This document discusses functions in C language. It defines what a function is, its properties, types of functions, and how to define, declare and call functions. The key points are: 1. A function is a block of code that performs a specific task and can be called from different parts of a program. 2. Functions have a unique name, are independent units that perform tasks without interfering with other code, and can optionally return a value. 3. Functions are declared with a prototype specifying their return type, name and parameters, and defined with the actual code implementation.

1. FUNCTIONS’ IN C
By-Nilam Desai

2. WHAT IS FUNCTION?
 A function in C language is a block of code that
performs a specific task.
 It has a name and it is reusable i.e. it can be
executed from as many different parts in a
C Program as required.
 It also optionally returns a value to the calling
program

3. FUNCTION PROPERTIES
 Every function has a unique name. This name is
used to call function from “main()” function. A
function can be called from within another
function.
 A function is independent and it can perform its
task without intervention from or interfering
with other parts of the program.
 A function performs a specific task. A task is a
distinct job that your program must perform as a
part of its overall operation, such as adding two
or more integer, sorting an array into numerical
order, or calculating a cube root etc.

4. PROPERTIES CONT…
 A function returns a value to the calling
program. This is optional and depends upon the
task your function is going to accomplish.
Suppose you want to just show few lines through
function then it is not necessary to return a
value. But if you are calculating area of rectangle
and wanted to use result somewhere in program
then you have to send back (return) value to the
calling function.

5. TYPES OF C FUNCTION
 Inbuilt function: they are already defined in C
library.
 i.e. Printf, scanf, clrscr etc.
 User define function: programmer will create it
based on program requirements.
 i.e. main

6. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A C
FUNCTION
 <return type> FunctionName (Argument1, Argument2,
Argument3……)
{
Statement1;
Statement2;
Statement3;
}
 Example
 void main()
{
}
 int sum (int x, int y)
{
int result;
result = x + y;
return (result);
}

7. FUNCTION PROTOTYPE AND
FUNCTION DEFINITION
 Function prototype tells compiler that we are
going to use a function which will have given
name, return type and parameters.
 Function definition on the other hand is just
writing logic of any function.
 For example you have one function prototype in C
program for adding two integer numbers
 int add(int, int)
 but along with prototype you also have to write logic
how that function will behave (respect to above
prototype; how you will utilize those two passed
integer value and how you will return value) when
you will call that function.

8. FUNCTION PROTOTYPE AND
FUNCTION DEFINITION EXAMPLE
 #include<stdio.h>
 #include<conio.h>
 void myFunction();
 int add(int, int);

 void main()
 {
 clrscr();

 myFunction();
 printf("nn%d",add(10,15));
 getch();
 }

9. EXAMPLE CONT…
 void myFunction()
{
 printf("This is inside function :D");
}

 int add(int a, int b)
{
 return a+b;
}

10. EXPLANATION
 We will start from line no. 4 & 5. In these two
lines we have function prototype, line no. 4 has
a simple function prototype which doesn’t have
parameters or return type. It’s very simple to
declare a prototype, see line no. 17 & 4, both
line are same except prototype requires
semicolon (;) at the end. Code block (line no.
17-20) is function definition for our first function
prototype (i.e. line no. 4). In this block we are
defining behavior of that function and in my code
it’s just printing a simple message for
demonstration.

11.  Similarly we have second function prototype
(line no. 5) and it has parameters and return
type. Code block (line no. 22 – 25) is definition of
above function prototype. One important point
for function prototype having parameters; in
prototype, variable name for parameters is
optional (see line no. 5). There is no variable
name for int parameters, its (int, int). But in
that prototype’s function definition you must
provide parameter variable name (see line no.
22). We have (int a, int b) parameter name.
 One more important thing, if you writing
function definition above main() function then
you don’t need to write prototype of that function.
But it’s a good practice to keep all the functions
below main() function.

12. ADVANTAGES OF USING
FUNCTIONS:
 It makes possible top down modular
programming. In this style of programming, the
high level logic of the overall problem is solved
first while the details of each lower level
functions is addressed later.
 The length of the source program can be reduced
by using functions at appropriate places.
 It becomes uncomplicated to locate and separate
a faulty function for further study.

13. ADVANTAGES CONT…
 A function may be used later by many other
programs this means that a c programmer can
use function written by others, instead of
starting over from scratch.
 A function can be used to keep away from
rewriting the same block of codes which we are
going use two or more locations in a program.
This is especially useful if the code involved is
long or complicated.

14. TYPES OF USER DEFINED
FUNCTIONS:
 Functions with no arguments and no return
values.
 Functions with arguments and no return values.
 Functions with arguments and return values.
 Functions that return multiple values.
 Functions with no arguments and return values.

16. OUTPUT

17. EXPLANATION
 This program has only function named “add()” .
Calling this C function from “main()” is very
simple.
 This “add()” function takes two values as
arguments, adds those two values and prints the
result.
 Line 3-8 is a function block of the program. Line
no. 3 is the header of function,void is return type
of function, add is function name and (int x, int
y) are variable which can hold integer values to x
and y respectively.

18.  When we call function, line no. “12, 13, 14”, we
need to send two integer values as its argument.
Then these two values get stored in variable x
and y of line no. 3. Now we have two values to
perform addition; in line no. 5 there is an
integer declaration named “result”. This integer
will store the sum of x and y (please see line no.
6). Line no. 7 simply prints the result with C’s
inbuilt function “printf”.
 Now imagine the same program without using
function. We have called “add()” function three
times, to get the same output without using
function we have to writeLine no. 6 & 7 three
time. If you want to add more value later in the
program then again you have to type those two
lines.

19. NESTING OF FUNCTION
 Function calls within another function is called
Nesting of function.
 C allows nesting of functions easily.
 Main() can call function1,function1 can call
function2 and so on..
Main()
Function1()
Function2()

20. RULES FOR PASSING ARRAY AS
FUNCTION PARAMETER OR
ARGUMENT
 The function prototype must show that the
argument is an array.
 In function definition the formal argument must
be an array if the argument list have an array as
parameter.
 Function call must have only the name of an
array .indexing of the array is not required to
pass an whole array.