The document provides information about several hill forts in Maharashtra, India. It describes the location, history, and attractions of Shivneri Fort, Mahuli Fort, Rajgad Fort, Jivdhan Fort, Rohida Fort, and Harishchandragad Fort. It gives details about the height, district, and level of difficulty to reach each fort. It also discusses the routes to access the forts and provides pictures of various gates and structures within the fort premises.
Rajeev, Yuvraj, Sandesh, Soumya and Adarash visited Rajgad on Dec 6, 2009.
This is a fort where Shivaji Maharaj spent 25 years before moving to Raigad.
There are nearly 350 forts in Maharashtra, so it is said that forts are the glory of Maharashtra. Most of these forts are associated with the great Maratha ruler, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. It is believed that he developed as many as thirteen forts.
Hello Everyone,
Myself B.Sanjana Bhaskar,
This is a ppt presentation of "Great Ruler of Maratha Dynasty- Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj"
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Thank you.
The document provides a detailed outline for a history of Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha Empire in India. It includes sections on his birthplace and family, his leadership qualities, military innovations, conflicts with the Mughal Empire, key associates and battles, including his capture and escape from Mughal imprisonment. The outline covers major events in Shivaji's life and reign, the organization and tactics of the Maratha army, and the legacy of Shivaji as a revered leader in Indian history.
Karnataka has a long history dating back to pre-historic times. Several important pre-historic sites have been discovered across the state. During ancient times, the Mauryan emperor Ashoka's edicts are found in various parts of Karnataka, indicating the region was part of the Mauryan Empire. Subsequently, the Satavahanas and the Pallavas ruled over parts of Karnataka. The Kadambas and Gangas emerged as indigenous dynasties controlling separate regions. The Chalukyas of Badami later conquered much of the state. Their rule was followed by the Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas of Kalyana. The Vijayanagara Empire and Bahmani Sultan
Maharashtra is derived from Sanskrit words meaning "Great Nation". It is the second most populous and third largest state by area in India, covering 10% of India's geographic area. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra and the financial capital of India. Marathi is the official state language, spoken by 68.89% of the population. Some notable Marathi people who contributed to building the nation include Lokamnya Tilak, Mahatma Phule, and Babasaheb Ambedkar. The state has a rich heritage of Marathi writers and poets. Traditional Maharashtrian attire includes the Dhoti for men and a Sadi and Choli for women. Popular folk dances are Pow
Shivaji Bhosale, also known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosale, was a Marathi king and founder of the Maratha Empire in western India in 1674. He successfully challenged the rule of the Bijapur Sultanate and Mughal Empire to establish the Maratha kingdom. Through guerrilla tactics suited to the rugged terrain, he expanded his territories and built many forts. Shivaji proved himself to be an innovative commander and administrator, laying the foundations for an independent Maratha state through his leadership skills, military strategies, and principles of just administration. He continues to be revered in India as a symbol of leadership, resistance to oppression, and national
In 1567, when Crown Prince Pratap Singh was only 27, Chittor was surrounded by the Mughal forces of Emperor Akbar. Maharana Udai Singh II decided to leave Chittor and move his family to Gogunda, rather than capitulate to the Mughals.
In Gogunda, Maharana Udai Singh II and his nobles set up a temporary government of the kindom of Mewar. In 1572, the Maharana passed away, leaving the way for Crown Prince Pratap Singh to become the Maharana.
Rajeev, Yuvraj, Sandesh, Soumya and Adarash visited Rajgad on Dec 6, 2009.
This is a fort where Shivaji Maharaj spent 25 years before moving to Raigad.
There are nearly 350 forts in Maharashtra, so it is said that forts are the glory of Maharashtra. Most of these forts are associated with the great Maratha ruler, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. It is believed that he developed as many as thirteen forts.
Hello Everyone,
Myself B.Sanjana Bhaskar,
This is a ppt presentation of "Great Ruler of Maratha Dynasty- Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj"
Any student can save the ppt for education, knowledge purpose or Any faculty can save for teaching purpose.
No copyrights are included.
Hope it helps you!
Thank you.
The document provides a detailed outline for a history of Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha Empire in India. It includes sections on his birthplace and family, his leadership qualities, military innovations, conflicts with the Mughal Empire, key associates and battles, including his capture and escape from Mughal imprisonment. The outline covers major events in Shivaji's life and reign, the organization and tactics of the Maratha army, and the legacy of Shivaji as a revered leader in Indian history.
Karnataka has a long history dating back to pre-historic times. Several important pre-historic sites have been discovered across the state. During ancient times, the Mauryan emperor Ashoka's edicts are found in various parts of Karnataka, indicating the region was part of the Mauryan Empire. Subsequently, the Satavahanas and the Pallavas ruled over parts of Karnataka. The Kadambas and Gangas emerged as indigenous dynasties controlling separate regions. The Chalukyas of Badami later conquered much of the state. Their rule was followed by the Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas of Kalyana. The Vijayanagara Empire and Bahmani Sultan
Maharashtra is derived from Sanskrit words meaning "Great Nation". It is the second most populous and third largest state by area in India, covering 10% of India's geographic area. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra and the financial capital of India. Marathi is the official state language, spoken by 68.89% of the population. Some notable Marathi people who contributed to building the nation include Lokamnya Tilak, Mahatma Phule, and Babasaheb Ambedkar. The state has a rich heritage of Marathi writers and poets. Traditional Maharashtrian attire includes the Dhoti for men and a Sadi and Choli for women. Popular folk dances are Pow
Shivaji Bhosale, also known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosale, was a Marathi king and founder of the Maratha Empire in western India in 1674. He successfully challenged the rule of the Bijapur Sultanate and Mughal Empire to establish the Maratha kingdom. Through guerrilla tactics suited to the rugged terrain, he expanded his territories and built many forts. Shivaji proved himself to be an innovative commander and administrator, laying the foundations for an independent Maratha state through his leadership skills, military strategies, and principles of just administration. He continues to be revered in India as a symbol of leadership, resistance to oppression, and national
In 1567, when Crown Prince Pratap Singh was only 27, Chittor was surrounded by the Mughal forces of Emperor Akbar. Maharana Udai Singh II decided to leave Chittor and move his family to Gogunda, rather than capitulate to the Mughals.
In Gogunda, Maharana Udai Singh II and his nobles set up a temporary government of the kindom of Mewar. In 1572, the Maharana passed away, leaving the way for Crown Prince Pratap Singh to become the Maharana.
1) The Chera Kingdom ruled lands in southern India, including the Malabar coast, with its capital at Tiruvanchikulam.
2) The first Chera king, Utiyan Cheralatan, founded the dynasty but was defeated by the Cholas and committed suicide. His son Imayavaramban Nedun Cheralatan expanded the kingdom through military victories.
3) The greatest Chera king was Kadalpira-kottiya Vel Kelu Kuttuvan, during whose reign the kingdom prospered through trade and cultural development, though the Cheras were later overthrown by the Kalabhras before reestablishing their rule.
