The document discusses functions in programming. It defines functions as mini-programs that perform a specific task and can be called multiple times without rewriting code. Key points about functions include using them to avoid duplicating code, defining functions with def statements, and having local and global scopes that determine variable visibility. Examples demonstrate how functions take in arguments and return values. The document also covers exception handling and a practice project involving the Collatz sequence.

1. Functions
Prepared by
Md. Shafiuzzaman

2. Functions
• a mini-program within a program
• Built-in: print(), input(), len()
• User-defined

3. Example

4. Purpose of functions
• group code that gets executed multiple times
• without a function defined, you would have to copy and paste code
each time
• avoid duplicating code, because if you ever decide to update the
code—if, for example, you find a bug you need to fix—you’ll have to
remember to change the code everywhere you copied it

5. Key Concepts
• def Statements
• arguments
• parameters
• return

7. None Value
• Other programming languages might call this value null, nil, or
undefined.

8. Keyword Arguments

9. Keyword Arguments

10. Local and Global Scope
• code in the global scope cannot use any local variables
• a local scope can access global variables
• code in a function’s local scope cannot use variables in any other local
scope

11. Local and Global Variables with the Same
Name

12. The global Statement

13. The global Statement

14. If you ever want to modify the value stored in a global variable from
in a function,
you must use a global statement on that variable

15. Exception Handling

16. Exception Handling

17. Exception Handling

18. Practice Projects: The Collatz Sequence
• Write a function named collatz() that has one parameter named
number. If number is even, then collatz() should print number // 2
and return this value. If number is odd, then collatz() should print and
return 3 * number + 1.
• Then write a program that lets the user type in an integer and that
keeps calling collatz() on that number until the function returns the
value 1.

19. Hints
• Remember to convert the return value from input() to an integer with
the int() function; otherwise, it will be a string value
• An integer number is even if number % 2 == 0, and it’s odd if number
% 2 == 1

20. Sample Output

21. Input Validation
• Add try and except statements to the previous project to detect
whether the user types in a noninteger string.
• Normally, the int() function will raise a ValueError error if it is passed
a noninteger string, as in int('puppy').
• In the except clause, print a message to the user saying they must
enter an integer.