From E-learning to M-learning

From the field
From E-learning to M-learning
Author This paper reports on the current challenges the professional sector faces when going
mobile. The report discusses the role of mobile devices in the workforce and addresses
Christina Meiers, Marketing
Manager (imc) challenges like compatibility, security and training. It also provides a comprehensive
christina.meiers@im-c.de review of the mobile landscape, and reviews current best practices in mobile learning.

Tags
1. The mobilisation of the business environment
professional development Around 500 million smartphones, 34 million tablets and over 1 billion app downloads in 2011
and training, technical alone – according to the records of the global mobile communications market. According
support, mobile learning,
to the Cisco Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast, in 2012 there are likely to be more mobile
company-wide device
concepts communication devices in the world than people [1]. Use of the mobile internet and the
associated transformation of the device landscape are well underway. What started with
Notebooks, PDAs and Blackberries has now reached perfection with tablet PCs and smart-
phones. The device manufacturers continue to trump one another with ever more powerful
and visually appealing examples of the mobile companion. Generally speaking, smartphones
and tablets etc. are in equal measure practical, conducive to increasing productivity and a
lifestyle symbol. What in the private domain has become almost standard has for some time
been increasingly transferring to the business environment.

1.1 Bring your own device is reality
Employees in companies don’t want to do without the more efficient functioning and the in-
tuitive user interfaces of the mobile devices in their everyday vocational life either. However,
companies provide these across the board only in very rare cases which means that employ-
ees also use their private devices for business purposes. This phenomenon, which has also
become known as “Bring your own device“ (BYOD) or “consumerisation“, is still dismissed by
many managers in companies as a future dream. In so doing, they often overlook that BYOD
is already in place in everyday commercial life. According to a survey by the management
consulting company Accenture of over 4,100 respondents from 16 countries, 23% already
use their personal device for work [2].

The advantages are obvious. The boundaries between vocational and private life are becom-
ing more and more blurred. It therefore seems reasonable for employees to use one device
for both purposes. By having constant access to both private and commercial data, they
can arrange their available time as they like, use waiting time effectively and can always
be reached. This results in a more efficient and productive way of working, coupled with
increased customer satisfaction due to working with their own – usually more powerful –
hardware and software.

As a practical spin-off, the company can omit procurement costs for devices. On the other
hand, those in charge of IT have serious reservations. According to Accenture, over 36% of
the respondents pay no attention to the employer’s IT security regulations. 15% even mix

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business with personal data. Bring your own device has there- mobile internet and sensibly dovetails formal, informal and so-
fore been reality for a long time – but companies are lagging cial learning [3].
behind somewhat. From the perspective of companies, a lot of
The term „mobile learning”, also known as „m-learning“, is not
catching up still needs to be done in terms of providing mobile
new. It describes learning when the learner is not in a defined
devices, supplying suitable applications and data, but especially
location or when he uses the benefits of mobile technology
with the correct processing of sensitive company data.
when learning. While mobile learning was previously limited
to laptops, today it mainly refers to smartphones, tablet PCs or
1.2 The training market goes mobile mobile gaming and entertainment consoles.
While many companies still have difficulties with the sensible The strengths of mobile learning lie primarily in the use of learn-
use of mobile courses, the e-learning sector has already recog- ing programs which are not dependent on time and place and
nised the sign of the times. At the pertinent e-learning fairs at in the extremely efficient use of the available time. For instance,
the start of 2012, such as LEARNTEC in Karlsruhe, Learning Tech- periods of idle time between customer meetings or waiting
nologies in London, the Swiss e-learning conference in Zurich times at airports can be used to access learning modules. The
and the Australian e-learning congress in Sydney, mobile learn- vision behind this is learning what you want, where you want
ing was clearly the number one topic. The analysts of Bersin & and when you want.
Associates regard mobile learning as a further evolutionary step
in the continuing education field which uses the assets of the