The document describes several beaches located in Maharashtra, India. It discusses Ganapatipule Beach, known as a pilgrimage site that also functions as a tourist resort. It then describes the Marve-Manori-Gorai Beach, located north of Mumbai, which are ideal for picnics and walks. It also mentions Juhu Beach in Mumbai, famous among locals and tourists for street food. Finally, it discusses Marine Drive and Chowpatty Beach in Mumbai, where idols of Lord Ganesh are immersed at the end of Ganesh Chaturthi.
Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi, was the queen of the princely state of Jhansi in North India currently present in Jhansi district in Uttar Pradesh, India.
Rashtrakuta Dynasty
Krishna I and His Successors
Religion
Literature
Elephanta – 3 Faced Lord Shiva
Chalukyas
State Administration
Aihole Inscription of Pulikesin II
This document lists the 12 major Jyotirlinga temples in India and provides brief details about each one, including their location and why they are considered Jyotirlinga sites. The temples are: Mallikarjuna Temple in Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh; Mahakaleshwar Temple in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh; Omkareshwar Temple near Indore, Madhya Pradesh; Kedarnath Temple in Kedarnath, Uttarakhand; Bhimashankar Temple in Pune, Maharashtra; Kashi Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh; Trimbakeshwar Temple near Nashik, Maharashtra
Informative travels telling you about a brief story of rajput king of north-west india the prathviraj chauhan sayogita, jaichand and mughal decoit muhammad ghori
http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Wonder-That-Is-Taj-Mahal&id=7225227
Rajputs are a Hindu warrior class that originated in North India. They claim descent from royal Hindu clans and rose to prominence between the 6th-12th centuries when they ruled many princely states in Rajasthan and Gujarat. Rajputs are divided into subgroups based on claimed descent from solar, lunar, or fire deities. They had a martial culture and ruled much of North India until the 20th century when the British dissolved the princely states.
Pratapgad is a large mountain fort located in Maharashtra's Satara district. It is the site of an important 1659 battle between Shivaji Maharaj and Afzal Khan, in which Shivaji killed Afzal Khan, leading to a Maratha victory over Bijapur. The fort is now a popular tourist destination.
Shivaji maharaj –the great indian leaderRohit Parkar
Shivaji Bhosale was a 17th century Indian ruler who founded the Maratha Empire in western India. As a leader, he demonstrated qualities of purity, nobility, and inspiring vision. He was an innovative commander, successfully expanding his territories and establishing forts while adapting strategic battle plans. Through his administrative and military skills, Shivaji laid the foundations for the future Maratha empire and established its independence from Mughal rule, serving as a bulwark for Hinduism in India. Some of his major achievements included defeating the generals Afzal Khan and Shaista Khan sent by the Adilshahi and Mughal empires, respectively, to defeat him and establishing control over forts across the
The document provides information about tour packages and rates for visiting the Vaishno Devi Temple in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It describes 2-day/1-night and 3-day/2-night tour itineraries including hotel accommodations, meals, and transportation. Rates are provided for different room types and group sizes. Additional packages with helicopter transport and luxury hotel accommodations are also mentioned. The last sections provide terms and conditions and contact information for the tour operator.
The document provides information on several important locations in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. It describes Gangai Konda Cholapuram as an ancient capital of the Chola dynasty built in medieval India. It notes Mamallapuram was largely developed in the 7th century AD and contains important architectural sites like the Shore Temple. It also discusses several hill stations in the Nilgiri Mountains like Ooty and Coonoor and natural sites like Doddabetta Peak and important religious sites in Tamil Nadu such as Ramanathaswamy Temple in Rameswaram.
Hello Everyone,
Myself I.Neela, I'm an Assistant Professor at Telangana, IN
I've made this ppt for teaching students. but i'm uploading this ppt so that it helps all the students, research scholars and Faculty. NO COPYRIGHTS.
Thank you
Raigad fort is located in Maharashtra, India. It served as the capital of the Maratha kingdom under King Shivaji in 1674. The fort sits at an elevation of 820 meters above sea level on a hill in the Sahyadri mountain range. There are approximately 1400 steps leading up to the fort, though a ropeway now provides access. Ruins at the fort include the queen's quarters, the main palace foundations, watchtowers, and an execution point. The fort also has ruins of the old market area and structures that allowed for shopping from horseback.
The document summarizes the history of the Mewar Kingdom, which was established in the 8th century in western India. It discusses the major kings who ruled Mewar, including Rana Hamir Singh I, Rana Kumbha, Rana Sanga, and Maharana Pratap Singh. The document also provides brief summaries of the kingdom's administration, wars with neighboring states and the Delhi Sultanate, society and culture, economy, and religion before concluding with the reasons for the decline of the Mewar Kingdom.
The document discusses the Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani, which rose again to prominence in southern India after 200 years of rule by the Rashtrakutas. It describes how Taila II overthrew the Rashtrakuta king in 973 AD and reestablished the Chalukya kingdom, extending its territory from the Narmada to the Tungabhadra rivers through military campaigns. The dynasty went on to rule for over 200 years and engage in conflicts with the Paramara and Chola dynasties during the reigns of kings like Taila II, Satyasraya, Vikramaditya V, and Jayasim
Maharana Pratap was born in 1540 in Kumbhalgarh, Rajasthan to Udai Singh II and Jeevant Kanwar. He succeeded his father as ruler of Mewar in 1572. Pratap resisted the Mughal emperor Akbar's demands for submission and tribute. This led to the Battle of Haldighati in 1576, which was fierce but inconclusive. Though wounded, Pratap survived and continued fighting the Mughals for the next 20 years, gradually regaining control of parts of Mewar. He established a new capital in Chavand and lived a spartan life according to his vow until his death in 1597.
Manali is a popular tourist destination in Himachal Pradesh known for its scenic beauty and numerous outdoor activities. It is situated on the banks of the Beas River and is a gateway for skiing, trekking, and mountaineering in the surrounding mountains. Some of the most popular attractions in Manali include Hadimba Temple, Club House, Solang Valley, Rahala Waterfalls, and Rohtang Pass, which offer beautiful natural scenery. In addition to sightseeing, Manali is famous for adventure sports like river rafting, paragliding, skiing, hiking and mountain biking.
Current Status and Opportunities in Tourism Sector in Rajasthan The Other Home
Rajasthan attracts a large number of domestic and international tourists annually due to its rich cultural heritage and historical sites. Tourism is a major industry in Rajasthan, accounting for 8% of the state's GDP. Key tourist destinations in Rajasthan include Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Jaisalmer, and Mount Abu, which are known for their forts, palaces, and temples. While tourism arrivals and revenues increased between 2005-2008, there was a slowdown in 2009 due to the global recession. SWOT analysis shows the state's strengths are its world-famous tourist destinations and cultural heritage, but weaknesses include inadequate infrastructure and regional transport links.
this is the slide-show presentation which gives info about forts related to maharashtra...also contain some rare images of some forts which are still not in focus to people !!
