This document summarizes information about Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), including: 1) FMD is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals worldwide, causing vesicles and ulcers in the mouth and on the feet. Seven serotypes exist but vaccination does not provide cross-protection between serotypes. 2) The virus is transmitted through direct or indirect contact with infected animals or fomites. Young animals are most susceptible. Carriers can persist in sheep and goat populations for months. 3) Clinical signs include fever, vesicles and ulcers in the mouth and on the feet that cause lameness. The disease has high economic impacts due to loss of productivity

1. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
: Submitted by : Suhail Banday (Vb_17_1560)
Submitted to : Dr. Mohsina mam

2. Introduction
• OIE-Listed disease
Synonym :
• Aphthous fever
• It is characterized by fever and vesicles , ulcer in the
mouth and on the muzzle, teats, and feet.
It is an extremely contagious , acute viral disease of all
cloven_footed animals.
•With exception of BSE , FMD is the most feared animal
dis. , even though mortality rate is low (below 5% ) but
causes huge losses in terms of livestock productivity and
trade.
It has zoonotic importance

3. Etiology :
•Aphthovirus (ssRNA virus ,non_envelped )
•Has epitheliotropic features
•Family = Picornaviridae
Seven serotypes
• Six of the 7 serotypes have
occurred in Africa (O, A, C, SAT-1,
SAT-2, SAT-3),
• 4 in Asia (O, A, C, Asia-1), and
• 3 in South America (O, A, C)
• North and Central America,
Australia, New Zealand,
Greenland, Iceland, and Western
Europe are free of FMD.
• Serotype O predominates
in india , followed by " A
"and 'asia 1 '.
• Infection with any one
serotype does not confer
immunity against another
i.e there is no cross
immunity b/w serotypes
.This presents difficulty to
vaccination.
It was the ist animal virus to be recognised.

4. Host
• Domesticated and wild
cloven-hoofed animals
• Cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and
water buffalo, camel
etc.
•Young stock is most susceptible
.
•FMD in small ruminants is
important mainly bcz. Of
danger of transmission to
cattle.

5. Species Host Carrier
Sheep , Goats Maintenance Pharyngeal
tissue 4-6
months
Pigs Amplifier
Cattle Indicator Pharyngeal
tissue 6-24
months
•Pigs are the most potent excretors of
air borne virus and cattle the most
suceptible to air borne infection.

6. • Direct contact between
susceptible and infected
animals
• air borne route: Respiratory
aerosols (Mostly in cattle and
sheep etc)
• Vesicular fluid (has max.
concentration of virus
• All secretion and excretion
including semen and milk .
• Ingestion of feed from
infected animals (meat,
offal, milk)
• Indirect contact via fomites
• Boots, hands, clothing
(Humans mechanically)
Transmission
Virus can persist in aerosol form for long periods
in temperate or subtropical climates.

7. • Pathogenesis
• lt involves 3 phases :
• 1)Previremic
phase:characterized by
infection and
replication at primary
replication site .It lasts
for 3 days.
• 2)Viremic phase : gross
lesions only in areas
subjected to mechanical
trauma or unusual
physiological wear such as
epithelium of mouth and
feet , dorsum of snout in
pigs and the teats.
• Virus can be excreted in
exhaled air , saliva , milk ,
semen , urine , faeces
during this phase for 2
weeks.
3)Post_viremia /Convalescent phase :charact. by
healing of lesions.
Following a few days of viremia , virus appears in milk and
saliva for 24 hrs.before vesicle appears in mouth .

