In the present research, an innovative fuzzy control approach is developed specifically for synchronous buck converters utilized in renewable energy applications. The proposed control strategy effectively manages load changes, nonlinear loads, and input voltage variations while improving both stability and transient response. The method employs a fuzzy inference system (FIS) that integrates adaptive control, feedforward control, and multivariable control to guarantee optimal performance under a wide range of operating conditions. The design of the control scheme involves formulating a rule base connecting input variables to an output variable, which signifies the duty cycle of the switching signal. The rule base is configured to dynamically modify control rules and membership functions in accordance with load conditions, input voltage fluctuations, and other contributing factors. The performance of the control scheme is evaluated in comparison to conventional techniques, such as proportional integral derivative (PID) control. Results indicate that the advanced fuzzy control approach surpasses traditional methods in terms of voltage regulation, stability, and transient response, particularly when faced with variable load conditions and input voltage changes. As a result, this control scheme is highly compatible with renewable energy systems, encompassing solar and wind power installations where input voltage and load conditions may experience considerable fluctuations. This research highlights the potential of the proposed fuzzy control approach to significantly enhance the performance and reliability of renewable energy systems.
Control technique for single phase inverter photovoltaic system connected to ...jbpatel7290
In photovoltaic system connected to the grid, the main goal is to control the power that the inverter injects into the grid
from the energy provided by the photovoltaic generator. The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the
converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. In this paper, a control technique for a photovoltaic
system connected to the grid based on digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronize a sinusoidal output
current with a grid voltage and control the power factor is proposed. This control is based on the single phase inverter controlled
by bipolar PWM Switching and lineal current control. The electrical scheme of the system is presented. The approach is widely
explained. Simulations results of output voltage and current validate the impact of this method to determinate the appropriate
control of the system. A digital design of the control based on generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on
Field-Programmable Gate Array “FPGA”.
Power-Sharing of Parallel Inverters in Micro-Grids via Droop control and Virt...IRJET Journal
This document discusses two power-sharing control strategies - droop control and virtual impedance - for parallel inverters in microgrids. Droop control simulates the frequency-power characteristics of conventional power systems but has limitations like load-dependent voltage regulation. Virtual impedance modifies the output impedance of inverters to improve current sharing. The document analyzes these approaches and compares their performance in sharing power between parallel inverters through MATLAB simulations under different weather conditions. It finds that both techniques effectively share load power while improving system stability and response, with virtual impedance providing better voltage regulation.
Design and control technique for single phase bipolar H-bridge inverter conne...IJECEIAES
The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. This paper proposes a design and control technique for a photovoltaic inverter connected to the grid based on the digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronise a sinusoidal output current with a grid voltage and control a power factor. The current injected must be sinusoidal with reduced harmonic distortion. The connected PV system is based on H-Bridge inverter controlled by bipolar PWM Switching. The current control technique and functional structure of this system are presented and simulated. Detailed analysis, Simulations results of output voltage and current waveform demonstrate the contribution of this approach to determinate the suitable control of the system. A digital design of a generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on a Xilinx FPGA and it has been validated with experimental results. As a result, the proposed inverter implementation is simple, and it becomes an attractive solution for low power grid connected applications.
This paper studies the suitability of a vector based current control which is mostly employed for its faster response in the reactive current applications of static compnesators (STATCOMs). The current control is mostly achieved using proportional-integral (PI) controllers because of the advantage of their good tracking and small variations. However, due to the dependency of PI controllers on the modular multilevel converter (MMC) system dynamics, performance variations arise during steady-state STATCOM non-ideal operations. This paper presents an improved MMC based STATCOM control with a d-q compensation algorithm added to the vector based current control. The algorithm is derived to tackle the effects of the dynamics of the MMC and the STATCOM ideal variations without the use of any additional controller. The control is achieved by providing a power compensation in the d,q-axis which injects currents at the input of the PI controllers in order to improve the steady-state performance of the STATCOM control.
ADAPTIVE BANDWIDTH APPROACH ON DTC CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTORijcisjournal
Induction motors are most commonly used motor type in industrial applications because of its well-known advantages like robust structure, cheaper prices etc. Today, field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) methods, also called vector control, are most famous control methods in high-performance applications. The main structural and behavioural differences between the both methods can be summarized as: the FOC has parameter dependence while the DTC has high torque ripples. In this study, a new adaptive bandwidth approach was presented to reduce torque ripples in DTC controlled induction motor drives. With the proposed method, instead of fixed bandwidth, adaptive bandwidth approach was investigated in hysteresis controllers on the DTC method. Both the conventional DTC(C-DTC) method and adaptive bandwidth DTC (AB-DTC) for induction motor were simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results were presented and discussed to verify the proposed control. The comparisons shown that, torque ripples were reduced remarkably with the proposed AB-DTC method.
ADAPTIVE BANDWIDTH APPROACH ON DTC CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTORijics
Induction motors are most commonly used motor type in industrial applications because of its well-known
advantages like robust structure, cheaper prices etc. Today, field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque
control (DTC) methods, also called vector control, are most famous control methods in high-performance
applications. The main structural and behavioural differences between the both methods can be
summarized as: the FOC has parameter dependence while the DTC has high torque ripples. In this study, a
new adaptive bandwidth approach was presented to reduce torque ripples in DTC controlled induction
motor drives. With the proposed method, instead of fixed bandwidth, adaptive bandwidth approach was
investigated in hysteresis controllers on the DTC method. Both the conventional DTC(C-DTC) method and
adaptive bandwidth DTC (AB-DTC) for induction motor were simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the
results were presented and discussed to verify the proposed control. The comparisons shown that, torque
ripples were reduced remarkably with the proposed AB-DTC method.
An on-chip soft-start pseudo-current hysteresis-controlled buck converter for...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a novel direct current to direct current (DC-DC) buck converter that uses a pseudo-current hysteresis controller and an on-chip soft start circuit for improved transient performance in automotive applications. The proposed converter, implemented with Taiwan semiconductor manufacturing company (TSMC) 0.18 µm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) one-poly-six-metal (1P6M) technology, includes a rail-to-rail current detection circuit and an on-chip soft start circuit to handle transient responses and improve efficiency. Transient response analysis shows fast settling times of 28 µs for both load current changes from 100 mA to 1 A and reversals with consistent transient voltages of approximately 190 mV and peak power efficiency of 99.32% at 5 V output voltage and 100 mA load current. Additionally, the converter maintains a constant output voltage of approximately 5 V across the entire load current range with an average accuracy of 90.41%. A comparative analysis with previous work shows superior performance in terms of figure of merit (FOM). Overall, the proposed pseudo-current hysteresis controlled buck converter exhibits remarkable transient response, load regulation and power efficiency, positioning it as a promising solution for demanding applications, particularly in automotive systems where precise voltage regulation is crucial.
Transient response mitigation using type-2 fuzzy controller optimized by grey...IJECEIAES
Long high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission link is commonly used to transmit electrical energy via land or under-sea cable. The long HVDC avoids reactive power losses (RPL) and power stability problems (PSP). On the contrary, the RPL and PSP phenomena occur in long high voltage alternative current-link (HVAC) caused by the high reactive component in the HVAC-link. However, the HVDC produces a high and slow transient current response (TCR) on the high value of the up-ramp rate. Interval type-2 fuzzy (IT2F) control on converter-side HVDC is proposed to mitigate this TCR problem. The IT2F is optimized by grey wolf optimizer (GWO) to adjust input-output IT2F parameters optimally. The performance of IT2F-GWO is assessed by the minimum value of integral time squared error (ITSE), peak overshoot, and settling time of the TCR. The IT2FCGWO performance is validated by the performance of IT2F control that is optimized by genetic algorithm (IT2F-GA) and proportional integral (PI) controller. Simulation results show that the IT2F-GWO performs better with small ITSE, low peak overshoot, and shorter settling times than competing controllers.
Control technique for single phase inverter photovoltaic system connected to ...jbpatel7290
In photovoltaic system connected to the grid, the main goal is to control the power that the inverter injects into the grid
from the energy provided by the photovoltaic generator. The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the
converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. In this paper, a control technique for a photovoltaic
system connected to the grid based on digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronize a sinusoidal output
current with a grid voltage and control the power factor is proposed. This control is based on the single phase inverter controlled
by bipolar PWM Switching and lineal current control. The electrical scheme of the system is presented. The approach is widely
explained. Simulations results of output voltage and current validate the impact of this method to determinate the appropriate
control of the system. A digital design of the control based on generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on
Field-Programmable Gate Array “FPGA”.
Power-Sharing of Parallel Inverters in Micro-Grids via Droop control and Virt...IRJET Journal
This document discusses two power-sharing control strategies - droop control and virtual impedance - for parallel inverters in microgrids. Droop control simulates the frequency-power characteristics of conventional power systems but has limitations like load-dependent voltage regulation. Virtual impedance modifies the output impedance of inverters to improve current sharing. The document analyzes these approaches and compares their performance in sharing power between parallel inverters through MATLAB simulations under different weather conditions. It finds that both techniques effectively share load power while improving system stability and response, with virtual impedance providing better voltage regulation.
Design and control technique for single phase bipolar H-bridge inverter conne...IJECEIAES
The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. This paper proposes a design and control technique for a photovoltaic inverter connected to the grid based on the digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronise a sinusoidal output current with a grid voltage and control a power factor. The current injected must be sinusoidal with reduced harmonic distortion. The connected PV system is based on H-Bridge inverter controlled by bipolar PWM Switching. The current control technique and functional structure of this system are presented and simulated. Detailed analysis, Simulations results of output voltage and current waveform demonstrate the contribution of this approach to determinate the suitable control of the system. A digital design of a generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on a Xilinx FPGA and it has been validated with experimental results. As a result, the proposed inverter implementation is simple, and it becomes an attractive solution for low power grid connected applications.
This paper studies the suitability of a vector based current control which is mostly employed for its faster response in the reactive current applications of static compnesators (STATCOMs). The current control is mostly achieved using proportional-integral (PI) controllers because of the advantage of their good tracking and small variations. However, due to the dependency of PI controllers on the modular multilevel converter (MMC) system dynamics, performance variations arise during steady-state STATCOM non-ideal operations. This paper presents an improved MMC based STATCOM control with a d-q compensation algorithm added to the vector based current control. The algorithm is derived to tackle the effects of the dynamics of the MMC and the STATCOM ideal variations without the use of any additional controller. The control is achieved by providing a power compensation in the d,q-axis which injects currents at the input of the PI controllers in order to improve the steady-state performance of the STATCOM control.