Ranki Vav is a richly sculpted stepwell located in Patan, Gujarat that was constructed in the 11th century AD by Queen Udayamati. It consists of seven levels underground and features over 500 sculptured panels depicting Hindu religious imagery, deities, and scenes of daily life. The sculptures convey philosophical messages and attempt to relate physical health to spiritual well-being through Ayurvedic principles and mudras. Despite earthquakes, the stepwell structures have remained intact due to their underground design. Ranki Vav reflects the Hindu religious and medical traditions of its time through its intricate carvings.
1) The Chera Kingdom ruled lands in southern India, including the Malabar coast, with its capital at Tiruvanchikulam.
2) The first Chera king, Utiyan Cheralatan, founded the dynasty but was defeated by the Cholas and committed suicide. His son Imayavaramban Nedun Cheralatan expanded the kingdom through military victories.
3) The greatest Chera king was Kadalpira-kottiya Vel Kelu Kuttuvan, during whose reign the kingdom prospered through trade and cultural development, though the Cheras were later overthrown by the Kalabhras before reestablishing their rule.
The document describes several beaches located in Maharashtra, India. It discusses Ganapatipule Beach, known as a pilgrimage site that also functions as a tourist resort. It then describes the Marve-Manori-Gorai Beach, located north of Mumbai, which are ideal for picnics and walks. It also mentions Juhu Beach in Mumbai, famous among locals and tourists for street food. Finally, it discusses Marine Drive and Chowpatty Beach in Mumbai, where idols of Lord Ganesh are immersed at the end of Ganesh Chaturthi.
Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi, was the queen of the princely state of Jhansi in North India currently present in Jhansi district in Uttar Pradesh, India.
Rashtrakuta Dynasty
Krishna I and His Successors
Religion
Literature
Elephanta – 3 Faced Lord Shiva
Chalukyas
State Administration
Aihole Inscription of Pulikesin II
This document lists the 12 major Jyotirlinga temples in India and provides brief details about each one, including their location and why they are considered Jyotirlinga sites. The temples are: Mallikarjuna Temple in Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh; Mahakaleshwar Temple in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh; Omkareshwar Temple near Indore, Madhya Pradesh; Kedarnath Temple in Kedarnath, Uttarakhand; Bhimashankar Temple in Pune, Maharashtra; Kashi Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh; Trimbakeshwar Temple near Nashik, Maharashtra
Informative travels telling you about a brief story of rajput king of north-west india the prathviraj chauhan sayogita, jaichand and mughal decoit muhammad ghori
http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Wonder-That-Is-Taj-Mahal&id=7225227
Rajputs are a Hindu warrior class that originated in North India. They claim descent from royal Hindu clans and rose to prominence between the 6th-12th centuries when they ruled many princely states in Rajasthan and Gujarat. Rajputs are divided into subgroups based on claimed descent from solar, lunar, or fire deities. They had a martial culture and ruled much of North India until the 20th century when the British dissolved the princely states.
Pratapgad is a large mountain fort located in Maharashtra's Satara district. It is the site of an important 1659 battle between Shivaji Maharaj and Afzal Khan, in which Shivaji killed Afzal Khan, leading to a Maratha victory over Bijapur. The fort is now a popular tourist destination.
Shivaji maharaj –the great indian leaderRohit Parkar
Shivaji Bhosale was a 17th century Indian ruler who founded the Maratha Empire in western India. As a leader, he demonstrated qualities of purity, nobility, and inspiring vision. He was an innovative commander, successfully expanding his territories and establishing forts while adapting strategic battle plans. Through his administrative and military skills, Shivaji laid the foundations for the future Maratha empire and established its independence from Mughal rule, serving as a bulwark for Hinduism in India. Some of his major achievements included defeating the generals Afzal Khan and Shaista Khan sent by the Adilshahi and Mughal empires, respectively, to defeat him and establishing control over forts across the
The document provides information about tour packages and rates for visiting the Vaishno Devi Temple in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It describes 2-day/1-night and 3-day/2-night tour itineraries including hotel accommodations, meals, and transportation. Rates are provided for different room types and group sizes. Additional packages with helicopter transport and luxury hotel accommodations are also mentioned. The last sections provide terms and conditions and contact information for the tour operator.
The document provides information on several important locations in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. It describes Gangai Konda Cholapuram as an ancient capital of the Chola dynasty built in medieval India. It notes Mamallapuram was largely developed in the 7th century AD and contains important architectural sites like the Shore Temple. It also discusses several hill stations in the Nilgiri Mountains like Ooty and Coonoor and natural sites like Doddabetta Peak and important religious sites in Tamil Nadu such as Ramanathaswamy Temple in Rameswaram.
Hello Everyone,
Myself I.Neela, I'm an Assistant Professor at Telangana, IN
I've made this ppt for teaching students. but i'm uploading this ppt so that it helps all the students, research scholars and Faculty. NO COPYRIGHTS.
Thank you
Raigad fort is located in Maharashtra, India. It served as the capital of the Maratha kingdom under King Shivaji in 1674. The fort sits at an elevation of 820 meters above sea level on a hill in the Sahyadri mountain range. There are approximately 1400 steps leading up to the fort, though a ropeway now provides access. Ruins at the fort include the queen's quarters, the main palace foundations, watchtowers, and an execution point. The fort also has ruins of the old market area and structures that allowed for shopping from horseback.
The document summarizes the history of the Mewar Kingdom, which was established in the 8th century in western India. It discusses the major kings who ruled Mewar, including Rana Hamir Singh I, Rana Kumbha, Rana Sanga, and Maharana Pratap Singh. The document also provides brief summaries of the kingdom's administration, wars with neighboring states and the Delhi Sultanate, society and culture, economy, and religion before concluding with the reasons for the decline of the Mewar Kingdom.
The document discusses the Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani, which rose again to prominence in southern India after 200 years of rule by the Rashtrakutas. It describes how Taila II overthrew the Rashtrakuta king in 973 AD and reestablished the Chalukya kingdom, extending its territory from the Narmada to the Tungabhadra rivers through military campaigns. The dynasty went on to rule for over 200 years and engage in conflicts with the Paramara and Chola dynasties during the reigns of kings like Taila II, Satyasraya, Vikramaditya V, and Jayasim
Maharana Pratap was born in 1540 in Kumbhalgarh, Rajasthan to Udai Singh II and Jeevant Kanwar. He succeeded his father as ruler of Mewar in 1572. Pratap resisted the Mughal emperor Akbar's demands for submission and tribute. This led to the Battle of Haldighati in 1576, which was fierce but inconclusive. Though wounded, Pratap survived and continued fighting the Mughals for the next 20 years, gradually regaining control of parts of Mewar. He established a new capital in Chavand and lived a spartan life according to his vow until his death in 1597.
Manali is a popular tourist destination in Himachal Pradesh known for its scenic beauty and numerous outdoor activities. It is situated on the banks of the Beas River and is a gateway for skiing, trekking, and mountaineering in the surrounding mountains. Some of the most popular attractions in Manali include Hadimba Temple, Club House, Solang Valley, Rahala Waterfalls, and Rohtang Pass, which offer beautiful natural scenery. In addition to sightseeing, Manali is famous for adventure sports like river rafting, paragliding, skiing, hiking and mountain biking.
