Chapter 3 discusses frequency distribution and its graphical representation, emphasizing the use of charts and graphs to analyze numerical data. It explains bar graphs, which represent frequencies with vertical rectangles, and line graphs that connect plotted midpoints of frequencies. Additionally, it distinguishes between 'less than' and 'greater than' cumulative frequency representations.

1. CHAPTER 3:
Frequency Distribution and
Their Graphical Representation

2. Graphic Representation
- is the use of charts and graphs to
visually display, analyze, clarify, and
interpret numerical data, functions, and
other qualitative structures

3. Bar Graph
- is a graph in which the frequencies are
represented by areas in the form of vertical
rectangles or bars.
- each bar is drawn with its base aligned to the
midpoint (M) of the class limit and its height
corresponds to the absolute frequency (F). To get
the midpoint, simply add the lower and upper
limits then divide by two.

6. Bar Graph for lesser than (<) cumulative
frequency.

7. Bar Graph for cumulative frequency greater
than (>).

8. Line Graph
- this is done by plotting the frequency
with a dot at their midpoints and
connecting the plotted points by means
of a straight line.

10. Cumulative frequency line graph
Two way in Plotting of Cumulative Frequency
Line Graph
1. Plot the dots corresponding to the
cumulative frequency.
2. Plot the dots on top of the upper limit of the
class limits.

11. “ Lesser than” and “Greater than”
cumulative Frequency(CF<)