The document discusses key concepts in health financing including definitions of health financing, universal health coverage, and sources of health care financing such as taxes, user fees, and insurance. It also summarizes different financial accounting systems used in Kenya like imprests, vouchers, and facility improvement funds. Finally, it outlines the roles of different government bodies in financial management including the treasury, parliament, and auditor general.
This document discusses health care financing in India. It defines health care financing as mobilizing and allocating funds for specific health services and payment mechanisms. India relies heavily on private out-of-pocket spending for health care, with only about 10% having health insurance. Major challenges include linking insurance to employment when most work is informal, and excluding many poor from coverage. Community-based financing models show promise in providing social inclusion and financial protection. The conclusion calls for recognizing the role of health economists and addressing health financing within broader governance, economic, educational, and social contexts.
Health financing in kenya cs addis presentation (1)AIDS Watch Africa
This document summarizes a presentation on domestic health financing initiatives in Kenya. It finds that individuals pay the majority of health costs through out-of-pocket expenses, denying many Kenyans access to care. Government funding is below targets and donor funding is not sustainable. Current initiatives include restructuring the National Hospital Insurance Fund to increase coverage, providing free deliveries, and abolishing fees at lower facilities. Proposed means to increase domestic financing include further NHIF reforms, improving efficiency, and establishing an HIV Trust Fund financed by 1% of government revenue to address priority programs like HIV/AIDS and non-communicable diseases.
This document outlines the key aspects of decentralization in healthcare. It defines decentralization as the distribution of power from central governments to local authorities. Some forms of decentralization include deconcentration, devolution, delegation, and privatization. Factors that affect decentralization include the size and cost of decisions, uniformity, management philosophy and availability of managers. The objectives of health decentralization are to improve quality, equity and community participation. Potential advantages are better identification of local needs and increased accountability, while challenges include coordination issues and weak management capacities.
“Function of a health system concerned with the accumulation, mobilization and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system.” (WHO)
Revenue collection :
Taxation-most equitable system of financing
Health insurance contributions
User pays (out of pocket, no reimbursement)
Donor funding/Grants
Decentralization in Health Care – is there evidence for it?
Guest lecture at School of Public Health, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
by Axel Hoffmann, PhD
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
The National Health Policy 2017 aims to achieve the highest level of health and well-being for all Indians through preventive and promotive healthcare. Key goals include attaining universal health coverage, reducing catastrophic health expenditures, and increasing public health spending to 2.5% of GDP. The policy emphasizes preventive care, inter-sectoral coordination to address social determinants of health, and expanding primary healthcare services. It also aims to strengthen regulation of private healthcare and ensure its alignment with public health objectives. Specific targets are outlined to reduce mortality, disease burden, and improve health system performance by 2025.
This document provides an overview of healthcare financing in India. It begins with definitions of health care financing and outlines the key functions of accumulating, mobilizing, and allocating money for health needs. It then discusses the main mechanisms of healthcare financing globally and in India, including how money is raised through taxes, insurance contributions, and other means. It also addresses how funds are pooled and how health services are paid for. The document reviews India's current healthcare financing indicators and challenges, such as low public spending and high out-of-pocket costs. It concludes with initiatives by the Government of India and recommendations to improve healthcare financing in India.
Health Management Information System in Ethiopia: Who Owns the HMISMEASURE Evaluation
The document discusses the Health Management Information System (HMIS) in Ethiopia. It describes the purpose and functions of HMIS, including routinely generating health information to support decision making. It explains that various institutions, such as health extension workers and regional health bureaus, carry out different HMIS functions. The document argues that regional health bureaus should take ownership of HMIS for full implementation and sustainability. It provides an example of how the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia developed regional ownership of HMIS over two years through training and establishing electronic data systems.
This document discusses health care financing in India. It defines health care financing as mobilizing and allocating funds for specific health services and payment mechanisms. India relies heavily on private out-of-pocket spending for health care, with only about 10% having health insurance. Major challenges include linking insurance to employment when most work is informal, and excluding many poor from coverage. Community-based financing models show promise in providing social inclusion and financial protection. The conclusion calls for recognizing the role of health economists and addressing health financing within broader governance, economic, educational, and social contexts.
Health financing in kenya cs addis presentation (1)AIDS Watch Africa
This document summarizes a presentation on domestic health financing initiatives in Kenya. It finds that individuals pay the majority of health costs through out-of-pocket expenses, denying many Kenyans access to care. Government funding is below targets and donor funding is not sustainable. Current initiatives include restructuring the National Hospital Insurance Fund to increase coverage, providing free deliveries, and abolishing fees at lower facilities. Proposed means to increase domestic financing include further NHIF reforms, improving efficiency, and establishing an HIV Trust Fund financed by 1% of government revenue to address priority programs like HIV/AIDS and non-communicable diseases.
This document outlines the key aspects of decentralization in healthcare. It defines decentralization as the distribution of power from central governments to local authorities. Some forms of decentralization include deconcentration, devolution, delegation, and privatization. Factors that affect decentralization include the size and cost of decisions, uniformity, management philosophy and availability of managers. The objectives of health decentralization are to improve quality, equity and community participation. Potential advantages are better identification of local needs and increased accountability, while challenges include coordination issues and weak management capacities.
“Function of a health system concerned with the accumulation, mobilization and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system.” (WHO)
Revenue collection :
Taxation-most equitable system of financing
Health insurance contributions
User pays (out of pocket, no reimbursement)
Donor funding/Grants
Decentralization in Health Care – is there evidence for it?
Guest lecture at School of Public Health, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
by Axel Hoffmann, PhD
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
The National Health Policy 2017 aims to achieve the highest level of health and well-being for all Indians through preventive and promotive healthcare. Key goals include attaining universal health coverage, reducing catastrophic health expenditures, and increasing public health spending to 2.5% of GDP. The policy emphasizes preventive care, inter-sectoral coordination to address social determinants of health, and expanding primary healthcare services. It also aims to strengthen regulation of private healthcare and ensure its alignment with public health objectives. Specific targets are outlined to reduce mortality, disease burden, and improve health system performance by 2025.
This document provides an overview of healthcare financing in India. It begins with definitions of health care financing and outlines the key functions of accumulating, mobilizing, and allocating money for health needs. It then discusses the main mechanisms of healthcare financing globally and in India, including how money is raised through taxes, insurance contributions, and other means. It also addresses how funds are pooled and how health services are paid for. The document reviews India's current healthcare financing indicators and challenges, such as low public spending and high out-of-pocket costs. It concludes with initiatives by the Government of India and recommendations to improve healthcare financing in India.
