This document presents research on optimal storage volumes for rainwater catchment systems in Alaska. The researchers modeled systems in 12 Alaskan communities factoring in water usage, roof catchment area, climate and temperature thresholds. They found that storage needs varied significantly based on these location-specific characteristics. Optimal storage was defined as the minimum tank volume needed to meet water demands during the operational season while maintaining at least a 5% reserve. The results provide guidelines to help design effective rainwater catchment systems tailored to local conditions in Alaska.
The document describes the water quality monitoring equipment, procedures, and sampling methods used at Soaring Eagle Dairy to assess annual nutrient and sediment losses. Key monitoring equipment included an H-flume to measure surface water runoff volume, a pressure transducer and datalogger to record water levels, and an automated refrigerated sampler to collect water samples during runoff events. Samples were analyzed for parameters like suspended sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and more. Regular maintenance was needed to keep equipment functioning properly throughout the year.
1) On-farm research was conducted at Breneman Farms in Wisconsin from 2002-2007 to monitor nutrient and sediment losses from paddocks used for rotational grazing and wintering dairy cattle.
2) Surface water quality was monitored using an ISCO sampler, H-flume, and other equipment to collect samples from a 28.5 acre watershed where cattle were grazed and wintered.
3) Samples were tested for nutrients, sediments, and other parameters to assess annual losses and effects of cattle grazing and wintering practices on water quality.
The document discusses the water conservation design strategies for the new Dell Seton Medical Center at the University of Texas. It outlines Seton Healthcare Family's commitment to environmental stewardship and describes the hospital's sustainable design goals to achieve a 35-40% reduction in water usage through strategies like installing low-flow plumbing fixtures, water efficient medical equipment, and water reuse systems. The document provides details on the specific water usage reductions planned through fixtures, equipment selection, and irrigation systems to meet the LEED for Healthcare certification requirements.
This document discusses a study that utilized NASA Earth observation data and hydrological modeling to monitor nutrient levels in Jordan Lake, North Carolina. The study developed a GIS-based tool using the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) calibrated with real-time precipitation data from NASA satellites to simulate nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The results provided near-real time spatial and temporal monitoring of nutrients for improved water quality management, with SWAT flow estimates calibrated with Earth observation data showing less variability compared to simulated weather data. Future work will include comparing nutrient estimates to field data and validating the model with a second time period.
Report: Shale Gas Wastewater Treatment and Disposal in Pennsylvania 2014Marcellus Drilling News
A report issued in August 2015 titled "Shale Gas Development - Summary of Shale Gas Wastewater Treatment and Disposal In Pennsylvania 2014". The report finds drillers in PA produced about 1.8 billion gallons of gas and oil wastewater in 2014--a figure largely unchanged since 2011. The study also finds the shale industry in PA is recycling 91% of the wastewater it produces.
AQUIMETRICS™ is a revolutionary application that leverages “Internet of Things” (IoT) technology and processes data from monitoring equipment placed within the aquifer or watershed. Data are received through a dashboard as user-friendly, real-time tables, graphs, and maps making AQUIMETRICS™ the next generation of technology for aquifer and watershed management.
DSD-INT 2015 - Coastal ecological and geomorphologic analysis and prediction ...Deltares
The document describes the Coastal Ecological and Geomorphologic Analysis and Prediction System (CEGAPS), a real-time forecasting system developed by The Water Institute of Gulf to predict water levels, salinity, temperature and other variables in coastal Louisiana. The system incorporates atmospheric forecasts, river forecasts, and 3D hydrodynamic models to generate 7-day forecasts on a gridded and time-series basis to help with adaptive management of freshwater diversions. It is currently being used and improved to better inform operational plans for diversions on the Mississippi River.
The document discusses the development of a decision support system (DSS) for managing wastewater treatment under uncertain conditions. It presents the conceptual framework of the DSS and results estimating infiltration volumes. The DSS uses an integrated monitoring network, hydroinformatics tools including the Delft-FEWS platform, and integrated hydrological, hydrodynamic, and water quality models. Initial results identified unlicensed sewer connections and showed wastewater discharges doubling during wet periods. The DSS will help achieve effective water management at the river basin scale under uncertainty.
The document describes the water quality monitoring equipment, procedures, and sampling methods used at Soaring Eagle Dairy to assess annual nutrient and sediment losses. Key monitoring equipment included an H-flume to measure surface water runoff volume, a pressure transducer and datalogger to record water levels, and an automated refrigerated sampler to collect water samples during runoff events. Samples were analyzed for parameters like suspended sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and more. Regular maintenance was needed to keep equipment functioning properly throughout the year.
1) On-farm research was conducted at Breneman Farms in Wisconsin from 2002-2007 to monitor nutrient and sediment losses from paddocks used for rotational grazing and wintering dairy cattle.
2) Surface water quality was monitored using an ISCO sampler, H-flume, and other equipment to collect samples from a 28.5 acre watershed where cattle were grazed and wintered.
3) Samples were tested for nutrients, sediments, and other parameters to assess annual losses and effects of cattle grazing and wintering practices on water quality.
The document discusses the water conservation design strategies for the new Dell Seton Medical Center at the University of Texas. It outlines Seton Healthcare Family's commitment to environmental stewardship and describes the hospital's sustainable design goals to achieve a 35-40% reduction in water usage through strategies like installing low-flow plumbing fixtures, water efficient medical equipment, and water reuse systems. The document provides details on the specific water usage reductions planned through fixtures, equipment selection, and irrigation systems to meet the LEED for Healthcare certification requirements.
This document discusses a study that utilized NASA Earth observation data and hydrological modeling to monitor nutrient levels in Jordan Lake, North Carolina. The study developed a GIS-based tool using the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) calibrated with real-time precipitation data from NASA satellites to simulate nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The results provided near-real time spatial and temporal monitoring of nutrients for improved water quality management, with SWAT flow estimates calibrated with Earth observation data showing less variability compared to simulated weather data. Future work will include comparing nutrient estimates to field data and validating the model with a second time period.