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1.3 Programmes for digital natives Microsoft (1.7% market share), for whom a bright future is pre-
dicted in the mobile communications market, and Research in
So what is the target group for mobile learning? In addition to Motion (12.7% market share), which with its Blackberry contin-
employees who are frequently travelling, there is also a particu- ues to be heavily represented in the commercial environment
lar focus on young, technically-minded employees, called digital [5].
natives. Raised with modern technology, it is virtually taken for
granted for technically-minded users that they move in the digi- For one thing, these and other providers use their own operat-
tal world and have information readily to hand if required. The ing system and their own platforms for the distribution of addi-
use of modern hardware such as video game consoles, comput- tional applications, so-called apps, for the mobile devices. Com-
ers, smartphones and tablet PCs is an integral part of the eve- patibility of the individual platforms is hitherto not guaranteed.
ryday lives of these digital natives. The fact that text-heavy and In addition, there is the fact that the individual devices support
less appealing learning programs in terms of multimedia are of- or favour different development technologies. For instance,
ten less well received is quickly becoming clear. With respect to the operating system iOS from Apple does not support plug-ins
the fact that this target group makes up a growing proportion in such as AdobeFlash, which are frequently used as development
companies, commercial learning should adapt to the needs of standards, especially in relation to web technology. A third com-
the younger generation to encourage these people to learn and ponent is the browsers used, which also have different techno-
to use as effectively as possible the potential of modern devices logical characteristics.
for learning as well [4].
This presents companies with several stumbling blocks. For in-
So how can companies make m-learning a concrete part of their stance, if different devices and browsers are used in the com-
training and development concept and create mobile learning pany, different mobile content may have to be developed or
programs? various development technologies used for the respective hard-
ware. Also, the company generally has to provide the content
from one source and via the providers’ platforms.
2. General technological requirements
To minimise development costs and retain the sovereignty of
2.1 In the jungle of device suppliers, platforms the data, the companies must set up a company-wide device
and browsers concept and use development technology which guarantees
simpler distribution of the content.
The development and provision of mobile learning content dif-
fer significantly from the distribution of classical e-learning con-
tent. For suppliers of mobile learning, this means that they must 2.2 A company-wide device concept
first of all tackle the general technological requirements in the
The mobile device concept of a company should fundamentally
mobile environment and must integrate the new conditions into
concentrate on the operating systems, technologies, provision
the existing IT concept.
and security.
Suppliers must be aware that the mobile communica-
tion market possesses a high degree of innovation and
therefore is very heterogeneous. The developments
of recent years, and especially the breakthrough of
the mobile Internet, have resulted in there being nu-
merous different suppliers who all want to promote
their own technology on the market.

Worthy of special mention here are the major provid-
ers such as Google (60.5% global market share), which
with its Open Source model Android recorded strong
growth rates in 2011 especially, Apple (17.3% market
share), which relies on lifestyle and user friendliness,

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2.3 Technologies 3.1 Native Apps
Do the devices used restrict you to providers that use an operat- Native apps are service programmes which are designed for a
ing system selected by the company or can the employees de- specific operating system and are programmed in the develop-
cide themselves which devices they would like to use? In terms ment technologies supported by it. They are installed locally on
of BYOD in particular, the latter is presumably more likely. To the respective devices. The advantage of native apps is that they
avoid multiple developments for the same content, it is advis- can fully exploit the options of the mobile device. For instance,
able to use development technologies which are supported by they can access hardware such as loudspeakers, cameras and
all the operating systems currently on the market. An example GPS sensors. In addition, native apps can also be available of-
of this is HTML5, a new standard for displaying websites and fline and can save locally the required data or documents and
web applications. HTML5 supports all the current browsers such read out the current location of the user and refer to it. Other
as Firefox, Opera, Chrome, Safari and Internet Explorer and can benefits include the usability and the appearance of the graph-
display media such as audio, video and animation without the ics. For instance, apps don’t have to be opened in the browser,
use of additional plug-ins such as Flash. HTML5 content can they can be accessed directly via the home screen. By using the
therefore be used on virtually all mobile devices and also on development technology favoured by the operating system,
desktop PCs. Another standard which can be used on different apps offer very extensive options for graphic design. The disad-
devices and which is used for publishing e-books in particular is vantage of native apps is that their use is generally restricted to
the EPUB3 format. a single operating system and that the development technology
is predetermined accordingly. If it is possible to use the app for
2.4 Provision devices with various operating systems, each app is to be pro-
grammed per operating system which in some cases can cause
The provision of the content is also significantly simplified by costs to shoot up considerably.
the use of technologies such as HTML5, CSS3 and EPUB3 as it is
not mandatory to use the providers’ platforms. HTML5 content, To make the applications available, it is also necessary as a rule
for example, can be provided in the company’s own content to upload these in the supplier‘s own app marketplace. In this
management system. This often avoids tedious administrative case, sometimes the company’s own data needs to be provided
processes with the platform provider and has the advantage from one source and in some cases it is necessary to accept
that the organisation‘s own data does not slip out of the com- long delays due to the provider’s administrative processes be-
pany. fore provision takes place. However, the store system can also
be used to advantage if you would like to offer the content for
a fee. The providers’ shops have a central handling of payments
2.5 Security and the target group for app users which are located on these
Security is another keyword which concerns mobile hardware. platforms anyway is reached without any detours [6].
Smartphones and the like are just as vulnerable to hacking at-
tacks as PCs. Companies should therefore observe the com- 3.2 Mobile websites
pany‘s internal data security guidelines with respect to mobile
devices as well. Examples of this are the technological safe- The objective of mobile websites, also web apps, is to make mo-
guarding of the devices, defining secure passwords and raising bile content accessible on all devices. They are therefore based
awareness amongst employees. on standard technologies such as HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript,
meaning installation on the devices themselves is not neces-
sary. As the name suggests, mobile websites are accessed via an
3. The suitable format URL in the browser. The programming of a single application is
Content for mobile devices can be provided in various formats. therefore sufficient for all devices used.
But how do the various manifestations differ, what are the ad-
In addition to the independence of the operating system, an-
vantages and disadvantages of the individual formats and what
other major advantage is that the websites can adapt to the
are the options with regard to technological development?
peculiarities of smartphones, tablets etc. For example, the dis-