Health Management Information System in Ethiopia: Who Owns the HMISMEASURE Evaluation
The document discusses the Health Management Information System (HMIS) in Ethiopia. It describes the purpose and functions of HMIS, including routinely generating health information to support decision making. It explains that various institutions, such as health extension workers and regional health bureaus, carry out different HMIS functions. The document argues that regional health bureaus should take ownership of HMIS for full implementation and sustainability. It provides an example of how the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia developed regional ownership of HMIS over two years through training and establishing electronic data systems.
Social health insurance (SHI) is a health insurance scheme that targets formal sector workers. It is funded through compulsory payroll taxes paid by both employees and employers, with premiums being income-rated so lower-income employees pay less. Germany and Belgium have classical examples where employees/employers contribute to mutual funds used to finance healthcare for the population. India has three key SHI schemes - ESIS, CGHS, and Railways Health Scheme. ESIS covers lower-paid formal sector workers through employee/employer contributions but suffers from low quality care. CGHS provides benefits to central government employees through nominal contributions but uses 18% of its budget for only 0.4% of the population. Advantages of SHI
Here is the slide on Healthcare economic evaluation. The content of this presentation doesn't belong to me. They are copied from several literature and internet
This document discusses Pakistan's health care financing system. It outlines how funds are mobilized and allocated to different regions and populations. It also describes the mechanisms for paying for health care. The document analyzes factors like public vs private expenditure, sources of funds, and financial protection. It provides statistics on total health expenditure as a percentage of GDP and per capita. It also examines funding allocation between federal, provincial and district levels and between government and private/NGO sectors. The document evaluates inequities in access between rich and poor areas and recommends targeting taxes and financing methods to improve access for underserved groups.
This document discusses health care financing. It begins by defining key terms related to health care financing sources, including public expenditures, external aid, and private expenditures. It then outlines the main mechanisms of health care financing: general revenue, social insurance contributions, private insurance premiums, community financing, and direct out-of-pocket payments. For each mechanism, it provides a brief definition and description. The document concludes by stating that the role of health financing should be recognized, that it cannot be dealt with separately from other factors like governance and economic growth, and that governments need to actively participate to avoid market failures.
The document summarizes recommendations from the High Level Expert Group on achieving Universal Health Coverage in India. It discusses expanding health coverage to all citizens through a national health package, increasing public spending on health to 3% of GDP, strengthening primary healthcare and developing norms for facilities at each level of care. It also emphasizes improving human resources for health, community participation, and access to medicines. The overall vision is to ensure equitable access to quality health services for all Indians.
Health financing within the overall health systemHFG Project
Presented during Day One of the 2016 Nigeria Health Care Financing Training Workshop. Presented by Prof. Tanimola Akande and Dr. Francis Ukwuije. More: https://www.hfgproject.org/hcf-training-nigeria
Delivered at the WHO Advanced Course on Health Financing for UHC in Low and MIddle Income Countries, this presentation reviews one of the core functions of health financing policy, namely raising for health services.
Devolution of health services in Kenya by Dr Samuel Mwenda, CHAKachapkenya
This document discusses the devolution of health services in Kenya following the new constitution of 2010. It summarizes that health services are now managed at the county level while the national government focuses on policy, referral hospitals, and training. It outlines the challenges of transitioning to this new system, including establishing new governance structures and changing the employment of health workers. Faith-based organizations still play an important role in healthcare delivery and need to find ways to engage with each county government to ensure access to resources and their patients' needs are still met under the devolved system.
THIS PPT IS ABOUT THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN CHINA MOSTLY STUDIED IN ECONOMICS.
THIS ALSO SHOWS YOU ABOUT THE INSURANCE POLICY AND GDP RATE AND MANY MORE
The World Health Organization was founded on the principle of universal health coverage and achieving the highest level of health for all people. World Health Day on April 7th aims to inspire and guide countries toward achieving universal health coverage through a series of events in 2018. Currently half the world's population lacks access to needed health services, and countries need to extend coverage to one billion more people by 2023 to meet global targets. World Health Day will highlight the need for universal coverage and benefits it provides.
The document summarizes healthcare financing in India. It discusses that healthcare financing aims to ensure access to health services. The key principles are generating revenue, pooling funds for cross-subsidization between rich/poor and healthy/sick, and purchasing efficient services. In India, healthcare is financed primarily through out-of-pocket payments by households, while government expenditure is low compared to other countries. Reforms like NRHM and RSBY aim to increase public allocation to healthcare. Challenges include expanding coverage with limited resources and improving spending efficiency.
Healthcare is a major part of every country's development platform. By healthcare we are in fact protecting the most important driver of development. Healthcare systems are primarily safe guarding the development core engine and are the best means of sustainable development.
The document outlines India's national health policies from 1983 to the present. The National Health Policy of 1983 aimed to achieve health for all by 2000 through increasing access to primary healthcare. The 2002 policy continued this goal and emphasized decentralizing services and increasing private sector involvement. The current 2017 policy builds on previous goals and aims to achieve universal health coverage through public health programs focused on prevention and health promotion. It sets specific targets for improving health indicators and increasing funding and infrastructure to achieve its vision.
This document discusses demand for health care and factors that influence demand. It covers the distinction between need and want, Grossman's model of demand for health, and factors like income, prices of substitutes and complements, insurance, and elasticity. The key points are that demand is derived from demand for health, it is influenced by many individual and environmental factors, and having insurance decreases price sensitivity by consumers.
This document presents India's proposed National Health Policy for 2017. It begins with an introduction noting India's large economy and healthcare interventions but lack of effective health system delivery. The aim and principles focus on universal access to quality healthcare. A situation analysis identifies challenges around disease burdens, social determinants, inequities, and quality of care. Goals and policy directions prioritize investment in preventive healthcare, strengthening primary care, ensuring access to services, and integrating national health programs. The document provides a comprehensive overview of India's healthcare system and proposed policies to address gaps.
National Health Policy of Nepal 2076 (ENGLISH)BPKIHS
The National Health Policy of Nepal-2076 outlines the country's vision, mission, goals, and policies for health. Its key points are:
The vision is for aware and healthy citizens. The mission is to ensure citizens' right to health through optimal resource use and cooperation. Goals include creating opportunities for all citizens to access health. There are 25 policy areas with over 100 strategies to restructure the health system according to the federal system and ensure universal health coverage through various programs and services. The policy addresses issues like non-communicable diseases, health workforce and services, and takes a more integrated approach than previous policies.