Report: Shale Gas Wastewater Treatment and Disposal in Pennsylvania 2014Marcellus Drilling News
A report issued in August 2015 titled "Shale Gas Development - Summary of Shale Gas Wastewater Treatment and Disposal In Pennsylvania 2014". The report finds drillers in PA produced about 1.8 billion gallons of gas and oil wastewater in 2014--a figure largely unchanged since 2011. The study also finds the shale industry in PA is recycling 91% of the wastewater it produces.
AQUIMETRICS™ is a revolutionary application that leverages “Internet of Things” (IoT) technology and processes data from monitoring equipment placed within the aquifer or watershed. Data are received through a dashboard as user-friendly, real-time tables, graphs, and maps making AQUIMETRICS™ the next generation of technology for aquifer and watershed management.
DSD-INT 2015 - Coastal ecological and geomorphologic analysis and prediction ...Deltares
The document describes the Coastal Ecological and Geomorphologic Analysis and Prediction System (CEGAPS), a real-time forecasting system developed by The Water Institute of Gulf to predict water levels, salinity, temperature and other variables in coastal Louisiana. The system incorporates atmospheric forecasts, river forecasts, and 3D hydrodynamic models to generate 7-day forecasts on a gridded and time-series basis to help with adaptive management of freshwater diversions. It is currently being used and improved to better inform operational plans for diversions on the Mississippi River.
The document discusses the development of a decision support system (DSS) for managing wastewater treatment under uncertain conditions. It presents the conceptual framework of the DSS and results estimating infiltration volumes. The DSS uses an integrated monitoring network, hydroinformatics tools including the Delft-FEWS platform, and integrated hydrological, hydrodynamic, and water quality models. Initial results identified unlicensed sewer connections and showed wastewater discharges doubling during wet periods. The DSS will help achieve effective water management at the river basin scale under uncertainty.
This document summarizes a study on brackish groundwater comingling in Texas aquifers. It reviewed applicable statutes finding no clear definition of comingling. Factors like water quality stratification, hydraulic gradients, and well construction can enable comingling. Assessments of the Gulf Coast, Eagle Ford Region, and Trans Pecos aquifers found potential for comingling due to multi-aquifer wells and water quality variability. Case studies provided evidence of comingling. A statewide ranking identified 10 high-risk aquifers based on cross-formation completions. Future policy guidance on assessing comingling potential in brackish settings was recommended.
The eReefs project aims to create an integrated operational system spanning paddock to ocean that combines critical data sources, forecasting and modeling tools, and visualization reporting to improve reef management. The system will support monitoring current and past reef conditions, integrate social and economic data, and serve as a demonstration for a comprehensive coastal information system. It will include high resolution regional models, global forecasting products, and relocatable local models. The overarching goal is to transform reef management through improved access and use of environmental information.
DSD-INT 2015 - Addressing high resolution modelling over different computing ...Deltares
This document discusses using high performance computing resources to model water quality and hydrodynamics in reservoirs. It summarizes work using the Delft3D model on the Cuerda del Pozo reservoir, which experiences eutrophication issues. The modeling aims to reproduce conditions like algae blooms and alert authorities before water quality deteriorates. While hydrodynamics modeling was successful, water quality modeling had issues to be addressed. The document also discusses using cloud resources through the EGI FedCloud to run the high resolution models, as well as potential applications of this use case for biodiversity infrastructure projects like LifeWatch and INDIGO-DataCloud.
The document summarizes efforts to upgrade India's hydrological information system through the Hydrology Project. Key aspects of the upgrade include standardizing data collection procedures, developing infrastructure like new observation stations, and establishing a comprehensive computerized database. Over 1,700 existing rainfall stations were reactivated or upgraded, 650 new river gauging stations were established, and 7,900 new groundwater observation wells were added. The upgraded system aims to provide reliable, accessible hydrological data to support improved water management across nine states in India covering 1.7 million square kilometers.
February 2022 TAGD Business Meeting
Study Results: Delineating Injection Well Buffer Zones in Brackish Aquifers
Juan Acevedo, BRACS Hydrologist, TWDB Jack Sharp, Professor Emeritus in Geology, UT- Austin
High throughput phenotyping and advanced genotyping reveals QTLs for plant vi...ICRISAT
Earlier, root traits (depth and density) were hypothesized to improve water extraction and so contribute to yield increase under water limited environents in chickpea.Usually across the crop species, enhanced root growth is functionally linked with enhanced shoot growth. Therefore, here we want to investigate whether enhanced root growth also links to enhanced shoot vigour and so functionally explain increased chickpea crop productivity in water limited environments.
This document discusses South Africa's current analytical capabilities for stable isotopes and compliance monitoring for hydraulic fracturing. It finds that SA has limited capability to analyze the range of stable isotopes required and would need to upgrade laboratories. International studies emphasize the importance of baseline monitoring before fracking begins using isotopes, but SA currently lacks capacity and regulations for the necessary baseline surveys and long-term monitoring of groundwater. The document recommends SA establish regulations, write policies to safeguard groundwater resources, and upgrade laboratories to properly analyze samples and interpret results, in order to effectively monitor hydraulic fracturing operations and ensure groundwater protection.
Classification either on quality or type based for groundwater can offer great advantages especially in regional groundwater management. It provides a short, quick processing, interpretation for a lot of complete hydro-chemical data sets and concise presentation of the results. There is a demonstrable need for a quality assurance, with the advanced usage of world's largest fresh water storage i.e Ground water. Its getting depleted over the years and the quality of the same degrading with a rapid pace. Ground water Quality is assessed mainly by the chemical analysis of samples. The data obtained from the chemical analysis is key for the further classification, analysis, correlation etc. Graphical and Numerical interpretation of the data is the main source for Hydro-chemical studies. In this paper we test the performance of the many available graphical and statistical methodologies used to classify water samples including: Collins bar diagram, Stiff pattern diagram, Schoeller plot, Piper diagram, Durov's Double Triangular Diagram, Gibbs's Diagram, Stuyfzand Classification. This paper explains various models which classify, correlate etc., summarizing the water quality data. The basic graphs and diagrams in each category are explained by sample diagrams. In addition to the diagrams an overall characterization of hydro-chemical facies of the water can be carried out by using plots which represents a water type and hardness domain. The combination of graphical and statistical techniques provides a consistent and objective means to classify large numbers of samples while retaining the ease of classic graphical presentation.
