità di informazioni disponibili, soprattutto in rete. D'altro canto la popolazione italiana sta invecchiando e la farmacia deve saper rispondere a queste mutate esigenze.
Ecco allora nascere esperienze territoriali importanti nell'ottica dei servizi: dal CAP ideato da Sinfarma alle Case della Salute di cui ha parlato Federfarma Lazio. Senza dimenticare l'importanza della galenica, come strumento di qualificazione professionale, ma anche come importante servizio alla comunità.
Al contempo, la spesa convenzionata diminuisce e aumenta il numero di farmacie in difficoltà. Diventano allora importanti gli strumenti e I metodi di ristrutturazione finananziaria, che consentano di strutturare piani di gestione sostenibili per la farmacia.
This document discusses single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs represent variations in a single DNA nucleotide where one nucleotide differs between members of a species. They are the most common type of genetic variation. SNPs can occur in coding and non-coding regions, and may alter protein function or be silent. Methods to genotype SNPs include direct sequencing, TaqMan assays, and microchips. SNPs are useful as genetic markers and have applications in gene mapping, disease association studies, and personalized medicine.
BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) is a program that detects sequence similarities between a query sequence and database sequences. It uses statistical analysis to determine if alignments between sequences are statistically significant. BLAST is helpful for identifying known genes in a novel sequence and determining relationships between genes/proteins. Users select a query sequence, database, and BLAST program, then receive output including alignments and statistics describing matches.
This document discusses correlations between different traits in a population. It defines correlation as a measure of the relationship between two variables. There are three main types of correlations: phenotypic, genetic, and environmental. Phenotypic correlation is observed between traits and is partitioned into genetic and environmental correlations. Genetic correlation is important because selection for one trait will cause changes in genetically correlated traits. Methods like parent-offspring analysis and half-sib analysis are used to estimate genetic correlations. Knowledge of genetic correlations is useful for selection programs and predicting response to selection.
Molecular markers are variations in DNA sequences that can be used to differentiate between individuals. They are found at specific locations in the genome and can be used to identify genes or track inheritance of characteristics. There are two main types of molecular markers - genetic markers based on DNA sequences and biochemical markers which are molecules that serve as indicators of changes in the body. Molecular markers are identified using techniques like RFLP analysis, AFLP, and PCR-based methods and are important for applications such as gene mapping, DNA fingerprinting, and phylogenetic studies.
this presentation is about the molecular markers as we all know the molecular markers are the DNA sequences it can be easily detected and its inheritance is easily monitored.so the main basics of the molecular markers is the polymorphic nature so it can used as molecular markers.and this will gives you the idea about AFLP, RFLP, RAPD, SNPS,ETC.
This document discusses the debate around single-sex education versus coeducational schools. It provides background on the history of gender separation in education and notes that while most schools are now coeducational, some remain single-sex. Pros of single-sex education discussed include that boys and girls learn differently and are less distracted without the opposite sex present, though critics argue this does not reflect diversity or prepare students for real life. The document also explores gender biases and inequities that can occur in coeducational classrooms.
Crossing over occurs during meiosis when non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange segments. This creates new combinations of genes in gametes and contributes to genetic diversity. Morgan's experiment with fruit flies provided early evidence of crossing over and genetic linkage. Recombinant frequency is a measure of how many new combinations are formed in offspring and indicates the distance between genes - a higher frequency means genes are farther apart. In an experiment with beetles, two traits - body texture and color - showed a recombinant frequency of 30%, indicating the genes are linked but some crossing over occurs between them.
This document provides an overview of the field of proteomics. It lists the names and student IDs of 10 students in Group #3 who will study proteomics. It then outlines the topics to be covered, including an introduction defining proteomics and the proteome, a brief history of the field, techniques used in proteomics like mass spectrometry and gel electrophoresis, advantages and disadvantages, and applications in fields like oncology and agriculture.
Two phase sampling is a method where a first phase sample is selected and observed to obtain data. Then a second phase subsample is selected from the first phase sample where the selection probability depends on the first phase observations. This allows collecting more detailed data from a smaller second phase sample while using the first phase to guide the selection. An example is capture-recapture estimation of animal populations where some are marked in the first phase and the proportion marked is estimated from the second phase sample. The method reduces data collection time but maintains accuracy by using a larger initial sample to focus the follow-up effort.