The document provides an overview of the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) for primary health centers and urban primary health centers. It discusses the importance and objectives of the IPHS, the types of primary health facilities, population norms, general principles, and criteria for compliance. It also outlines the essential services that should be provided, including maternal and child health services, family planning services, management of communicable diseases, and community outreach programs. Infrastructure requirements for the primary health centers are also covered.
1. The document discusses the origins and history of primary health care from pre-colonial times through the colonial period and post-independence era, culminating in the 1978 Declaration of Alma-Ata which established primary health care as a global strategy.
2. The Declaration defined primary health care as including health promotion, disease prevention, treatment of common illnesses, and community participation at an affordable cost.
3. While the goals of primary health care were not fully realized due to lack of resources and commitment, the principles of equity, prevention and universal access remain important, and revitalizing primary health care is seen as critical to achieving health-related sustainable development goals.
This document outlines India's proposed new National Health Policy for 2017. The key points are:
1) It aims to replace the 2002 policy and address growing non-communicable diseases and India's large disease burden.
2) The goals are universal health coverage, improving access to quality care without financial hardship, and increasing investment in health to 2.5% of GDP.
3) It proposes reorienting public health services to provide comprehensive primary care and strategic purchasing of secondary and tertiary care from public and private providers.
1) The document discusses surveillance in public health and describes its key components and purposes. Surveillance involves the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to provide information for action.
2) An effective surveillance system is simple, flexible, timely, and produces high-quality data. It addresses an important public health problem and accomplishes its objectives of understanding disease trends, detecting outbreaks, and evaluating control measures.
3) The document outlines how to establish a surveillance system, including selecting priority diseases, defining standard case definitions, and developing regular reporting and data dissemination processes. Both passive and active surveillance methods are described.
Medicare and Medicaid: What Are the Differences Part 2Deborah Sexton
A closer look at Medicare and Medicaid - how they are different in terms of how the programs are run, who can be eligible for benefits and the limits on those benefits. http://www.arkansas-estateplanning.com/estate_planning/index.php/elder-law/
Though Medicaid has been around for five decades, the program remains a mystery to much of the American population. And while the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion provision has now brought program benefits to millions of Americans, much of the country still seems to know little about how the program works. To better understand the program’s impact on your nursing home care, here are some important Medicaid tips you need to know.
Social health insurance (SHI) is a health insurance scheme that targets formal sector workers. It is funded through compulsory payroll taxes paid by both employees and employers, with premiums being income-rated so lower-income employees pay less. Germany and Belgium have classical examples where employees/employers contribute to mutual funds used to finance healthcare for the population. India has three key SHI schemes - ESIS, CGHS, and Railways Health Scheme. ESIS covers lower-paid formal sector workers through employee/employer contributions but suffers from low quality care. CGHS provides benefits to central government employees through nominal contributions but uses 18% of its budget for only 0.4% of the population. Advantages of SHI
Here is the slide on Healthcare economic evaluation. The content of this presentation doesn't belong to me. They are copied from several literature and internet
This document discusses Pakistan's health care financing system. It outlines how funds are mobilized and allocated to different regions and populations. It also describes the mechanisms for paying for health care. The document analyzes factors like public vs private expenditure, sources of funds, and financial protection. It provides statistics on total health expenditure as a percentage of GDP and per capita. It also examines funding allocation between federal, provincial and district levels and between government and private/NGO sectors. The document evaluates inequities in access between rich and poor areas and recommends targeting taxes and financing methods to improve access for underserved groups.
This document discusses health care financing. It begins by defining key terms related to health care financing sources, including public expenditures, external aid, and private expenditures. It then outlines the main mechanisms of health care financing: general revenue, social insurance contributions, private insurance premiums, community financing, and direct out-of-pocket payments. For each mechanism, it provides a brief definition and description. The document concludes by stating that the role of health financing should be recognized, that it cannot be dealt with separately from other factors like governance and economic growth, and that governments need to actively participate to avoid market failures.
The document summarizes recommendations from the High Level Expert Group on achieving Universal Health Coverage in India. It discusses expanding health coverage to all citizens through a national health package, increasing public spending on health to 3% of GDP, strengthening primary healthcare and developing norms for facilities at each level of care. It also emphasizes improving human resources for health, community participation, and access to medicines. The overall vision is to ensure equitable access to quality health services for all Indians.
Health financing within the overall health systemHFG Project
Presented during Day One of the 2016 Nigeria Health Care Financing Training Workshop. Presented by Prof. Tanimola Akande and Dr. Francis Ukwuije. More: https://www.hfgproject.org/hcf-training-nigeria
Delivered at the WHO Advanced Course on Health Financing for UHC in Low and MIddle Income Countries, this presentation reviews one of the core functions of health financing policy, namely raising for health services.
Devolution of health services in Kenya by Dr Samuel Mwenda, CHAKachapkenya
This document discusses the devolution of health services in Kenya following the new constitution of 2010. It summarizes that health services are now managed at the county level while the national government focuses on policy, referral hospitals, and training. It outlines the challenges of transitioning to this new system, including establishing new governance structures and changing the employment of health workers. Faith-based organizations still play an important role in healthcare delivery and need to find ways to engage with each county government to ensure access to resources and their patients' needs are still met under the devolved system.
THIS PPT IS ABOUT THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN CHINA MOSTLY STUDIED IN ECONOMICS.
THIS ALSO SHOWS YOU ABOUT THE INSURANCE POLICY AND GDP RATE AND MANY MORE
The World Health Organization was founded on the principle of universal health coverage and achieving the highest level of health for all people. World Health Day on April 7th aims to inspire and guide countries toward achieving universal health coverage through a series of events in 2018. Currently half the world's population lacks access to needed health services, and countries need to extend coverage to one billion more people by 2023 to meet global targets. World Health Day will highlight the need for universal coverage and benefits it provides.
The document summarizes healthcare financing in India. It discusses that healthcare financing aims to ensure access to health services. The key principles are generating revenue, pooling funds for cross-subsidization between rich/poor and healthy/sick, and purchasing efficient services. In India, healthcare is financed primarily through out-of-pocket payments by households, while government expenditure is low compared to other countries. Reforms like NRHM and RSBY aim to increase public allocation to healthcare. Challenges include expanding coverage with limited resources and improving spending efficiency.