Current Status and Opportunities in Tourism Sector in Rajasthan The Other Home
Rajasthan attracts a large number of domestic and international tourists annually due to its rich cultural heritage and historical sites. Tourism is a major industry in Rajasthan, accounting for 8% of the state's GDP. Key tourist destinations in Rajasthan include Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Jaisalmer, and Mount Abu, which are known for their forts, palaces, and temples. While tourism arrivals and revenues increased between 2005-2008, there was a slowdown in 2009 due to the global recession. SWOT analysis shows the state's strengths are its world-famous tourist destinations and cultural heritage, but weaknesses include inadequate infrastructure and regional transport links.
this is the slide-show presentation which gives info about forts related to maharashtra...also contain some rare images of some forts which are still not in focus to people !!
Ranki Vav is a richly sculpted stepwell located in Patan, Gujarat that was constructed in the 11th century AD by Queen Udayamati. It consists of seven levels underground and features over 500 sculptured panels depicting Hindu religious imagery, deities, and scenes of daily life. The sculptures convey philosophical messages and attempt to relate physical health to spiritual well-being through Ayurvedic principles and mudras. Despite earthquakes, the stepwell structures have remained intact due to their underground design. Ranki Vav reflects the Hindu religious and medical traditions of its time through its intricate carvings.
Stepwells, also called bawdi or baoli, are wells with steps descending down to reach the water source. They were an important architectural feature in parts of India and Pakistan for both practical water collection and leisure, with some becoming ornate monuments. Examples mentioned include Chand Baori with its 3,500 steps, Rani Ki Ji Baori built by a queen in Bundi, and Agrasen Ki Baoli in Delhi with 103 steps. The Rani Vav stepwell in Patan, Gujarat from the 11th century is considered one of the most magnificent with its elaborate carvings and sculptures.
The rani ki vav in Patan, Gujarat is an excellent example of subterranean architecture with steps leading down to the water level. The exquisitely carved entrance, walls, pillars, and platforms lead to an elaborately carved water well. Although parts are in disrepair, the side walls and some structures like mandapas remain intact. The rani ki vav was built in the 11th century AD by Rani Udayamati as a memorial to her late husband and features the finest Indian sculptures and architecture, linking kundas to classical step-wells. Five staggered staircases connect various levels which are profusely adorned with carvings of Hindu deities and
Shivaji was the first king who got crowned by the title of Chhatrapati which is the most honourable title of king.
He was the great warrior, leader and management Guru.
This document promotes the Subscribed event and provides 10 reasons to attend. It highlights keynotes from industry leaders, breakout sessions on popular topics delivered by experts, training and strategies to take away, networking opportunities, and a party. The event will provide insights on the subscription economy and opportunities to disrupt and innovate business models.
brain tumor detection by thresholding approachSahil Prajapati
This technical paper proposes a method for detecting tumors in MRI brain images using thresholding and morphological operations. The methodology involves preprocessing images using sharpening filters, histogram equalization, and median filtering. Threshold segmentation is then used to create binary images, and morphological operations like erosion and dilation are applied. Finally, tumor regions are extracted using image subtraction, which removes closely packed pixels. The authors found that this approach, combining thresholding with morphological operations and subtraction, was effective at detecting and segmenting tumor regions in MRI brain images.
This document describes a project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The project involves developing a system for classifying brain images using machine learning techniques. It discusses challenges in detecting brain tumors and the need for automated classification methods. It also provides an overview of techniques for image segmentation, clustering, and feature extraction that will be used in the project.
PPT on BRAIN TUMOR detection in MRI images based on IMAGE SEGMENTATION khanam22
The document presents three methods for tumor detection in MRI images: 1) K-means clustering with watershed algorithm, 2) Optimized K-means using genetic algorithm, and 3) Optimized C-means using genetic algorithm. It evaluates each method, finding that C-means clustering with genetic algorithm most accurately detects tumors by assigning data points to multiple clusters and finding the optimal solution in less time. The proposed approach successfully detects tumors with high accuracy, identifies the tumor area and internal structure, and provides a colorized output image.
Mughal architecture was greatly influenced by Persian styles with the coming of the Mughals to India. They constructed excellent mausoleums, mosques, forts, gardens and cities across India. Some of the most prominent examples of Mughal architecture include Humayun's Tomb in Delhi, Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Buland Darwaza, Akbar's Tomb in Sikandra, Itmad-Ud-Daula's Tomb in Agra, the Jama Masjid and Red Fort in Delhi, and the Taj Mahal in Agra. Mughal architecture reached its peak under Shah Jahan, known for his buildings made of white marble richly
Classification of Brain Cancer is implemented
by using Back Propagation Neural network and Principle
Component Analysis, Magnetic Resonance Imaging of brain
cancer affected patients are taken for classification of brain
cancer. Image processing techniques are used for processing
the MRI images which are image preprocessing, image
segmentation and feature extraction is used. We extract the
Texture feature of segmented image by using Gray Level Cooccurrence
Matrix (GLCM). Steps involve for brain cancer
classification are taking the MRI images, remove the noise by
using image pre-processing, applying the segmentation
method which isolate the tumor region from rest part of the
MRI image by setting the pixel value 1 to tumor region and 0
to rest of the region, after this feature extraction technique
has been applied for extracting texture feature and feature
are stored in knowledge based, this features are used for
classification of new MRI images taken for testing by
comparing the feature of new images with stored features. We
implemented three classifiers to classify the brain cancer, first
classifier is back propagation neural network which perform
classification in two phase which are training phase and
testing phase, second classifier is the combination of PCA and
BPNN means by using PCA to reduce the dimensionality of
feature matrix and by using BPNN to classify the brain
cancer, third classifier is Principle Component Analysis which
reduce the dimensionality of dataset and perform
classification. And finally compare the performance of that
classifiers.
Mahatma Gandhi was the preeminent leader of Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. He was born in 1869 in Gujarat and employed non-violent civil disobedience to achieve independence. Some of his notable campaigns included the Champaran and Kheda satyagrahas, non-cooperation movement, and the famous Dandi Salt March. He was assassinated in 1948 by Nathuram Godse due to his vision of a secular post-independent India.
Prabalgad is a fort located between Matheran and Panvel in Maharashtra, visible from the Mumbai-Pune expressway at an elevation of 2300 feet. The fort was originally called Muranjan but was renamed after being taken over by the Maratha forces under Shivaji's rule in 1658. It has since been a site of strategic importance, changing hands between various rulers over the centuries. Currently it stands as a historic relic from Maharashtra's martial past, one of over 350 forts that dot the landscape of the region.
Indo Asia arranged a study tour for its employees, whereby they traversed around 2200 Kms, via roads and an overnight train journey visiting some of the well known tourist places of North Central Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Along with the famous tourist destinations, journey also passed through some of the less visited destinations and rustic village lives.