ADAPTIVE BANDWIDTH APPROACH ON DTC CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTORijcisjournal
Induction motors are most commonly used motor type in industrial applications because of its well-known advantages like robust structure, cheaper prices etc. Today, field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) methods, also called vector control, are most famous control methods in high-performance applications. The main structural and behavioural differences between the both methods can be summarized as: the FOC has parameter dependence while the DTC has high torque ripples. In this study, a new adaptive bandwidth approach was presented to reduce torque ripples in DTC controlled induction motor drives. With the proposed method, instead of fixed bandwidth, adaptive bandwidth approach was investigated in hysteresis controllers on the DTC method. Both the conventional DTC(C-DTC) method and adaptive bandwidth DTC (AB-DTC) for induction motor were simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results were presented and discussed to verify the proposed control. The comparisons shown that, torque ripples were reduced remarkably with the proposed AB-DTC method.
ADAPTIVE BANDWIDTH APPROACH ON DTC CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTORijics
Induction motors are most commonly used motor type in industrial applications because of its well-known
advantages like robust structure, cheaper prices etc. Today, field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque
control (DTC) methods, also called vector control, are most famous control methods in high-performance
applications. The main structural and behavioural differences between the both methods can be
summarized as: the FOC has parameter dependence while the DTC has high torque ripples. In this study, a
new adaptive bandwidth approach was presented to reduce torque ripples in DTC controlled induction
motor drives. With the proposed method, instead of fixed bandwidth, adaptive bandwidth approach was
investigated in hysteresis controllers on the DTC method. Both the conventional DTC(C-DTC) method and
adaptive bandwidth DTC (AB-DTC) for induction motor were simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the
results were presented and discussed to verify the proposed control. The comparisons shown that, torque
ripples were reduced remarkably with the proposed AB-DTC method.
An on-chip soft-start pseudo-current hysteresis-controlled buck converter for...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a novel direct current to direct current (DC-DC) buck converter that uses a pseudo-current hysteresis controller and an on-chip soft start circuit for improved transient performance in automotive applications. The proposed converter, implemented with Taiwan semiconductor manufacturing company (TSMC) 0.18 µm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) one-poly-six-metal (1P6M) technology, includes a rail-to-rail current detection circuit and an on-chip soft start circuit to handle transient responses and improve efficiency. Transient response analysis shows fast settling times of 28 µs for both load current changes from 100 mA to 1 A and reversals with consistent transient voltages of approximately 190 mV and peak power efficiency of 99.32% at 5 V output voltage and 100 mA load current. Additionally, the converter maintains a constant output voltage of approximately 5 V across the entire load current range with an average accuracy of 90.41%. A comparative analysis with previous work shows superior performance in terms of figure of merit (FOM). Overall, the proposed pseudo-current hysteresis controlled buck converter exhibits remarkable transient response, load regulation and power efficiency, positioning it as a promising solution for demanding applications, particularly in automotive systems where precise voltage regulation is crucial.
Transient response mitigation using type-2 fuzzy controller optimized by grey...IJECEIAES
Long high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission link is commonly used to transmit electrical energy via land or under-sea cable. The long HVDC avoids reactive power losses (RPL) and power stability problems (PSP). On the contrary, the RPL and PSP phenomena occur in long high voltage alternative current-link (HVAC) caused by the high reactive component in the HVAC-link. However, the HVDC produces a high and slow transient current response (TCR) on the high value of the up-ramp rate. Interval type-2 fuzzy (IT2F) control on converter-side HVDC is proposed to mitigate this TCR problem. The IT2F is optimized by grey wolf optimizer (GWO) to adjust input-output IT2F parameters optimally. The performance of IT2F-GWO is assessed by the minimum value of integral time squared error (ITSE), peak overshoot, and settling time of the TCR. The IT2FCGWO performance is validated by the performance of IT2F control that is optimized by genetic algorithm (IT2F-GA) and proportional integral (PI) controller. Simulation results show that the IT2F-GWO performs better with small ITSE, low peak overshoot, and shorter settling times than competing controllers.
1. The document proposes a continuous sliding mode control strategy for a voltage source inverter to address issues from load variations and current sensor faults.
2. A novel boundary-based saturation function is designed where the boundary thickness depends on the PWM signal generation, reducing chattering while maintaining robustness against load changes.
3. A particle swarm optimization-based modified observer is used to estimate inductor current without current sensors, optimizing observer gains to minimize estimation errors.
IRJET- Hybrid Feed Forward Control for Power Factor Correction RectifierIRJET Journal
This document discusses a hybrid feed forward control method for a power factor correction (PFC) rectifier based on a four-switch buck-boost converter. The converter operates continuously across the line cycle, transitioning smoothly between buck and boost modes. A controller computes duty cycles based on sensed inductor current and output voltage to implement PFC functionality. The converter is simulated in Matlab Simulink. Parameters like efficiency and voltage regulation are recorded. This control architecture simplifies hardware requirements compared to traditional boost converters and achieves good power factor and efficiency.
This paper presents harmonic analysis of matrix converter using different control technique for balance and Unbalance three phase input voltage of reactive load. Since Matrix converter is subject to affected either by external disturbance or by load conditions. Due to this the supply voltage becomes unbalance. This cause improper switching of matrix converter results higher harmonics. This harmonics are harmful to the quality of the output power. The switching sequence of the matrix converter is controlled by vector control method. Different control technique is proposed in this paper to get optimized result with reduced harmonic for unbalanced and balance input voltage using PID, Fractional Order PID (PIλDδ) controller (FOPID), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)FOPID. PID control technique result are compared with other optimization technique for best optimum output. The FOPID controller is used to compensates the current and also improvise the quality of energy by reducing the harmonic content. The simulations and hardware results will be presented and interpreted. The effectivess of the proposed system is proven with the results is shown in this paper which produce a better steady state lesser transient rather than the conventional PID method.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
This document describes a simulation model developed for testing microgrid and distributed energy resource (DER) control methods. The simulation model was built in PSIM software to emulate a hardware test bench consisting of a synchronous generator, DC motor prime mover, and CPT E13 inverter controller. The simulation allows development of automatic voltage regulation (AVR) and governor control methods to regulate the generator's output voltage and frequency. Software controllers developed using the simulation model were then tested on the physical hardware system to validate the simulation as a design tool.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes control techniques for improving the performance of a modular multilevel converter (MMC) based static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The control aims to minimize variations in STATCOM operation with the grid and within the MMC itself. It achieves this by employing voltage compensation in the external control and virtual impedance in the capacitor voltage control of a five-level MMC. The proposed control is evaluated to provide an enhanced overall system response by reducing transient disturbances and balancing capacitor voltages more effectively compared to conventional proportional-integral control alone.
Current control scheme is commonly used in high voltage direct current (HVDC) to transmit power delivery. This scheme is done by adjusting trigger angle to regulate direct current (DC) in thyristor devices. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) control is widely applied for start and fault operation. But, solution for transient response of DC current in HVDC system is not clearly studied before. In this paper, supplementary control (SC) based on ANFIS is proposed to improve the transient response of the current. The SC control is designed by learning-processes and SC parameters are obtained by data-training automatically. For current reference at 1.05 pu and up-ramp at 20 pu/s, maximum overshoot is achieved at 5.12% and 7.72% for the SC and proportional integral controller (PIC), respectively. When the up-ramp is increased to 28 pu/s, the maximum overshoot is achieved at 10.01% for the SC. While, the peak overshoot for the PIC is 14.28%.
Performance comparison of different control strategies for the regulation of ...IJECEIAES
This document compares three control strategies - voltage mode control (VMC), current mode control (CMC), and sliding mode control (SMC) - for regulating the output voltage of a negative output super-lift Luo converter (NOSLC). Simulation results show that SMC provides the best performance with fast response, low ripple, and ability to maintain a constant output voltage under changing load conditions. SMC also outperforms VMC and CMC in terms of tracking the reference voltage, settling time, rise time, and overshoot. The document concludes that SMC is the most effective control method for the NOSLC.
Finite State Predictive Current and Common Mode Voltage Control of a Seven-ph...IAES-IJPEDS
The paper illustrates finite set predictive current control (FSPC) along with
common mode voltage control of a seven-phase voltage source inverter
(VSI). The current and common mode voltage (CMV) controls are done
considering a finite set of control actions. The space vector model of a sevenphase
voltage source inverter produces 27 = 128 space voltage vectors, with
126 active and two zero vectors. Out of 126 space vectors 112 are distinct
and 14 are redundant vectors. To control the current and the common mode
voltage, specific set of space vectors are chosen that minimizes the
magnitude of the CMV and makes it a dc signal and simultaneously track the
reference current. Hence no common mode current can flow. Three sets of
space vectors are used for switching actuation, in one case only 15 vectors
are used (14 active and one zero), in second case 14 vectors are used,
followed by use of 8 space vectors (7 large and one zero) and finally 7 large
vectors are employed. Optimal algorithm is employed to find the vector
which minimizes the chosen cost function. The effect of selecting the cost
function, the number of space vectors on current tracking and common mode
voltage is investigated and reported. The developed technique is tested for
RL load using simulation and experimental approaches.
T ORQUE R IPPLES M INIMIZATION ON DTC C ONTROLLED I NDUCTION M OTOR WITH A DA...csandit
The conventional direct torque control (DTC) method for induction motors suffers from high torque ripples. This document proposes an adaptive bandwidth approach for the hysteresis controllers in DTC to reduce torque ripples. With the adaptive bandwidth approach, the hysteresis bandwidth is determined by the error values from the previous step for stator flux and torque, rather than using a fixed bandwidth. Simulation results show the proposed adaptive bandwidth DTC (AB-DTC) method can reduce torque ripples by around 60% compared to conventional DTC under both unloaded and loaded motor conditions.
IRJET- Different Control Strategies for Power Control of Voltage Source Conve...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares different control strategies for power control of voltage source converters in microgrids, including proportional-integral controllers, proportional-resonant controllers, vector control, and hysteresis current control. It describes issues with traditional PI control approaches and how alternative strategies can help address these issues. Specific control methods covered include a novel self-tuning PI controller, proportional-resonant controllers, vector control of voltage source converters to suppress voltage fluctuations, a vector control strategy for grid-tied converters, and hysteresis current control for interfacing renewable energy sources to a microgrid.
