This document discusses stages of infection and types of pathogens that cause disease. It describes the four stages of infection: incubation, prodromal, illness, and convalescence. It then defines different types of pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and parasitic worms. For each pathogen type, it provides one or more examples like roundworms, pinworms, tapeworms, and flukes. Finally, it discusses ways diseases are transmitted and lists examples of communicable diseases and their preventive measures.

1. With Lectures and Activities
Disease Prevention and
Control (Communicable)

2. “Prevention is better than
cure.”

3. Stages of Infection

4. 1. Incubation
• the period starting from the
entry of the pathogen until the
appearance of the first sign.
• For example chicken pox, it takes
2-3 weeks of incubation. For
common cold, 1-2 days of
incubation, influenza takes 1-3,
days and 15-18 days for mumps.

5. 2. Prodromal stage
•starts from the onset of non-
specific signs and symptoms
such as fever.

6. 3. illness stage
• begins when more specific signs and
symptoms appear.
• For example, common cold is characterized
by sore throat, sinus congestion, rhinitis, and
mumps manifested by ear ache, high fever,
and salivary gland swelling.

7. 4. Convalescence stage
• last stage of infection is an interval when
acute symptoms of infection disappear.
• The length of recovery depends on the
severity of infection and the sick person’s
general state of health.
• Recovery may take several days to
months.

9. • Many of the most common
diseases are caused by tiny
microorganisms called
PATHOGEN.
• Pathogen infects or invades the
body and attacks its cells and
tissues.
PATHOGEN

10. Types of Pathogen

11. • are one-celled microscopic
organisms that rank among the
most widespread of living things.
• Some are small that a single
grain of soil may contain over
100 million of them.
• Most bacteria do not cause
diseases.
BACTERIA

12. • produces a certain poison.
Botulism is a food poison.
• These bacteria live in the soil.
• Once they enter the body
through a wound, they can
cause tetanus or lockjaw.
• Other bacteria cause
pneumonia.
TOXIN BACTERIA

13. • live in the human, mouth,
intestines, and on our skin.
• These help protect us from
harmful bacteria.
RESIDENT BACTERIA

14. • are organisms that are
considered intermediate, that
is, somewhere between a virus
and a bacterium.
• Most of them grow in the
intestinal tracts of insects,
which carry them to their
human hosts.
RICKETTSIAS

15. • are small, simple life-like
forms from one half to 100
the size of a bacteria.
• These organisms are the
human body's worst enemies.
• All viruses are parasites.
VIRUS

16. • Fungi are simple organisms
that cannot make their
own food.
• Many lives on dead
animals, insect, and leaves.
FUNGI

17. • are single-celled organisms
that are larger than bacteria
and have a more complex
cellular structure.
• They cause malaria, African
sleeping sickness, and amoebic
dysentery, a severe intestinal
infection.
PROTOZOANS

18. PARASITIC WORM

19. • Roundworms hatch and live in the intestines.
• The eggs usually enter the body through
contaminated water, food fingers placed in the
mouth and hands that have touched a
contaminated object.
• Symptoms of their presence include fatigue,
weight loss, irritability, poor appetite, abdominal
pain, and diarrhea. Treatment with medication
results in a cure of about a week. Without
treatment, anemia and malnutrition can develop.
Roundworm

20. • Also called seat worms and threadworms.
• Pinworms hatch and live primarily in the
intestines.
• The eggs usually enter the body through the
anus, nose or mouth through inhaled air or
fingers that have touched a contaminated
object.
• Symptoms of their presence include anal
itching, pale skin, and stomach discomfort. If
pinworms enter the vagina, discharge and
itching may develop. Pinworms do not cause
serious complications. Treatment with
medication results in a cure within days.
Pinworms

21. • This worm lives in the intestines and causes a serious illness
known as trichinosis.
• The eggs usually enter the body via raw or undercooked pork,
sausage, or bear meat. In the intestines, the eggs hatch, mature,
and migrate to other parts of the body through the bloodstream
and the lymphatic system.
• Early symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal
cramps. In time, a high fever, puffiness of the face, and muscle
pain develop. Eventually, the worms can penetrate the muscles,
the heart, and the brain and can cause death.
• Treatment with an anti-worm drug such as thiabendazole, as well
as bed rest and a physician's care, can cure trichinosis. Recovery
may take several months. Diagnosis of trichinosis sometimes
requires analysis of a tissue sample (biopsy) taken from muscles.
Trichina spiralis

