Self created Android app controls the speed and direction of DC motor based train engine through Bluetooth communication with microcontroller ATMEGA328 arduino.

1. PRESENTATION
ON
TRACTION ENGINE CONTROL USING
MICROCONTROLLER
SUBMITTED BY :
GAURAV AHUJA
 KUNIKA SAHU
GUIDED BY :
 MR. H.S. THAKUR SIR
E.E.E. DEPARTMENT

2. Introduction to Intelligent Train
Engines :-

3. Introduction to Intelligent Train Engines :-
• We know that the railway network of India is the biggest in south Asia
and perhaps the most complicated in all over the world. There are so
many different types of trains local, fast, super fast, passenger, goods….
etc. and their so many multiple routs & that’s why the train accidents are
becoming more and more usual. So why not we add a kind of intelligence
to the train engines itself so that it tries to avoid accidents.
• The idea is whenever any engine observes a red signal on its track it will
start decreasing its speed gradually and stops automatically at some
distance before the signal pole. After then when it gets green signal it will
start increasing its speed again. As a result the driver can feel relax even if
he forgets to take any action on red signal then also we can avoid
accidents by the implementation of this idea.

4. General description:-
• What we have to do is we have to attach a transmitter with
signal pole which will start transmitting signals only when the
red light is on. If there is no signal transmitted means there is
a green signal. The engine has a receiver which catches these
transmitted signals and takes desire actions.
• Here in our project we have used IR transmitter and receiver
instead of RF for demo purpose. But same idea can be easily
implemented for long range using RF type transmitter and
reciever with a little more cost.

5. Demonstration Model :-
• The train engine runs on 12V DC motor so that we can easily vary its
speed by varying applied voltage. The switching voltage is applied in step
of 6V (min speed) , 8V, 10V and 12V (max. speed). The 230 VAC is step-
down to 12 VAC by 12-0-12, 5 Ampere step down transformer.
230 to
12-0-12
5A
Transformer
230 VAC
CONTROLLING
CIRCUIT AND DC
MOTOR
12 VAC LINE
SLIDING
CONTACTS
IR SENSOR
TSOP 1738
SIGNAL ROAD
AND IR
TRANSMITTER

6. • As shown in previous figure this 12 VAC line runs parallel with
track at the top of the train. Movable tapping are taken from
this line and fed to the internal circuit of engine. These
tapping slides as the train runs on the track and give
continuous supply to circuit. The IR reciever sensor is placed
at the top of the engine, senses the signals transmitted by IR
transmitter attached to signal pole and performs the speed
regulation as per programmed in the controller.
• For the signal control we have created an Android Application
which communicate with an external circuit connected with
the traffic signals. This application uses bluetooth channel to
communicate with the controller.

7.  Since some work is to be done on the signal poles
and some emergency protection sensor part of the
project. This all will be covered in the extended
project.
 As of now, In our project engine will recieve the
signals through the bluetooth communication with
the android application dirrectly instead of receiving
the IR signal from the signal pole.

8. BLUETOOTH COMMUNICATION
BETWEEN CONTROLLER & THE
ANDROID APPLICATION :-

9. •The first page of the
application will just let you
know the terms and conditions
of the app including the
copyright policies.
•The screen shot of the second
page is shown in figure it is just
for ensuring authorised access
only.
•After entering the required
Credentials the user can access
the controls over the train.

10.  After successful login, user need to connect
to bluetooth module of the controller circuit
using its pairing password.
Once the bluetooth module is successfully
connected with the application, the blue
background text will be converted into a
green background text showing “Connected”
Communication between the two takes
place now.
User will have two buttons available
“forward” & “reverse”.
Pressing either of the buttons will provide
options for the speed selection as shown in
figure.
 A break button is always available for
stopping the train at any moment.

11. Direction & Speed Control :-

12. Direction & Speed Control :
• There are many methods available to control the
speed of dc motors. But here we are using the
armature voltage control to vary the speed.
• The main component of this circuit is the darlington
transistor (TIP122) and PWM (pulse width modulated)
signal generated by the controller.
• The greater will be the duty cycle of PWM signal to the
base the lesser will be the resistance between it’s
emmitter and collector terminal.

13. • When the user selects the required dirrection and
speed in the application menu, it sends certain data
to the controller. The controller decodes the data
and performs the required action as programmed in
it.
• The interfacing diagram of microcontroller with
bluetooth module and the speed control circuit is
shown in the next figure.

14. • Let for the forward dirrection, the controller
sends a LOW signal to the relay & TIP122 (2)
hence Relay is in normally closed position and
terminals of TIP122(2) acts as a open
circuited.
• Also according to the speed selected PWM
signal with required Duty cycle is sent to the
TIP122(1) which controls the power through
the circuit.
FORWARD MOTION :

15. M
+12 V
8
9
10
RX
GND
VCC
TX
+5 V
XTAL1
XTAL2
0 (RX)
1 (TX)
16MHZ
5V RELAY
TIP122 (1)TIP122 (2)
12 V DC MOTOR
BT MODULE
HC-05
CRYSTAL
OSCILLATOR
N/C
LOW
LOW
PWM
DIRRECTION
OPEN

16. • Similiarly for the opposite dirrection, the
controller sends a HIGH signal to the relay to
shift it to normally open position and a LOW
signal to TIP122(1) so its terminal acts as open
circuited.
• Also according to the speed selected PWM
signal with required Duty cycle is sent to the
TIP122(2) which controls the power through
the circuit.
REVERSE MOTION :

17. M
+12 V
8
9
10
RX
GND
VCC
TX
+5 V
XTAL1
XTAL2
0 (RX)
1 (TX)
16MHZ
5V RELAY
TIP122TIP122
12 V DC MOTOR
BT MODULE
HC-05
CRYSTAL
OSCILLATOR
N/O
PWM
HIGH
LOW
DIRRECTION
OPEN

18. BRAKING:
• If braking command is send to the engine at
any movement. The controller checks the
PWM signal transmitting at that moment. And
reverse the dirrection with a lesser speed for a
small duration.

19. Introduction to a Printed Circuit
Board (PCB) :

20. Introduction to a Printed Circuit Board :
• A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and
electrically connects electronic components using conductive
tracks etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-
conductive substrate.
• A PCB along with electronic components is called a printed
circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB
assembly (PCBA).
• PCB's can be single sided (one copper layer), double
sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. We have used the
single sided PCB.

21. • PCB layout design.
• Silk Screen Printing
• Etching
• Drilling
• Soldering
Following are the basic steps of PCB design :-

22. Manufacturing :
PCB layout design :-
• The required circuit design is captured in a
schematic using software like proteus, eagle
etc. And most of these software also allow the
design to be simulated.
• After the circuit design is captured in a
schematic, then the PCB layout of the circuit is
designed through it. Here we have used the
express pcb for PCB layout designing.

23. Silk Screen Printing :
• When the PCB layout is designed it is printed in a
glossy laser paper.
• On applying heat and pressure on the printed PCB
layout will replicates the pattern onto the copper layer
of the PCB which act as a protective mask against
etching solution.

24. Etching process
• In this process the board is submerged in etching
solution such as ferric chloride. This solution
removes the unprotected copper leaving behind the
required conducting path only.
• Chemical etching is usually done with ammonium per
sulphate or ferric chloride.
24Fig. Etching with ferric chloride Fig. After etching (only required
conducting path remains)

25.  Holes through the PCB are made using small drill
bits, wherever components are to fixed, this process
is known as drilling.
 The required components are soldered along with
the conducting copper path hence completing the
circuit.
Fig. Printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) of our project

26. THANKYOU