IRJET- Level of Service & Throughput Maximization at Operational Toll PlazasIRJET Journal
This document discusses different control strategies for power control of voltage source converters in microgrids. It begins by summarizing a novel self-tuning PI controller that uses a critic agent to continuously assess performance and adjust PI gains. It then discusses proportional resonant controllers that can eliminate steady state error and selectively compensate harmonics. Another method proposes controlling vector-controlled voltage source converters to suppress dc-link voltage fluctuations during faults. Finally, it examines a hysteresis current controller for an inverter interfacing renewable energy sources with a microgrid.
Space Vector Modulation Based Direct Matrix Converter for Stand-Alone systemIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) is used for wind power generation in standalone system due to their feature of high efficiency and low maintenance cost, which was fed with smart direct matrix converter for direct AC-AC conversion, It provides sinusoidal output waveforms with minimal higher order harmonics and no sub harmonics and also it eliminate the usage of dc-link and other passive elements. Space vector modulation (SVM) controlled technique is used for matrix converter switching which can eliminate the switching loses by selected switching states. Proposed work is often seen as a future concept for variable speed drives technology. The proposed model for RL load was analysed and verified by varying the resistor and inductance value and analysed using MATLAB simulation.
Real Coded Genetic Algorithm Based Improvement of Efficiency in Interleaved B...IJPEDS-IAES
The reliability, efficiency, and controllability of Photo Voltaic power systems can be increased by embedding the components of a Boost Converter. Currently, the converter technology overcomes the main problems of manufacturing cost, efficiency and mass production. Issue to limit the life span of a Photo Voltaic inverter is the huge electrolytic capacitor across the Direct Current bus for energy decoupling. This paper presents a two-phase interleaved boost converter which ensures 180 angle phase shift between the two interleaved converters. The Proportional Integral controller is used to reshape that the controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the control inputs and also real coded genetic algorithm is proposed for tuning of controlling parameters of Proportional Integral controller. The real coded genetic algorithm is applied in the Interleaved Boost Converter with Advanced Pulse Width Modulation Techniques for improving the results of efficiency and reduction of ripple current. Simulation results illustrate the improvement of efficiency and the diminution of ripple current.
In this paper, a detail design and description of a predictive current control scheme are adopted for three-phase grid-connected two-level inverter and its application in wind energy conversion systems. Despite its advantages, the predictive current controller is very sensitive to parameter variations which could eventually affected on system stability. To solve this problem, an estimation technique proposed to identify the value of harmonic filter parameter based on Model reference adaptive system (MRAS). Lyapunov stability theory is selected to guarantee a robust adaptation and stable response over large system parameter variation. The simulation results shows the efficiency of the proposed techniques to improve the current tracking performance.
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
The document discusses micro inverters, which convert direct current from solar panels into alternating current. It examines two common inverter control methods - voltage source inverter control and power-type PWM inverter control. It then proposes an improved PWM inverter control system that can achieve maximum power point tracking and ensure high power quality from photovoltaic cells. Simulation results show the improved system controls grid current waveform and achieves unity power factor while allowing arbitrary power output. The methodology section outlines the system components and PWM pulse generation process. It examines types of single-phase grid-connected inverters and concludes the improved control method regulates voltage/current waveforms and stability while enabling flexible power transfer.
Modeling Optimization Voltage Index Unified Power Flow Controller Equivalent ...IJMTST Journal
This paper presents an active-reactive power control strategy for voltage source converters (VSCs) based on derivation of the direct and quadrature components of the VSC output current. The proposed method utilizes a multivariable proportional-integral controller and provides almost completely decoupled control capability of the active and reactive power with almost full disturbance rejection due to step changes in the power exchanged between the VSC and the grid. It also imposes fast transient response and zero steady-state error as compared to the conventional power control approaches. The applicability of the proposed power control strategy for providing the robust stability of the system against the uncertainties of the load parameters is also investigated. The superiority of the proposed control strategy over conventional approaches in the new condition of supplying the load is demonstrated. The theoretical aspects of the proposed multivariable-based power control strategy and the conventional approaches are reviewed and simulation results are presented in two separate sections. MATLAB/Simulink 2009a is used to simulate different scenarios of the simulation.
IRJET- Different Techniques for Reducing Swag & Swell in Distribution Transfo...IRJET Journal
1) The document reviews different techniques for reducing swag and swell in distribution transformers, including series voltage regulators.
2) Several approaches are discussed for mitigating voltage sags and swells, including on-load tap changers, static series regulators, dynamic sag correctors, and dynamic voltage restorers.
3) The review evaluates control algorithms for series voltage regulators to provide reliable voltage regulation and compensation for disturbances like sags and swells.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
More Related Content
Similar to Fuzzy control of synchronous buck converters utilizing fuzzy inference system for renewable energy applications
1. The document proposes a continuous sliding mode control strategy for a voltage source inverter to address issues from load variations and current sensor faults.
2. A novel boundary-based saturation function is designed where the boundary thickness depends on the PWM signal generation, reducing chattering while maintaining robustness against load changes.
3. A particle swarm optimization-based modified observer is used to estimate inductor current without current sensors, optimizing observer gains to minimize estimation errors.
IRJET- Hybrid Feed Forward Control for Power Factor Correction RectifierIRJET Journal
This document discusses a hybrid feed forward control method for a power factor correction (PFC) rectifier based on a four-switch buck-boost converter. The converter operates continuously across the line cycle, transitioning smoothly between buck and boost modes. A controller computes duty cycles based on sensed inductor current and output voltage to implement PFC functionality. The converter is simulated in Matlab Simulink. Parameters like efficiency and voltage regulation are recorded. This control architecture simplifies hardware requirements compared to traditional boost converters and achieves good power factor and efficiency.
This paper presents harmonic analysis of matrix converter using different control technique for balance and Unbalance three phase input voltage of reactive load. Since Matrix converter is subject to affected either by external disturbance or by load conditions. Due to this the supply voltage becomes unbalance. This cause improper switching of matrix converter results higher harmonics. This harmonics are harmful to the quality of the output power. The switching sequence of the matrix converter is controlled by vector control method. Different control technique is proposed in this paper to get optimized result with reduced harmonic for unbalanced and balance input voltage using PID, Fractional Order PID (PIλDδ) controller (FOPID), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)FOPID. PID control technique result are compared with other optimization technique for best optimum output. The FOPID controller is used to compensates the current and also improvise the quality of energy by reducing the harmonic content. The simulations and hardware results will be presented and interpreted. The effectivess of the proposed system is proven with the results is shown in this paper which produce a better steady state lesser transient rather than the conventional PID method.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
This document describes a simulation model developed for testing microgrid and distributed energy resource (DER) control methods. The simulation model was built in PSIM software to emulate a hardware test bench consisting of a synchronous generator, DC motor prime mover, and CPT E13 inverter controller. The simulation allows development of automatic voltage regulation (AVR) and governor control methods to regulate the generator's output voltage and frequency. Software controllers developed using the simulation model were then tested on the physical hardware system to validate the simulation as a design tool.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes control techniques for improving the performance of a modular multilevel converter (MMC) based static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The control aims to minimize variations in STATCOM operation with the grid and within the MMC itself. It achieves this by employing voltage compensation in the external control and virtual impedance in the capacitor voltage control of a five-level MMC. The proposed control is evaluated to provide an enhanced overall system response by reducing transient disturbances and balancing capacitor voltages more effectively compared to conventional proportional-integral control alone.
Current control scheme is commonly used in high voltage direct current (HVDC) to transmit power delivery. This scheme is done by adjusting trigger angle to regulate direct current (DC) in thyristor devices. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) control is widely applied for start and fault operation. But, solution for transient response of DC current in HVDC system is not clearly studied before. In this paper, supplementary control (SC) based on ANFIS is proposed to improve the transient response of the current. The SC control is designed by learning-processes and SC parameters are obtained by data-training automatically. For current reference at 1.05 pu and up-ramp at 20 pu/s, maximum overshoot is achieved at 5.12% and 7.72% for the SC and proportional integral controller (PIC), respectively. When the up-ramp is increased to 28 pu/s, the maximum overshoot is achieved at 10.01% for the SC. While, the peak overshoot for the PIC is 14.28%.
Performance comparison of different control strategies for the regulation of ...IJECEIAES
This document compares three control strategies - voltage mode control (VMC), current mode control (CMC), and sliding mode control (SMC) - for regulating the output voltage of a negative output super-lift Luo converter (NOSLC). Simulation results show that SMC provides the best performance with fast response, low ripple, and ability to maintain a constant output voltage under changing load conditions. SMC also outperforms VMC and CMC in terms of tracking the reference voltage, settling time, rise time, and overshoot. The document concludes that SMC is the most effective control method for the NOSLC.
Finite State Predictive Current and Common Mode Voltage Control of a Seven-ph...IAES-IJPEDS
The paper illustrates finite set predictive current control (FSPC) along with
common mode voltage control of a seven-phase voltage source inverter
(VSI). The current and common mode voltage (CMV) controls are done
considering a finite set of control actions. The space vector model of a sevenphase
voltage source inverter produces 27 = 128 space voltage vectors, with
126 active and two zero vectors. Out of 126 space vectors 112 are distinct
and 14 are redundant vectors. To control the current and the common mode
voltage, specific set of space vectors are chosen that minimizes the
magnitude of the CMV and makes it a dc signal and simultaneously track the
reference current. Hence no common mode current can flow. Three sets of
space vectors are used for switching actuation, in one case only 15 vectors
are used (14 active and one zero), in second case 14 vectors are used,
followed by use of 8 space vectors (7 large and one zero) and finally 7 large
vectors are employed. Optimal algorithm is employed to find the vector
which minimizes the chosen cost function. The effect of selecting the cost
function, the number of space vectors on current tracking and common mode
voltage is investigated and reported. The developed technique is tested for
RL load using simulation and experimental approaches.
T ORQUE R IPPLES M INIMIZATION ON DTC C ONTROLLED I NDUCTION M OTOR WITH A DA...csandit
The conventional direct torque control (DTC) method for induction motors suffers from high torque ripples. This document proposes an adaptive bandwidth approach for the hysteresis controllers in DTC to reduce torque ripples. With the adaptive bandwidth approach, the hysteresis bandwidth is determined by the error values from the previous step for stator flux and torque, rather than using a fixed bandwidth. Simulation results show the proposed adaptive bandwidth DTC (AB-DTC) method can reduce torque ripples by around 60% compared to conventional DTC under both unloaded and loaded motor conditions.