Reservoir Water Supply Planning for an Uncertain FutureDave Campbell
1) Reservoir water supply planning involves projecting future water demand over a 50-year planning period, which involves significant uncertainty. Factors like population growth, climate change, and regulatory requirements are difficult to predict that far in advance.
2) Reservoir projects take 10-20 years to plan, permit, design, and construct, so planning must start well in advance of anticipated need. However, deferring planning can significantly increase costs due to escalation rates for reservoir projects that exceed general inflation rates.
3) Reservoir configurations include on-stream reservoirs supplied by their own watershed, and pumped storage reservoirs that receive diverted flows from other streams to supplement their smaller watershed yield. Operating a reservoir for downstream flow augmentation
Xeriscape Conversion for Urban Water Conservation - Southern NevadaEric851q
This paper presents the results of a study conducted in Las Vegas, Nevada that quantified water savings from converting typical turf and shrub landscapes to xeriscapes. The study found that xeriscaped homes used 41% less water outdoors after converting at least 500 square feet of turf to xeriscaping. There was little relationship between the area xeriscaped and water savings, but a stronger relationship between pre-conversion irrigation intensity and post-conversion savings. This implies savings came from reducing wasteful irrigation on remaining turf as well as in xeriscaped areas.
The document summarizes work to model the highly modified flow network of the Guadalupe River Delta through field data collection and hydrodynamic modeling. Key points:
1) Field work was conducted to collect bathymetry data and map the complex channel network altered by diversions and restrictions using lidar and channel extraction tools.
2) A high-resolution hydrodynamic model called Frehd will be used to understand current conditions and inform management, representing features as boundary conditions on a 10m grid coarsened from lidar.
3) Sensors have been installed throughout the system to monitor inputs, outputs, and junctions to verify the Frehd model, which will focus on recovering this field-collected data.
Implementation of 2015 EPA Vapor Intrusion (VI) Guides: Application in State ...Chris Lutes
Lutes, C., L. Lund, C. Holton and M. Bedan “Implementation of 2015 EPA Vapor Intrusion (VI) Guides: Application in State Programs”; AEHS 26th Annual West Coast Conference, March 2016, San Diego.
Most roofs are suitable however there are a number of contamination issues that need to be
considered including waste from human access, atmospheric pollution, chemical contamination
from roofing materials and biological contamination due to birds or devices such as cooling towers.
California; Guidelines for Rainwater Harvesting - City of Berkeley D7Z
This document provides guidelines for rainwater harvesting systems in Berkeley, dividing them into two types: 1) No permit required for rain barrels under 100 gallons meeting listed requirements, and 2) Permit required for all other systems over 100 gallons. It outlines standards for collection, storage, treatment and use of rainwater, as well as permitting and inspection requirements. Maintenance of permitted systems is the responsibility of the property owner.
California; Harvesting Rain: Addressing Water Needs of the Monterey Peninsu...D7Z
This capstone project examines the feasibility of harvesting rainwater from rooftops in the Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (MPWMD) service area to help address the area's water needs. The author analyzed GIS data to determine there is 1.84 square miles of rooftop area available for capture. Statistical analysis of 58 years of rainfall data showed average annual rainfall in the area is 15.9 inches, yielding between 1434 and 1700 acre-feet of harvestable rainwater. However, this does not meet the need to replace the 9626 acre-feet currently being overdrafted from the Carmel River aquifer. While rainwater harvesting alone cannot solve the problem, the author concludes it could provide
Africa; Agricultural Water Management Technologies for Small Scale Farmers i...D7Z
This report summarizes a study on agricultural water management (AWM) technologies for small-scale farmers in Southern Africa. It analyzes experiences with various technologies, including treadle pumps, motorized pumps, drip irrigation kits, clay pot irrigation, soil and water conservation practices, and rainwater harvesting. The report finds that some technologies, under the right conditions, can significantly improve household food security and incomes in a cost-effective manner. However, more systematic analysis is needed of the effectiveness, impacts, and sustainability of different approaches. The report recommends better coordination and sharing of lessons learned among the many actors involved in promoting AWM technologies in the region. Overall, the report provides an overview of existing AWM practices and their costs
Rain water harvesting & community based flood mapping plan of actionKnnt Thein
The document summarizes a meeting between the Vice President of Myanmar and the Advisory Group of the National Water Resources Committee. They discussed a combined plan of action for a national rain water harvesting campaign and community-based flood mapping campaign in response to floods in 2015. The plan includes an immediate response, medium and long term planning through 2020, with a focus on prevention of future disasters through activities like forest restoration, watershed management, and implementing integrated water resources management.
Rainwater Harvesting for Multi Storied Apartments - Texas A&M Univseristy D7Z
The document discusses the historical background of rainwater harvesting as an ancient practice used worldwide to address water scarcity. It then reviews related literature on how rainwater harvesting has been used at the community level for domestic water supply and irrigation. The literature also examines how rainwater harvesting can help alleviate poverty and promote socioeconomic development.
California; Rainwater Harvesting: A Home Owners How to Guide - City of Los ...D7Z
This document provides a homeowner's guide to harvesting rainwater in the city of Los Angeles. It discusses redirecting downspouts from roofs to either rain barrels or pervious areas like rain gardens to reduce stormwater runoff. The guide includes instructions for assessing sites, measuring slopes, and redirecting downspouts to either rain barrels or pervious areas. Homeowners can follow the step-by-step instructions to disconnect existing downspouts and extend them to capture rainwater for watering plants or allowing it to infiltrate into the ground.
