Fundamental of Office Automation

1. Computer Fundamental & Office
Automation
Imranul Hasan
Greenwich University, UK

2. Computer

3. Introduction
What is Computer ?
The word “ Computer“ comes from the words “ Compute“,
which means to calculate. A Computer is normally considered
to be a calculating device.
A computer is a programmable machine designed to
sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of
arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of
operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to
solve more than one kind of problem.

4. Father of the computer
Charles Babbage
The Illustrated London News (4 November
1871).[1]
Born
26 December
1791(1791-12-26)
London, England
Died
18 October
1871(1871-10-18)
(aged 79)
Marylebone, London,
England
Nationality English
Fields
Mathematics,
analytical philosophy,
computer science
Known for
Mathematics,
computing
Signature

5. Why Father of the computer ?
Charles Babbage was an English mathematician,
philosopher, inventor, and mechanical engineer who
originated the concept of a programmable computer.
Considered a "father of the computer", Babbage is credited
with inventing the first mechanical computer that
eventually led to more complex designs.[citation needed]
• Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the
London Science Museum. In 1991, a perfectly functioning
difference engine was constructed from Babbage's original
plans. Built to tolerances achievable in the 19th century, the
success of the finished engine indicated that Babbage's
machine would have worked. Nine years later, the Science
Museum completed the printer Babbage had designed for
the difference engine, an astonishingly complex device for
the 19th century.

6. Part of Babbage's Difference engine
Babbage sought a method by which mathematical tables could be
calculated mechanically, removing the high rate of human error.
Part of Babbage's difference engine, assembled after his death by
Babbage's son, using parts found in his laboratory

7. Design of computers Difference engine
The Science Museum's Difference Engine, built from
Babbage's design

8. Babbage's brain
Half of Babbage's brain is
preserved at the
Hunterian Museum in
the Royal College of
Surgeons in London.
The other half of
Babbage's brain is on
display in the Science
Museum, London.
Charles Babbage's brain is on display at The Science
Museum

9. Grave of Charles Babbage
Grave of Charles Babbage at Kensal Green Cemeter

10. History
• 1 History of computing
– 1.1 Limited-function early computers
– 1.2 First general-purpose computers
– 1.3 Stored-program architecture
– 1.4 Semiconductors and microprocessors
• 2 Programs
– 2.1 Stored program architecture
– 2.2 Bugs
– 2.3 Machine code
– 2.4 Higher-level languages and program design

11. History
• 3 Function
– 3.1 Control unit
– 3.2 Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
– 3.3 Memory
– 3.4 Input/output (I/O)
– 3.5 Multitasking
– 3.6 Multiprocessing
– 3.7 Networking and the Internet

12. History
• 4 Misconceptions
– 4.1 Required technology
– 4.2 Computer architecture paradigms
– 4.3 Limited-function computers
– 4.4 Virtual computers
• 5 Further topics
– 5.1 Artificial intelligence
– 5.2 Hardware
– 5.3 Software
– 5.4 Programming languages
– 5.5 Professions and organizations

13. History of computing
Main article: History of computing hardware
The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person
who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the
same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th
century onwards, the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, describing
a machine that carries out computations
1.1 Limited-function early computers:
The history of the modern computer
begins with two separate technologies—
automated calculation and
programmability—but no single device can
be identified as the earliest computer,
partly because of the inconsistent
application of that term. Examples of early
mechanical calculating devices include the
abacus, the slide rule etc.
The Jacquard loom, on display at the
Museum of Science and Industry in
Manchester, England, was one of the
first programmable devices.

14. Abacus
The abacus, also called a counting frame, is a
calculating tool used primarily in parts of Asia for
performing arithmetic processes.
A Chinese abacus
Copy of a Roman Abacus
Suanpan (the number
represented in the picture is
6,302,715,408)

15. Abacus
Russian abacus
Two binary abaci constructed by Dr. Robert C.
Good, Jr., made from two Chinese abaci

16. History of computing
1.2 First general-purpose computers
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an
improvement to the textile loom by
introducing a series of punched paper
cards as a template which allowed his
loom to weave intricate patterns
automatically. The resulting Jacquard
loom was an important step in the
development of computers because the
use of punched cards to define woven
patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit
limited, form of programmability.
The Most Famous Image in the Early History of
Computing[9]
This portrait of Jacquard was woven in silk on a
Jacquard loom and required 24,000 punched cards
to create (1839). It was only produced to order.
Charles Babbage owned one of these portraits ; it
inspired him in using perforated cards in his
analytical engine[10]