The document discusses different types of polymorphism, including balanced and non-balanced polymorphism. Polymorphism refers to the existence of two or more clearly different phenotypes in a population of a species. Balancing polymorphism specifically refers to the ability of natural selection to maintain stable frequencies of at least two phenotypes. There are three main types of natural selection: directional selection where allele frequency shifts in one direction, stabilizing selection where lower fitness alleles decrease until they vanish, and balancing selection where heterozygotes have higher adaptive value than homozygotes, conserving genetic polymorphism.
This presentation provides an overview of genome editing. It defines genome editing as a technique used to modify DNA within a cell precisely and efficiently using engineered nucleases. The presentation discusses different tools for genome editing including meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR. It explains how these tools work by creating cuts in DNA at specific sequences, and how cells naturally repair this using homologous directed repair or non-homologous end joining. Applications of genome editing discussed include gene therapy, modifying crops and animals, disease treatment, and ecological control.
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphic), SNP mapping, SNP profile, SNP types, SNP analysis by gel electropherosis and by mass spectrometry, SNP effects, single strand conformation polymorphism, SNP advantages and disadvantages and application of SNP profile in drug choice
Dr Avril Coghlan discusses the BLAST algorithm for comparing biological sequences and searching databases of DNA and protein sequences. BLAST is a fast heuristic method for sequence alignment and database searching. It works by first finding short words that are common between the query sequence and database sequences, and then extending the alignment around these words. BLAST is able to quickly search very large databases and find significant matches by calculating E-values, which estimate the statistical significance of matches. BLAST allows researchers to determine if a new sequence is similar to any known sequences and predict potential functions.
Basic Concepts of Standard Experimental Designs ( Statistics )Hasnat Israq
This document outlines key concepts in standard experimental design. It defines experimental design as assigning experimental units to treatment conditions to measure and compare treatment effects. Sample design selects units for measurement from a population. The document discusses necessary steps like replication and randomization. It presents linear statistical models including fixed, random, and mixed effects models. It also explains analysis of variance and standard designs like completely randomized design, randomized block design, and Latin square design, including their analysis of variance tables. The conclusion compares the efficiency of these standard designs.
This document discusses fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), which are molecular cytogenetic techniques used to localize DNA sequences on chromosomes. FISH uses fluorescent probes to detect specific DNA or RNA sequences on chromosomes. GISH uses total genomic DNA as a probe to detect specific chromosomes. Both techniques overcome limitations of conventional cytogenetics and have various applications, including gene mapping, analyzing structural abnormalities, and detecting aneuploidy. The document discusses the principles, methods, advantages and limitations of FISH and GISH.
1. Next-generation sequencing methods such as Roche 454, Illumina GAII, and ABI SOLiD allow for high throughput DNA sequencing through massive parallel sequencing.
2. These methods involve clonal amplification of DNA fragments on solid surfaces or in emulsion PCR followed by sequencing using pyrosequencing, sequencing by synthesis with reversible terminators, or sequencing by ligation approaches.
3. The resulting sequencing data requires high throughput management and analysis pipelines to process the large volumes of sequence data produced.
This document provides an overview of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). It discusses the basic concept of GWAS, running and analyzing a GWAS, and interpreting the results. Key points include: GWAS genotype individuals for hundreds of thousands to millions of SNPs to look for associations with traits; extensive quality control is required; imputation can increase SNP coverage; statistical analysis includes computing p-values and correcting for multiple testing; significant findings still require replication in independent samples.
This document summarizes Shivendra Kumar's class presentation on SNP genotyping using KASP. It introduces SNP genotyping and the KASP platform. It describes using KASP to genotype a wheat mapping population derived from a cross between an introgression line containing stripe rust resistance genes and a susceptible cultivar. KASP markers were developed and used to map the resistance genes. One candidate resistance gene was identified and further analyzed through expression studies and development of a linked KASP marker. Recombinants were identified and confirmed through additional KASP genotyping.
Sintesi
In quale scenario culturale ed economico si trova a operare oggi la farmacia? Quali le migliori strategie da mettere in atto per essere competitiva? Quali gli strumenti economico-finanziari da adottare per uscire da situazioni di difficoltà?
La farmacia deve adeguarsi al cambiamento culturale in atto. Il paziente è proattivo e informato, complice la grande quantità di informazioni disponibili, soprattutto in rete. D'altro canto la popolazione italiana sta invecchiando e la farmacia deve saper rispondere a queste mutate esigenze.