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play is scaled using the screen size and it is possible to depict will be a significant increase in the market share in the area of
content in a modified way. The content on the website can be fiction [8]. The announcement by Apple that it intends to be-
substantially reduced or content with large amounts of data can come more involved with the education market with its e-book
be faded out to avoid transmission problems. Furthermore, mo- store is likely to give the format a further boost [9]. Over the
bile websites are not available via an app marketplace, rather years, numerous formats and technologies have been used in
they can be administered by the company itself which means the digitalisation of books, with three currently dominating the
the licensing process in the provider’s own shop is no longer market.
applicable and updates can be implemented quicker. However,
the disadvantage of web applications is that, unlike native apps, In addition to Mobipocket and PDF, the EPUB format is one of
they cannot access the specific hardware functions of individual the most convenient ones: not only can it be used across dif-
devices and the graphic design offers less space than with de- ferent formats, it can also automatically be adjusted to the
vice-specific apps [7]. characteristics of the mobile devices, in terms of screen size
for instance. The fact that sales of mobile devices is continually
rising indicates that the dissemination of e-books will increase
3.3 Interactive e-books and that these – like apps or mobile websites – will adapt to
Electronic books, so-called e-books, have a long history. There the functions of the devices. Typical in this respect are so-called
were projects as long ago as 1988 with the aim of making books interactive e-books. In addition to the simple transmission of
accessible electronically. What at that time was primarily im- the originally printed text, the integration of, for example, we-
plementable with the help of floppy discs has since developed blinks, videos, quiz questions and other continuative context is
into an independent format which has major growth potential. significant. The characteristic wipe and zoom movements are
e-books are electronic copies of printed books which are avail- components of interactive e-books. Books, brochures and other
able using special e-book readers and PCs, but also tablets and publications can thus be meaningfully supplemented and up-
smartphones via online shops from publishing houses or device graded with continuative information, interactions and graphic
providers. Pricewaterhouse Coopers predicts that by 2015 there highlights.

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4. Mobilising content They provide direct success feedback which contributes to in-
creasing learning motivation and breaks down learning barriers.
It is not only in a technical respect that m-learning differs from
Microlearning is especially widespread in the e-learning envi-
classical training opportunities a rethink in terms of content is
ronment and can take various forms depending on learning type
also necessary. What has to be taken into account when prepar-
and user customs. Examples of microlearning content are: no-
ing mobile learning content? What options are there and where
tices or video sequences, test questions, images, screenshots,
could the journey take us?
web-based training etc. Apps, quizzes and educational games
are enjoying increasing popularity and also fall under the head-
4.1 Copy & paste fails ing of microlearning.

