This document provides an overview of the Free Culture movement, which advocates transforming cultural production through regulatory frameworks based on peer-to-peer networks, open source, and free software. It mobilizes creative professionals and holds events like the annual Free Culture Forum in Barcelona. The movement defends internet neutrality and openness. It views creativity as a collaborative process of remixing and sharing, rather than being defined by commercial products. While not against markets, it argues that corporate control restricts creativity and that governments should ensure network neutrality and access. The research will take an ethnographic approach to explore the values and practices of digital cultural production within Free Culture through participant observation rather than evaluate its ideology or viability.
Algorithmic Culture & Maker Culture; Breaches and Bridges in the Platform Eco...Raúl Tabarés Gutiérrez
During last year’s different platforms have emerged on the Internet and have become common in our everyday living. These new digital companies have succeed in positioning themselves as cultural intermediaries in a growing trend towards the digitization of society favoured by the irruption of different technologies, new forms of value-creating human activities and the decentralization effect that Internet culture helps to create.
In this sense, the growing importance of digital ecosystems in human processes & decisions has nurtured an algorithmic culture that symbolizes our current declining of autonomy in the social sphere. This disruption in the cultural landscape has been supported by the introduction of different “black-boxes” that impede to ascertain what the inner workings of these new socio-technological brokers are.
On the contrary, we can observe how different grassroots initiatives that promote technological appropriation and digital empowerment like the Maker Movement are also becoming globally recognized and institutionally supported. These movements rely on Free Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) and Hardware for opening black-boxes and promoting critical thinking about technology in citizenship.
In this contribution we would like to explore the several convergences and divergences that are present in these two different cultures to shed some light in the complicated new techno-realities that have risen. Finally, we conclude with a set of several key guidelines that can help to policy-makers to promote new updated legislations.
Presentation for International Perspectives on Participation and Engagement in the Arts conference, University of Utrecht, June 2014. Some perspectives and issues arising from the AHRC-funded Connected Communities pilot demonstrator project, Remaking Society. For more details visit http://remaking society.ageofwe.org
Algorithmic Culture & Maker Culture; Breaches and Bridges in the Platform Eco...Raúl Tabarés Gutiérrez
During last year’s different platforms have emerged on the Internet and have become common in our everyday living. These new digital companies have succeed in positioning themselves as cultural intermediaries in a growing trend towards the digitization of society favoured by the irruption of different technologies, new forms of value-creating human activities and the decentralization effect that Internet culture helps to create.
In this sense, the growing importance of digital ecosystems in human processes & decisions has nurtured an algorithmic culture that symbolizes our current declining of autonomy in the social sphere. This disruption in the cultural landscape has been supported by the introduction of different “black-boxes” that impede to ascertain what the inner workings of these new socio-technological brokers are.
On the contrary, we can observe how different grassroots initiatives that promote technological appropriation and digital empowerment like the Maker Movement are also becoming globally recognized and institutionally supported. These movements rely on Free Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) and Hardware for opening black-boxes and promoting critical thinking about technology in citizenship.
In this contribution we would like to explore the several convergences and divergences that are present in these two different cultures to shed some light in the complicated new techno-realities that have risen. Finally, we conclude with a set of several key guidelines that can help to policy-makers to promote new updated legislations.
Presentation for International Perspectives on Participation and Engagement in the Arts conference, University of Utrecht, June 2014. Some perspectives and issues arising from the AHRC-funded Connected Communities pilot demonstrator project, Remaking Society. For more details visit http://remaking society.ageofwe.org
Smart Safer City & Open Source UrbanismJunyoung Choi
본 발표에서는 오픈소스 기술의 개념을 도시에 적용한 오픈소스 어버니즘을 변용하여 스마트하고 안전한 도시를 만드는 개념에 적용하는 아이디어 나누고자 하였다.