Ecco allora nascere esperienze territoriali importanti nell'ottica dei servizi: dal CAP ideato da Sinfarma alle Case della Salute di cui ha parlato Federfarma Lazio. Senza dimenticare l'importanza della galenica, come strumento di qualificazione professionale, ma anche come importante servizio alla comunità.
Al contempo, la spesa convenzionata diminuisce e aumenta il numero di farmacie in difficoltà. Diventano allora importanti gli strumenti e I metodi di ristrutturazione finananziaria, che consentano di strutturare piani di gestione sostenibili per la farmacia.
The document provides information about basic pharmaceutical measurements and calculations including:
- Comparing Roman and Arabic numerals and examples of conversions
- Guidelines for finding a common denominator when adding or subtracting fractions
- Common metric units for weight and basic conversions between grams, milligrams, etc.
- Examples of setting up and solving ratio-proportion calculations for determining quantities in pharmaceutical problems.
The document discusses various pharmacy calculations including numerals, fractions, decimals, measurements, ratios, proportions, percents, and solutions. It provides examples of different measurement systems used in pharmacy like metric, avoirdupois, and apothecary. The document also covers critical thinking around common errors in pharmacy like misreading orders and setting up ratios incorrectly which could lead to patients receiving incorrect doses.
This presentation quotes various pharmaceutical calculations with examples. The following aspects like percentage calculations, alcoholic dilutions, Alligation method, proof spirit calculations, isotonicity adjustment, posology, temperature measurements, dialysis clearance, Pharmacokinetics calculations were covered with examples.
1. This document discusses several methods for calculating solutions that are isotonic with blood and tears, including the freezing point depression method, NaCl equivalent method, White Vincent method, Sprowl method, and others.
2. The freezing point depression method involves calculating the weight of substance needed to make a solution isotonic based on the freezing point depression of the substance.
3. The NaCl equivalent method uses sodium chloride equivalents to convert the concentration of other substances to an equivalent sodium chloride concentration to achieve isotonicity.
1. Galenica / 3) Ricette mediche / galeniche
PopUps: FreeFind: cerca in MedPop Web
Motori di ricerca MedPopLinks vai
3) Ricette mediche / galeniche ! Galenica
.php ! .html ! .pdf Categoria: Farmacologia ! Erboristeria ! Fitoterapia ! Galenica !
Galenica: Sostanze Rimedi Ricette Erbe Preparati Applicazioni
Indice della pagina (sopprimi)
1. Nomi di piante medicinali / aromatiche
Peter Forster
2. Abbreviazioni mediche - galeniche
2.1 Parti di piante
2.2 Preparazioni
2.3 Quantità
2.4 Quantità contate
3. Ricetta medica - galenica magistrale
3.1 Esempio di una ricetta
3.2 Inscriptio (luogo e data)
3.3 Nomen aegroti (paziente)
3.4 Indicazione (facoltativa)
3.5 Praepositio o invocatio (formula iniziale)
3.6 Ordinatio (composizione)
3.7 Subscriptio (istruzione ...)
3.8 Nomen medici (firma del medico)
Ricetta di Giorgio Melichio 4. Allegati
Avvertimenti ... p.185 Venezia 1720 4.1 Bibliografia
4.2 Pagine correlate in questo dominio
a cura di Daniela Rüegg
4.3 Ricerca nei domini MedPop
4.4 Commenti
Oggigiorno, era in cui i medicamenti sono praticamente
tutti confezionati, normalmente la stesura di una ricetta
medica consiste nel nome commerciale del medicamento
e relative formalità.
Le ricette individuali invece, preparate dal farmacista,
speziale o erborista (dette magistrali ) richiedono una
stesura a regola d'arte, "alla vecchia", come descritto di
seguito.
Ogni tanto si distingue anche tra "ricetta medica" e "ricetta galenica": il medico e il farmacista
usano la stessa notazione. Il medico nota al solito solo gli ingredienti, dosaggi e posologia
mentre il farmacista (per il suo uso interno) aggiunge spesso delle nozioni circa la preparazione
esatta. Il medico può p.es. scrivere "f.leg.art." (fiat lege artis " fai regola d'arte) fidandosi della
capacità del farmacista di saper far bene il suo mestiere.