This document presents a vision for a floating city as a self-sufficient structure that addresses issues of rising sea levels, flooding, and land scarcity. It describes challenges with existing coastal cities and ships. The floating city would be made of hundreds of interconnected platforms forming a flexible superstructure that moves with ocean waves. Design objectives include movability, modularity, and creating a sustainable urban environment focused on energy, water, and waste recycling. Cost estimates and technical feasibility are also discussed.
Este documento presenta la Ley Federal de Responsabilidades Administrativas de los Servidores Públicos de México. Establece las obligaciones y responsabilidades de los servidores públicos para salvaguardar principios como la legalidad y la imparcialidad. También describe las autoridades facultadas para aplicar la ley, como la Secretaría de la Función Pública, y define conceptos clave como dependencias y entidades. Finalmente, enumera una serie de obligaciones específicas de los servidores públicos relacionadas con el cumplimiento de sus funciones y la prevención de conflict
This document discusses integrated reservoir operation and planning. It explains that reservoir operation involves balancing water release and storage levels based on expected inflows and demands. The key objectives of reservoir operation are to conserve excess water, provide flood cushioning, enable navigation and recreation, and generate hydropower. Effective operation requires considering multiple factors like inflow forecasts, reservoir purposes, hydrological conditions, and downstream needs. It outlines various techniques used in reservoir planning and operation, including rule curves, optimization, simulation, and real-time operation using software. Conflicts can arise from differing space, time and discharge needs, requiring integrated operation of reservoir systems.
This document summarizes a study on brackish groundwater comingling in Texas aquifers. It reviewed applicable statutes finding no clear definition of comingling. Factors like water quality stratification, hydraulic gradients, and well construction can enable comingling. Assessments of the Gulf Coast, Eagle Ford Region, and Trans Pecos aquifers found potential for comingling due to multi-aquifer wells and water quality variability. Case studies provided evidence of comingling. A statewide ranking identified 10 high-risk aquifers based on cross-formation completions. Future policy guidance on assessing comingling potential in brackish settings was recommended.
The eReefs project aims to create an integrated operational system spanning paddock to ocean that combines critical data sources, forecasting and modeling tools, and visualization reporting to improve reef management. The system will support monitoring current and past reef conditions, integrate social and economic data, and serve as a demonstration for a comprehensive coastal information system. It will include high resolution regional models, global forecasting products, and relocatable local models. The overarching goal is to transform reef management through improved access and use of environmental information.
DSD-INT 2015 - Addressing high resolution modelling over different computing ...Deltares
This document discusses using high performance computing resources to model water quality and hydrodynamics in reservoirs. It summarizes work using the Delft3D model on the Cuerda del Pozo reservoir, which experiences eutrophication issues. The modeling aims to reproduce conditions like algae blooms and alert authorities before water quality deteriorates. While hydrodynamics modeling was successful, water quality modeling had issues to be addressed. The document also discusses using cloud resources through the EGI FedCloud to run the high resolution models, as well as potential applications of this use case for biodiversity infrastructure projects like LifeWatch and INDIGO-DataCloud.
The document summarizes efforts to upgrade India's hydrological information system through the Hydrology Project. Key aspects of the upgrade include standardizing data collection procedures, developing infrastructure like new observation stations, and establishing a comprehensive computerized database. Over 1,700 existing rainfall stations were reactivated or upgraded, 650 new river gauging stations were established, and 7,900 new groundwater observation wells were added. The upgraded system aims to provide reliable, accessible hydrological data to support improved water management across nine states in India covering 1.7 million square kilometers.
February 2022 TAGD Business Meeting
Study Results: Delineating Injection Well Buffer Zones in Brackish Aquifers
Juan Acevedo, BRACS Hydrologist, TWDB Jack Sharp, Professor Emeritus in Geology, UT- Austin
High throughput phenotyping and advanced genotyping reveals QTLs for plant vi...ICRISAT
Earlier, root traits (depth and density) were hypothesized to improve water extraction and so contribute to yield increase under water limited environents in chickpea.Usually across the crop species, enhanced root growth is functionally linked with enhanced shoot growth. Therefore, here we want to investigate whether enhanced root growth also links to enhanced shoot vigour and so functionally explain increased chickpea crop productivity in water limited environments.
This document discusses South Africa's current analytical capabilities for stable isotopes and compliance monitoring for hydraulic fracturing. It finds that SA has limited capability to analyze the range of stable isotopes required and would need to upgrade laboratories. International studies emphasize the importance of baseline monitoring before fracking begins using isotopes, but SA currently lacks capacity and regulations for the necessary baseline surveys and long-term monitoring of groundwater. The document recommends SA establish regulations, write policies to safeguard groundwater resources, and upgrade laboratories to properly analyze samples and interpret results, in order to effectively monitor hydraulic fracturing operations and ensure groundwater protection.
Classification either on quality or type based for groundwater can offer great advantages especially in regional groundwater management. It provides a short, quick processing, interpretation for a lot of complete hydro-chemical data sets and concise presentation of the results. There is a demonstrable need for a quality assurance, with the advanced usage of world's largest fresh water storage i.e Ground water. Its getting depleted over the years and the quality of the same degrading with a rapid pace. Ground water Quality is assessed mainly by the chemical analysis of samples. The data obtained from the chemical analysis is key for the further classification, analysis, correlation etc. Graphical and Numerical interpretation of the data is the main source for Hydro-chemical studies. In this paper we test the performance of the many available graphical and statistical methodologies used to classify water samples including: Collins bar diagram, Stiff pattern diagram, Schoeller plot, Piper diagram, Durov's Double Triangular Diagram, Gibbs's Diagram, Stuyfzand Classification. This paper explains various models which classify, correlate etc., summarizing the water quality data. The basic graphs and diagrams in each category are explained by sample diagrams. In addition to the diagrams an overall characterization of hydro-chemical facies of the water can be carried out by using plots which represents a water type and hardness domain. The combination of graphical and statistical techniques provides a consistent and objective means to classify large numbers of samples while retaining the ease of classic graphical presentation.