Learners also use their mobile devices for business and require The objective of mobile learning should thus be to offer short,
the company to provide content for this as well. It seems rea- attractive learning sequences which give the learners a brief in-
sonable to make the existing learning programs – such as the troduction into a topic and leave them wanting more through
available PowerPoint presentations, PDF documents and web- the playful use of the hardware potential.
based training – accessible on smartphones and tablets as well.
But this is by no means mobile learning.
4.3 Entertainment vs. employee support
Mobile devices are handy, quick and look good. The simple
However, the entertainment of employees should not be the
transfer of classical learning content which is designed for face-
only thing which comes to the fore. It is more important not to
to-face events or PCs goes against this principle and thus is suc-
lose sight of the added value for the user. The clear challenge is
cessful only very occasionally. Mobile learning content should
to provide real support for the employee not only with acquir-
be uncomplicated, quickly accessible and attractively designed.
ing knowledge but also in the daily work flow. This means both
This starts with the loading times, extends to adaptation to the
providing the basic information and also answering questions at
smallest of screens and leads to the inclusion of the charac-
the touch of a button when a problem occurs in the sense of a
teristic function of mobile devices. What is meant here is pri-
„lookup“. Increased employee support in this case means help-
marily the modern touch screen functionalities which the iPad
ing the employees make their work processes more efficient.
etc. have. Attractive learning content combines the transfer
of knowledge with playful elements such as the characteristic
wipe, swivel and shake movements of modern devices and if at 4.4 Blended (mobile) learning
all possible also use the hardware components such as cameras, In order to integrate mobile learning appropriately into the in-
code readers and GPS functions. dividual training concept and to fully exploit the performance
support nature of the short learning sequences, it is sensible to
4.2 Microlearning for rapid learning success create blended learning programs [10]. „Blended“ can be un-
derstood to mean on the one hand a link between face-to-face
Mobile learning is characterised by short learning phases. On
events and mobile learning programs, and also a combination
the one hand, short time budgets are available when travelling
of classical e-learning and mobile learning. Possible examples
for the reproduction of the learning material, on the other it is
of this are:
frequently the objective of the learner to receive the answer to
• face-to-face events with follow-up test questions on mobile
a question quickly or to look something up. Microlearning con-
devices
tent is therefore ideal for mobile use.
• the mobile integration of participants in the form of chats
Microlearning describes the phenomenon whereby users only or communities in the run-up to or subsequent to the train-
call up and can repeat learning content when a specific question ing
emerges. In this way you can independently work out concrete • add-on modules for smartphones etc. which supplement
solutions and take in the study material. The microaspect refers classical e-learning programs
to several dimensions. The learning content can be restricted • summaries of e-learning sessions or face-to-face events in
in terms of both time (short learning stages) and also content the form of check lists etc.
(limited topics and simple learning modules or test questions). • etc.

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5. Mobile learning solutions – Content is Always up-to-date
King The integration of mobile learning programmes within the
If the necessary framework conditions, technologies and for- framework of blended learning and the continual support
mats have been selected, the question still remains as to what of the user with small learning units (microlearning) is best
content should be prepared in what form for its target group. designed when the participants are provided regularly with
Both creativity and professional expertise is required in this re- lessons that are current or build upon one another.
spect. From productivity-increasing service programs to enter-
taining games or the regular provision of information, the pos- Providing the learner with this in push-mode offers
sibilities are endless. The important thing is that the content is longterm involvement with the learning material and con-
both easily accessible and attractively prepared and offers the tributes to sustained internalisation of the content.
user genuine value.

Games, fun and excitement
Management apps
In the e-learning field in particular, games are often select-
In order to be able to work effectively on the move, ac-
ed to prepare complex or „dry“ content in an exciting way
cess to data from the company IT department is generally
and to motivate the learner.
essential. Although this is possible with a laptop, it is also
time-consuming and inconvenient. A more elegant solution Tablets and Co. are particularly suited for the use of learn-
is connecting the employees via their mobile devices. ing games as they combine playful movements such as
„wiping“, „shaking“ and „zooming“ with a discerning graph-
Access to company applications such as ERP and CRM sys-
ics design. The transfer of knowledge is therefore accompa-
tems, or learning management systems in the area of devel-
nied by an exciting adventure or amusing games function.
opment, is usually via the appropriate mobile apps which
exchange data with the company software and thus make
all information easily accessible at the touch of a button.
Inform and motivate
If the focus is simply on information provision, the use of
Experience reality playful elements is sparingly used on the other hand. Even
so, the recipient must be motivated and won over for the
Augmented reality (expanded reality) creates a union of fic-
acceptance of information. Appealing graphic elements
tion and reality. For example, real surrounding objects are
and useful or productivity-increasing additional functions
enriched with useful additional information, simulations or
ensure the content is both interesting and serious at the
visual representations.
same time.
Augmented reality can be used in numerous areas, but is
especially suitable for the learning field and knowledge
transfer, as learners use their mobile device here to explore 6. The future of mobile learning
their environment and access learning content in a context-
The mobile communications market already offers numerous
based way.
options for providing mobile learning content as a meaning-
To do this the programmers utilise, amongst other things, ful supplement to classical education programs. However, the
hardware features in the mobile devices such as cameras current situation is a long way from being the end of the story.
or special software [11]. Examples of augmented reality ap- Components which have already proved their worth in classical
plications are virtual museum tours or special simulations. e-learning are not yet available in mobile form. Several mobile
learning initiatives are therefore concentrating on further pro-
moting mobile technologies in the field of e-learning with the
aim to provide an integrated mobile learning environment. In
addition to mobile content which can be accessed via learning