발표자는 도시주의에서 언급하는 다양한 개입을 통해 불완전한 도시공간을 변화시키는 개념을 내포한 오픈소스 도시화를 오픈소스 기술관점에서 해석하였다.
조작적으로 정의한 기술을 통해 사람이 오픈소스적으로 접근하는 한가지의 개념과 개방성을 통한 혁신의 기재 위에 성숙된 기술이 접목한다는 두개의 축으로 제시하였다.
따라서 오픈소스 도시주의를 통해 도시는 단순한 건조환경 이상의 창조적 공간으로 생성되고 이용될 수 있다고 보고 있다.
decidim.barcelona, from e-Participation to the Devolution of SovereigntyIsmael Peña-López
OP@LL Conference. Online participation on the local level – a comparative perspective. 13-15 December 2017. Düsseldorf: Düsseldorf Institute for Internet and Democracy
More information: http://ictlogy.net/bibliography/reports/projects.php?idp=3491
Insight on Open Innovation and Social Innovation with cases from San Francisco Impact Hub and Amsterdam Open Innovation Conference 2016, presented during the kick-off meeting of the project Interreg Europe 2014-2020 OSIRIS https://www.interregeurope.eu/osiris/
This paper explores the tensions between urban and youth development in the information age so as to critically reflect on the rights of urban youth to reorient their socio-technological surroundings, and with it their own life course. Findings from two case studies of NYC youth are drawn on to consider both a ‘right to the city’ and ‘to research’ as deeply intertwined ontological and epistemological movements that reconfigure the production of space, knowledge and media in the smart city. As NYCs economy becomes oriented toward high-tech and creative industries, public investments are made to recruit and accommodate a highly educated, largely white, and supposedly more creative class of workers. Marginalized and poor youth are meanwhile segregated and largely sorted out of this ‘new’ economy. At a more intimate scale of development, apps like Uber shape public mobility, companies like News Corp equip public schools with educational media, and daily communication is largely facilitated by privately owned platforms and networks. The result is a geography of youth development that increasingly takes place in the proprietary cross-hairs of smart urbanism’s creative destruction. This paper unpacks two youth-based projects intended to shift this dynamic: one that developed an open-source social network and one that maintains a community-based WiFi network. Together, these projects help illustrate how broader calls for rights ‘to the city’ and ‘to research’ play out in the practical yet powerful ways youth are remaking the social, material, and digital configuration of the smart city.
Ok Fest2012 Kuittinen Open democracy, the we and the stateDemos Helsinki
A talk given by Outi Kuittinen at Open knowledge festival in Helsinki on why open democracy, the we and the state desperately need, and can't exist without, each other. More on OK fest: okfestival.org/open-democracy-and-citizen-movements/
How to design impactful participatory policy processes and how to leverage innovation in policy design [with Donatella Solda].
First presented at the Service Design Master Degree @ Poli.Design in Milan, March 20th 2015.
Presentation by Jocelyn Cunningham, Director of Arts and Social Change at the NCVO Annual Conference 2011.
Participation, the arts and social change (workshop)
See the presentation in context here:
http://www.ncvo-vol.org.uk/networking-discussions/blogs/20591/11/01/31/participation-arts-social-change
De slides van mijn presentatie over social media als verkoopkanaal. Ik heb op 1 november 2014 voor de Kamer van Koophandel een presentatie gegeven over Social Media met betrekking tot startende ondernemers! Hierbij bedank ik al mijn bezoekers!
Smart Safer City & Open Source UrbanismJunyoung Choi
본 발표에서는 오픈소스 기술의 개념을 도시에 적용한 오픈소스 어버니즘을 변용하여 스마트하고 안전한 도시를 만드는 개념에 적용하는 아이디어 나누고자 하였다.
발표자는 도시주의에서 언급하는 다양한 개입을 통해 불완전한 도시공간을 변화시키는 개념을 내포한 오픈소스 도시화를 오픈소스 기술관점에서 해석하였다.