IRJET- Different Control Strategies for Power Control of Voltage Source Conve...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares different control strategies for power control of voltage source converters in microgrids, including proportional-integral controllers, proportional-resonant controllers, vector control, and hysteresis current control. It describes issues with traditional PI control approaches and how alternative strategies can help address these issues. Specific control methods covered include a novel self-tuning PI controller, proportional-resonant controllers, vector control of voltage source converters to suppress voltage fluctuations, a vector control strategy for grid-tied converters, and hysteresis current control for interfacing renewable energy sources to a microgrid.
IRJET- Level of Service & Throughput Maximization at Operational Toll PlazasIRJET Journal
This document discusses different control strategies for power control of voltage source converters in microgrids. It begins by summarizing a novel self-tuning PI controller that uses a critic agent to continuously assess performance and adjust PI gains. It then discusses proportional resonant controllers that can eliminate steady state error and selectively compensate harmonics. Another method proposes controlling vector-controlled voltage source converters to suppress dc-link voltage fluctuations during faults. Finally, it examines a hysteresis current controller for an inverter interfacing renewable energy sources with a microgrid.
Space Vector Modulation Based Direct Matrix Converter for Stand-Alone systemIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) is used for wind power generation in standalone system due to their feature of high efficiency and low maintenance cost, which was fed with smart direct matrix converter for direct AC-AC conversion, It provides sinusoidal output waveforms with minimal higher order harmonics and no sub harmonics and also it eliminate the usage of dc-link and other passive elements. Space vector modulation (SVM) controlled technique is used for matrix converter switching which can eliminate the switching loses by selected switching states. Proposed work is often seen as a future concept for variable speed drives technology. The proposed model for RL load was analysed and verified by varying the resistor and inductance value and analysed using MATLAB simulation.
Real Coded Genetic Algorithm Based Improvement of Efficiency in Interleaved B...IJPEDS-IAES
The reliability, efficiency, and controllability of Photo Voltaic power systems can be increased by embedding the components of a Boost Converter. Currently, the converter technology overcomes the main problems of manufacturing cost, efficiency and mass production. Issue to limit the life span of a Photo Voltaic inverter is the huge electrolytic capacitor across the Direct Current bus for energy decoupling. This paper presents a two-phase interleaved boost converter which ensures 180 angle phase shift between the two interleaved converters. The Proportional Integral controller is used to reshape that the controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the control inputs and also real coded genetic algorithm is proposed for tuning of controlling parameters of Proportional Integral controller. The real coded genetic algorithm is applied in the Interleaved Boost Converter with Advanced Pulse Width Modulation Techniques for improving the results of efficiency and reduction of ripple current. Simulation results illustrate the improvement of efficiency and the diminution of ripple current.
In this paper, a detail design and description of a predictive current control scheme are adopted for three-phase grid-connected two-level inverter and its application in wind energy conversion systems. Despite its advantages, the predictive current controller is very sensitive to parameter variations which could eventually affected on system stability. To solve this problem, an estimation technique proposed to identify the value of harmonic filter parameter based on Model reference adaptive system (MRAS). Lyapunov stability theory is selected to guarantee a robust adaptation and stable response over large system parameter variation. The simulation results shows the efficiency of the proposed techniques to improve the current tracking performance.
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
The document discusses micro inverters, which convert direct current from solar panels into alternating current. It examines two common inverter control methods - voltage source inverter control and power-type PWM inverter control. It then proposes an improved PWM inverter control system that can achieve maximum power point tracking and ensure high power quality from photovoltaic cells. Simulation results show the improved system controls grid current waveform and achieves unity power factor while allowing arbitrary power output. The methodology section outlines the system components and PWM pulse generation process. It examines types of single-phase grid-connected inverters and concludes the improved control method regulates voltage/current waveforms and stability while enabling flexible power transfer.
Modeling Optimization Voltage Index Unified Power Flow Controller Equivalent ...IJMTST Journal
This paper presents an active-reactive power control strategy for voltage source converters (VSCs) based on derivation of the direct and quadrature components of the VSC output current. The proposed method utilizes a multivariable proportional-integral controller and provides almost completely decoupled control capability of the active and reactive power with almost full disturbance rejection due to step changes in the power exchanged between the VSC and the grid. It also imposes fast transient response and zero steady-state error as compared to the conventional power control approaches. The applicability of the proposed power control strategy for providing the robust stability of the system against the uncertainties of the load parameters is also investigated. The superiority of the proposed control strategy over conventional approaches in the new condition of supplying the load is demonstrated. The theoretical aspects of the proposed multivariable-based power control strategy and the conventional approaches are reviewed and simulation results are presented in two separate sections. MATLAB/Simulink 2009a is used to simulate different scenarios of the simulation.
IRJET- Different Techniques for Reducing Swag & Swell in Distribution Transfo...IRJET Journal
1) The document reviews different techniques for reducing swag and swell in distribution transformers, including series voltage regulators.
2) Several approaches are discussed for mitigating voltage sags and swells, including on-load tap changers, static series regulators, dynamic sag correctors, and dynamic voltage restorers.
3) The review evaluates control algorithms for series voltage regulators to provide reliable voltage regulation and compensation for disturbances like sags and swells.
Similar to Fuzzy control of synchronous buck converters utilizing fuzzy inference system for renewable energy applications (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
Fuzzy control of synchronous buck converters utilizing fuzzy inference system for renewable energy applications
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023, pp. 5076∼5090
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i5.pp5076-5090 ❒ 5076
Fuzzy control of synchronous buck converters utilizing
fuzzy inference system for renewable energy applications
Fredy Martı́nez, Holman Montiel, Fernando Martı́nez
Facultad Tecnológica, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
Article Info
Article history:
Received Apr 6, 2023
Revised Apr 16, 2023
Accepted Apr 24, 2023
Keywords:
Adaptive control
Fuzzy control
Multivariable control
Renewable energy systems
Synchronous buck converter
Voltage regulation
ABSTRACT
In the present research, an innovative fuzzy control approach is developed
specifically for synchronous buck converters utilized in renewable energy ap-
plications. The proposed control strategy effectively manages load changes,
nonlinear loads, and input voltage variations while improving both stability and
transient response. The method employs a fuzzy inference system (FIS) that
integrates adaptive control, feedforward control, and multivariable control to
guarantee optimal performance under a wide range of operating conditions. The
design of the control scheme involves formulating a rule base connecting input
variables to an output variable, which signifies the duty cycle of the switching
signal. The rule base is configured to dynamically modify control rules and
membership functions in accordance with load conditions, input voltage fluctu-
ations, and other contributing factors. The performance of the control scheme
is evaluated in comparison to conventional techniques, such as proportional in-
tegral derivative (PID) control. Results indicate that the advanced fuzzy control
approach surpasses traditional methods in terms of voltage regulation, stability,
and transient response, particularly when faced with variable load conditions
and input voltage changes. As a result, this control scheme is highly compatible
with renewable energy systems, encompassing solar and wind power installa-
tions where input voltage and load conditions may experience considerable fluc-
tuations. This research highlights the potential of the proposed fuzzy control
approach to significantly enhance the performance and reliability of renewable
energy systems.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Fredy Martı́nez
Facultad Tecnológica, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
Carrera 7 No 40B-53, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
Email: fhmartinezs@udistrital.edu.co
1. INTRODUCTION
Synchronous buck converters are an essential component in power electronics, playing a crucial role
in voltage regulation, power management, and energy conversion [1]–[3]. They are widely used in a variety of
applications, including mobile devices, computer systems, automotive electronics, and industrial equipment,
among others [4], [5]. The primary function of the synchronous buck converter is to step-down a high input
voltage to a lower output voltage, while maintaining high efficiency, low ripple, and fast transient response [6].
The output voltage can be regulated by adjusting the duty cycle of the switching signal, which controls the
on/off times of the high-side and low-side power switches [7]. The synchronous buck converter operates under
two distinct conduction modes based on the load current and inductor value: continuous conduction mode
(CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) [8], [9].
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 5077
One of the main challenges in designing a synchronous buck converter is achieving precise voltage
regulation under varying load conditions, input voltage fluctuations, and temperature changes [10]. To address
this challenge, the control strategy of the synchronous buck converter plays a critical role in ensuring stable
and efficient operation. Traditionally, analog control circuits such as voltage-mode control (VMC) and current-
mode control (CMC) have been used for synchronous buck converters, which rely on passive components such
as resistors, capacitors, and inductors to regulate the output voltage [11]. However, analog control circuits have
limitations in terms of accuracy, flexibility, and adaptability to changing conditions.
To overcome these limitations, the embedded-based control strategy is increasingly being used in syn-
chronous buck converters [12], [13]. The digital embedded system acts as the brain of the converter, providing
precise and adaptive control of the switching signal based on the feedback signal from the output voltage and
current sensors. The embedded system can implement various control algorithms such as pulse-width modula-
tion (PWM), maximum power point tracking (MPPT), and feedforward control, depending on the application
requirements. The use of microcontroller-based control strategy as digital embedded system offers several ad-
vantages, including high accuracy, flexibility, programmability, and the ability to implement advanced control
algorithms [14], [15].
In addition to precise voltage regulation, the microcontroller-based control strategy also enables the
implementation of other advanced features such as fault detection, protection, and communication [16], [17].
The microcontroller can monitor the input voltage, output voltage, and current, and detect abnormal conditions
such as overvoltage, undervoltage, overcurrent, and short-circuit [18]. In the event of a fault, the microcontroller
can activate protection mechanisms such as shutdown, current limiting, or voltage clamping to prevent damage
to the converter and the load [19]. Furthermore, the microcontroller can communicate with other devices in the
system using protocols such as I2C, SPI, or CAN, enabling advanced system-level control and monitoring.
Several operating principles are used to analyze the behavior of synchronous buck converters, includ-
ing the duty cycle, the switching frequency, and the input and output voltages [20], [21]. The duty cycle is
defined as the ratio of the on-time of the high-side switch to the switching period, and determines the output
voltage. The switching frequency is the number of times the switches change state per second, and affects
the efficiency and ripple of the converter. The input and output voltages determine the power transfer and the
voltage regulation of the converter. Various mathematical models and simulation tools have been developed to
analyze the behavior of synchronous buck converters under different operating conditions [22].
Several control strategies are used to regulate the output voltage of synchronous buck converters, in-
cluding voltage-mode control (VMC), current-mode control (CMC), and peak current control (PCC) [23], [24].
VMC regulates the output voltage by adjusting the duty cycle of the switching signal, while CMC regulates the
output current by sensing the inductor current and adjusting the switching signal accordingly. PCC regulates
the peak inductor current by sensing the input voltage and adjusting the on-time of the high-side switch. Each
control strategy has its advantages and limitations, depending on the application requirements [25]. In addition,
various advanced control techniques such as adaptive control, fuzzy logic control, and neural network control
have been proposed to improve the performance of synchronous buck converters [26].