17. Punched card
A punched card, punch card, IBM card, or Hollerith card is a piece of stiff paper that
contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in
predefined positions. Now an obsolete recording medium, punched cards were widely
used throughout the 19th century for controlling textile looms and in the late 19th and
early 20th century for operating fairground organs and related instruments.
An 80-column punched card of the type most widely used in
the 20th century. Card size was 7-3/8 inch by 3-1/4 inch
(187.325 by 82.55 mm). This example displays the 1964 EBCDIC
character set, which added more special characters to earlier
encodings.

18. Punched card
Punched cards in use in a Jacquard loom. Punched cards of a large dance organ

19. Punched card
Standard 5081 card from a non-IBM manufacturer. The
corners have been worn down.
Hollerith's Keyboard (pantograph)
Punch, used for the 1890 census
Card from a Fortran program: Z(1) = Y
+ W(1)
Binary punched card.

20. First working programmable, fully automatic
computing machine.
The Zuse Z3, 1941, considered the world's first working
programmable, fully automatic computing machine.

21. History of computing
1.3 Stored-program architecture
Several developers of ENIAC, recognizing
its flaws, came up with a far more
flexible and elegant design, which came
to be known as the "stored program
architecture" or von Neumann
architecture. This design was first
formally described by John von
Neumann in the paper First Draft of a
Report on the EDVAC, distributed in
1945.
Schematic of the von Neumann
architecture. The Control Unit and
Arithmetic Logic Unit form the main
components of the Central Processing
Unit (CPU)

22. History of computing
• 1.4 Semiconductors and microprocessors
Computers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in
use throughout the 1950s, but by the 1960s had been largely replaced
by transistor-based machines, which were smaller, faster, cheaper to
produce, required less power, and were more reliable. The first
transistorised computer was demonstrated at the University of
Manchester in 1953

23. Vacuum tube
In electronics, a vacuum tube, electron tube (in North
America), or thermionic valve (elsewhere, especially in
Britain) is a device used to amplify, switch, otherwise
modify, or create an electrical signal by controlling the
movement of electrons in a low-pressure space.
Structure of a vacuum
tube diode
Structure of a vacuum tube
triode
An RCA triode vacuum tube,
type 808

24. Vacuum tube
Radio transmitter high-power vacuum tube.
The braided copper leads provide heater
current for the cathode. The tube also has a
heat sink. Dubendorf Museum of Military
Aviation.
Modern 12AX7 miniature
vacuum tube (manufactured
in Russia).

25. Computer History Museum
The Computer History Museum is a museum established in 1996
in Mountain View, California, USA. The Museum is dedicated to
preserving and presenting the stories and artifacts of the
information age

26. Classification of Computer
1 According to Technology
2 According to Size
3 According to Purpose

27. Classification of Computer
According to Technology
1 Analog Computers
2 Digital Computers
3 Hydride Computers

28. Picture of Analog Computer

29. Picture of Analog Computers

30. picture of digital computer

31. picture of digital computer

32. Picture of hybrid computer

33. picture of hybrid computer

34. What is Analog, Digital, Hybrid Computers?
• Analog Computers:- These computers recognize data as a
continuous measurement of a physical property ( voltage,
pressure, speed and temperature).
Example: Automobile speedometer
• Digital Computers:- These are high speed programmable
electronic devices that perform mathematical calculations,
compare values and store results. They recognize data by
counting discrete signal representing either a high or low
voltage state of electricity.
• Hybrid Computers:-A computer that processes both analog
and digital data.

35. Classification of Computer
According to size
1 Supercomputers
2 Mainframe Computers
3 Minicomputers
4 Workstations
5 Server
6 Microcomputers, or Personal Computers

36. Classification of Computer
According to Purpose
1 General purpose Computers
2 Special Computers

37. What is General purpose, Special purpose
Computers ?
General purpose Computers
A ‘General Purpose Computer’ is a machine that is capable of carrying
out some general data processing under program control.
Refers to computers that follow instructions, thus virtually all
computers from micro to mainframe are general purpose. Even
computers in toys, games and single-function devices follow
instructions in their built-in program.
Special purpose Computers
A computer that is designed to operate on a restricted class of
problems.
Use special purpose computer equipment to obtain patient diagnostic
information.