22. • Tapeworms live in the intestines.
• The eggs usually enter the body via raw
or uncooked beef.
• Symptoms of their presence are usually
absent.
• However, some patients experience
abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and
diarrhea.
• Treatment with medication results in a
cure within days.
Tapeworm

23. • Flukes live in different locations in the body, including the intestines, bladder, rectum,
liver, spleen, lungs, and veins.
• Flukes first mature inside freshwater snails. After leaving the snails, they can enter
the body of humans by penetrating the skin of persons swimming, bathing, or
washing in water where flukes are active. Infected persons can re-contaminate the
water by urinating or defecating in it.
• Most infected persons experience no symptoms. However, some infected persons
may experience rash, itching, muscle aches, coughing, chills, and fever. Flukes pass
out of the body, but persons can become infected again and again. In time, the
repeated infections can damage the liver, bladder, intestines and lungs. In rare cases,
flukes can invade the spinal cord or brain and cause seizures and paralysis. Fluke-
caused illnesses are classified as schistosomiasis (also called bilharziasis) and are
mainly confined to Africa, parts of South America, Caribbean, parts of the Middle
East, China, and the Philippines.
Fluke

24. •Prevention of helminth diseases usually requires
frequent washing of hands, frequent cleaning of
bathrooms and kitchens, and thorough cooking of
the food they infest -- mainly beef, pork, sausage,
and bear meat.
•Water supplies should be chlorinated, if possible.

25. Example of Communicable
Diseases

29. Kinds of Transmission

30. Direct
• Contact transmision
• Food borne/water
borne transmision
• Vector borne
transmission
Indirect
• Droplet transmission
• Air-borne transmission

32. Mode of
Transmission
Examples of Diseases Preventive Measures

33. Mode of
Transmission
Examples of Diseases Preventive Measures

34. Mode of
Transmission
Examples of Diseases Preventive Measures

35. Mode of
Transmission
Examples of Diseases Preventive Measures

36. Mode of
Transmission
Examples of Diseases Preventive Measures

37. Mode of
Transmission
Examples of Diseases Preventive Measures

38. Mode of
Transmission
Examples of Diseases Preventive Measures

39. Mode of
Transmission
Examples of Diseases Preventive Measures

40. Mode of
Transmission
Examples of Diseases Preventive Measures

41. Mode of
Transmission
Examples of Diseases Preventive Measures

42. Learning Activities
in HEALTH 8

43. Activity 1. Read very carefully each statement about the nature of communicable diseases.
Put a check (√) mark on the appropriate box if the statement is true or false.
-Basahing mabuti ang sumusunod na pahayag tungkol sa mga nakakahawang sakit. Lagyan ng
tsek sa tamang kahon kung ang iyong sagot ay tama o mali.

44. Activity 2- What’s the Word?
Directions: Copy the puzzle in your activity notebook and write the letters
on the boxes to form each word being described. Choose your answer
from these choices:
Convalescence stage, Incubation
stage, Illness stage, and Prodromal stage
- Kopyahin ang puzzle sa iyong kwaderno at isulat ang mga titik sa
mga kahon upang mabuo ang bawat salitang inilalarawan. Piliin ang iyong
sagot mula sa mga pagpipiliang ito: Convalescence stage, Incubation
stage, Illness stage, and Prodromal stage

46. Activity 3: DESCRIBE ME
Direction: Each picture shows how to prevent and control communicable diseases.
Describe the picture using 2 to 3 words
- Ipinapakita ng bawat larawan kung paano maiiwasan at makokontrol ang
mga nakahahawang sakit. Ilarawan ang larawan gamit ang 2 hanggang 3 salita.

47. Activity - Looks Familiar
Activity 4. Analyzes the nature of emerging and re-emerging diseases
-Unawain ang nasa larawan. Pangalanan ang tinutukoy na sakit base sa larawan at isulat ang
sanhi ng sakit na ito.

49. WHAT HAVE YOU
LEARNED?

50. Thank You
And
God Bless