Despite their advantages, synchronous buck converters have some limitations that need to be ad-
dressed, such as high ripple voltage, voltage overshoot, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) [27]. The high
ripple voltage is caused by the switching action of the power switches and the parasitic capacitance of the
circuit, leading to increased output voltage ripple and decreased efficiency. Voltage overshoot occurs when the
output voltage exceeds the target value due to the parasitic capacitance and inductance of the circuit, leading
to instability and reduced reliability. EMI is generated by the high-frequency switching of the power switches,
causing interference with other electronic devices and affecting their performance.
In recent years, various control strategies have been proposed for buck converters. These control
methods can be broadly classified into linear and nonlinear techniques. Linear control techniques focus on
achieving maximum efficiency while avoiding complexity, whereas nonlinear control techniques aim to utilize
the full dynamic capabilities of the converter. This section presents a brief review of existing control strategies
for buck converters, including their advantages and limitations.
Izci et al. [28] proposed a hybrid metaheuristic optimization algorithm, the artificial ecosystem-
based optimization integrated with Nelder-Mead (AEONM) method, to design an optimal proportional inte-
gral derivative (PID) controller for output voltage regulation of DC-DC buck converters. The performance of
the AEONM-based PID was compared with other optimization algorithms, and it was found to be superior in
enhancing the buck converter’s transient and frequency responses. Ahmad et al. [29] presented a data-driven
Fuzzy control of synchronous buck converters utilizing fuzzy inference system for ... (Fredy Martı́nez)
3. 5078 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
sigmoid-based PI controller for tracking the angular velocity of a DC motor powered by a DC-DC buck con-
verter. The proposed method demonstrated better control performance compared to conventional PI controllers
and other existing approaches.
Ghamari et al. [30] designed a fractional-order fuzzy PID (FO-F-PID) controller for buck converters in
the presence of harmful disturbances. The proposed method utilized the antlion optimization (ALO) algorithm
for tuning the FO-PID gains, resulting in more accurate responses and robustness against disturbances and
parametric variations. Hanif et al. [31] proposed a piecewise affine proportional-integral (PA-PI) controller for
angular velocity tracking of a DC motor powered by a buck converter. The simulation results showed that the
PA-PI controller offered higher control accuracy compared to other existing controllers.
Warrier and Shah [32] described the optimal design of a fractional order PID (FOPID) controller
for a buck converter using the cohort intelligence (CI) optimization approach. The FOPID controller demon-
strated faster transient and dynamic response characteristics compared to conventional PID controllers, and
it performed well in comparison with other optimization techniques. Soriano-Sánchez et al. [33] proposed
a fractional-order PID controller for DC-DC converters. The controller was synthesized using a biquadratic
approximation, which provided a flat phase response in a band-limited frequency spectrum. The fractional-
order PID controller showed a faster and stable regulation capacity compared to typical PID controllers.
Ghazali et al. [34] utilized a model-free PID controller for a DC/DC buck-boost converter-inverter-DC motor
structure. The adaptive safe experimentation dynamics (ASED) algorithm was used for tuning the PID con-
troller, providing high precision control for the complex, nonlinear, and high-dimensional MIMO structure of
the system. The proposed approach achieved convergence stability and minimized the objective function in
comparison with the conventional safe experimentation dynamics (SED) method.
The objective of this research is to investigate the control strategy of a synchronous buck converter
controlled from a microcontroller. The specific problem that the paper aims to address is the development
of a precise and adaptive control strategy that can regulate the output voltage of the converter under varying
load conditions, input voltage fluctuations, and temperature changes. The paper hypothesizes that the use of
a microcontroller-based control strategy can improve the performance and reliability of the synchronous buck
converter by providing accurate and flexible control of the switching signal.
To achieve this objective, the paper will first analyze the operating principles of the synchronous buck
converter and the existing control strategies, including their advantages and limitations. The paper will then
propose a microcontroller-based control strategy that can adapt to changing conditions and implement advanced
control algorithms. The proposed control strategy will be implemented in hardware and tested under various
load conditions, input voltage fluctuations, and temperature changes. The performance of the converter will be
evaluated based on key parameters such as efficiency, voltage regulation, ripple voltage, and transient response.
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Synchronous buck converters play a vital role in the domain of power electronics, offering numerous
benefits in voltage regulation, power management, and energy conversion for various applications [3]. How-
ever, they face challenges in achieving precise voltage regulation under varying load conditions, input voltage
fluctuations, and temperature changes [5]. Although traditional analog control circuits, such as voltage-mode
control (VMC) and current-mode control (CMC), have been employed for synchronous buck converters, they
have limitations in terms of accuracy, flexibility, and adaptability to changing conditions.
The advent of embedded-based control strategies, specifically microcontroller-based control strate-
gies, has addressed some of the limitations of analog control circuits [5]. These digital embedded systems
provide precise and adaptive control based on the feedback signal from the output voltage and current sensors.
Moreover, they enable the implementation of advanced features such as fault detection, protection, and com-
munication. Nonetheless, synchronous buck converters still face issues such as high ripple voltage, voltage
overshoot, and electromagnetic interference (EMI), which impact their efficiency, stability, and reliability.
This research aims to address the problem of developing a precise and adaptive control strategy for
synchronous buck converters that can regulate the output voltage under varying load conditions, input voltage
fluctuations, and temperature changes. The hypothesis is that employing a microcontroller-based control strat-
egy can enhance the performance and reliability of synchronous buck converters by providing accurate and
flexible control of the switching signal.
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5076-5090
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 5079
One of the major challenges in controlling synchronous buck converters is their non-linear and time-
varying nature, which arises from input voltage fluctuations, load variations, and non-linear loads. Conven-
tional control strategies, such as proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, have limitations when it comes
to addressing these challenges. Consequently, the development of advanced control strategies tailored for syn-
chronous buck converters is essential to improve their performance and ensure stable operation under varying
conditions.
In this context, fuzzy control has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional control methods.
Fuzzy control is a robust and adaptive approach that can handle uncertainties and nonlinearities effectively. This
study aims to introduce an advanced fuzzy control scheme tailored for synchronous buck converters employed
in renewable energy systems. The proposed control strategy addresses load variations, nonlinear loads, and
input voltage fluctuations, while simultaneously enhancing stability and transient response.
3. METHOD
The development of the prototype required careful selection of elements, with particular attention paid
to availability, robustness, accuracy, energy consumption, and cost. The main components included a micro-
controller, a synchronous buck converter, current and voltage sensors, and a gate driver. The microcontroller
was chosen based on its processing capabilities, low energy consumption, and ease of integration with the fuzzy
control scheme. The synchronous buck converter was selected for its high efficiency and wide range of input
voltages, making it suitable for renewable energy applications. Current and voltage sensors were chosen for
their accuracy and compatibility with the microcontroller’s analog-to-digital converters.
The buck converter, a power conversion circuit, is capable of regulating direct current (DC) output
voltages to levels below the input values. It operates with a single switch, which necessitates the use of only
one control signal. A variation of the traditional power stage of the buck converter is the synchronous buck
converter. Figure 1 shows the general topology of the buck converter, in Figure 1(a) the traditional scheme
with a diode and a single controlled switch, and in Figure 1(b) the synchronous buck in which the two switches
are directly controlled. In this design, the power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET)
replaces the freewheeling diode. The advantages of this modification include improved efficiency, reduced
conduction losses, and enhanced control of the converter’s operation. The MOSFET is meticulously chosen
so that its conduction losses are minimized in comparison to the diode’s losses, thereby increasing the over-
all efficiency of the converter. This enhanced efficiency leads to reduced energy consumption and superior
performance in various power conversion applications.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Equivalent circuit of the power stage (a) traditional buck converter and (b) synchronous buck
converter
3.1. Operating principles
The power stage of a synchronous buck converter consists of two semiconductor switches, typically
metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), arranged in a bridge-leg configuration. An
inductor is connected at the common point between the two switches, serving as the energy storage element. A
capacitor is employed as the output filter at the converter’s output, smoothing the voltage ripple and maintaining
a stable output voltage. The synchronous buck converter is capable of bidirectional operation, allowing for both
step-down (buck) and step-up (boost) modes, determined by the direction of power flow.
In the step-down mode, pulse width modulated (PWM) pulses are applied to the high-side switch (Q1),
controlling the duty cycle and regulating the output voltage. Conversely, the step-up operation is established by
Fuzzy control of synchronous buck converters utilizing fuzzy inference system for ... (Fredy Martı́nez)
5. 5080 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
applying PWM pulses to the low-side switch (Q2). In either mode, the anti-parallel diode of the inactive switch
functions as a freewheeling diode, providing a path for the inductor current when the corresponding switch is
off.
The equivalent circuits and current flow paths for each operating condition, including the different
states of the switches and the direction of current flow through the inductor and freewheeling diodes, are il-
lustrated in Figures 2(a) to 2(c). These diagrams provide a visual representation of the synchronous buck
converter’s operation, allowing for better understanding of the converter’s behavior and analysis of its perfor-
mance under various conditions. There are three distinct stages in the control cycle, during the body driving of
Q1, during the diode driving of Q2, and during the body driving of Q2.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 2. Equivalent circuits in each operating interval (a) Q1 tON time interval, (b) Q1 tOF F time interval
and Q2 antiparallel diode conduction, and (c) Q1 tOF F time interval and Q2 MOSFET body conduction
(synchronous rectification mode)
One key aspect of the synchronous buck converter is the interaction between the switches, the inductor,
and the output capacitor. The inductor plays a critical role in storing and releasing energy during the switching
cycles, while the output capacitor ensures that the output voltage remains stable and minimizes voltage ripple.
The proper selection and sizing of these components are crucial for achieving desired performance metrics,
such as efficiency, transient response, and voltage regulation.
One highly effective strategy to minimize conduction losses and enhance the overall system efficiency
of a DC/DC converter is the implementation of synchronous rectification. This technique involves activating
the low-side switch (Q2) during the time intervals when its freewheeling diode would otherwise conduct. By
replacing the diode with a low on-resistance MOSFET, the voltage drop and associated power losses during the
conduction phase can be significantly reduced.
The bootstrap driving technique, commonly used to provide the gate drive voltage for the high-side
switch (Q1), necessitates a minimum duration pulse in each switching cycle. This minimum pulse duration is
essential to supply the required charge to the bootstrap capacitor, ensuring proper gate drive voltage for the high-
side switch. While it is not mandatory to cover the entire conduction interval of the diode with synchronous
operation, doing so can yield substantial improvements in efficiency.