Lohgad and Visapur are two important forts located in Maharashtra that have historically guarded trade routes and protected nearby Bhaje and Bedse caves. While much is known about Lohgad due to its involvement in significant historical events, less is documented about Visapur despite it being a large fort with strong fortifications and a large plateau. Both forts have changed hands between different ruling powers over centuries and witnessed attacks and destruction during conflicts.
Kalsubai is the highest peak in Maharashtra located in the Sahyadri mountain range. At an elevation of 1646 meters, it is considered the Everest of Maharashtra. The peak can be climbed within a day from the nearby village of Bari using three iron ladders along the route. At the top is a small temple that can seat 3 people offering views of surrounding mountain ranges and villages. There has been deforestation on the mountain but it remains a popular trekking destination that can be summited and returned from within 5-6 hours.
This 6-night, 7-day tour covers important cultural sites in Chennai, Mahabalipuram, Pondicherry, Thanjavur and Trichy in Tamil Nadu. Key attractions include the Shore Temple and Arjuna's Penance in Mahabalipuram, the Aurobindo Ashram and Notre Dame Church in Pondicherry, the Brihadeshwara Temple complex in Thanjavur, and temples such as the Rock Fort and Jambukeshwara in Trichy. The itinerary provides sightseeing tours and overnight stays in each city, allowing travelers to experience the exceptional heritage and architecture of these regions in South India.
Mount Abu is a hill station located in Rajasthan. Some of its main attractions include the Gaumukh Temple known for its stone cow head spring, Nakki Lake which is India's only high altitude artificial lake, and the Dilwara Jain Temples famous for their architecture and marble carvings. Tourism is an important industry and the hill station offers scenic spots, gardens, parks and recreational activities for visitors throughout the year.
Kothaligad, also known as Peth Fort, is located 21km northeast of Karjat near the village of Peth. The small fort has an illustrious history, serving as an important ammunition storage site during Sambhaji's era. In 1684, Mughal forces captured the fort after tricking the Marathas guarding it. They held it for over a year before the Marathas recaptured it. The fort offers scenic views of the surrounding area and has caves and water cisterns within. It can be accessed via a tiring pathway from Peth village.
The Ahobilam temple complex in Andhra Pradesh is dedicated to Lord Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy. It contains temples to different forms of Narasimha and is one of the few temples where all nine forms are worshipped. The main temple was built in the Vijayanagara style and houses idols of all nine forms. It is believed that marriages performed at the temple will be happy and fulfilling.
The Penukonda fort in Andhra Pradesh was used as the seat of power by different dynasties over time. It contains several Hindu and Jain temples, including the Pache Parsavnatha Swamy Temple, and was built in the Vijayanagara architectural style
India is diverse; tourists who traverse through various parts of India have always been fascinated by India's cultural and geographical richness, architectural marvels, exclusive heritage sites, majestic monuments, and exotic flora and fauna. There are zillions of unexplored destinations within the country which offer an unforgettable experience to all types of tourists and make India an awe-inspiring nation. Visit Theotherhome.com to knowmore about such unknown tourists destinations of India.
Sinngad Fort, also known as Sinhgad or Sinhagad, is a historic hill fortress located in the Bhuleshwar range of the Sahyadri Mountains, about 25 kilometers southwest of Pune, in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The fort has a rich history and is a popular tourist attraction due to its scenic beauty, historical significance, and trekking opportunities. Here's a detailed overview of Sinhgad Fort:
Historical Significance:
Sinhgad Fort holds a significant place in Indian history, particularly during the Maratha Empire. It has witnessed several battles and changes of hands. The most famous event is the Battle of Sinhgad in 1670, where Maratha warrior Tanaji Malusare and his troops recaptured the fort from the Mughals, with the legendary story of Tanaji's pet monitor lizard (sinh in Marathi) giving the fort its name.
Architecture:
The fort features a blend of natural rock formations and man-made structures. The architecture includes gateways, bastions, temples, and a bungalow. The fortification walls are relatively well-preserved and offer a glimpse into the military engineering of the time.
Gates:
Sinhgad Fort has several prominent gates, including the Kalyan Darwaza, Pune Darwaza, and the Maha Darwaza. The Maha Darwaza is the main entrance and is a popular starting point for trekkers.
Temples:
There are two temples within the fort - the Kali Temple and the Hanuman Temple. The Kali Temple is particularly famous and serves as a place of worship for many visitors.
Trekking and Hiking:
The fort is a popular destination for trekkers and hikers, with multiple trails leading to its summit. The trek is moderately challenging and offers beautiful views of the surrounding countryside.
Tourist Attractions:
Apart from its historical and architectural significance, Sinhgad Fort offers visitors breathtaking panoramic views of the Sahyadri Mountains and the landscape below. The lush green surroundings make it a popular picnic spot.
Food and Refreshments:
There are several stalls and small eateries on the fort where visitors can enjoy local Maharashtrian cuisine, including the popular 'Pithla Bhakri.'
Visiting Season:
Sinhgad Fort is open throughout the year, but it is advisable to avoid the monsoon season due to slippery and dangerous trekking conditions.
Accessibility:
The fort can be reached by road, and there are parking facilities at the base of the hill. Visitors can choose to trek to the top or hire a local vehicle to reach the fort.
Accommodation:
While there are no accommodations on the fort itself, there are options for lodging in the nearby areas of Pune.
Sinhgad Fort is not only a place of historical significance but also a site of natural beauty and adventure. It's a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts, trekkers, and nature lovers, offering a glimpse into India's rich historical past and stunning landscapes.
Solapur has a long and varied history. It was originally formed from the merging of several villages and districts over time. Major dynasties that ruled the area include the Andhrabhratyas, Chalukyas, Rashtrkutas, Devagiri Yadavas, Bahamis, and the Maratha Peshwa. The Bhuikot fort located on the banks of the Siddheshwar lake has changed hands between several rulers over the centuries. The historic Siddheshwar temple is an important religious site dedicated to Lord Shiva and Vishnu. Solapur celebrates many cultural festivals throughout the year and has a cuisine that is influenced by its location between Maharashtra,
Pawna Dam | Pawna Dam Camping - Campstory.campstory
Pawna is a popular camping destination near Mumbai and Pune, known for its picturesque location and tranquil surroundings. Pawna is located near the Pawna dam, which adds to the beauty of the place. Camping near the dam offers stunning views of the surrounding hills and the serene waters of the dam. Pawna dam camping is an ideal way to unwind and escape the hustle and bustle of city life. Camping by the lake, stargazing, and bonfire are some of the activities one can indulge in. The cool breeze and fresh air make it a perfect spot for nature lovers. Visitors can also indulge in outdoor activities like trekking, boating, and fishing. Pawna dam camping is a unique experience that allows you to enjoy nature’s beauty in its raw form. It is a perfect getaway for those who want to reconnect with nature and rejuvenate their mind and soul. One of the cities’s most visited locations is Pawna Dam. For a peaceful day trip, it makes the perfect vacation. The Pimpri Chinchwad region receives fresh water from the lake. Along with numerous forts including Tung, Lohgad, and Tikona, there are numerous temples nearby for anyone travelling to the lake to explore.