38. Supercomputer
Columbia Supercomputer - NASA Advanced
Supercomputing Facility

39. Supercomputer
A Cray-2 supercomputer at the Computer History Museum
in Mountain View.

40. Supercomputer
• Supercomputers are fast because they are really many
computers working together.
• Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960's as the
world's most advanced computer. These computers
were used for complex calculations such as forecasting
weather and quantum physics. Today, supercomputers
are one of a kind; they are fast and very advanced. The
term supercomputer is always evolving as tomorrow's
normal computers are today's supercomputer. As of
November 2008, the fastest supercomputer is the IBM
Roadrunner. It has a theoretical processing peak of
1.71 pet flops and has currently peaked at 1.456 pet
flops.

41. Mainframe Computer

42. Mainframe Computer
• Mainframes are computers where all the
processing is done centrally, and the user
terminals are called "dumb terminals" since they
only input and output (and do not process).
• Mainframes are computers used mainly by large
organizations for critical applications, typically
bulk data processing such as census. Examples:
banks, airlines, insurance companies, and
colleges.

43. Server

44. Server
An example of Google's custom server racks on display at
the Computer History Museum in Mountain View.

45. Server
• Similar to mainframes in that they serve many
uses with the main difference that the users
(called clients) do their own processing usually.
The server processes are devoted to sharing files
and managing log on rights.
• A server is a central computer that contains
collections of data and programs. Also called a
network server, this system allows all connected
users to share and store electronic data and
applications. Two important types of servers are
file servers and application servers.

46. Workstation

47. Workstation
• Workstations are high-end, expensive computers that
are made for more complex procedures and are
intended for one user at a time. Some of the complex
procedures consist of science, math and engineering
calculations and are useful for computer design and
manufacturing. Workstations are sometimes
improperly named for marketing reasons. Real
workstations are not usually sold in retail.
• The movie Toy Story was made on a set of Sun (Sparc)
workstations
• Perhaps the first computer that might qualify as a
"workstation" was the IBM 1620.

48. The Personal Computer or PC

49. The Personal Computer or PC
•
PC is an abbreviation for a Personal Computer, it is also known as a Microcomputer.
Its physical characteristics and low cost are appealing and useful for its users. The
capabilities of a personal computer have changed greatly since the introduction of
electronic computers. By the early 1970s, people in academic or research
institutions had the opportunity for single-person use of a computer system in
interactive mode for extended durations, although these systems would still have
been too expensive to be owned by a single individual. The introduction of the
microprocessor, a single chip with all the circuitry that formerly occupied large
cabinets, led to the proliferation of personal computers after about 1975. Early
personal computers generally called microcomputers, sold often in kit form and in
limited volumes and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians. By the
late 1970s, mass-market pre-assembled computers allowed a wider range of people
to use computers, focusing more on software applications and less on development
of the processor hardware. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, home computers
were developed for household use, offering some personal productivity,
programming and games, while somewhat larger and more expensive systems
(although still low-cost compared with minicomputers and mainframes) were
aimed for office and small business use.
• Today a personal computer is an all rounded device that can be used as a
productivity tool, a media server and a gaming machine. The modular construction
of the personal computer allows components to be easily swapped out when
broken or upgraded.

50. Microcontroller

51. Microcontroller
• Microcontrollers are mini computers that enable the
user to store data, do simple commands and tasks,
with little or no user interaction with the processor.
These single circuit devices have minimal memory and
program length but can be integrated with other
processors for more complex functionality. Many such
systems are known as Embedded Systems. Examples of
embedded systems include Smartphones or car safety
systems.
• Microcontrollers are important, they are used everyday
in devices such as appliances and automobiles.

52. Computer Generation
There are 5 Computer Generations.
– First Generation (1942 to 1955)
– Second Generation (1955 to 1964 )
– Third Generation ( 1964 to 1975)
– Fourth Generation ( 1975 to 1989)
– Fifth Generation ( 1989 to Present)

53. Computer Generation
There was also a parallel set of generations for
software:
• First generation: Machine language.
• Second generation: Assembly language.
• Third generation: Structured programming
languages such as C, COBOL and FORTRAN.
• Fourth generation: Domain-specific languages
such as SQL (for database access) and TeX (for
text formatting)

54. First Generation (1942 to 1955)
First generation: Vacuum tubes. Mid-1940s.
IBM pioneered the arrangement of vacuum
tubes in pluggable modules. The IBM 650 was
a first-generation computer.