The dynamic model of a synchronous buck converter is characterized by its transfer function, as rep-
resented in (1). This equation delineates the relationship between the input, which is the duty cycle of the (Q1)
switch, and the output, which corresponds to the output voltage.
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5076-5090
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 5081
G (s) =
V0 (s)
d (s)
=
Vin
s2LC + s L
RL
+ 1
(1)
Synchronous rectification is particularly advantageous in low voltage applications, where diode con-
duction losses are critical due to the relatively higher forward voltage drop of the diode in comparison to the low
output voltage. By minimizing these losses, the overall efficiency of the power converter can be significantly
improved, leading to better thermal management and extended component lifetime.
The concept of synchronous rectification is well-suited for DC/DC converters operating in continuous
conduction mode (CCM) with a constant switching frequency. In this mode of operation, the inductor current
remains continuous, and the time intervals for synchronous operation can be readily determined, allowing for
optimized control of the low-side switch (Q2).
The proposed fuzzy control scheme facilitates the implementation of synchronous rectification mode
by maintaining a constant switching frequency, providing a stable and predictable switching pattern. This
control strategy not only enables the efficient operation of the converter but also ensures fast transient response
and precise output voltage regulation, making it a highly desirable approach for various applications, including
power supplies, battery chargers, and voltage regulators.
3.2. Microcontroller-based control
The system operates by controlling the duty cycle of the switching signal applied to the synchronous
buck converter, thereby regulating the output voltage. The fuzzy inference system (FIS) receives input vari-
ables, such as load conditions and input voltage fluctuations, and processes them according to the rule base.
The output variable, representing the duty cycle, is then fed to the gate driver to adjust the switching signal
accordingly. The microcontroller, acting as the central processing unit, oversees the entire operation, executing
the fuzzy control algorithm and managing communication between sensors and the FIS. The adaptive con-
trol component of the FIS allows for dynamic adjustments in response to varying conditions, ensuring stable
operation and optimal performance.
In this investigation, the control technique is implemented using the Espressif Systems ESP32 micro-
controller, which is an ideal choice for executing complex digital algorithms due to its high clock speed and
powerful processing capabilities. Unlike traditional analog approaches, the ESP32 microcontroller integrates
key components such as slope compensation, error amplifier, and PWM generator within its architecture, op-
erating in the discrete time domain. As a result, the implementation of the fuzzy control mechanism can be
achieved using just one microcontroller, thereby eliminating the need for additional external components and
simplifying the overall system design. Figure 3 provides a detailed schematic representation of the proposed
control strategy, highlighting the interaction between various components and illustrating the efficiency and
compactness of the digital control solution.
Figure 3. Block diagram of the experimental set-up
Fuzzy control of synchronous buck converters utilizing fuzzy inference system for ... (Fredy Martı́nez)
7. 5082 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
The implementation of the fuzzy control scheme on the ESP32 for the synchronous buck converter,
functioning in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and maintaining a constant switching frequency, aimed to
maximize the converter’s efficiency while fully harnessing the microcontroller’s capabilities. To accomplish
this, the primary objective was to refine the fuzzy controller’s design through a comprehensive approach. This
involved developing a suitable rule base and membership functions that accurately modeled the synchronous
buck converter’s behavior under various scenarios. The rule base encompassed a wide range of possible states
and transitions, ensuring that the controller could adapt to different operating conditions swiftly and effectively.
The membership functions, on the other hand, were carefully crafted to represent the linguistic variables and
their corresponding quantitative values accurately, enabling the controller to make appropriate decisions based
on the system’s state.
In addition, the tuning of these parameters was performed using advanced optimization techniques,
which helped identify the optimal parameter settings to achieve the best control performance. These techniques
significantly improved the controller’s ability to adapt to a wide array of operating conditions, including load
variations, input voltage fluctuations, and temperature changes, ensuring stable and efficient control throughout
the converter’s entire operational range. Moreover, the implementation considered the integration of a robust
supervisory control layer to monitor the system’s performance, enabling the fuzzy controller to adjust its pa-
rameters in real-time based on the system’s dynamic behavior. This adaptive control strategy further enhanced
the efficiency and stability of the synchronous buck converter, even under unpredictable or rapidly changing
conditions.
Subsequently, the ESP32’s processing capabilities were harnessed to execute the fuzzy control al-
gorithm in real-time, guaranteeing swift response times and minimal control latency. The microcontroller’s
built-in peripherals, including high-resolution PWM generators and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), fa-
cilitated accurate measurement and control of the converter’s output voltage, input current, and other pertinent
parameters. Additionally, the advanced features of the ESP32, such as its energy-efficient sleep modes and
configurable clock speeds, were exploited to optimize the control system’s overall power consumption. By im-
plementing an adaptive power management scheme, the microcontroller’s performance could be dynamically
adjusted based on the converter’s operating conditions, striking an optimal balance between computational
power and energy efficiency.
To further enhance the system’s performance, advanced fault detection and diagnostic techniques
were integrated into the control algorithm, allowing the microcontroller to identify and respond to potential
issues such as overcurrent, overvoltage, and thermal overload events. This not only improved the system’s
reliability and safety but also contributed to prolonging the converter’s operational life. Ultimately, a thorough
testing and validation procedure was conducted to confirm the dependable performance of the fuzzy control
implementation. This encompassed an extensive array of simulation, laboratory testing, and field trials under
a wide variety of operating conditions to validate the control scheme’s efficacy in optimizing the efficiency of
the synchronous buck converter while preserving stability and robustness.
During the simulation phase, advanced computer-aided design and analysis tools were employed to
model the converter’s electrical, thermal, and dynamic behavior, enabling the identification and optimization
of critical design parameters and control settings. This facilitated the fine-tuning of the fuzzy control algorithm
and ensured its compatibility with the converter’s performance characteristics. Subsequently, in the laboratory
testing stage, rigorous experiments were conducted on a hardware prototype of the synchronous buck converter
with the ESP32-based fuzzy control system. Various load profiles, input voltage levels, and environmental
conditions were emulated to assess the converter’s response and control performance under realistic operating
scenarios. Key performance metrics, such as efficiency, transient response, and output voltage regulation, were
carefully monitored and compared against predefined benchmarks to ascertain the system’s performance.
3.3. Fuzzy inference system
The FIS structure consists of four primary components: fuzzification, rule base, inference engine,
and defuzzification. The fuzzification module receives input variables and converts them into fuzzy sets using
membership functions. The rule base contains a collection of fuzzy rules that define the control strategy. The
inference engine processes the fuzzy rules using input variables and determines the fuzzy output. The defuzzi-
fication module converts the fuzzy output into a crisp value, which represents the duty cycle of the synchronous
buck converter.
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5076-5090
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 5083
The input variables considered for the FIS are: input voltage fluctuations (error in Vin, ev1), load
current (iL), and battery voltage (error in v0, ev2). These variables allow the FIS to take into account the
characteristics of renewable energy systems, such as varying input voltage and load conditions.
Each input variable is associated with multiple linguistic terms represented by membership functions.
For example, ev1 is categorized into low, medium, and high. Similarly, iL can be defined as light, moderate,
and heavy, while ev2 can be categorized as low, nominal, and high. Triangular and trapezoidal membership
functions are used to describe the relationship between the input variables and their linguistic terms, offering
an intuitive and computationally efficient representation as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Definition of fuzzy sets
The rule base contains fuzzy rules that link input variables to the output variable, which represents
the duty cycle of the synchronous buck converter. These rules are designed to dynamically adjust the control
strategy based on the adaptive control, feedforward control, and multivariable control criteria. For instance, a
sample rule could be: ”If ev1 is High and iL is Heavy and ev2 is Low, then Duty Cycle is High.” The rule base
is devised to cover all possible combinations of input variable conditions, ensuring optimal performance under
diverse operating conditions.
Given the three input variables, we will have a total of 27 rules. Here is the complete rule base:
− If (ev1 is Low) and (iL is Light) and (ev2 is Low), then (Duty Cycle is Low).
− If (ev1 is Low) and (iL is Light) and (ev2 is Nominal), then (Duty Cycle is Low).
− If (ev1 is Low) and (iL is Light) and (ev2 is High), then (Duty Cycle is Medium).
Fuzzy control of synchronous buck converters utilizing fuzzy inference system for ... (Fredy Martı́nez)
9. 5084 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
− If (ev1 is Low) and (iL is Moderate) and (ev2 is Low), then (Duty Cycle is Low).
− If (ev1 is Low) and (iL is Moderate) and (ev2 is Nominal), then (Duty Cycle is Medium).
− If (ev1 is Low) and (iL is Moderate) and (ev2 is High), then (Duty Cycle is High).
− If (ev1 is Low) and (iL is Heavy) and (ev2 is Low), then (Duty Cycle is Medium).
− If (ev1 is Low) and (iL is Heavy) and (ev2 is Nominal), then (Duty Cycle is Medium).
− If (ev1 is Low) and (iL is Heavy) and (ev2 is High), then (Duty Cycle is High).
− If (ev1 is Medium) and (iL is Light) and (ev2 is Low), then (Duty Cycle is Low).
− If (ev1 is Medium) and (iL is Light) and (ev2 is Nominal), then (Duty Cycle is Medium).
− If (ev1 is Medium) and (iL is Light) and (ev2 is High), then (Duty Cycle is Medium).
− If (ev1 is Medium) and (iL is Moderate) and (ev2 is Low), then (Duty Cycle is Medium).
− If (ev1 is Medium) and (iL is Moderate) and (ev2 is Nominal), then (Duty Cycle is Medium).
− If (ev1 is Medium) and (iL is Moderate) and (ev2 is High), then (Duty Cycle is High).
− If (ev1 is Medium) and (iL is Heavy) and (ev2 is Low), then (Duty Cycle is Medium).
− If (ev1 is Medium) and (iL is Heavy) and (ev2 is Nominal), then (Duty Cycle is High).
− If (ev1 is Medium) and (iL is Heavy) and (ev2 is High), then (Duty Cycle is High).
− If (ev1 is High) and (iL is Light) and (ev2 is Low), then (Duty Cycle is Medium).
− If (ev1 is High) and (iL is Light) and (ev2 is Nominal), then (Duty Cycle is Medium).
− If (ev1 is High) and (iL is Light) and (ev2 is High), then (Duty Cycle is High).
− If (ev1 is High) and (iL is Moderate) and (ev2 is Low), then (Duty Cycle is Medium).