Reservoir Water Supply Planning for an Uncertain FutureDave Campbell
1) Reservoir water supply planning involves projecting future water demand over a 50-year planning period, which involves significant uncertainty. Factors like population growth, climate change, and regulatory requirements are difficult to predict that far in advance.
2) Reservoir projects take 10-20 years to plan, permit, design, and construct, so planning must start well in advance of anticipated need. However, deferring planning can significantly increase costs due to escalation rates for reservoir projects that exceed general inflation rates.
3) Reservoir configurations include on-stream reservoirs supplied by their own watershed, and pumped storage reservoirs that receive diverted flows from other streams to supplement their smaller watershed yield. Operating a reservoir for downstream flow augmentation
Xeriscape Conversion for Urban Water Conservation - Southern NevadaEric851q
This paper presents the results of a study conducted in Las Vegas, Nevada that quantified water savings from converting typical turf and shrub landscapes to xeriscapes. The study found that xeriscaped homes used 41% less water outdoors after converting at least 500 square feet of turf to xeriscaping. There was little relationship between the area xeriscaped and water savings, but a stronger relationship between pre-conversion irrigation intensity and post-conversion savings. This implies savings came from reducing wasteful irrigation on remaining turf as well as in xeriscaped areas.
The document summarizes work to model the highly modified flow network of the Guadalupe River Delta through field data collection and hydrodynamic modeling. Key points:
1) Field work was conducted to collect bathymetry data and map the complex channel network altered by diversions and restrictions using lidar and channel extraction tools.
2) A high-resolution hydrodynamic model called Frehd will be used to understand current conditions and inform management, representing features as boundary conditions on a 10m grid coarsened from lidar.
3) Sensors have been installed throughout the system to monitor inputs, outputs, and junctions to verify the Frehd model, which will focus on recovering this field-collected data.
Implementation of 2015 EPA Vapor Intrusion (VI) Guides: Application in State ...Chris Lutes
Lutes, C., L. Lund, C. Holton and M. Bedan “Implementation of 2015 EPA Vapor Intrusion (VI) Guides: Application in State Programs”; AEHS 26th Annual West Coast Conference, March 2016, San Diego.
Most roofs are suitable however there are a number of contamination issues that need to be
considered including waste from human access, atmospheric pollution, chemical contamination
from roofing materials and biological contamination due to birds or devices such as cooling towers.
California; Guidelines for Rainwater Harvesting - City of Berkeley D7Z
This document provides guidelines for rainwater harvesting systems in Berkeley, dividing them into two types: 1) No permit required for rain barrels under 100 gallons meeting listed requirements, and 2) Permit required for all other systems over 100 gallons. It outlines standards for collection, storage, treatment and use of rainwater, as well as permitting and inspection requirements. Maintenance of permitted systems is the responsibility of the property owner.
California; Harvesting Rain: Addressing Water Needs of the Monterey Peninsu...D7Z
This capstone project examines the feasibility of harvesting rainwater from rooftops in the Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (MPWMD) service area to help address the area's water needs. The author analyzed GIS data to determine there is 1.84 square miles of rooftop area available for capture. Statistical analysis of 58 years of rainfall data showed average annual rainfall in the area is 15.9 inches, yielding between 1434 and 1700 acre-feet of harvestable rainwater. However, this does not meet the need to replace the 9626 acre-feet currently being overdrafted from the Carmel River aquifer. While rainwater harvesting alone cannot solve the problem, the author concludes it could provide
Africa; Agricultural Water Management Technologies for Small Scale Farmers i...D7Z
This report summarizes a study on agricultural water management (AWM) technologies for small-scale farmers in Southern Africa. It analyzes experiences with various technologies, including treadle pumps, motorized pumps, drip irrigation kits, clay pot irrigation, soil and water conservation practices, and rainwater harvesting. The report finds that some technologies, under the right conditions, can significantly improve household food security and incomes in a cost-effective manner. However, more systematic analysis is needed of the effectiveness, impacts, and sustainability of different approaches. The report recommends better coordination and sharing of lessons learned among the many actors involved in promoting AWM technologies in the region. Overall, the report provides an overview of existing AWM practices and their costs
Rain water harvesting & community based flood mapping plan of actionKnnt Thein
The document summarizes a meeting between the Vice President of Myanmar and the Advisory Group of the National Water Resources Committee. They discussed a combined plan of action for a national rain water harvesting campaign and community-based flood mapping campaign in response to floods in 2015. The plan includes an immediate response, medium and long term planning through 2020, with a focus on prevention of future disasters through activities like forest restoration, watershed management, and implementing integrated water resources management.
Rainwater Harvesting for Multi Storied Apartments - Texas A&M Univseristy D7Z
The document discusses the historical background of rainwater harvesting as an ancient practice used worldwide to address water scarcity. It then reviews related literature on how rainwater harvesting has been used at the community level for domestic water supply and irrigation. The literature also examines how rainwater harvesting can help alleviate poverty and promote socioeconomic development.
California; Rainwater Harvesting: A Home Owners How to Guide - City of Los ...D7Z
This document provides a homeowner's guide to harvesting rainwater in the city of Los Angeles. It discusses redirecting downspouts from roofs to either rain barrels or pervious areas like rain gardens to reduce stormwater runoff. The guide includes instructions for assessing sites, measuring slopes, and redirecting downspouts to either rain barrels or pervious areas. Homeowners can follow the step-by-step instructions to disconnect existing downspouts and extend them to capture rainwater for watering plants or allowing it to infiltrate into the ground.
This document presents a vision for a floating city as a self-sufficient structure that addresses issues of rising sea levels, flooding, and land scarcity. It describes challenges with existing coastal cities and ships. The floating city would be made of hundreds of interconnected platforms forming a flexible superstructure that moves with ocean waves. Design objectives include movability, modularity, and creating a sustainable urban environment focused on energy, water, and waste recycling. Cost estimates and technical feasibility are also discussed.