Oppure, altro esempio, il medico scrive "mass.supp. q.s." (massa suppositoria quantum satis " sostanza
per supposte quanto ci vuole) che il farmacista p.es. specifica in Gelatina 12.500g; Acqua distillata
35.000g; Glicerolo 81.000g; Borace 1.250g.
09.08.11 09.49 1 di 9
2. Galenica / 3) Ricette mediche / galeniche
1. Nomi di piante medicinali / aromatiche
La seguente lista elenca le piante medicinali e aromatiche più usate nel mediterraneo. È
ordinata alfabeticamente secondo il nome volgare della pianta, seguito dal nome botanico (con
un relativo link alla descrizione della pianta) e per le piante officinali, con le parti della pianta usate per
fabbricare dei fitorimedi.
officinale: • Che serve a scopi farmaceutici. Pianta officinale: preparato, farmaco officinale,
preparato e confezionato in farmacia secondo regole fisse.
Queste regole sono fissate nelle farmacopee nazionali (p.es. PhH ! Farmacopea Svizzera) e
internazionali (p.es. PhEur ! Farmacopea Europea).
Piante medicinali / aromatiche più usate
Parti usate Parti usate
Nome volgare Nome botanico Nome volgare Nome botanico
officinali officinali
A I
Peucedanum
Aconito Aconitum napellus foglie e radici Imperatoria radici
ostruthium
Adonidi Adonis spec. var. piante intere Issopo Hyssopus officinalis radici
Aglio Allium sativum Issopo Hyssopus officinalis
Aneto Anethum graveolens Iva Achillea moscata Parti aeree
Angelica
Angelica semi e radici L
archangelica
Anice Pimpinella anisum Lavanda spigo Lavandula latifolia sommità fiorite
Lavandula
Arancio amaro Citrus aurantium Lavanda vera sommità fiorite
angustifolia
Lycopodium
Arancio dolce Citrus sinensis Licopodio spore
clavatum
Arnica Arnica montana fiori e radici Limone Citrus limon
Artemisia Artemisia vulgaris foglie, fiori, radici Limonella Dictamnus albus sommità fiorite
Assenzio gentile Artemisia pontica parti aeree Liquirizia Glycyrrhiza glabra radici
Assenzio maggiore Artemisia absinthium parti aeree Luppolo Humulus lupulus
Assenzio pontico
Artemisia vallesiaca parti aeree M
alpino
Assenzio romano Assenzio maggiore parti aeree Maggiorana Origanum majorana
B Mandarino Citrus reticulata
foglie e sommità
Bardana Lappa major radici Melissa Melissa officinalis
fiorite
Basilico Ocimum basilicum Menta Mentha
Belladonna Atropa belladonna foglie N, O, P
Bergamotto Citrus bergamia Noce moscata Myristica fragrans
Brionia Bryonia dioica radici Origano Origanum vulgare
C Pelargonio Pelargonium
Cacao Theobroma cacao Pepe Piper nigrum
Caffè Coffea Pino mugo Pinus pumilio rametti
Calamo aromatico Acorus calamus radici Polio montano Teucrium montanum parti aeree
Teucrium Petroselinum
Camedrio Prezzemolo
chamaedrys hortense
Matricaria
Camomilla comune fiori Psillio Plantago psyllium semi
chamomilla
Camomilla romana Anthemis nobilis R
Cardosanto Carbenia benedicta parti aeree Rabarbaro Rheum palmatum
Cedro Citrus medica Rosa Rosa
09.08.11 09.49 2 di 9
3. Galenica / 3) Ricette mediche / galeniche
Erythraea Rosmarinus
Centaurea minore erba fiorita Rosmarino
centaurium officinalis
Chinotto Citrus myrtifolia S
Cicuta maggiore Conium maculatum foglie Sabina Juniperus sabina rametti
Cipolla Allium cepa Salvia Salvia officinalis
Colchico Colchicum autumnale bulbi e semi Saponaria Saponaria officinalis foglie e radici
Coloquintide Citrullus colocynthis frutti Sassofrasso Sassafras albidum
Coriandolo Coriandrum sativum Scilla marittima Urginea maritima bulbi
Cumino romano Cuminum cyminum Sclarea Salvia sclarea
D Senape Sinapis