− If (ev1 is High) and (iL is Moderate) and (ev2 is Nominal), then (Duty Cycle is High).
− If (ev1 is High) and (iL is Moderate) and (ev2 is High), then (Duty Cycle is High).
− If (ev1 is High) and (iL is Heavy) and (ev2 is Low), then (Duty Cycle is High).
− If (ev1 is High) and (iL is Heavy) and (ev2 is Nominal), then (Duty Cycle is High).
− If (ev1 is High) and (iL is Heavy) and (ev2 is High), then (Duty Cycle is High).
The inference engine processes the fuzzy rules using input variables to determine the fuzzy output.
The Mamdani inference method is employed in the FIS, as it is widely used in control applications and offers
a good balance between complexity and performance. The Mamdani method calculates the output fuzzy sets
based on the input fuzzy sets and the rules’ antecedents, then combines these output fuzzy sets using the union
operator.
The defuzzification module converts the fuzzy output into a crisp value, representing the duty cycle of
the synchronous buck converter. The center of gravity (centroid) method is used for defuzzification due to its
accuracy and widespread use in control applications. The crisp duty cycle value is then fed to the gate driver to
adjust the switching signal accordingly.
To determine the membership functions for each linguistic term of the input variables, we used a
combination of expert knowledge and empirical analysis of the system’s behavior. The membership functions
are defined as follows:
For ev1 (error in Vin):
µLow(ev1) = trapmf(ev1, [0, 0, 0, 1])
µMedium(ev1) = trimf(ev1, [0.5, 1, 1])
µHigh(ev1) = trapmf(ev1, [0, 1, 1, 1])
For iL (load current):
µLow(iL) = trapmf(iL, [0, 0, 0, 1])
µMedium(iL) = trimf(iL, [0.5, 1, 1])
µHigh(iL) = trapmf(iL, [0, 1, 1, 1])
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5076-5090
10. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 5085
For ev2 (error in v0):
µLow(ev2) = trapmf(ev2, [0, 0, 0, 1])
µMedium(ev2) = trimf(ev2, [0.5, 1, 1])
µHigh(ev2) = trapmf(ev2, [0, 1, 1, 1])
where trapmf(x, [a, b, c, d]) and trimf(x, [a, b, c]) represent the trapezoidal and triangular membership func-
tions, respectively.
In the defuzzification process, we employed the center of gravity (centroid) method to convert the
fuzzy output into a crisp value. The centroid method calculates the crisp output as the weighted average of the
output fuzzy set’s centroid. Mathematically, the center of gravity method is defined as:
DutyCycle =
R xmax
xmin
x · µDutyCycle(x)dx
R xmax
xmin
µDutyCycle(x)dx
(2)
where DutyCycle is the crisp output value, µDutyCycle(x) is the aggregated output fuzzy set, and xmin and
xmax represent the output variable’s range.
3.4. Converter power circuit
In order to assess performance, a 1.2 kW battery charging circuit was developed. Table 1 provides
a comprehensive overview of the design values established for the power stage, in addition to detailing the
components employed in the construction of the prototype. The choke size was selected to ensure continu-
ous current drive at operating conditions, and the switching frequency considered the responsiveness of the
microcontroller.
Table 1. Power stage parameters
Parameter Value
fs =switching frequency 100 kHz
L =choke inductance 100 uH
Co =output capacitance 2200 uF
MOSFET (Q1 and Q2) IRFB4110
Gate driver DGD2104
Vin 100 Vdc
V0 60 Vdc
I0(max) 20 Adc
Voltage sensor AD8276
Current sensor ACS712
In a synchronous buck converter, rapid switching can lead to considerable voltage overshoots and
oscillations at the switch node, resulting from the electromagnetic interference that arises due to residual energy
in the parasitic drain and source inductances of the MOSFET after the gate signal has been deactivated. To
mitigate these undesirable effects, an RC snubber circuit is implemented in the low-side MOSFET (10 Ω
resistor and a 0.1 µF capacitor), serving to dampen the influence of parasitic inductances and capacitances
during the course of switching transitions.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
To evaluate the performance of the proposed system, a series of tests were conducted, focusing on key
parameters such as voltage regulation, stability, transient response, and energy efficiency. The experimental
setup involved subjecting the synchronous buck converter to varying load conditions, input voltage fluctuations,
and nonlinear loads as shown in Figure 5. Data was collected using high-precision sensors, and the results were
compared to those obtained from a traditional PID control system.
Performance indicators, such as settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error, were used to char-
acterize the system’s response to disturbances. Additionally, energy efficiency and power consumption were
Fuzzy control of synchronous buck converters utilizing fuzzy inference system for ... (Fredy Martı́nez)
11. 5086 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
assessed to determine the system’s overall effectiveness in a renewable energy context. Based on the findings,
our adaptive control scheme, fine-tuned for optimal performance through observations of the prototype’s be-
havior in a laboratory setting, successfully managed to decrease response times by at least 10% during both
the startup phase of the converter and the disturbance tests involving input voltage and load variations. This
was achieved in comparison to a PID controller that had been calibrated in accordance with (1). By employing
an adaptive control approach, we were able to enhance the efficiency and responsiveness of the system under
varying conditions, thereby demonstrating the value of this method in optimizing converter performance and
ensuring robust operation across a diverse range of scenarios.
Figure 5. Behavior of output voltage and load current during start-up transient and input voltage disturbance
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5076-5090
12. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 5087
To perform the comparison, we first designed a PID controller using the following control law:
u(t) = Kpe(t) + Ki
Z t
0
e(τ)dτ + Kd
de(t)
dt
, (3)
where u(t) is the control signal, e(t) is the error signal, and Kp, Ki, and Kd are the proportional, integral, and
derivative gains, respectively. The PID controller was tuned to achieve satisfactory performance under similar
operating conditions as the FLC. We then simulated both the FLC and PID controllers using the same test
scenarios, including varying input voltage and load conditions. The comparison results showed that the FLC
outperforms the PID controller in terms of faster settling time, lower overshoot, and smaller steady-state error
under various operating conditions. This can be attributed to the adaptive and non-linear nature of the FLC,
which is better suited for handling the dynamic characteristics of renewable energy systems. On the other hand,
the PID controller’s performance degrades when subjected to significant input voltage variations, as its tuning
parameters are fixed and may not be optimal for all possible scenarios.
The hardware and software implementation of the proposed system involved programming the mi-
crocontroller to execute the fuzzy control algorithm, configuring the sensors for accurate data collection, and
setting up the gate driver for precise control of the switching signal. The experimental setup was designed
to closely mimic real-world operating conditions, including fluctuating input voltage levels, variable load de-
mands, and nonlinear loads.
Data collection involved monitoring the system’s output voltage, current, and power consumption
under various conditions. The resulting data revealed that the proposed fuzzy control scheme significantly
improved voltage regulation, transient response, and stability when compared to the conventional PID control
strategy. Specifically, the settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error were reduced, indicating a more robust
control strategy.
The proposed system also demonstrated superior performance in terms of energy efficiency and power
consumption. By intelligently adapting the duty cycle of the switching signal, the system minimized energy
losses and ensured efficient energy conversion, making it particularly suitable for renewable energy applica-
tions. Overall system efficiency exceeded 80%, and there were no overstresses on the converter switches.
The proposed system stands out from conventional solutions due to its robustness and adaptability
in handling nonlinearities, uncertainties, and varying conditions commonly encountered in renewable energy
systems. Moreover, the integration of adaptive, feedforward, and multivariable control elements further distin-
guishes it from other control strategies. The converter control is easily implemented in a low-cost microcon-
troller, making it suitable for a wide range of applications.
5. CONCLUSION
In this study, we introduced an advanced fuzzy control scheme tailored for synchronous buck convert-
ers employed in renewable energy systems. The proposed control strategy effectively addressed load variations,
nonlinear loads, and input voltage fluctuations, resulting in enhanced stability, transient response, and voltage
regulation. The integration of adaptive control, feedforward control, and multivariable control within the FIS
allowed for optimal performance across diverse operating conditions. Furthermore, the dynamic rule base and
membership functions provided the system with the ability to adapt in real-time to changing conditions, setting
it apart from traditional control strategies.
Experimental results have provided compelling evidence that the proposed fuzzy control scheme sig-
nificantly surpasses conventional PID control in numerous performance metrics. This superiority is especially
pronounced under fluctuating load conditions and input voltage variations, which are characteristic of renew-
able energy systems. The fuzzy control approach has demonstrated an enhanced ability to adapt dynamically to
these changing conditions, resulting in improved system stability and performance. In addition, the proposed
fuzzy control scheme has exhibited superior energy efficiency compared to traditional PID control. By intel-
ligently adjusting the duty cycle of the synchronous buck converter, the fuzzy controller effectively reduces
power consumption and optimizes energy usage. This attribute is crucial for renewable energy applications,
where energy efficiency is of paramount importance. Furthermore, the improved energy efficiency and reduced
power consumption of the fuzzy control scheme underscore its potential as a robust and reliable solution for a
wide range of renewable energy applications. These applications span various domains, such as solar and wind
Fuzzy control of synchronous buck converters utilizing fuzzy inference system for ... (Fredy Martı́nez)
13. 5088 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
power installations, where the inherent variability in energy generation requires advanced control strategies
to ensure optimal system performance. By leveraging the capabilities of the proposed fuzzy control scheme,
renewable energy systems can achieve enhanced efficiency and stability, ultimately contributing to the global
transition towards sustainable energy sources.
Potential applications of the proposed control scheme extend beyond renewable energy systems to
other areas requiring robust and adaptive control strategies, such as electric vehicle charging stations, uninter-
ruptible power supplies, and power factor correction devices. Future work may involve further optimization of
the fuzzy control algorithm, exploring the integration of artificial intelligence techniques, such as neural net-
works or deep learning, to improve the adaptability and performance of the control scheme. Additionally, the
development of a more compact and cost-effective hardware implementation could facilitate the widespread
adoption of this control strategy in various industrial and commercial applications. The advanced fuzzy control
scheme presented in this paper offers a promising solution for the efficient control of synchronous buck con-
verters in renewable energy systems. Its superior performance, adaptability, and robustness make it a valuable
contribution to the field of power electronics and control systems, paving the way for more reliable and efficient
renewable energy solutions in the future.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Universidad Distrital Francisco José
de Caldas, partially through the Center for Research, Development, and Innovation (CIDC), and the Faculty
of Technology. The perspectives presented in this article do not necessarily reflect the official stance of the
Universidad Distrital. We extend our appreciation to the ARMOS research team for their valuable assessment
of the conceptual prototypes and strategic approaches in the field of robotics and power electronics.