Healthcare is a major part of every country's development platform. By healthcare we are in fact protecting the most important driver of development. Healthcare systems are primarily safe guarding the development core engine and are the best means of sustainable development.
The document outlines India's national health policies from 1983 to the present. The National Health Policy of 1983 aimed to achieve health for all by 2000 through increasing access to primary healthcare. The 2002 policy continued this goal and emphasized decentralizing services and increasing private sector involvement. The current 2017 policy builds on previous goals and aims to achieve universal health coverage through public health programs focused on prevention and health promotion. It sets specific targets for improving health indicators and increasing funding and infrastructure to achieve its vision.
This document discusses demand for health care and factors that influence demand. It covers the distinction between need and want, Grossman's model of demand for health, and factors like income, prices of substitutes and complements, insurance, and elasticity. The key points are that demand is derived from demand for health, it is influenced by many individual and environmental factors, and having insurance decreases price sensitivity by consumers.
This document presents India's proposed National Health Policy for 2017. It begins with an introduction noting India's large economy and healthcare interventions but lack of effective health system delivery. The aim and principles focus on universal access to quality healthcare. A situation analysis identifies challenges around disease burdens, social determinants, inequities, and quality of care. Goals and policy directions prioritize investment in preventive healthcare, strengthening primary care, ensuring access to services, and integrating national health programs. The document provides a comprehensive overview of India's healthcare system and proposed policies to address gaps.
National Health Policy of Nepal 2076 (ENGLISH)BPKIHS
The National Health Policy of Nepal-2076 outlines the country's vision, mission, goals, and policies for health. Its key points are:
The vision is for aware and healthy citizens. The mission is to ensure citizens' right to health through optimal resource use and cooperation. Goals include creating opportunities for all citizens to access health. There are 25 policy areas with over 100 strategies to restructure the health system according to the federal system and ensure universal health coverage through various programs and services. The policy addresses issues like non-communicable diseases, health workforce and services, and takes a more integrated approach than previous policies.
The document provides an overview of the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) for primary health centers and urban primary health centers. It discusses the importance and objectives of the IPHS, the types of primary health facilities, population norms, general principles, and criteria for compliance. It also outlines the essential services that should be provided, including maternal and child health services, family planning services, management of communicable diseases, and community outreach programs. Infrastructure requirements for the primary health centers are also covered.
1. The document discusses the origins and history of primary health care from pre-colonial times through the colonial period and post-independence era, culminating in the 1978 Declaration of Alma-Ata which established primary health care as a global strategy.
2. The Declaration defined primary health care as including health promotion, disease prevention, treatment of common illnesses, and community participation at an affordable cost.
3. While the goals of primary health care were not fully realized due to lack of resources and commitment, the principles of equity, prevention and universal access remain important, and revitalizing primary health care is seen as critical to achieving health-related sustainable development goals.
This document outlines India's proposed new National Health Policy for 2017. The key points are:
1) It aims to replace the 2002 policy and address growing non-communicable diseases and India's large disease burden.
2) The goals are universal health coverage, improving access to quality care without financial hardship, and increasing investment in health to 2.5% of GDP.
3) It proposes reorienting public health services to provide comprehensive primary care and strategic purchasing of secondary and tertiary care from public and private providers.
1) The document discusses surveillance in public health and describes its key components and purposes. Surveillance involves the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to provide information for action.
2) An effective surveillance system is simple, flexible, timely, and produces high-quality data. It addresses an important public health problem and accomplishes its objectives of understanding disease trends, detecting outbreaks, and evaluating control measures.
3) The document outlines how to establish a surveillance system, including selecting priority diseases, defining standard case definitions, and developing regular reporting and data dissemination processes. Both passive and active surveillance methods are described.
Medicare and Medicaid: What Are the Differences Part 2Deborah Sexton
A closer look at Medicare and Medicaid - how they are different in terms of how the programs are run, who can be eligible for benefits and the limits on those benefits. http://www.arkansas-estateplanning.com/estate_planning/index.php/elder-law/
Though Medicaid has been around for five decades, the program remains a mystery to much of the American population. And while the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion provision has now brought program benefits to millions of Americans, much of the country still seems to know little about how the program works. To better understand the program’s impact on your nursing home care, here are some important Medicaid tips you need to know.
The document provides information about health insurance in Thailand. It discusses:
- Thailand's universal healthcare system which provides coverage to all citizens through programs like the Universal Coverage Scheme.
- Private health insurance policies offered by companies like Bangkok Insurance and BUPA Blue Cross.
- Key aspects of health insurance contracts like premiums, deductibles, coverage limits, and exclusions.
- Thailand's growing private health insurance market which is regulated by the Office of Insurance Commission.
The document discusses key aspects of Obamacare (the Affordable Care Act) and its impact on healthcare coverage for millions of poor Americans. It explains that Obamacare expands Medicaid eligibility and creates online marketplaces to provide coverage for up to 32 million uninsured people. However, an estimated 23 million will still lack insurance by 2019. Obamacare also prohibits denying coverage due to pre-existing conditions but does not mandate insurance. While it aims to expand access, critics argue it fails to achieve universal coverage or effectively control costs.
Obamacare in Pictures: Visualizing the Effects of the Patient Protection and ...The Heritage Foundation
“Obamacare in Pictures: Visualizing the Effects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act” shows in detail the impact of the sweeping health care law for Americans.
Compulsory Savings and the Singapore Health Systems.coffey
The document discusses Singapore's healthcare system and whether aspects of it could be applied in Ireland. It outlines Singapore's Central Provident Fund program which requires compulsory healthcare savings contributions. These contributions fund the "3Ms" of the Singapore system - Medisave medical savings accounts, Medishield catastrophic insurance, and Medifund for the needy. Surveys show Singaporeans support personal responsibility for healthcare costs and view the system as generally affordable and high quality despite relying on less than 4% of GDP. However, implementing such a system may require prerequisites like willingness to save that differ between countries.
The US spends more on healthcare than any other country, reaching $2.7 trillion in 2011 or $8,680 per person, while UK spending was 142.8 billion pounds or 9.4% of GDP. In the US, most receive insurance through employers or private purchase, while 31% use public insurance and 16% are uninsured. In contrast, UK citizens receive universal public healthcare through taxation. While the US spends more, it has lower life expectancy and poorer health outcomes than other wealthy nations, including the UK which was rated as having the most efficient and cost-effective system. The data shows clear differences between the privately-run US system and the government-run UK system.