Digitale Digitalis purpurea foglie Spinus cervino Rhamnus cathartica frutti
Delphinium
Dulcamara Solanum dulcamara stipiti Stafisagria semi
staphisagria
E Stramonio Datura stramonium foglie
Elleboro Veratrum album radici T
Enula campana Inula helenium radici Tabacco Nicotiana tabacum
Allium
Erba Cipollina Tanaceto Tanacetum vulgare fiori
schoenoprasum
Erba rota Achillea herba-rota parti aeree Tarassaco Taraxacum officinale radici
Eucalipto Eucalyptus globulus Tè Camellia sinensis
F Tiglio Tilia sp. fiori
Farfara Tussilago farfara fiori Timo Thymus vulgaris erba fiorita
Fellandrio Oenanthe aquatica semi V
Finocchiella Myrrhis odorata Valeriana Valeriana officinalis radici
Finocchio selvatico Foeniculum vulgare Vaniglia Vanilla planifolia
corteccia del
Frangula Rhamnus frangula Viola Viola
fusto
Frassino da manna Fraxinus spec. var. Manna Z
G Zafferano Crocus sativus
Genepi Artemisia glacialis parti aeree Zenzero Zingiber officinale
Genepi Artemisia mutellina parti aeree
Genepi Artemisia
parti aeree
schmidtiana
Genepi Artemisia spicata parti aeree
Genziana Gentiana lutea radici
Genzianella Gentiana acaulis
Giaggiolo Iris
Ginepro Juniperus
Giusquiamo Hyosciamus niger foglie
2. Abbreviazioni mediche - galeniche
2.1 Parti di piante
La seguente terminologia latina (con le rispettive abbreviazioni) riguardante le differenti parti di erbe
e piante viene usata per trascrivere ricette e accompagnare fogli illustrativi di fitofarmaci:
Bacc. Baccae bacche (mature)
Bulb. Bulbus bulbo, "radice"
Cort. Cortex corteccia, (di solito di rami dell"anno precedente)
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Flor. Flores fiori
Fol. Folia Foglie
Gland. Glandulae ghiandole (inteso p.es. come resina di luppolo)
Gem. Gemmae gemme
Herb. (Hb.) Herba erba (parti non legnificate di una pianta di solito fiorente)
Lich. Lichen licheni
Lign. Lignum legno (di solito ancora attivo)
Pericarp. Pericarpium bacello
Rad. Radix radice
Rhiz. Rhizoma rizoma, "radice"
Sem. Semina semina
Stip. Stipites stelo, peduncolo, apice
Summ. Summitates sommità della pianta (di solito fiorente)
Pl. tot. Planta tota pianta integrale
Tub. Tubera tubero, "radice"
Tur. Turiones germoglio
2.2 Preparazioni
Per comunicare in modo standardizzato con il farmacista, le ricette vengono scritte usando
abbreviazioni provenienti dal latino.
Quantità:
aa, ##, ana ana partes aequales (ad eque parti)
ad fino a
gtt. X guttae (10 goccie)
Procedure:
qu. s. quantum satis (quanto serve).
M. (m.) misce (mescoli)
f. fiat (fai)
adde adde (aggiungi)
D. Da (Dai)
S. Signa (indichi)
tal. tales (questi)
Dos. Dosis (dose)
M. D. S. misce, da, signa (mescoli, indichi).
Preparazione:
Mass. massa (massa, quantità)
conc. conciso
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cont. contuso
dep. depurato
pulv. subt. pulvis subtilis (polvere fine)
expulp. espulpato
fld. (fluid.) fluidum (fluido)
moll. molle
spiss. spissum (spesso, denso)
sicc. siccum (secco).
Preparati:
Aeth.; O.E.; Eth. olio essenziale (eterico)
Spir. spirito
TM, tinct. tintura madre. tinctura
Aqu. arom. acqua aromatica
Extr.f. (fluid.) Extractum (fluidum 1:1); anche E.F.
Extr. spiss. extractum spissum; anche E.D. (denso)
Extr. sicc. extractum siccum (secco); anche E.S.
spec. species (tè)
suppos. supposte
ovu. ovuli
ungt. unguento
ungt. moll. unguento molle
Osservazioni:
rec. recentissime (fresco)
ad us.prop. ad usum proprium (per proprio uso del medico)
l.(eg.) a.(rt.) lege artis (secondo le regole del mestiere)
reit. reiteretur (ripetitiva consegna a richiesta)
cit. cito (urgente).