55. IBM 650 Computer
• The 650 is a two-address, bi-quinary coded
decimal machine (both data and addresses
were decimal), with memory on a rotating
drum. The 650 was specifically designed for
users of existing IBM unit record equipment
(electro-mechanical punched card-processing
machines) upgrading from so-called
Calculating Punches, like the IBM 604 model,
to computers proper.

56. IBM 650 Computer
IBM 650 front panel, showing bi-quinary indicators

57. IBM 650 Computer
IBM 650 front panel, rear view

58. IBM 650 Computer
The first IBM 650 in Norway (1959), known as "EMMA". CPU
(right), Input-output-unit (middle) and punched card sorter (left).
Now at Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology in Oslo.

59. IBM 650 Computer
Vacuum tube circuit module of type used in
the 650.

60. IBM 650 Computer’s Hardware
The basic 650 system consisted of three
components:
– Console Unit (IBM 650)
– Power Unit (IBM 655)
– Card Reader/Punch Unit (IBM 533 or IBM 537)

61. IBM 650 Console Unit
• The IBM 650 Console Unit served as the central processing unit for
all input-output combinations, and housed the magnetic drum
storage, arithmetical device and the operator's console. .

62. IBM 655 Power Unit
• The IBM 655 contained the 650's power supplies and was the only unit
connected to the power source. In addition, the 655 provided for
communication between the IBM 650 and the IBM 533.

63. IBM 533 Card Read Punch
The IBM 533 could process 200 cards a minute in input or
100 cards a minute in output. It remained in the IBM
product catalogue for nearly 20 years

64. IBM 650 installation
This "white room" view of a 650 installation includes two IBM 727 Magnetic Tape
Units in the background at left. To their right in the background is an IBM 653
Auxiliary Unit (left) and an IBM 652 Control Unit (right). In the middle is an IBM
650 Console Unit, and to its right is an IBM 355 Disk Storage. In the left foreground
are two card punches, and in the right foreground is an IBM 838 Inquiry Station.

65. IBM 650 Magnetic Drum
The magnetic drum memory on which the 650
system's information was stored.

66. IBM 355 Disk Storage
The information was constantly updated and instantly available
for automatic computations and for reference by controllers.
Capacity of the disk memory was six million digits.

67. IBM 838 IBM 650 Assembly
IBM 650 systems are shown here
in assembly at IBM's Endicott,
N.Y., manufacturing facility.

68. Second Generation (1955 to 1964 )
• Second generation: Transistors. 1956. The are of
miniaturization begins. Transistors are much smaller
than vacuum tubes, draw less power, and generate less
heat. Discrete transistors are soldered to circuit boards,
with interconnections accomplished by stencil-screened
conductive patterns on the reverse side. The IBM 7090
was a second-generation computer.

69. IBM 7090 (Second Generation)
• The IBM 7090 was a second-generation transistorized version of
the earlier IBM 709 vacuum tube mainframe computers and was
designed for "large-scale scientific and technological
applications". The 7090 was the third member of the IBM
700/7000 series scientific computers.
IBM 7090 console

70. Third Generation ( 1964 to 1975)
• Third generation: Integrated circuits (silicon chips containing
multiple transistors). 1964. A pioneering example is the ACPX
module used in the IBM 360/91, which, by stacking layers of
silicon over a ceramic substrate, accommodated over 20
transistors per chip; the chips could be packed together onto a
circuit board to achieve unheard-of logic densities. The IBM
360/91 was a hybrid second- and third-generation computer.

71. Third Generation computer

72. Fourth Generation ( 1975 to 1989)
• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.
What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in
the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971,
located all the components of the computer—from the central
processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single
chip.
• In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in
1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved
out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life
as more and more everyday products began to use
microprocessors.
• As these small computers became more powerful, they could be
linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the
development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw
the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

73. Fourth Generation’s computer

74. Fifth Generation ( 1989 to Present)
• Fifth generation computing devices, based on
artificial intelligence, are still in development,
though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today. The use of
parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-
generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization.

75. Fifth Generation

76. END