1. Sajjangad fort was created in the 11th century by king Bhoj of the Shilahar dynasty.
2. In the 17th century, the fort was conquered by Maratha leader Shivaji Maharaj from the Adilshahs.
3. Saint Samarth Ramdas resided permanently at Sajjangad fort at Shivaji Maharaj's request, and the fort came to be known as Sajjangad.
The Somnath Temple located in Gujarat, India is one of the most important pilgrimage sites in Hinduism. It is believed to be the first of 12 major Shiva temples. The current structure was rebuilt several times after repeated destruction, showing the power of reconstruction is greater than destruction. It is considered highly sacred as the site of the first Jyotirlinga and is visited by millions of pilgrims each year seeking blessings and atonement.
Exploring Pune's Treasures: Best Trekking Places
Introduction:
Welcome to a journey through Pune's stunning landscapes and historic forts. This presentation is your guide to the best trekking places in Pune, where every step is a story, and every summit is a triumph.
Slide 2: Why Pune for Trekking?
Pune's charm lies in its diverse appeal. From the rich biodiversity to historical significance, each trek is a unique adventure. Join us as we delve into the heart of Pune's nature and history.
Slide 3: Sinhagad Fort - The Fortress in the Lion's Den
Step into history with Sinhagad Fort. Marvel at its historical significance, soak in panoramic views, and experience a trek suitable for various fitness levels.
Slide 4: Lohagad Fort - Iron Fort of Pune
Discover the scenic beauty surrounding Lohagad Fort, learn about its rich history, and embrace a trek that caters to both beginners and seasoned adventurers.
Slide 5: Rajmachi Fort - The Fort with Twin Peaks
Embark on a trek to Rajmachi Fort for spectacular views, lush greenery, and the option to make it an overnight adventure. Join us as we explore the beauty of Pune's twin peaks.
This presentation is not just a visual guide but an invitation to join our trekking community. Let's explore Pune together, where every trail leads to a new adventure.
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Exploring Pune's Treasures: Best Trekking Places
Welcome to a virtual journey through Pune's best trekking spots! This presentation unveils the natural wonders and historical gems nestled in and around Pune. From the iconic Sinhagad Fort with its panoramic views to the scenic beauty of Lohagad and the twin peaks of Rajmachi, each slide is an invitation to embark on an adventure. Join us as we uncover the richness of Pune's landscapes and history, making every trek a memorable experience. Let the exploration begin!
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This document discusses the Sudhagad fort located near Pali, Maharashtra. Some key details:
- Sudhagad fort is approximately 590 meters in height and was originally called Bhorapgad fort. It was an important fort during the time of Shivaji Maharaj.
- Archaeological evidence suggests the fort may be over 2,200 years old. It was likely constructed by great rulers in the past due to its strategic location and construction.
- The fort was conquered by Maloji Bhosale in 1648 after soldiers climbed the fort and killed its guards. It was later renamed Sudhagad by Shivaji Maharaj.
The document summarizes the history and importance of Panhalgad Fort in Maharashtra, India. It was built during the rule of the first Shilahar king and originally ruled by tribal people known as Nag. Shivaji Maharaj captured the fort in 1659 after weakening the Adilshahi kingdom. It witnessed battles between the Marathas and their opponents. In 1673, Kondaji Farjand recaptured the fort with just 60 soldiers. It later became the capital of Kolhapur in 1710. The fort has great historical significance and provides lessons for trekkers today.
This itinerary describes a 22-day tour that involves trekking from Simikot, Nepal through the Humla Valley to Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar in Tibet. The tour then continues with overland travel through Tibetan towns like Taklakot, Shigatse, and Gyantse before ending in Lhasa. Key activities include a 53km kora (pilgrimage circuit) around Mount Kailash, considered a sacred site in several religions, as well as sightseeing in Lhasa including the Potala Palace and Jokhang Temple.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
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Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...Suzanne Lagerweij
This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2).
This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
Abstract:
Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work.
Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real lifeartemacademy2
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
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This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
6. • Shivneri Fort
• Mahuli Fort
• Rajgad Fort
• Jivdhan Fort
• Rohida Fort
• Harishchandragad fort
• Lohagad Fort
• Visapur Fort
• Pratapgad Fort
• Naneghat
9. About
• Fort Height : 3500 ft..
• Type : Hill forts
• Fort Range : Naneghat
• District : Pune
• Grade : Easy
10. Ways to reach Junnar
From Mumbai or Kalyan one can reach Junnar via Malshej Ghat or via Khandala
Ghat. Route via Malshej Ghat is the preferable as it takes less time. Buses ply
hourly from Kalyan towards Junnar. Distance from Mumbai is approximately 100
km.
• On Kalyan one diversions: Bangar Phata
12. History
After the reign of the Satvahans, the Chalukyas and the Rashtrakuts, the Yadavs controlled
Shivneri from 1170 to 1308.
Later, in 1443, the Bahamanis took over the fort.
In 1630 the fort was in the hands of the Adilshahi chieftain, Vijayrao Sidhoji Vishwasrao.
During this time, as Shahaji raje was going through a difficult phase, he brought his
pregnant wife, Jijabai, to shivneri for shelter.
On 19th February 1630, Jijabai gave birth to Shivaji Raje.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj tried to conqur the fort twice, in 1673 and in 1678, but was
unsuccessful.
Finally it was his grandson Shau maharaj who captured Shivneri from Mughals in 1716.
In 1818, the fort was handed over to the British by the Marathas.
24. Accommodation facility
One can make a stay on the fort in Shiv Kunj or Ambarkhana. Shiv Kunj is a suitable option
among the two because of water facility is available near it.
Food Facility : Available in Junnar
Time To Reach : 1 hour from base village.
26. About
• Fort Height : 2815 ft..
• Type : Hill forts
• Fort Range : Shahapur
• District : Thane
• Grade : Easy
27. History
In 1636, when Shahaji Raje was trying to save the Nizamshahi, he had taken
refuge on this fort.
But the joint Mughal and Adilshahi army defeated him and the Nizamshahi
regime came to the end. The fort went into the hands of the Mughals.
In 1656, Shivaji Maharaj took back the fort.
Later, during the treaty of Purandar, the fort was given to the Mughals.
In 1670, Shivaji Maharaj again captured it.
28. Ways To Reach :
• Via Asangaon : Asangaon is on Mumbai-Nasik rail route. From Asangaon station by
walking or by auto we reach at Mahuli gaon. It is 5 km away from Asangaon station.
At the base of the fort we see a very beautiful Mahadev temple. One can spend a
night here. From here at the right side, after crossing a small water flow, and
climbing for 3 km further, we reach at the fort. From this way we have to go by a
ladder. After crossing it there are two water reservoirs.
• Via Vasind : Alight at Vasind by bus or local train. Then go at north for Duhagaon and
then ‘Charyacha Pada’. Keeping Chanderi to right, one has to ascend the western
trunk of Mahuli. This way is quite difficult. We reach at Kalyan Darwaaja and
proceed to the top of Bhandargad. There is a lithograph on this entrance.