Confezionamento:
ad scat. ad scatulam (in una scatola)
ad ollam ad ollam (in un vaso)
ad vitr. gutt. ad vitrae guttatorium (in un boccettino a gocce)
ad chart. ad chartam (in bustine)
pil. No. XXX pillulae numero (quantità di pillole 30)
compr. compresse
caps. capsule
pulv. subtil. D pulvis subtilis (500 in polvere fine)
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2.3 Quantità
Se le misure non sono menzionate: usare la stessa unità per tutte
Di solito come unità di misura si usa: millilitri (ml) grammi (g oppure gr) o gocce (gt oppure
gtt)
Trasformazione di gtt. $ ml:
oli essenziali " 20 gtt. $ 1 ml
alcol (tinture) " 40 gtt. $ 1 ml
oli " dipendono troppo dalla viscosità, temperatura e tensione superficiale per
stabilire un fattore di trasformazione
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2.4 Quantità contate
A regola d'arte, riguardo le quantità contate (pezzi, esemplari, gocce), si usano le cifre romane,
p.es. gtt. X " per 10 gocce.
inferiori a sinistra vanno dedotti, a destra aggiunti!
3. Ricetta medica - galenica magistrale
Una ricetta medica è sempre compilata da un medico ed è un documento con diverse
valenze.
È un documento a valore autorizzativo, ovvero autorizza il farmacista a dispensare il
medicinale prescritto dal medico;
per il farmacista ha valenza fiscale, ovvero costituisce titolo valido per richiedere il
rimborso al sistema sanitario nazionale;
ha anche valenza legale, ovvero, in caso di errori da parte del medico, può costituire
elemento probatorio in sede processuale.
Essendo un documento così complesso, è soggetto a precise regole.
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3.1 Esempio di una ricetta
magistrale fitoterapica
La seguente ricetta dimostra il metodo da seguire per compilarla. Le parti "commento"
naturalmente non si scrivono; servono solo come illustrazione didattica.
Per le abbreviazioni usate vedi Abbreviazioni galeniche
3.2 Inscriptio (luogo e data)
Normalmente luogo e data. Nelle ricette a scopi didattici si lascia perdere.
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3.3 Nomen aegroti (paziente)
Riguardo i bambini e per motivare il dosaggio prescritto, si aggiunge anche l'età. Nelle ricette
didattiche si lascia perdere (si aggiunge spesso anche l'indicazione), p.es. "Sig. Pinco Pallino:
ricostituente".
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3.4 Indicazione (facoltativa)
Nella ricetta per il farmacista è facoltativa. Se la si vuole scritta sulla confezione preparata dal
farmacista, si riporta nella "subscriptio" dopo la lettera "S." (signe, indichi). Per evitare
confusioni, alcuni medici hanno l'abitudine di scrivere sempre sulla confezione l'indicazione
relativa. Questo non è sempre gradito dal paziente, specie se il disturbo contempla
"impotenza virile" o "demenza senescente"; in questo caso per rispetto e riservatezza
dell'intimità delle indicazioni generiche, si può ovviare scrivendo "ricostituente" o "disturbi
vascolari".
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3.5 Praepositio o invocatio (formula iniziale)
I vecchi Romani scrivevano "In nomine Jovis", nel medioevo cristiano "cum Deo", ancora oggi
abbreviato ogni tanto con "#", però attualmente si scrive quasi sempre "Rp." (recipe, prendi:
come istruzione al farmacista), paragonabile con "Si prende: ..." nelle ricette culinarie.
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3.6 Ordinatio (composizione)
Descrive in una lista gli ingredienti della ricetta e le loro quantità. Se si tratta di diversi
ingredienti, si rispetta il seguente ordine:
1. Remedium cardinale (base), anche diversi,
2. Remedium adjuvans (coadiuvante, aggiunte alla base per diversi motivi), anche diversi,
3. Remedium corrigens (per correggere ev. gusto, colore solubilitè, ...), anche diversi,
4. Remedium constituens (ev. per raggiungere la forma, preparazione, diluzione o consistenza desiderata),
anche diversi.
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3.7 Subscriptio (istruzione ...)
... al farmacista e per il paziente)
Indica al farmacista e al cliente:
come fabbricare il rimedio, p.es. "m.f.species": mescolare, facendo una tisana;
in che forma o confezione consegnarlo al cliente, p.es. "D. ad chartam": mettere in un
sacchettino;
le indicazioni per il cliente, p.es. S. (Signa: indichi) "Bere tre volte al giorno prima dei pasti
un'infusione di 2 cucchiai da tè in una tazza di acqua bollente lasciandola riposare
coperta per 5 minuti". Per ricette didattiche si può abbreviare questa parte, p.es.
