A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable, i.e., direct address of the memory location. Like any variable or constant, you must declare a pointer before you can use it to store any variable address.
There are few important operations, which we will do with the help of pointers very frequently. (a) we define a pointer variable (b) assign the address of a variable to a pointer and (c) finally access the value at the address available in the pointer variable. This is done by using unary operator * that returns the value of the variable located at the address specified by its operand.
A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable, i.e., direct address of the memory location. Like any variable or constant, you must declare a pointer before you can use it to store any variable address.
There are few important operations, which we will do with the help of pointers very frequently. (a) we define a pointer variable (b) assign the address of a variable to a pointer and (c) finally access the value at the address available in the pointer variable. This is done by using unary operator * that returns the value of the variable located at the address specified by its operand.
Constructors, Destructors, call in parameterized Constructor, Multiple constructor in a class, Explicit/implicit call, Copy constructor, Dynamic Constructors and call in parameterized Constructor
Pointers in C language is a variable that stores/points the address of another variable. A Pointer in C is used to allocate memory dynamically i.e. at run time.
Presentation on polymorphism in c++.pptxvishwadeep15
This is a PPT on polymorphism which lays a solid foundation on the basic concepts, useful for 1st year COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDENTS or any students keen on learning cpp , or computer science in general
Constructors, Destructors, call in parameterized Constructor, Multiple constructor in a class, Explicit/implicit call, Copy constructor, Dynamic Constructors and call in parameterized Constructor
Pointers in C language is a variable that stores/points the address of another variable. A Pointer in C is used to allocate memory dynamically i.e. at run time.
Presentation on polymorphism in c++.pptxvishwadeep15
This is a PPT on polymorphism which lays a solid foundation on the basic concepts, useful for 1st year COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDENTS or any students keen on learning cpp , or computer science in general
A function provides a convenient way of packaging a computational recipe, so that it can be used as often as required. A function definition consists of two parts: interface and body. The interface of a function (also called its prototype) specifies how it may be used. It consists of three entities:
The function name. This is simply a unique identifier.
The function parameters (also called its signature). This is a set of zero or more typed identifiers used for passing values to and from the function.
The function return type. This specifies the type of value the function returns. A function which returns nothing should have the return type void.
The body of a function contains the computational steps (statements) that comprise the function.
slide1: the content of functons
slide2: Introduction to function
slide3:function advantages
slide4 -5: types of functions
slide6: elements of user defined functions
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. Polymorphism
The word polymorphism is derived from Greek word Poly
which means many and morphos which means forms.
Polymorphism can be defined as the ability to use the same
name for two or more related but technically different tasks.
Eg-woman plays role of daughter,sister,wife,mother etc.
2 Ritika sharma
3. Overloading in C++
What is overloading
– Overloading means assigning multiple
meanings to a function name or operator
symbol
– It allows multiple definitions of a function with the same
name, but different signatures.
C++ supports
– Function overloading
– Operator overloading
3 Ritika sharma
4. Why is Overloading Useful?
Function overloading allows functions that
conceptually perform the same task on
objects of different types to be given the
same name.
Operator overloading provides a convenient
notation for manipulating user-defined
objects with conventional operators.
4 Ritika sharma
5. Function Overloading
Is the process of using the same name for two or more
functions
Requires each redefinition of a function to use a different
function signature that is:
different types of parameters,
or sequence of parameters,
or number of parameters
Is used so that a programmer does not have to remember
multiple function names
5 Ritika sharma
6. Function Overloading
Two or more functions can have the same name but different
parameters
Example:
int max(int a, int b)
{
if (a>= b)
return a;
else
return b;
}
float max(float a, float b)
{
if (a>= b)
return a;
else
return b;
}
6 Ritika sharma
7. Overloading Function Call Resolution
Overloaded function call resolution is done by
compiler during compilation
– The function signature determines which definition
is used
a Function signature consists of:
– Parameter types and number of parameters
supplied to a function
a Function return type is not part of function signature
and is not used in function call resolution
7 Ritika sharma
8. void sum(int,int);
void sum(double,double);
void sum(char,char);
void main()
{
int a=10,b=20 ;
double c=7.52,d=8.14;
char e=‘a’ , f=‘b’ ;
sum(a,b); //calls sum(int x,int y)
sum(c,d); //calls sum (double x,double y)
sum(e,f); // calls sum(char x,char y)
}
void sum(int x,int y)
{
vout<<“n sum of integers are”<<x+y;
}
void sum(double x,double y)
{
cout<<“n sum of two floating no are”<<x+y;
}
void sum(char x,char y)
{
cout<<“n sum of characters are”<<x+y;
8 Ritika sharma
9. Output:
Sum of integers 30
sum of two floating no are 15.66
sum of characters are 195
9 Ritika sharma
11. Function Selection Involves following
Steps.
Compiler first tries to find the Exact match in which the type
of argument are the same,and uses that func.
If an exact match is not found,the compiler user the integral
promotions to the actual argument such as,char to int, float
to double.
When either of them fails ,build in conversions are
used(implicit conversion) to the actual arguments and then
uses the function whose match is unique.but if there are
multiple matches,then compiler will generate an error
message.
11 Ritika sharma
12. For ex: long square(long n)
long square(double x)
Now a func. call such as square(10) will cause an
error because int argument can be converted into
long also and double also.so it will show
ambiguity.
User defined conversion are followed if all the
conversion are failed.
12 Ritika sharma
14. Scope
The scope of a variable is the portion of a program where the
variable has meaning (where it exists).
A global variable has global (unlimited) scope.
A local variable’s scope is restricted to the function that
declares the variable.
A block variable’s scope is restricted to the block in which
the variable is declared.
14 Ritika sharma
15. Understanding Scope
Some variables can be accessed throughout an entire
program, while others can be accessed only in a limited part
of the program
The scope of a variable defines where it can be accessed in a
program
To adequately understand scope, you must be able to
distinguish between local and global variables
15 Ritika sharma
16. Local variables
Parameters and variables declared inside the definition of a
function are local.
They only exist inside the function body.
Once the function returns, the variables no longer exist!
That’s fine! We don’t need them anymore!
16 Ritika sharma
17. Block Variables
You can also declare variables that exist only within the body
of a compound statement (a block):
{
int foo;
…
…
}
17 Ritika sharma
18. Global variables
You can declare variables outside of any function definition –
these variables are global variables.
Any function can access/change global variables.
Example: flag that indicates whether debugging information
should be printed.
18 Ritika sharma
19. Distinguishing Between Local
and Global Variables
Celebrity names are global because they are known to people
everywhere and always refer to those same celebrities
Global variables are those that are known to all functions in a
program
Some named objects in your life are local
You might have a local co-worker whose name takes
precedence over, or overrides, a global one
19 Ritika sharma
20. A note about
Global vs. File scope
A variable declared outside of a function is available
everywhere, but only the functions that follow it in the file
know about it.
The book talks about file scope, I’m calling it global scope.
20 Ritika sharma
21. Block Scope
int main(void) {
int y;
{
int a = y;
cout << a << endl;
}
cout << a << endl;
}
Error – a
doesn’t exist outside
the
block!
21 Ritika sharma
Editor's Notes
Multiple function with same name and same number of parameters differ only in data types