32. Accommodation Facility :
• No accommodation is available on Bhandargad. The gatehouses at Mahuli can
accommodate a few people. However it is better to complete the trek within one
whole day.
• Food Facility : One should arrange for the foodstuffs.
• Drinking Water Facility : Water is available in reservoirs in front of gatehouses at
Mahuli. No water is available on Bhandargad.
• Time To Reach : 2 hours from Asangaon
• Notes : Mahuli is Easy from Asangaon- this is most trodden way. But it is Difficult
from Vasind. It will take 6-8 hours from Vasind (Kalyan Darwaaja)
34. About
• Fort Height : 1394 Meters.
• Type : Hill forts
• Fort Range : Pune
• District : Pune
• Grade : Medium
35. Ways To Reach :
• Via Secret doorway (Gupt Darwaja) : From Pune, board a State Transport Bus to
Rajgad and alight at Vajeghar village. Thereafter from Babuda zapa we proceed
towards Railing in approx an hour. From there it takes minimum time to reach
Rajgad. Using this route, one can reach Rajgad in 3 hours.
• Rajgad via Pali Darwaja : From Pune, board a State Transport Bus to Velhe and
there after from Pabe village after crossing Kanad river we can directly reach Pali
darwaja. This staircase walkway is quite easy and one can reach Rajgad in 3
hours.
37. History
This strategically placed and beautifully structured hill having three prominent
ridges, originally known as ‘Murumbdev’, attracted Shivaji Maharaj’s attention
during the capture of the Torna fort in 1645.
He used the treasure obtained at Torna to fortify the adjoining Murumbdev making
it into an impregnable stronghold.
He named this Rajgad.
Shivaji Maharaj made it his home from 1650 to 1669.
On 16th February 1704 Aurangzeb conquered this fort.
However, the Marathas soon regained its control.
In 1818, Rajgad was handed over to the British along with other forts.
50. Accommodation Facility :
• About 20 to 25 persons can be easily accommodated within Padmavati Mandir.
• Tourist Guest houses are available on Padmavati Machi.
52. Food Facility, Drinking Water Facility :
• We need to arrange food on our own.
• Opposite Padmavati Temple, there are cisterns (well) which is a source of drinking
water all year round.
54. About
• Fort Height : 3754 ft.
• Type : Hill forts
• Fort Range : Naneghat
• District : Pune
• Grade : Hard
55. History
In June 1636, Murtaja, a seven year old descendent of the Nizam dynasty, was held
captive on Jivdhan by the Mughals.
Shahaji Raje, father of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj effected his release and took him
to the fort Pemgiri, 21 km southwest of Sangamner, where he was enthroned as the
new Nizam.
Shahaji Raje then assumed the rule of Nizam’s chief advisor, but soon Murtaja was
recaptured by Shahajahan, and Nizamshahi was finally dissolved.
56. Ways To Reach
• Way from Naneghat (Main entrance) : This way has approach through the forests
and a guide is much helpful. After we climb through dense forests and walk for
about 2 hrs., we reach a diversion. On our right is the pinnacle and to the left is the
main entrance. If we proceed rightwards, we come to the base of the pinnacle. Way
further from here is difficult and there are beehives. We turn to the left from the
diversion and reach the steps. These are broken due to the devastation by the
British. The entrance being ruined, a small gap exists through which we reach the
top of the fort. Here the bastions and ramparts are very intact in spite of such
devastation. We reach the western side of the fort.
• Way from Ghatghar: From Ghatghar village, one way goes to Naneghat and the
other goes to the fort. Its much better till one reaches the steps. Some of the steps
have been destroyed and it has become slippery. From here we can reach the
eastern part of the fort in 2 hours.
64. Accommodation Facility :
• One can stay on the fort in the Kothi, but mice may pose a problem. Trekkers also
stay in the cave of Naneghat or the base village.
• Food Facility : One should make arrangements for foodstuffs.
• Drinking Water Facility : The two cisterns on the western side of the hump are more
reliable.
• Time To Reach : 2 hrs. 45 minutes
66. About
• Height : 3650 ft. (above MSL)
• Base village : Bajarwadi (near Bhor)
• Grade : Easy
67. History
From the inscription if is understood that Adilshah had control over this fort till
1656.
Shivaji Maharaj took control of this fort towards the middle of 1656 or a little later,
after a battle against Bandal Deshmukh, in which the latter met his death.
Baji Prabhu Deshpande was Bandal’s administrative chief at that time and defeating
Bandal, Shivaji Maharaj absorbed Baji Prabhu and other soldiers into his
administration.
This is the same Baji Prabhu who later sacrificed his life in the Pavan Khind battle.
Rohida was one of those forts which were handed over to the Mughals according to
the treaty of 1665, but Shivaji Maharaj Later on during Sambhaji’s death i.e. in 1689
it went out of the Marathas hands along with the forts of Rajgad and Torna.
68. How to reach:
• Rohida is about 15 km from Bhor. For Bhor Mumbai Kars can get down to Pune
station. From Pune station go to Swargate S.T stand, from Swargate you can get
many S.T buses as well as Private vehicles for Bhor S.T depot. The first S.T bus from
Swargate to Bhor (Swargate- Mahad) is at 6.00 am.
77. Accommodation Facility :
• About 5 to 7 persons can be accommodated in the Temple.
• Food Facility : Arrange yourself
• Drinking Water : Water cistern near first Darwaja (gate).
• Time to reach : Approximately about 1 hours will be required to reach the fort.
79. About
• Fort Height : 4000 ft..
• Type : Hill forts
• Fort Range : Malshej
• District : Ahmednagar
• Grade : Medium
80. History
The various Puranas (ancient scriptures) like Matsyapurana, Agnipurana and
Skandapurana include many references about Harishchandragad.
Its origin is said to have been in 6th century, during the rule of Kalchuri dynasty.
Though the cliffs are named Taramati and Rohidas, they are not related to
Ayodhya.
The carvings on the temples of Nageshwar (in Khireshwar village), in the
Harishchandreshwar temple and in the cave of Kedareshwar indicate that the
fort belongs to the medieval period, since it is related to Shaiva, Shakta or Naath.
Later the fort was under the control of Moguls.
The Marathas captured it in 1747.
The last warrior named Joshi became a martyr in the fight against the English in
1818.
81. Ways To Reach :
Harishchandragad lies where the boundaries of Thane, Pune & Ahmednagar districts converge. There
are 4 - 5 known ways to this fort, the most usual being the following ones:
From Thane District : One has to board the bus for Nagar from Kalyan & alight at ‘Khubi Phata’. From
there we reach the village of Khireshwar by bus or private vehicle. This village is at 4km from the
foothills of the fort.
Way from Khireshwar: The way beside the caves, where water tanks are seen, proceeds further to
Junnar Darwaaja (Entrance From Junnar). From here, the route goes straight to Tolar Khind. Walking
a few minutes from Tolar Khind, we come across a rock-patch on which railings are fixed. After
ascending the railings, we come to the plateau region on which less dense forests are seen. From
here, we have to cross 7 hills & after a walk of 2-3 hours, we reach the temple of
Harishchandreshwar, the temple of Lord Shiva.