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management apps that synchronise with a cloud-based LMS, ing and doing the dishes. For each topic, the user is given hints
the independent creation of mobile learning content is a key which must be observed and with which small inroads can be
feature. This results in an integrated overall solution which re- made into saving energy on a daily basis. In addition, an electric-
gards mobile learning as a logical component of an innovative ity consumption calculator can be selected: the calculator works
learning concept. out – based on key information such as the size of the flat, the
number of people in the household and the existing household
7. Best mobile learning practices devices – the average electricity consumption of a household
and thus provides a useful comparison for your own consump-
tion.
7.1 Energy efficiency at the press of a finger with
the HEA energy-saving app
7.2 InterAcción – the intercultural management
What are the best tricks to save energy? How do I prevent un- game
necessarily high heating costs? Which household devices are es-
pecially energy efficient? These and many other questions are The job of the Peruvian Alberta is the project management of
answered by an iPhone app which was developed by IMC AG the installation of a solar plant in the vicinity of Lima. Alberta is
on behalf of HEA, a German expert community engaged in the new in this position and has to manage and coordinate an inter-
efficient utilisation of energy. The app is based on the HEA bro- national, geographically widespread team with modern meth-
chure „Energy-saving Tips“ and provides numerous examples ods of communication. Individual levels depict the background
of how existing information can be shown in a completely new story in the form of a comic which is made less monotonous by
light using mobile devices. Programmed as a native iPhone app, interactive exercises. The German Association for international
with the HEA energy-saving tips both the provision of informa- cooperation (GIZ) integrated the mobile educational game into
tion and awareness of how to handle energy resources respon- its eAcademy where it is offered for the qualification of inter-
sibly take centre stage. national project workers. The objective of GIZ was to make the
game available both on devices of various suppliers and also
In terms of subject area, the iPhone app covers the topics of in the event of a bad network connection. In terms of basic
water, lighting, heat, hi-fis, computers, washing, cooking, freez-

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technologies, IMC therefore used HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript, cess the CLIX learning management system and thus access
which means the game can now be used as a mobile website personalised learning content, course catalogues and company
and via desktop PCs, tablets and smartphones of all kinds. news. The automatic synchronisation with the learning man-
agement system means that all learning content is always com-
7.3 Scope of electro mobiles pletely up to date.

For the research project MEMO (media-supported learning
7.5 IM – The professional journal for
and collaboration services), which dealt with the development
information, management and consulting
of high-quality, Internet-based learning and training programs
on the topic of electro mobility, IMC developed the interactive The professional journal IM has been published four times
e-book entitled „Scope of Electro Mobiles“. Extensive and es- a year since 1986. As an academic journal focusing on IT, IM
tablished specialist knowledge is split into amusing thematic publishes in-depth articles regarding concepts, methods and
clusters which are made less monotonous by extensive back- technologies in today’s world of information management.
ground graphics. Videos, links to apps, images and other text With issue 1/2012, IM has adopted a new look. In addition to
information form an integrated component of the e-book and the established specialist articles, it now offers a new magazine
provide considerable extra value in terms of both content and section and a modern, reader-friendly layout. As part of the re-
appearance. At the end there is a quiz which poses questions launch, the editorial team also decided to provide a mobile app
regarding the information provided. version of the journal. The journal, for which a charge is made,
is promoted as part of in-app purchasing. In doing so the most
7.4 Mobile learning management with CLIX recent editions of the journal are delivered quarterly.
Mobile
CLIX Mobile for iPhones and Android is a mobile learning man-
agement system which connects employees to their company’s
learning infrastructure. Via their smartphone, learners can ac-

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