The document discusses the characterization of graphene through various techniques. It begins with an introduction to the unique 2D crystal structure of graphene. It then discusses several characterization techniques used to study graphene's morphology, properties, defects, and layers, including Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and AFM. Specifically, it describes how Raman spectroscopy can be used to study graphene layers and structural quality by analyzing peaks in the Raman spectrum. The document also briefly mentions some applications of graphene in areas like energy storage, water filtration, transistors, solar cells, and biomedicine.

1. Characterization on Microstructure
/XXX Property of the XXX Material
(Focous on a specific material)
NPU
2023.06.02.
Name：MUBEEN Malik Ahmed
Student ID：2022180008

2. Outline
1. The introduction of 1D/2D/3D(choose one of them)-dimensional
XXX materials
2. Characterization on structure/processing/performace of the
XXX materials
3.Analysis on relationship between performace and
microstructure/processing of the XXX materials

3. Introduction to 2D Grephene structure
The excellent performances of graphene are derived
from its unique 2D crystal structure. The horizontal
dimension of graphene can be sufficiently extended,
while the thickness is only in atomic scale. Thus, the
structural characterizations of graphene need to take
into account horizontal macroscopic scale as well as
atomic level analysis.

4. Structure of grephene

5. Characterization Of Grephene
Graphene’s characterization is an important aspect of
the study and research of graphene. Characterizations
involve the investigation of graphene morphology,
properties, defects, and layers based on spectroscopic
and microscopic measurements. Raman Spectroscopy,
Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission
electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD),
ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and
atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used
characterization techniques.

6. By Raman Spectroscopy Graphene layers and the
structural quality can be studied by Raman
spectroscopy. Monochromatic radiation of Raman
spectroscopy interacts with the molecular vibration of
graphene resulting in a shift in radiation due to
scattering. Three main peaks are observed in graphene
and include; D, G and 2D peaks. D peak is observed
at 1350 cm−1 indicating a disorder in sp2
hybridization. G peak is located at 1580 cm−1
representing lattice vibration and 2D is located at
2700 cm−1 originating from Raman scattering second
order at Dirac point.

7. An increase in graphene disorder increases the ratio
ID/IG because of the elastic scattering due to the
higher defect intensity. However, when the carbon
structure becomes more amorphous, the ID/IG ratio
decreases. Jorio et al. conducted a Raman study on the
ion-induced defects in N-layer graphene. Raman
spectrum of graphene also known as the G band,
exhibits G mode due to the stretching of the C–C
bond. It is marked by a strong peaks at 1580 cm−1
which is the first-order of the Raman spectrum-
allowed feature originating from the zone centre
(Photon wave vector q = 0).

9. Applications
 Energy storage
Water filtration technology
Transistors
Solar cells
Biomedicine

10. References
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application difficulties in biological systems, J. Nanomater. 2014
(2014), 890246.
[5] Y. Seekaew, et al., Synthesis, characterization, and
applications of graphene and derivatives, in: Carbon-Based
Nanofillers and their Rubber Nanocomposites, Elsevier, 2019, pp.
259–283.

11. [6] H. Shinohara, A. Tiwari, Graphene: an introduction to the
fundamentals and industrial applications. 2015: John Wiley &
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[7] M.J. Allen, V.C. Tung, R.B.J.C.r. Kaner, Honeycomb carbon:
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[10] T.P.D. Shareena et al., A review on graphene-based
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