"orale; 3 prima pasto; infus. 2 c.t./tazza";
ev. altre informazioni importanti come "reiteretur" (ripetitivo) o "cito" (urgente).
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3.8 Nomen medici (firma del medico)
Una ricetta è completa solo con nome, indirizzo e firma del medico che l'ha prescritta.
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4. Allegati
4.1 Bibliografia
Gordonow, Dr. med. T.: Rezeptierkunde, Huber, Bern 1936
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4.2 Pagine correlate in questo dominio
Pagine in gruppo Galenica: $
! Galenica profana ! 1) Fitosostanze terapeutiche ! 2) Rimedi fitoterapici ! 4) Preparazione dei rimedi ! 4) Raccolta di
erbe, elaborazione di droghe ! 6) Applicazione di rimedi galenici ! Classificazione di sostanze stupefacenti ! Denti e
dentifrici ! Distillazione di olii essenziali ! Distillazione galenica ! Estrazione di fitosostanze ! Farmacia domestica:
introduzione ! Farmacia domestica: introduzione ! Fitofarmacia domestica ! Gel paradontosi ! Nozioni sugli stupefacenti !
Oli & grassi in galenica ! Oppio: preparazioni galeniche ! Preparazione del citrato di magnesio ! Preparazione di citrato di
calcio ! Preparazione di tintura di timo ! Preparazioni galeniche di Cannabis ! Preparazioni galeniche di Cannabis % !
Preparazioni galeniche di Cannabis: Diapositive ! Ricette varie ! SabbieraRicette !
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Pagine in gruppo Foglietti illustrativi fitoterapici: $
! Foglietti illustrativi ! Antidiarroico gtt. ! Antidiarroico past. ! Antistaminico cutaneo ! Artrite persistente ! Asma
bronchiale ! Bagno rilassante ! Bronchite allergica (asmatica) ! Calli, duroni ! Carenza di magnesio ! Carminativo ! Cisti
gangleare, "ganglio" ! Cisti ovariche ! Cisti superficiali ! Cura dermica acquosa ! Cura dermica oleosa ! Cura gengive !
Dismenorrea 1 ! Dismenorrea 2 ! Dismenorrea 3 ! Diverticolite: base ! Equilibratore ormonale ! Flatulenza ! Furuncoli,
ascessi ! Gengivite ! Germicida cutaneo ! Incontinenza urinaria ! Infezioni orecchie ! Infezioni orecchie: ausiliario !
Infezioni otorinolaringoiatriche, Inalazione ! Infezioni virali ! Ipermenorrea ! Laringite, Raucedine ! Mal d'orecchie 1 ! Mal
di denti (bimbi) ! Mal di denti I ! Mal di denti II ! Mal di gola, faringite ! Mal di orecchie 2 ! Massaggio rilassante (bimbi)
! Modulo ! Naso tappato, Cura mucosi nasale ! Naso tappato, Doccia nasale ! Otite 1 ! Otite 2 ! Otite recidiva !
Paradontite ! Paradontite dolente ! Paradontite: cura ! Pelifugo ! Pelle dura: fibrostatico ! Psoriasi protettivo ! Psoriasi
sintomatico ! Psoriasi sistemico ! Regolatore ormonale 1 ! Regolatore ormonale 2 ! Reumatismo ! Reumatismo, Artrite !
Rinopatie ! Secchezza mucosa vaginale ! Secchezza vaginale ! Sindrome menopausale ! Sindrome menopausale,
incontinenza ! Sinusite, Impacchi ! Sinusite, Inalazione ! Stomatite ! Stomatite, Glossite ! Tinnitus, acufene ! Tonsillite,
ascessi ! Tosse & catarri ! Traumi, lesioni ! Vampate di calore ! Vampate menopausali ! Vescica irritabile !
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4.3 Ricerca nei domini MedPop
Precursore ! Galenica ! Fitoterapia ! Ricettario ! Ricetta !
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4.4 Commenti
alla pagina Galenica / 3) Ricette mediche / galeniche
Peter — 09 August 2011, 09:45
test
Proveniente da http://pforster.no-ip.org/~admin/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Galenica/Galenica3
ultima modifica August 09, 2011, at 09:45 AM
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