조작적으로 정의한 기술을 통해 사람이 오픈소스적으로 접근하는 한가지의 개념과 개방성을 통한 혁신의 기재 위에 성숙된 기술이 접목한다는 두개의 축으로 제시하였다.
따라서 오픈소스 도시주의를 통해 도시는 단순한 건조환경 이상의 창조적 공간으로 생성되고 이용될 수 있다고 보고 있다.
decidim.barcelona, from e-Participation to the Devolution of SovereigntyIsmael Peña-López
OP@LL Conference. Online participation on the local level – a comparative perspective. 13-15 December 2017. Düsseldorf: Düsseldorf Institute for Internet and Democracy
More information: http://ictlogy.net/bibliography/reports/projects.php?idp=3491
Insight on Open Innovation and Social Innovation with cases from San Francisco Impact Hub and Amsterdam Open Innovation Conference 2016, presented during the kick-off meeting of the project Interreg Europe 2014-2020 OSIRIS https://www.interregeurope.eu/osiris/
This paper explores the tensions between urban and youth development in the information age so as to critically reflect on the rights of urban youth to reorient their socio-technological surroundings, and with it their own life course. Findings from two case studies of NYC youth are drawn on to consider both a ‘right to the city’ and ‘to research’ as deeply intertwined ontological and epistemological movements that reconfigure the production of space, knowledge and media in the smart city. As NYCs economy becomes oriented toward high-tech and creative industries, public investments are made to recruit and accommodate a highly educated, largely white, and supposedly more creative class of workers. Marginalized and poor youth are meanwhile segregated and largely sorted out of this ‘new’ economy. At a more intimate scale of development, apps like Uber shape public mobility, companies like News Corp equip public schools with educational media, and daily communication is largely facilitated by privately owned platforms and networks. The result is a geography of youth development that increasingly takes place in the proprietary cross-hairs of smart urbanism’s creative destruction. This paper unpacks two youth-based projects intended to shift this dynamic: one that developed an open-source social network and one that maintains a community-based WiFi network. Together, these projects help illustrate how broader calls for rights ‘to the city’ and ‘to research’ play out in the practical yet powerful ways youth are remaking the social, material, and digital configuration of the smart city.
Ok Fest2012 Kuittinen Open democracy, the we and the stateDemos Helsinki
A talk given by Outi Kuittinen at Open knowledge festival in Helsinki on why open democracy, the we and the state desperately need, and can't exist without, each other. More on OK fest: okfestival.org/open-democracy-and-citizen-movements/
How to design impactful participatory policy processes and how to leverage innovation in policy design [with Donatella Solda].
First presented at the Service Design Master Degree @ Poli.Design in Milan, March 20th 2015.
Presentation by Jocelyn Cunningham, Director of Arts and Social Change at the NCVO Annual Conference 2011.
Participation, the arts and social change (workshop)
See the presentation in context here:
http://www.ncvo-vol.org.uk/networking-discussions/blogs/20591/11/01/31/participation-arts-social-change
De slides van mijn presentatie over social media als verkoopkanaal. Ik heb op 1 november 2014 voor de Kamer van Koophandel een presentatie gegeven over Social Media met betrekking tot startende ondernemers! Hierbij bedank ik al mijn bezoekers!
This presentation was developed for a guest lecture at QUT in April 2009 for a subject about cultural futures. It asks the question, 'how are we to live?' and considers urban innovation and creativity. However, it does not really attempt to answer that question.
In a hyper-connected, hyper-globalized world, in which consciousness and hopes are being forged online, in a complex, rapidly changing world that is facing major challenges that concern all of humanity, we believe that cultural organizations have a fundamental role to play. They can accompany the audiences in these changes, prepare and structure minds, be the crucible of more agile societies in the face of the changes brought by digital technology, be the catalysts of more creative societies and more involved in their own future. Thus, in 2022, MuseumWeek will focus on the theme of "culture, society and innovation".