Way from Belpada: The third way is specially meant for hikers, which is via Sadhleghat. One should
board the bus for Malshej Ghat & go to the village of Belpada. From here, the route goes through
Sadhleghat. Here one has to climb a straight rock patch on which grips are provided. The temple is
situated at a height of about 1km from Belpada. The total distance is about 19km.
96. Accommodation
• In Khireshwar, local school is the best for a night’s stay. In this village, we can see the
beautiful temple of Nageshwar as well as ancient caves of the Yadav era.
• Food Facility : In summer & winter, arrangement for food is available on the fort.
However, in monsoon, one should make the arrangement himself.
• Drinking Water Facility : The water tanks near the caves.
• Notes : In monsoon, proper care should be taken.
98. About
• Fort Height : 3400 ft..
• Type : Hill forts
• Fort Range : Lonavala
• District : Pune
• Grade : Easy
99. History
Lohgad must have been built during the reign of the Satvahans or possibly even before
that.
Malik ahmed, the founder of the Nizamshahi conquered the fort 1491 A.D.
After the decline of the Nizamshahi in 1636, Adilshah captured the fort.
In 1657 A.D. Shivaji Maharaj conquered it.
But the Mughals took hold of the fort under the 1665 Raja Jaisingh treaty.
On 13th May, 1670 the Marathas again captured the fort by scaling its walls.
Finally in 1818 the British took hold of this fort.
100. Ways To Reach :
From Malavali : We have to get down at Malavali station near to Lonavala. After
crossing the Express-Highway & reaching Bhaje village we get straight route to
Lohgad. After walking for 1.5 to 2 hours & turning to right from `Gaimukh Khind` we
will reach to Lohgad. Turning to left we reach to Visapur. At the base of the fort we
have a village called Lohgaon. We can reach to the top of fort by stairs. From
Lonavala : Jeeps are available from Lonavala, which take us to the backside of
Lohgad. The road here is worst, and one has to walk for about 3 km. We can have a
glimpse of Vinchu Kata from here, and extensive ramparts of the fort. The forts Tung
and Tikona are seen very near from here.
113. Accommodation Facility :
In Laxmi Kothi nearly 50 persons can be accommodated.
Food is available at Lohgaon and we can also carry our own food.
Drinking water is present throughout the year.
115. About
• Fort Height : 3038 ft..
• Type : Hill forts
• Fort Range : Lonavala
• District : Pune
• Grade : Medium
116. History
The Visapur fort must have been built after the construction if Lohgad.
The annals of the fort are devoid of any historical event.
As each fort is within the range of cannon fire from the other, fall of one fort always
sealed the fate of the other.
The British took advantage of this situation.
After taking hold of Visapur in 1818, Lohgad fell smoothly into their hands.
117. Ways To Reach :
From village Malavali : First route is quite confusing and we may need guide to reach
the fort from the village itself. When the Bhaje caves come to our sight we leave
stairways & go towards right. For walking upto15 to 20 min we come across small
huts. From here the way through jungle takes us to the broken stairs. When we start
climbing these stairs there is a small temple & two big caves which can
accommodate about 40 people. These stairs straightway take us to the fort of
Visapur.
123. Accommodation Facility :
There are two caves, which can accommodate 40 to 50 persons.
Food Facility : We have to carry our own food. Also available in base village
Drinking Water Facility : The lake water on the fort is suitable for drinking.
Time To Reach : 2 hours
125. Pratapgad About
• Fort Height : 1100 Mtr.
• Type : Hill forts
• Fort Range : Satara
• District : Satara
• Grade : Easy
126. Histroy
Pratapgad is one of the important forts built by Shivaji Maharaj during the
establishment of Swarajya.
When Shivaji Maharaj captured Jawli in January 1656, he noticed the Bhorpya hill in
the region.
Realizing the importance of the strategic position of the hill, situated near the path
joining the Kokan and the Wai region, Shivaji Maharaj decided to fortify the hill.
The fort built in two years time, by Hiroji Hindulkar, under the supervision of
Moropant.
127. Ways To Reach :
Via Poladpur : Enroute to Mahabaleshwar from Poladpur, lies a village ‘Wada
Kumbroshi’. Pratapgad is situated at about 4 kms from this village. One has to take a
right turn from the road to Mahabaleshwar from Poladpur. Since, the entire stretch
of road is asphalted, State-Transport buses take you upto the base of ‘Tehalni Buruj,’
where there is a parking bay.
From Mahabaleshwar : ‘Pratapgad Darshan’ bus service is available from
Mahabaleshwar.
143. Accommodation Facility :
• As you go ahead from the statue of Shivaji Maharaj, there is a Maharashtra
Government Rest House. Rooms for accommodating 25 to 30 people are available
with prior booking (during season) on the following address :
• Food Facility : Various Restaurants are there on the fort.
• Drinking Water Facility : Perennial source of drinking water is available on the fort.
• Best Season To Visit : The fort can be visited throughout the year. However, nature
lovers can enjoy the lush greenery just near the end of rainy season.
145. About
• Fort Height : 2500 ft..
• Type : Hill forts
• Fort Range : Naneghat
• District : Pune
• Grade : Easy
146. History
Naneghat and its surrounding forts were built by rules of the Satvahan dynasty.
This pass was built to facilitate trade and commerce and to bridge the ports of
Kalyan and Nalasopara with Junnar, capital of Satvahans, an importance trade center
at that time.
Information about the Satvhans dynasty and their achievements is inscribed in the
Brahmi script in the caves at Naneghat.
147. Ways To Reach :
From Kalyan : Naneghat lies to Northwest of Junnar at 27 km. State Transport buses
(S.T.) plying regularly from Kalyan to Ahmednagar help us to reach Vaishakhare.
From Vaishakhare at about 4 km a diversion towards Naneghat originates. A stone
on which is written Malshej 29 indicates the diversion towards Naneghat. A thumb
shaped cliff that can be viewed from the highway is the topmost point of Naneghat
& is also known as Nana's thumb. Today there is board that specifies diversion to
Naneghat.
157. Accommodation Facility :
• Nearly 50 persons can be accommodated at a time easily in the cave, which is the
only place for accommodation.
• Food Facility : We have to carry our own food.
• Drinking Water Facility : Near to the cave we can find three small water reservoirs of
which the last one provides the drinking water.
158. Conclusion
On each and every fort their should be washroom facility for the visitors.
The buses to the foot of the fort should be on time, and the roads should be maintained
properly by the government as well as the visitors. So that more and more visitors should
visit the fort and get knowledge about the rich culture and heritage.
Their should be rules and regulations for the visitors on the fort, they also should be
observed by the authorities.
The top and the doors of the forts should be maintained by the authorities and even by the
visitors.
Youngsters who visit forts in the influence of drugs and alcohol should sticitly be prohibited
on the forts.
Cleanliness should be maintained by the visitors on the fort to keep our environment clean
and ecosystem balanced.