Please Help Me Understand the Affordable Care Act....No Politics Please!!!!HRBIMS
The document defines key terms related to the Affordable Care Act, provides some statistics, discusses the year 2015, and notes that forms can be found. Specifically, it defines terms like essential health benefits, grandfathered health plans, and the health insurance marketplace. It also outlines the different categories of health plans in the marketplace based on costs and covers.
The document discusses advanced analytics in healthcare in Singapore. It provides an overview of IHiS, the trusted technology partner in Singapore's public healthcare sector, and their work supporting over 40,000 healthcare users across hospitals, specialty centers, and polyclinics. It then discusses Singapore's healthcare landscape and vision for 2020, including regional health systems and better insurance. The document outlines how digital disruption is bringing more preventive, predictive, personalized and participatory approaches to healthcare through tools like risk assessment, genome analysis, wearables and online resources. It emphasizes that while healthcare analytics is important and relevant, it faces challenges around data availability, resources, and understanding how to apply analytic insights. Collaboration between IT, medical and data science experts is key
Lessons 1, 2 and 3 on Healthcare
In this series of lessons, we began with a scenario where we had to provide free healthcare to one student with illness. We touched on some of the challenges facing healthcare systems across the world and looked at the examples of the US and the UK.
We finally moved on to the healthcare system in Singapore. We used the SAPEO acronym to recall the 4 key principles that have shaped Singapore's healthcare system, while learning about government initiatives such as Medishield, Medisave, Medifund and the different classes of wards in hospitals.
Chapter 3 - Managing Healthcare in SingaporeGoh Bang Rui
Follow me on slideshare.
http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui
These slides are used to illustrate the healthcare system in Singapore. Ranging from Medisave to Restructuring of Hospitals in Singapore, these slides aim to teach the concept of Singapore healthcare in the new Social Studies Secondary Three syllabus. At the end of the slides, they provide a brief snapshot of the healthcare system of Singapore using the various measures such as Medisave, Medishield and Medifund.
Any comments are welcome. Thank you.
HealthCare System in Thailand:Past -
Present and Where is the Future ?
Dr. Pradit Sintavanarong
Minister of Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
ริชมอนด์ 11-10-56
With Thai consumers paying more attention to their health, many investors are focused on the Healthcare market in Thailand as part of their growth plans in the Asia Pacific.
Contact our healthcare team to find out more. Email: healthcare.bc@ipsos.com
The document provides an overview of Singapore's healthcare system. It describes Singapore's dual public-private healthcare delivery model and financing system. Healthcare is financed through various means including Medisave, Medishield, general taxation, and individual contributions. The government aims to provide affordable and accessible healthcare while promoting individual responsibility and preventative care programs.
The document discusses the emerging trend of health insurance in India. It summarizes that the Indian health insurance market grew at a CAGR of 37% between 2002-2008 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 42.3% between 2008-2015. The main drivers of growth are increasing awareness, rising healthcare costs, and supportive demographic trends of a prospering middle class. However, the market also faces restraints like inadequate healthcare infrastructure and lack of standardization.
The document discusses the flow of patients through the US healthcare system. It begins with a patient scheduling an appointment with their doctor. During the appointment, the medical assistant collects vitals and health history from the patient. The doctor then examines the patient, orders any necessary tests, and prescribes medications if needed. Finally, the doctor's office bills the patient's insurance company for the services provided. The document provides additional context on electronic medical records, health insurance definitions, and the electronic prescription process.
The document provides an overview of the complex U.S. healthcare system, including its decentralized market-based structure compared to other countries' centralized systems. It discusses key players like doctors, hospitals, insurers, and governments. It also covers major public programs like Medicare and Medicaid, as well as private insurance concepts like health plans, coding, and reimbursement structures including capitation and fee-for-service.
This document provides an overview of health insurance, including definitions of key terms, models of health expenditure, and examples of health insurance systems in different countries. It discusses the history of health insurance beginning in Germany in 1883 and adoption in other countries. It also outlines the traditional model of health insurance focusing on insurers/employers and proposes a more flexible model to serve different populations. Private health insurance is described as having an important role to play in overall healthcare systems by enhancing access and increasing service capacity.
The document discusses various options for financing health care, including user charges, public subsidies, community financing, health insurance, and private sector involvement. It notes that while each method has strengths, none are fully adequate alone and that a mix of approaches is typically needed to meet a population's total health care needs.
This document summarizes a presentation on health financing strategies for achieving universal health coverage given by Sourav Goswami and moderated by Dr. Subodh Gupta at MGIMS, Sevagram on June 8th, 2017. The presentation discusses key aspects of health financing policy including universal health coverage goals of access, quality, and financial protection. It covers topics such as revenue raising, risk pooling, purchasing of health services, benefit package design, and principles of rationing health resources. Examples from countries like Moldova and Chile are provided. The current scenario of health financing in India is also summarized, highlighting high levels of out-of-pocket spending and a need to increase public financing to achieve equitable access to
The document discusses reforms to public financial management in India based on recommendations from the Second Administrative Reforms Commission. It outlines weaknesses in budgetary processes, resource allocation, and expenditure management. The reforms aim to strengthen financial management systems through improved revenue collection, debt and cash management, planning processes, oversight, and use of modern practices like accrual accounting. Core principles for reform include ensuring financial management is part of governance reforms and adopting transparency, flexibility, and a focus on results.
The document discusses health insurance and community health insurance (CHI) schemes in India. It outlines the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) scheme launched by the Indian government in 2007 to provide health insurance to below poverty line (BPL) families. The key objectives of RSBY are to facilitate health insurance projects in all districts to provide BPL workers and their families up to Rs. 30,000 of annual health coverage. It also discusses issues around regulating private health insurance and ensuring financial sustainability and coverage of key diseases.
Understanding Health Accounts: A Primer for PolicymakersHFG Project
An update of the 2003 brief, this new primer provides an introduction to Health Accounts, the framework (System of Health Accounts 2011 or SHA 2011), and key steps involved in conducting Health Accounts exercises using SHA 2011 with particular emphasis on how policymakers can get involved to facilitate the process. The primer also includes country experiences illustrating show how Health Accounts data can be used for policy purposes, with specific attention to the importance of institutionalizing Health Accounts so that it may serve as an ongoing resource to policymakers.