Este documento presenta la Ley Federal de Responsabilidades Administrativas de los Servidores Públicos de México. Establece las obligaciones y responsabilidades de los servidores públicos para salvaguardar principios como la legalidad y la imparcialidad. También describe las autoridades facultadas para aplicar la ley, como la Secretaría de la Función Pública, y define conceptos clave como dependencias y entidades. Finalmente, enumera una serie de obligaciones específicas de los servidores públicos relacionadas con el cumplimiento de sus funciones y la prevención de conflict
This document discusses integrated reservoir operation and planning. It explains that reservoir operation involves balancing water release and storage levels based on expected inflows and demands. The key objectives of reservoir operation are to conserve excess water, provide flood cushioning, enable navigation and recreation, and generate hydropower. Effective operation requires considering multiple factors like inflow forecasts, reservoir purposes, hydrological conditions, and downstream needs. It outlines various techniques used in reservoir planning and operation, including rule curves, optimization, simulation, and real-time operation using software. Conflicts can arise from differing space, time and discharge needs, requiring integrated operation of reservoir systems.
Ensuring a Safe, Sustainable Future Water Supply--Case StudyTeresa Long
By 2060, water usage in Texas is projected to exceed available supply due to population growth. An additional 8.5 million acre-feet of new water sources per year will be needed. The document examines strategies proposed by the Texas Water Development Board to meet future demand, including increasing conventional sources by 60%, conservation by 24%, and developing alternative sources like desalination, brackish groundwater desalination, rainwater harvesting, aquifer storage and recovery, reuse, and emerging technologies to supply the remaining 16%. A diverse combination of solutions must be implemented to ensure a sustainable water supply for the state.
Rainwater harvesting has become a mainstream sustainable practice for commercial buildings. It offers opportunities to decrease water costs, ease stormwater management burdens, and demonstrate environmental stewardship. Well-designed systems integrate collection from roofs, storage in tanks, and distribution to uses like toilets and landscaping. While paybacks are typically 10-15 years, rainwater harvesting supports green building goals and can gain projects up to seven LEED points. The type of building and location must provide sufficient roof area and rainfall to justify the costs of a system. Regulations also require treated non-potable water be labeled as such. Case studies in the article illustrate real-world system designs and costs.
Drill Bit Manufacturer Cuts Water Use by 88 PercentEric851q
Drill bit manufacturer Security DBS achieved an 88% reduction in water consumption per unit produced over 3 years through various water conservation efforts. They established an environmental engineering department in 1992 to reduce water, stormwater, and sewer usage. Efforts included eliminating stormwater discharges, converting once-through cooling to recycling systems, and working with the Texas Water Development Board to identify additional savings opportunities. As a result, water consumption dropped from 32 million gallons in 1992 to 14.4 million gallons in 1996.
This document provides an initial study on rainwater harvesting in 12 villages in Nong Het district, Laos. It analyzes the current water supply and demand, and proposes installing rainwater collection systems on school rooftops to supplement dry season water sources. Calculations estimate that roof collection could provide over half a year's supply but additional domestic systems and education may be needed to fully meet demand. The study outlines design considerations for gutters, tanks, and ensuring water quality in the proposed rainwater harvesting system.
Experimental analysis of dew drain waterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental analysis of dew drain water. The author built dew traps of different sizes to collect condensed water from the inside of clear plastic coverings. Over 7 days, about 2 liters of water was collected and tested for various quality parameters including pH, hardness, turbidity, dissolved solids, acidity, alkalinity, chlorides, sulfates, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand. The results of these tests were then compared to drinking water standards, finding the dew drain water met all requirements after purification treatments. Collecting dew drain water was concluded to be an effective way to overcome environmental water issues and scarcity concerns, especially as these problems are expected to worsen in the
This document provides information about rainwater harvesting systems in Oregon. It discusses how rainwater is collected from rooftops and stored in tanks. The key points covered are:
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This document provides information and guidance on analyzing climatic data for hydrological purposes. It discusses analyzing pan evaporation data and estimating potential evapotranspiration using methods like the Penman equation. The document includes the module context, profile, session plan, overhead masters, handouts, and main text on analyzing pan evaporation, estimating potential evapotranspiration, and references.
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RAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVEST
The document discusses rainwater harvesting (RWH) for decision makers. It defines RWH and explains that systems capture, convey, and store rainwater from surfaces like roofs and runoff. Water can be used directly or recharged into groundwater. Reasons for RWH include conserving water, supplementing supplies, improving water quality, and replenishing groundwater. Challenges include variable climate impacts and high costs in some areas. Design considerations include collection area, rainfall rates, storage capacity, and end use of captured water.
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Africa; Assessment of Best Practises and Experience in Water Harvesting D7Z
This document provides an overview of rainwater harvesting concepts and techniques. It begins with an introduction to rainwater harvesting, defining it as the collection of runoff for productive use. It then discusses various rainwater harvesting approaches including domestic roof catchment systems, surface catchments, small dams, earth dams, recharge structures, in-situ conservation techniques, and external catchment systems. The document is intended to serve as a reference for the African Development Bank for including rainwater harvesting in project design. It provides context on current practices and experiences with rainwater harvesting in Africa.