REFERENCES
[1] Y. Belkhier and A. Y. Achour, “Passivity-based current control strategy for PMSG wind turbine,” in 2019 1st
Inter-
national Conference on Sustainable Renewable Energy Systems and Applications (ICSRESA), Dec. 2019, pp. 1–4,
doi: 10.1109/ICSRESA49121.2019.9182518.
[2] P. Thayumanavan et al., “Combined harmonic reduction and DC voltage regulation of a single DC
source five-level multilevel inverter for wind electric system,” Electronics, vol. 9, no. 6, Jun. 2020,
doi: 10.3390/electronics9060979.
[3] V. Kamaraj and C. Nallaperumal, “Modified multiport Luo converter integrated with renewable en-
ergy sources for electric vehicle applications,” Circuit World, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 125–135, Feb. 2020,
doi: 10.1108/CW-08-2019-0104.
[4] K. Ashitha and D. Thomas, “Analysis and design of non-isolated SEPIC based buck-boost converter suitable for
LVDC systems,” in 2020 Third International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT),
Aug. 2020, pp. 550–557, doi: 10.1109/ICSSIT48917.2020.9214131.
[5] M. Potocny et al., “Low-voltage DC-DC converter for IoT and on-chip energy harvester applications,” Sensors,
vol. 21, no. 17, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/s21175721.
[6] F. Martı́nez, Algunas aplicaciones de la lógica difusa en el control de convertidores DC/DC. Universidad Distrital
Francisco José de Caldas, 2011.
[7] F. Martı́nez and M. Castiblanco, “UPS single-phase rectifier with reduction of current harmonic content,” Tecnura,
vol. 15, no. 28, pp. 23–31, 2011.
[8] H. Chaoui, M. Alzayed, O. Okoye, and M. Khayamy, “Adaptive control of four-quadrant DC-DC converters in both
discontinuous and continuous conduction modes,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 16, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13164187.
[9] S. Xu, X. Kou, C. Wang, W. Sun, and L. Shi, “New digital control method for improving dynamic response of
synchronous rectified PSR flyback converter with CCM and DCM modes,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,
vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 12347–12358, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2020.2984581.
[10] X. Ding, P. K. Chan, and K. N. Leung, “A 40nm CMOS hysteretic buck DC-DC converter with digital-
controlled power-driving-tracked-duration current pump,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 177374–177384, 2020,
doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3026678.
[11] S. Takuma, K. Kusaka, J. Itoh, Y. Ohnuma, and S. Miyawaki, “A novel current ripple cancellation PWM for isolated
three-phase matrix DAB AC-DC matrix converter,” in 2019 21st european conference on power electronics and
applications, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.23919/EPE.2019.8915474.
[12] G. Nayak and S. Nath, “Decoupled voltage mode control of coupled inductor single-input dual-output buck converter,”
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 56, no. 4, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.2991650.
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5076-5090
14. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 5089
[13] L. Zhang, Z. Wang, S. Li, S. Ding, and H. Du, “Universal finite-time observer based second-order sliding mode
control for DC-DC buck converters with only output voltage measurement,” Journal of the Franklin Institute,
vol. 357, no. 16, pp. 11863–11879, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jfranklin.2019.11.057.
[14] P. Vishnuram and S. Ramasamy, “Fuzzy logic-based pulse density modulation scheme for mitigating uncertainties in
AC–AC Resonant converter aided induction heating system,” Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, vol. 28,
no. 2, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1142/S0218126619500300.
[15] J. J. G. López, C. A. H. Suarez, and F. H. M. Sarmiento, “Fuzzy logic control for active power factor correction,”
Ingenierı́a y Desarrollo, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2011.
[16] U. B. Joy, S. Chakraborty, T. K. Murad, A. Tasnim, B. Barua, and J. Das, “Microcontroller based feeder protection
system from various fault conditions in distribution line,” in 2022 International Conference on Innovations in Science,
Engineering and Technology (ICISET), Feb. 2022, pp. 89–94, doi: 10.1109/ICISET54810.2022.9775914.
[17] P. M. Garcı́a-Vite, B. L. Reyes-Garcı́a, C. L. Valdez-Hernández, and A. L. Martı́nez-Salazar, “Microcontroller-based
emulation of a PEM fuel cell,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 45, no. 26, pp. 13767–13776, May
2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.034.
[18] H. Zhu and X. Pan, “Microcontroller-based implementation of a direct AC-AC SPWM power converter,” in
Proceedings of the 15th
IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2020, pp. 743–747,
doi: 10.1109/ICIEA48937.2020.9248248.
[19] Z. A. Ghani et al., “Peripheral interface controller-based maximum power point tracking algorithm for photovoltaic
DC to DC boost controller,” TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), vol. 18, no. 1,
pp. 240-250, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.12928/telkomnika.v18i1.12730.
[20] M. K. Hossain and M. R. Islam, “Power stage design of a synchronous buck converter for battery charger application,”
in 2018 International Conference on Advancement in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ICAEEE), Nov. 2018,
pp. 1–4, doi: 10.1109/ICAEEE.2018.8642962.
[21] J. Bacmaga, R. Blecic, and A. Baric, “Conducted emissions for different conversion ratios of GaN-based synchronous
buck converter,” in 2019 Joint International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Sapporo and Asia-
Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Sapporo/APEMC), Jun. 2019, pp. 204–207,
doi: 10.23919/EMCTokyo.2019.8893653.
[22] N. Rigogiannis et al., “Experimental investigation of a digitally current controlled synchronous buck DC/DC
converter for microgrids applications,” in 2019 Panhellenic Conference on Electronics and Telecommunications
(PACET), Nov. 2019, pp. 1–5, doi: 10.1109/PACET48583.2019.8956274.
[23] Y. Wang, X. Ruan, Y. Leng, and Y. Li, “Hysteresis current control for multilevel converter in parallel-form
switch-linear hybrid envelope tracking power supply,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 2,
pp. 1950–1959, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2018.2835640.
[24] T. Guo, Z. Wang, X. Wang, S. Li, and Q. Li, “A simple control approach for buck converters with current-
constrained technique,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 418–425, Jan. 2019,
doi: 10.1109/TCST.2017.2758347.
[25] E. Jamshidpour, S. Jovanovic, and P. Poure, “Equivalent two switches and single switch buck/buck-boost circuits for
solar energy harvesting systems,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 3, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13030583.
[26] B. Babes, A. Boutaghane, N. Hamouda, M. Mezaache, and S. Kahla, “A robust adaptive fuzzy fast terminal syner-
getic voltage control scheme for DC/DC buck converter,” in 2019 International Conference on Advanced Electrical
Engineering (ICAEE), Nov. 2019, pp. 1–5, doi: 10.1109/ICAEE47123.2019.9014717.
[27] K. Chaudhary, K. A. Singh, S. R. Chowdhury, and M. Kumar, “A modified compact multiple output synchronous
buck converter for vehicular application,” in 2021 4th
Biennial International Conference on Nascent Technologies in
Engineering (ICNTE), Jan. 2021, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/ICNTE51185.2021.9487699.
[28] D. Izci, B. Hekimoğlu, and S. Ekinci, “A new artificial ecosystem-based optimization integrated with Nelder-Mead
method for PID controller design of buck converter,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 2030–2044,
Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2021.07.037.
[29] M. A. Ahmad and R. M. T. R. Ismail, “A data-driven sigmoid-based PI controller for buck-converter powered DC
motor,” in 2017 IEEE Symposium on Computer Applications Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE), Apr. 2017, pp. 81–86,
doi: 10.1109/ISCAIE.2017.8074954.
[30] S. M. Ghamari, H. G. Narm, and H. Mollaee, “Fractional-order fuzzy PID controller design on buck converter
with antlion optimization algorithm,” IET Control Theory and Applications, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 340–352, Feb. 2022,
doi: 10.1049/cth2.12230.
[31] M. I. F. M. Hanif, M. H. Suid, and M. A. Ahmad, “A piecewise affine PI controller for buck converter gen-
erated DC motor,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS), vol. 10, no. 3,
pp. 1419–1426, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i3.pp1419-1426.
[32] P. Warrier and P. Shah, “Optimal fractional PID controller for buck converter using cohort intelligent algorithm,”
Applied System Innovation, vol. 4, no. 3, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/asi4030050.
Fuzzy control of synchronous buck converters utilizing fuzzy inference system for ... (Fredy Martı́nez)
15. 5090 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
[33] A. G. Soriano-Sánchez, M. A. Rodrı́guez-Licea, F. J. Pérez-Pinal, and J. A. Vázquez-López, “Fractional-order
approximation and synthesis of a PID controller for a buck converter,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 3, Feb. 2020,
doi: 10.3390/en13030629.
[34] M. R. Ghazali, M. A. Ahmad, M. H. Suid, and M. Z. M. Tumari, “A DC/DC buck-boost converter-inverter-
DC motor control based on model-free PID controller tuning by adaptive safe experimentation dynamics al-
gorithm,” in 2022 57th
International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), Aug. 2022, pp. 1–6,
doi: 10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917628.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Fredy Martı́nez is a professor of control, intelligent systems, and robotics at the Universi-
dad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (Colombia) and director of the ARMOS research group (Mod-
ern Architectures for Power Systems). His research interests are control schemes for autonomous
robots, mathematical modeling, electronic instrumentation, pattern recognition, and multi-agent sys-
tems. Martinez holds a Ph.D. in Computer and Systems Engineering from the Universidad Nacional
de Colombia. He can be contacted at email: fhmartinezs@udistrital.edu.co.
Holman Montiel is a professor of algorithms, embedded systems, instrumentation,
telecommunications, and computer security at the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
(Colombia) and a researcher in the ARMOS research group (Modern Architectures for Power Sys-
tems). His research interests are encryption schemes, embedded systems, electronic instrumentation,
and telecommunications. Montiel holds a master’s degree in computer security. He can be contacted
at email: hmontiela@udistrital.edu.co.
Fernando Martı́nez is a doctoral researcher at the Universidad Distrital Francisco José
de Caldas focusing on the development of navigation strategies for autonomous vehicles using hi-
erarchical control schemes. In 2009 he completed his M.Sc. degree in Computer and Electronics
Engineering at Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia. He is a researcher of the ARMOS research
group (Modern Architectures for Power Systems) supporting the lines of electronic instrumentation,
control and robotics. He can be contacted at email: fmartinezs@udistrital.edu.co.
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5076-5090