Tax-based systems finance healthcare through taxes collected from the entire population of taxpayers, allowing risks to be pooled across a large group. This subsidizes care for the poor and sick by transferring wealth from the rich and healthy. However, overuse of free services remains a problem. Pay-as-you-go user fee systems represent a market-based solution but fees disproportionately reduce access for the poor. Risk-based private insurance guarantees entitlement by collecting risk-adjusted premiums but rising costs can cause the poor and sick to lose coverage. Social health insurance compulsorily collects premiums from a broad base to ensure universal coverage unlike private systems. Donor funding significantly finances developing countries' healthcare through government systems or private organizations.
Local fiscal administration involves the management of revenue generation, allocation, and spending by local governments. It aims to rationally and efficiently use public funds to benefit the greatest number of people. The annual budgeting process reflects a community's priorities and plans, showing what revenue will fund which services. It involves identifying budget objectives, operating demands, soliciting public input, and legislative approval before finalizing and communicating the budget. Local governments were given taxation and spending powers to sustain service delivery and promote local economic development.
Exploring the Potential Role Of Community Health Insurance Schemes In A Natio...David Lambert Tumwesigye
Exploring the Potential Role Of Community Health Insurance Schemes In A National Health Insurance Scheme-Presented to CHI practitioners of the Uganda Community Based Health Financing Association
The document discusses financing options for a universal health care system in India. It proposes the following:
1) Tax revenues should continue to be a major source of financing and efforts made to increase the government's health spending to 3% of GDP.
2) Other sources of funding include payroll deductions, contributions from farmers and the self-employed, and taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and financial transactions.
3) Projected costs of implementing a universal health care system with primary care centers, basic hospitals, and referral hospitals are estimated at Rs. 2.42 trillion or 1.72% of GDP for the year 2009-2010.
The document discusses reforms to Ukraine's healthcare system in market conditions. It proposes dividing healthcare into three subsystems: state, public, and private. The state subsystem would provide a basic level of care for all citizens. Those dissatisfied could use the public or private options. Factors like costs, pricing, competition between providers, and the economic roles of medical workers are discussed at different levels of the system. Budgets for medical institutions would be divided into accounts for salaries, current expenses, capital expenses, and other costs. The social, medical, and economic effectiveness of the healthcare system are also addressed.
This document summarizes key points from a presentation on rural health issues and healthcare reform. It discusses potential government shutdowns if a budget is not passed, changes to Medicare and Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act, provisions already in effect, and new delivery models like accountable care organizations. Key uncertainties are noted, such as the impact of healthcare reform on rural providers and workforce shortages.
Progress in Institutionalizing Health Accounts in Indonesia: Where Next?HFG Project
1) The Health Finance and Governance Project provided technical assistance to help institutionalize Health Accounts production in Indonesia led by the Ministry of Health's Center for Health Financing and Health Insurance (PPJK) and the University of Indonesia (UI).
2) With this support, PPJK and UI produced the 2015 and 2016 Health Accounts and PPJK has increased its leadership and capacity to produce future accounts.
3) Challenges remain around maintaining expertise, deepening stakeholder relationships, disseminating data quickly, refining data sources, and expanding work at the sub-national level, but progress has been made in establishing regular production and use of Health Accounts data for policymaking in Indonesia.
The document provides an overview of the Indian financial system and its components. It discusses that the financial system consists of organized and unorganized sectors. The organized sector includes regulated institutions like banks, capital markets, and regulatory bodies like RBI and SEBI. It also discusses the key functions of the financial system like facilitating payments, pooling funds, transferring resources, managing risks, providing price information and ensuring liquidity. The main components of the Indian financial system discussed are regulatory authorities, financial institutions, financial markets, financial instruments, and payment infrastructure. Regulatory authorities like RBI and SEBI help regulate banks, capital markets, and other financial institutions.
This document discusses health care financing in Ethiopia. It provides an overview of Ethiopia's health care financing reform established in 1998 which aimed to promote cost sharing. The key components of the reform included allowing health facilities to retain revenue, systematizing fee waivers for the poor, standardizing exemption services, outsourcing nonclinical services, revising user fees, initiating health insurance schemes, establishing private wings in public hospitals, and providing autonomy to health facilities through governing bodies. The document also covers definitions of health care financing, sources of financing, and payment methods like fee-for-service, capitation, and out-of-pocket payments.
The public sector is the part of the economy controlled by governments that provides services like the military, police, public transit, education, and healthcare. It aims to provide services that benefit all of society. Public sector economics studies how governments can address market failures through public spending, taxation, state ownership of firms, and regulation. It analyzes how governments can improve economic welfare and quality of life.
This document provides an overview of the mandates and objectives of GSIS, SSS, PhilHealth, and other leading private insurance companies in the Philippines.
GSIS and SSS are social insurance institutions created by law that provide defined benefit schemes to government employees and private sector workers, respectively. They offer benefits like life insurance, retirement, and disability. PhilHealth aims to provide universal health insurance and ensure affordable healthcare access. It administers the National Health Insurance Program.
All three organizations have missions focused on maintaining financial stability and viability of funds while providing meaningful social protection, benefits, and quality service to members. They are granted powers by law to administer programs, set policies, negotiate provider contracts, and more. Private
Similar to Fundamanetals of Health care finanacing (20)
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Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Answers Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
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2. HEALTH FINANCING
DEFINITION
What is health financing?
Health financing refers to the “function of a
health system concerned with the mobilization,
accumulation and allocation of money to cover
the health needs of the people, individually and
collectively, in the health system… the purpose of
health financing is to make funding available, as
well as to set the right financial incentives to
providers, to ensure that all individuals have
access to effective public health and personal
health care”
3. Course objectives
3
We will look at the following:
Sources of health financing
Financial accounting systems and mechanisms
Accounting documents
Types of budgets
Facility improvement fund
Payment mechanisms in health financing
4. HEALTH FINANCING IN
DETAIL
4
It encompasses resource mobilization allocation and
distribution at all levels/ national to local including
how providers are paid.
Refers to methods used to mobilize the resources
that support basic public health programs, provide
access to basic health services.
5. UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE
Is defined as ensuring that all people have access to
needed promotive, preventive, curative and
rehabilitative health services of sufficient quality to
be effective.
Access to needed health services is crucial for the
maintaining and improving health.
People need to be protected from out of pocket
spending that can lead to financial catastrophe.
6. Changing government role in
health care
Health is considered a public good
Government needs to actively participate
to avoid market failures
The Parliament, treasury , the controller
and auditor general play a major role in
public financial management.