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Alaska; Optimal Storage Volumes For Rainwater Catchment Systems In Alaska
1. Optimal Storage Volumes for
Rainwater Catchment Systems in
Alaska
By
Greta Myerchin, Amy Tidwell, Bill Schnabel and
Daniel White
March 2008
ATTAC Research Report # 200801
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1
Rainwater Catchment System and Storage Requirement ............................................... 1
Objective ......................................................................................................................... 1
STORAGE RESERVOIR DESIGN................................................................................ 2
Storage Reservoir Capacity............................................................................................. 2
Water Usage.................................................................................................................... 2
Roof Collection Area ...................................................................................................... 3
Climate and Threshold Temperature .............................................................................. 3
Precipitation Design Year ............................................................................................... 3
PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................... 4
Community Selection...................................................................................................... 4
Optimization Protocol..................................................................................................... 4
RESULTS .......................................................................................................................... 5
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 6
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................. 7
APPENDIX A: Design Year Climate Data for Selected Communities............................ 8
APPENDIX B: Calculation of Current Storage Condition............................................... 9
APPENDIX C: Graphs of Optimal Rainwater Storage Volume for Twelve Alaskan
Locations........................................................................................................................... 10
Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska i
ATTAC: Alaska Training/Technical Assistance Center
3. INTRODUCTION
Rainwater Catchment System and Storage Requirement
Rainwater catchment systems are designed to capture and store rainwater for use as a
primary or supplemental water source. In residential homes, stored rainwater can be used
for landscape irrigation or household services such as toilets and laundry. Collected
rainwater may also be used as a source of potable water, although it is recommended that
the stored water be properly tested and/or treated prior to this use.
Design of rainwater catchment systems requires careful consideration of storage capacity.
Inappropriate sizing of a storage tank or reservoir can negatively affect a homeowner in
many ways. Overestimation of the storage requirement can result in an oversized and
needlessly expensive storage system. Undersized storage tanks, on the other hand, may
not fulfill the homeowner’s water use needs.
Objective
The objective of this report is to present computer modeling results intended to estimate
optimal rainwater catchment system storage requirements. The resultant optimal storage
volumes were calculated as a function of water demand, catchment area and local
climatic conditions for twelve Alaskan localities. The data are intended to serve as
storage basin design guidelines to be used during system planning. The guidelines are
intended to supplement, but not replace, the professional judgment of experienced system
designers with site-specific knowledge.
This reports describes the optimal storage capacity for systems designed to collect and
store rainwater during the operational season only (i.e., during non-frozen conditions).
Optimal storage volume is defined here as the minimum tank volume necessary to meet
water use demand through the operational season while maintaining a reserve capacity of
at least 5%.
Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 1
ATTAC: Alaska Training/Technical Assistance Center
4. STORAGE RESERVOIR DESIGN
A variety of factors influence storage requirements. In this study, factors relevant to
Alaskan rainwater catchment systems were considered. Such factors included catchment
surface area, collection efficiency, water use rates, and climatic characteristics.
Storage Reservoir Capacity
This study evaluated storage reservoirs with capacities ranging from 100 to 20,000
gallons. Storage tanks fabricated to hold volumes of 100 gallons or less are often used
for transport or as break tanks, but are not often used as primary rainwater storage tanks.
In regions of Alaska where freezing conditions persist, residential exterior tank sizes do
not commonly exceed 2,500 gallons, based on physical and insulation restrictions as well
as product availability (Greer, 2007). In circumstances requiring storage of large
volumes (i.e., greater than 2,500 gallons), interior or underground cisterns may be
utilized. Alternatively, captured rainwater can be routed to natural ponds or engineered
impound structures for storage.
Water Usage
An estimate of water demand was required in order to estimate the appropriate rainwater
reservoir volume. In practice, water demand varies from person to person and according
to lifestyle considerations. While water usage in most Alaskan households is similar to
average US household water use rates, a relatively large proportion of Alaskans reside in
limited water use households. Examples of limited use households include those without
flush toilets, clothes washers, or shower facilities. An estimate of twenty gallons per
capita per day (gpcd) is commonly used when households contain no flush toilet. If a
household contains a flush toilet, water use can increase to 70 gpcd (Johanson, 2002).
Other authors estimate the household water use for a typical family of four to range from
150 to 200 gpd (Siefert, 2004). This report presents results based upon assumed
household water use rates ranging from 5 gpd to 250 gpd.
Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 2
ATTAC: Alaska Training/Technical Assistance Center
5. Roof Collection Area
Rainwater catchment area was an additional model input parameter. In order to
effectively interpret the model results, a system designer must estimate the catchment
surface area of the system being designed. If the entire home roof surface is used for
rainwater collection, this can be accomplished by calculating the horizontal surface area
under the roof, including the eaves. Reducing the estimated area by 10% will account for
loss by flushing, overflow, and other loss factors (Johanson, 2002).
Climate and Threshold Temperature
In this study, it was assumed that liquid precipitation was available for rainwater
catchment, but frozen precipitation (i.e., snow, sleet) was only available as spring
snowmelt. Additionally, it was assumed that the total volume of accumulated snow in the
catchment system was sufficient enough to fully recharge the storage reservoir upon
melting. Consequently, each modeled operational season began in the spring with a full
reservoir.
The modeled operational seasons in this report were bound by threshold periods, defined
as 15-day periods during which the average daily air temperature was above or below
specified threshold temperatures. As a result, the operational periods were considered to
begin on Day 1 of the thaw threshold period, and end on Day 15 of the freeze-up
threshold period. In this study, the mean threshold temperature used for calculating thaw
was 0.1 oC, while the mean threshold temperature used for calculating freeze-up was -1.9
o
C, based upon values recommended by Hinzman (1990).
Precipitation Design Year
The model output presented in this study was based upon typical precipitation patterns
experienced in specific Alaskan localities, as represented by the site-specific design year.
The design years represented actual climate data (e.g., precipitation patterns and thaw
season length) considered to most closely match average conditions for each site studied.
A table located in Appendix A provides further information with respect to the design
year characteristics of each modeled location.
Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 3
ATTAC: Alaska Training/Technical Assistance Center
6. PROCEDURE
Community Selection
Selection of the modeled communities was based upon population, climatic
characteristics, and location. Twelve relatively large regional hubs were selected in order
to represent a range of climatic characteristics experienced in various regions throughout
Alaska. The modeled communities included Anchorage, Barrow, Bethel, Delta Junction,
Dutch Harbor, Fairbanks, Juneau, Ketchikan, Kotzebue, Nome, Tok, and Valdez.
Descriptions of the climatic characteristics for each listed community are presented in
Appendix A.