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
1. From the clashing of models to the
sharing of values: an approach to
digital cultural production from
Free Culture creative practices
2. An ethnographic approach to the
'Free Culture' movement in the
context of an interdisciplinary
study on creative practices,
participation and digital media.
3. Free Culture (Lessig, 2005) is a
global Internet based
movement embedded with
various initiatives that
advocates a transformation of
cultural production through
the development of regulatory
frameworks for cultural
products creation, circulation
and consumption based on
p2p networks models, open
source and free software
movement (Stallman, 2002).
4. Free Culture mobilizes
people in the “creative
class” (Florida, 2002) and
generates different local
events, as the annual Free
Culture Forum or the
Creative Commons Film
Festival in Barcelona.
Strong based internet
movement that defend the
neutrality of the net and its
basic structure: end-toend and openness as key
principles for technological
and cultural innovation.
Arros Movie
Creative
Free Culture
Commons Film
Forum,
Festival,
Barcelona, 2011
Barcelona,
2012
Free Culture
Forum,
Barcelona,
2011
[No-Res]
5. The core of Digital Culture is creativity .
Creativity is not defined by a product
(“symbolic goods”) but as a process that
entails collaboration, remixing and
sharing.
Corporate enclosure restrict the
emergence of creative ideas.
Governments have a role to play in
ensuring internet neutrality and fair
acces to anyone .
Citizens must be aware that the
neutrality of the net is something that
has to be continously worked.
6. It is not a movement “against” the market.
It does not propose not to pay for cultural
products.
It is concieved as a “Forum” for reflection upon
and debate about the cultural work in the era
of digital reproduction.
- How the “field” of Cultural Production is
and can be transformed by the digital.
- Which is the role of “Cultural Production”
in relation to culture at large.
It is not (only) a question of “ideology” and
“belief” , but it is about practices of
creation, practices of regulation and practices
of consumption: about ways of doing things.
7. Culture is not a “movie”
but producing a movie is
making culture
ARROS MOVIE
DIGITAL CULTURE = POPULAR CULTURE
Culture is not a commodity
but for making movies you
need money
Culture is community
building :
A movie is not only a creative
process, is a participatory
process, a cultural event.
As in popular culture, cultural
events are done by people
for the people. The process is
the goal, not the product.
8. A Creative Commons
militant film:
“We believe in
approaching film from
a new kind of
production paradigm:
one based on media
democratization.
Another way of
producing is possible.”
Redefinition of the
relationship
producers-publics:
transparent, personal,
present, based on real
commitment.
ACTIVIST FILMMAKING
PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
9. There are many ways of
understanding
creation, participatory
practices and the market in
Digital Culture. The
ethnographic question of this
reserach is to explore them
Not in order to see how or
if two models –market or
procomun- are clashing,
merging or co-existing.
What matters... and which
are the values “they” and
“we” share...
Not in order to see if FC or
CC is “in reality” an
alternative and sustainible
mode of production.
Not in order to see if they
are wright or wrong.
But to grasp what is at
stake in their practices,
debates and narratives
10. The promises and discomforts in digital culture are expressed
in terms of opposition between social and market models
(Benkler, 2006), between profit and common good motivations
(Banks and Potts, 2010) or as contradictory digital and predigital logics (Lessig, 2005).
Creativity enters the contemporary discussions of making and
doing things (Ingold, 2007) and is seen as the new organizing
principle for its transformative capacity to locate opportunity
in “unusal” spaces: knowledge, ideas, relationships, global and
local communities (Hartley, 2005).
11. Digital Culture makes it imperative that
the concepts of participation, culture and
creativity be reassessed and repositioned
at the center of public policy, bussiness
models and social movements.
But the cultural forms that these concepts
take and produce are not fixed in the
technology nor it is a question of historical
impulse or social drive, but what our daily
doings perform.
Political action is embedded in daily
practices of doing things and doing
things in specific ways.