7. Role of parliament in Kenya in
managing financial resources
7
Section (99) through to Section (103) of the Constitution
gives parliament the authority to oversee the finances of
the country including the budget. The key responsibility
of Parliament is to ensure that:
i.) The resource collection and mobilisation policies are
sound and in tune with the laid down legislations
8. Contd…
iii.) The expenditure programs are sound
iv.) The budget is implemented as it was approved in
parliament
v.) the budgetary items are in line with the existing
legislation
ii.) The appropriations match the needs of the people
9. ROLE OF PARLIAMENT,
AUDITOR GENERAL AND THE
CONTROLER
The Controller and Auditor General is a corollary
to the Public Accounts and Public Investments
Committees.
The relationship between the Auditor-General
and Parliament emanates from the Constitution.
The relationship between the two should be
balanced so that their roles and independence
remain clearly defined and separate. The
provision of fair and impartial audit reports and
information to Parliament through the Public
.
10. Contd….
Accounts/Investment Committees and the presence
of the Auditor-General during its deliberations on
the audited accounts of the republic and any other
bodies which received public funding are important
measures of necessity to assure the taxpayer that
there exists a body to investigate accountability on
behalf of Parliament.
In turn, a close working relationship between the
Auditor-General and Parliament enhances public
confidence that resources are used with due regard
to the efficient and effective running of the economy
11. EXTRA PARLIAMENTARY
OVERSIGHT INSTITUTIONS
The auditor General and the controller are offices of the
public and they are supposed to provide an oversight and
accountability to the funds and how they are spent and
managed.
It shall be the duty of the Controller and Auditor General:-
(a) To satisfy himself that any proposed withdrawal from the
Consolidated Fund is authorized by law, and, if so satisfied,
to approve the withdrawal;
(b) To satisfy himself that all moneys that have been
appropriated by parliament and disbursed have been applied
to the purposes to which they were so appropriated and that
the expenditure conforms to the authority that governs it;
and
12. Contd…At least once in every year to audit and report on the
public accounts of the .Government of Kenya, the accounts
of all courts in Kenya (other than courts, no part of the
expenses of which are defrayed directly out of moneys
provided by parliament), the accounts of every
commission established by this constitution and the
accounts of the Clerk of the National Assembly.
The Controller and Auditor-General and any officer
authorized by him shall have access to all books, records,
returns, reports and other documents which in his opinion
relate to any of the accounts referred to in subsection (2).
The Controller and Auditor General shall submit every
report made by him in pursuance of subsection (2) to the
Minister for the time being responsible for Finance who
shall, not later than seven days after the National
Assembly first meets after he has received the report, lay it
before the assembly.
13. TREASURY DUTIES
establish procedures and systems for proper and
effective management of government money and
property;
establish accounting procedures and systems for the
government to properly account for government
money and property;
superintend the expenditure of government money to
ensure that it can be properly accounted for;
prepare and submit accounts for each financial year
under the Public Audit Act, 2003' for audit by the
Controller and Auditor-General; and‘
ensure- that the accounts prepared under paragraph.
(d) comply with the provisions of this Act
14. SOURCES OF HEALTH CARE
FINANCING
Through private expenditure or public
expenditure or external aid
Public expenditure includes all expenditure on
health services by LOANS ,TAXES, FEES,
DONOR GRANTS
External sources refer to the external aid
which comes through bilateral aid program or
international non governmental organizations
House hold out of pocket expenditure is an
example of private financing.
Give some more examples…….
15. 1) TAX-BASED SYSTEMS
Tax-based systems is a form of risk pooling in which
the risk pool is the entire population of taxpayers.
It requires a competent government that are capable
of collecting, managing and dispersing funds in a
responsible and accountable manner.
16. 2) PAY AS YOU USE :USER-FEES
Also known as ‘User-charges’.
This is the normal way that we pay for most
goods and services, and represents a market-
based solution for healthcare financing.
User Charges have a disproportionate effect on
the utilization of services by the poor, thus
raising equity concerns.
In resource poor environments user-fees can be
a significant barrier to accessing care and
removal of fees can increase utilization of
services.
17. 3) RISK BASED (PRIVATE) INSURANCE
Entitlement to healthcare is guaranteed via making
contributions (insurance premiums) that are related
to the risk of such an event.
It redistributes from the well to the sick, and from
the lucky to the unlucky.
As costs rise, insurance premiums rise, and the very
poor and sick drop out of the system.
Such systems do little to improve the access to
healthcare for the poor, the elderly, and people with
chronic illness.
18. 5. Donor Funding
External donor funding is a significant source of
healthcare funds throughout the developing world.
Many of the least developed countries are heavily
reliant on donor funding.
Donor funding is normally dispersed via
government-run health financing systems), however
it can also be given to non-governmental, and other
private organisations.
19. 4) SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE
Social health insurance (SHI) systems raise funds via
broad based, often compulsory insurance. No one is
excluded from such schemes, in contrast with private
risk-based systems.
21. IMPREST
Is a form of financial accounting system.
The most common imprest system is the petty cash
system.
The most important characteristic of imprest system
is that a fixed amount is reserved which after a
certain period of time it will be replenished
Petty cash imprest system allows only replenishment
of the spend made.
22. Contd…ADVANTAGES OF IMPREST
SYSTEM
The claimant can only spend what they have and is
only replenished with what they spend.
The amount requested is documented. This
documentation are the petty cash dockets and their
associated receipts or invoices.
Petty cash receipts are written for each amount
issued.
23. Voucher system
This is a system in which a receipt representing
monetary value is issued but can only be spent on
certain items.
For example a charity organization can offer a health
centre a voucher to provide assistance in paying the
utility bills.
24. SALARY
Agreed upon and regular compensation for
employment that is common practice paid on a
monthly or bi weekly basis and is not based on
hourly , daily or weekly or piece work basis.
Wage on the other hand is monetary remuneration
computed on hourly, daily, weekly or piece work
basis.
25. Contd..
Therefore, salaried doctors in the public sector are
often associated with low motivation, low
productivity and low quality of services.
Salaries are also being combined with capitation
and performance based components to promote
motivation as well as higher productivity and quality.
26. Advantages and disadvantages
Cost containment
Equitable provision
Easy administration
Disadvantages:
Low productivity
Low quality of care or service delivery
Low morale of the providers
27. FACILITY IMPROVEMENT
FUND
Is revenue collected at public health facilities as user
fees paid to defray the costs of running these
facilities.
The fund is usually vital in enabling facilities to
manage their day to day expenses and manage
situations where emergency supplies have to be
acquired.