Optimization Protocol
An automated evaluation process was devised to estimate the optimal storage volume
required for each community. The procedure was written in Visual Basic for
Applications and was implemented within Microsoft Excel software. The program first
determined a representative year for design purposes. This design year was selected from
a record of site-specific climate data, and represented the year most indicative of average
site conditions. Next, the program calculated individual tank profiles for a combination
of collection areas, usage rates, and storage capacities. The resultant tank profiles were
graphic representations of the daily water balance, as summarized in the following
equation:
Current Storage = Initial Storage + Precipitation Inflow – Water Consumed
Please see Appendix B for a more detailed description of the water balance calculations.
Storage optimization graphs, located in Appendix C, were prepared for each community
based upon the results of the water balance algorithm. From these graphs, users can
determine the estimated optimal rainwater storage volume under a given set of
conditions. As described previously, optimal storage capacity is defined as the volume of
storage necessary to meet the water use requirements at all times during the operational
season while maintaining a 5% reserve volume.
Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 4
ATTAC: Alaska Training/Technical Assistance Center
7. RESULTS
As described above, optimal storage reservoir volumes were estimated for twelve
Alaskan communities. The resultant estimated optimal volumes are presented in the
graphs in Appendix C. In order to obtain the optimal storage volume for a system under
consideration, the reader is asked to perform the following steps:
1) Identify the listed community with a climate most similar to that at the location of
the system being designed. Use the table presented in Appendix A and/or other
climate resources for this step. Use this community’s graph (Appendix C) for the
remainder of this procedure.
2) Estimate the anticipated water demand (gpd) and catchment surface area (ft2) for
the system under consideration, using recommendations provided in this report or
elsewhere.
3) On the appropriate community-specific graph, select the surface area curve
corresponding to the catchment surface area of the system under design. Identify
the point on that curve corresponding to the anticipated water demand listed on
the vertical axis.
4) The optimal reservoir volume is represented by the point on the horizontal axis
underlying the point at which the selected surface area curve meets the level of
anticipated water demand.
Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 5
ATTAC: Alaska Training/Technical Assistance Center
8. SUMMARY
Two-thirds of Alaska’s population is serviced by a public water supply, while the
remaining third utilize independent sources such as private wells or commercial delivery
(USGS, 2004). Rainwater collection is an alternative independent water supply practice
that can not only benefit households with little or no available water, but can also reduce
the demand on municipally-managed water resources. In order to aid in the design of
rainwater catchment systems statewide, this study was conducted to estimate optimal
rainwater storage requirements for a group of Alaskan communities experiencing a range
of climate conditions. Optimal rainwater storage volumes for twelve Alaskan locations
can be determined from the graphs in Appendix C.
Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 6
ATTAC: Alaska Training/Technical Assistance Center
9. REFERENCES
1. Greer Tank and Welding, Inc.; http://www.greertank.com/PolyTanks.htm (2007)
2. Hinzman, L.D.; The Interdependence of the Thermal and Hydrologic Processes of
an Arctic Watershed and their Response to Climate Change; (1990) University of
Alaska, Fairbanks.
3. Siefert, R. D.; Suggestions for Installing Domestic Water Storage Tanks; (2004)
University of Alaska, Fairbanks Cooperative Extension Service; Building in
Alaska Series; #HCM-04950.
4. Alaska Division of Community Advocacy (ADCA) website:
http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CF_COMDB.htm. Demographic
information for Ketchikan and Fairbanks.
5. Translators: Johanson N., Seifert R.D. Water Cistern Construction for Small
House; (2004) University of Alaska, Fairbanks Cooperative Extension Service;
Alaska Building Research Series; #HCM-01557. From a Norwegian publication:
BYGGFORSK, NBI A515.161
Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 7
ATTAC: Alaska Training/Technical Assistance Center
10. Appendix A
Design Year Climate Data for Selected Communities
Operational
Operational Operatioal Season End
Design Available Season Length Season Begin Date
Community Year Rainfall (inches) (days) Date (Thaw) (Freezeup)
Anchorage 1977 11.3 212 26-Mar 24-Oct
Barrow 1986 2.6 107 5-Jun 20-Sep
Bethel 1978 11.0 171 11-Apr 29-Sep
Delta Junction 1960 8.8 172 14-Apr 3-Oct
Dutch Harbor 1997 54.7 338 1-Jan 5-Dec
Fairbanks 1978 6.9 179 4-Apr 30-Sep
Juneau 2001 45.0 270 20-Feb 17-Nov
Ketchikan 1952 147.4 333 31-Jan 29-Dec
Kotzebue 1977 6.1 153 4-May 4-Oct
Nome 1997 10.4 167 21-Apr 5-Oct
Tok 1985 6.7 172 17-Apr 6-Oct
Valdez 1976 46.3 243 27-Mar 25-Nov
Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 8
ATTAC: Alaska Training/Technical Assistance Center
11. Appendix B
Calculation of Current Storage Condition
The current storage on any given day was calculated according to the following equation:
S (k ) = S (k − 1) + P(k − 1) ∗ SA − U (k − 1) , where
S(k) = Current day stored water volume
S(k-1) = Previous day stored water volume
P(k-1) = Previous day precipitation
SA = Rainwater catchment surface area
U(k-1) = Previous day water comsumption.
The equation quantified the available water at the start of any given day as a function of
the existing stored volume, the tank recharge, and water consumption. Two physical
constraints imposed on the modeled scenarios dictated that the total storage term could
neither be negative nor could it exceed a specified tank volume.
Please direct further inquiries regarding the modeling methods or results to the authors of
this study. They can be located at the University of Alaska Fairbanks Institute of
Northern Engineering, http://www.alaska.edu/uaf/cem/ine/.
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12. Appendix C
Graphs of Optimal Rainwater Storage Volume for Twelve
Alaskan Locations
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13. Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 11
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14. Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 12
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15. Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 13
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16. Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 14
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17. Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 15
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18. Optimal Storage Volumes for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Alaska 16
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