However most health facilities in Kenya are facing
challenges regarding this facility improvement fund:
28. Challenges:
There is a lot of bureaucracies when the facility is
trying to get the money disbursed to them from the
county government(county treasury)
Corruption and total misuse of the funds by the
county treasury of the facility.
Lack of financial management tools for managing
and planning of the FIF funds.
29. VOTE BOOK
Is an account book which is used to record and
monitor expenditure in the public sector. The
information on these books is subject to auditing to
ensure that budgets are well controlled and coincide
with financial regulations
Public sector such as govt, health institutions and
schools use vote books systems.
30. Advantages of vote books
Ensure no extra budgeting spending.
Highlight unnecessary expenditure out of the
ordinary.
Show the balance available so the organization can
keep on top of their finances
Ensure that sufficient funds are available for future
payments.
31. Per diem
Daily payment gives hospitals a strong incentive to
increase the number of admissions and to extend the
length of stay, thereby enhancing health expenditure.
Quality and lengths of stay can be monitored by peer
reviewers. It is administratively simple to implement
and it can be used to begin collecting the data that
are necessary to design a case-based system.
32. Contd…
Unit of payment is per day for different hospital
departments. Financial risk for provider is low and
for payer it is high.
33. Different financing methods available
and organization of the financing systems
Financing Systems
External financing
“Aid” Internal financing
Public systems of
health services
Social insurance
systems (illness)
Unified
System
Fragmented
System
User
payments
For-profit
or
Non-profit
private
insurance
Medical
savings
voluntary
or compulsory
Social
contributions
employers
employees
Methods of public financing Methods of private financing
35. Fee for service
Fee for service
Provider is reimbursed for each individual service
provided. It may be either input-based or output-
based. Input-based if there is no fixed-fee schedule
and if services are not grouped.
Providers are permitted to bill purchasers for all
costs incurred to provide each service retrospectively
as is the case in countries
36. Per capita
Per capita
The provider is paid, in advance, a predetermined
fixed rate to provide a defined set of services for each
individual enrolled with the provider for a fixed
period usually one year.
Output-based, and the unit of output is the coverage
of all predefined services for an individual for a fixed
period.
37. Contd…
Payment to a provider is not linked to the inputs that
the provider uses or the volume of services provided.
Some risk is shifted from the purchaser to the
provider and if provider incurs costs that are greater
than the per capita budget, the provider is liable for
them
38. Case based
Case-based hospital payment systems create the
incentives to increase the number of cases and to
minimize the inputs used for each case because
providers have more control over resource use per
case than over the total number of treated cases.
Minimizing the inputs is typically stronger (in
terms of availability of provider manipulation),
and therefore case-based hospital payment
systems have been used as a mechanism to control
costs and reduce capacity in the hospital sector
39. BUDGETING AND BUDGET
TYPES
Budgets are expressions of expected future income
and expenses.
They are generally based on historical data, if
available, and adjusted based on assumptions
regarding inflation, increases or decreases in income
or expenses, and expected expansion of programs
and services.
40. The main sources of finances for the government
are:
Ordinary revenue: which represents the
amount of money raised in a given period through
taxes such as income tax, corporation tax, stamp
duties, Value Added Tax (VAT) and excise duties.
User charges: which are fees charged to
consumers of goods and services produced by the
government. These are only paid by those who use
the services, such as birth certificates, driving
licences, passports and registration of real estate
properties.
Sale of assets: which includes the sale of
bonded goods and other assets including shares in
41. Investment income: which represents income
derived from public commercial activities, e g.
dividends and interest on on-lent funds, from
Central Bank and state corporations.
Grants from foreign governments: which are
non repayable funds provided by foreign
governments for a specific purpose.
Borrowing: which are repayable funds loaned by
foreign government, donors or domestic markets.
42. principles of a good budget
A good budget should have the following
attributes:
Comprehensiveness: which means that the
budget includes all fiscal operations, on receipts
and expenditure sides, within a sustainable
macroeconomic framework.
Predictability: which means that the
budget should be predictable within a medium
term horizon.
05/11/16
43. contd...
Transparency: which means that the budget
should be prepared and presented openly and
information should be available on a timely basis.
Periodicity: which means that that the budget
should cover a specific period of time.
Contestability: means that economic actors
compete fairly for resources and can challenge or
question the Government on any of the items in the
budget, or on any of its priorities.
05/11/16
44. Stages in The Budget
Process
Many Kenyans perceive the national budget process as a
one time event marked by the budget speech, delivered by
the Minister for Finance, in the month of June every year.
The Kenyan budget cycle passes through the following
four major phases: Budget planning and
preparation Budget proposal, debate and approval
Budget execution (implementation, supervision and
audit) Budget monitoring and evaluation
05/11/16
45. Types of budgets
Annual Budgets
An annual budget is a budget that is developed for
a year long period of time. An annual
budget is often the organization's yearly budget that
they would publish in summary form in
their annual report or business statements.
Depending on the organization, an annual budget
could operate according to the financial year (e.g. 1
July 2000 - 30 June 2001) or the calendar
year (e.g. 15 January 2000 - 31 December 2001).
05/11/16
46. contd...
Operational Budget
An operational budget can also be called an
organisational budget. This type of budget
highlights the income earned and expenditure that is
incurred by an organisation.
Operational budgets may be broken into areas/
departments so that these areas/departments have
their own budget allocation to operate within.
05/11/16
47. contd...
Program Budget
A program budget highlights the income and
expenditure that is incurred for the development and
implementation of a specific program.
05/11/16
48. TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENTS
TYPES OF BUDGETS- READ MORE AND
MAKE SHORT NOTES
THE BUDGET PROCESS- READ MORE AND
MAKE SHORT NOTES.
05/11/16
While the goals of health systems financing can be expressed in various ways, there is a general consensus
that it should not only seek to raise sufficient funds for health, but should do so in a way that allows people
to use the needed services without the risk of severe financial hardship (often called financial catastrophe or
impoverishment).
This involves the accomplishment of two related objectives: (i) to raise sufficient funds and
(ii) to provide financial risk protection to the population. These objectives can be achieved more easily if the
available funds are used efficiently, highlighting the need for a third objective, that of efficiency in resource
1
utilization. As a result, the financing system is often divided conceptually into three inter-related functions
— (i) revenue collection, (ii) fund pooling, and (iii) purchasing/provision of services. Before focusing on
measurement strategies and indicators for these functions it is important to understand their key components.