8. Entry of virus in body → Reach to pharynx (ist site of
virus infection & rapid multiplication ).
• Virus is ist detectable in oropharyngeal fluid.
• Pharynx ----->> lung → Virus replication → Go in the
blood →Viremia → dissemination to surface epithelium
→ degeneration, lysis and necrosis of the cells →
Formation of epidermal vesicles (hallmark of the
disease) → coalesce to produce bullae (5-6 cm) →
Rupture in 12-14 hours → Ulcer formation →
Secondary infection or Regeneration in 2 weeks.
•Gross lesions develop in epithelium of mouth and feet .
Ballon degeneration of cells of Stratum spinosum

9. • Onset begins by sudden fall
in milk yield & high fever ,
accompanied by anorexia
followed by appearance of
acute painful stomatitis .
• Incubation period: 2 _5
days in natural infection .
• Fever of up to 106°F (41°C)
• Smacking of lips .
• Excessive salivation :
(saliva is hanging in
long, rope like strings
& is foamy) ,makes
eating painful ,so
refuses food and water.
Clinical Signs
:

10. • Vesicles are thin walled
, so rupture easily with
in 24 hrs, leaving a raw
painful surface, that
heals in 1 week.
• It contains thin , straw
coloured fluid .
• This is period of
maximum infectivity
,bcz. vesicular fluid has
virus in max.
concentration .
Vesicles and bullae (1_2cm) appear on buccal
mucosa , dentalpad, tongue.
Erosive lesions , Cow

11. Foot lesions with ruptured
vesicle , Pig
• Vesicles also appear on feet
particularly in clefts and on
the coronet
.Rupture of vesicles causes
acute discomfort and
produces lameness.
•Marked lameness in pig .
2° bacterial invasion of foot
lesions may interfere with
healing and lead
involvement of deep
structures of foot .
Vesicle on snout,Pig

12. Lameness is usually
the first clinical sign
of FMD infection in
sheep and goats
• When teat orifice
is involved , severe
mastitis often
follows.
Foot lesions , cow
• Healing of lesion is rapid
in oral mucosa but often
slow in feet .
• Affected animals are
seldom infective for more
than 4 days after rupture
of vesicles .

13. • Immunity after natural infection lasts for 1_4 yrs in
cattle vs single vaccination (6_8 months) and for
shorter time in pigs ( 6months ).
• More than 50% of
ruminants that recover
from illness and those that
are vaccinated and have
been exposed to virus can
carry virus particles in the
pharyngeal region—up to
2yrs in cattle, 6mo in sheep,
and >5 yr in African buffalo.
• Virus may persist in mammary
tissue for 3_7 weeks
• Eating is resumed in
2_3 days as lesions
heal, but the period
of convalescence may
be as long as 6
months

14. Lesions :
• Young calf / piglets :
• Calf etc are more suceptible
and may suffer from
myocardial damage , even
when typical vesicular
lesions are abscent in
mouth and feet .
• Ventricular wall streaked
with patches of yellow
tissue interplaced by
normal tissue " Tiger Heart
appearance " .

15. Sequel to FMD in cattle
• Mastitis
• Panting - lack of heat tolerance
(more severe in crossbred cattle).
• Diabetes mellitus – Due to Pancrease
inflammation
• Enteritis
• Dyspnea
• Anaemia
• Overgrowth of hair
• Endocrine disturbances – Repeat
breeding
• Lameness

16. Diagnosis
1)Clinical signs
2)Laboratory tests
(Competitive ELISA is Gold Standard test)
3)Identificationof agent in tissues or fluid :
a) Virus isolation
b)Immunological methods
• ELISA (is preferred test for detection of FMD viral
antigen & viral serotype)
• CFT (less sensitive)
c) Nucleic acid recognition methods :
• RT-PCR ( is more sensitive then ELISA)

17. b)to Non_structural
proteins
• indirect ELISA
• Enzyme linked blot assay.
Non_structural proteins of
FMD virus : distinguish an
animal that has been
infected from vaccinated or
infected animal .
4) Serological tests
a)Those detect
antibodies to Viral
Structural Proteins .
Eg.Virus Neutralization ,
solid phase competitive
ELISA
The tissue of choice for sampling is vesicular
epithelium or fluid.
Serologic tests for FMD are used
to certify animals for
import/export (ie, trade).

18. • 1) Vesicular stomatitis
• 2)Vesicular exanthema
• 3)Swine Vesicular Disease
• 4)Rinderpest & PPR
• 5)BVD
• 6)Blue tongue in sheep
• These can't be
differentiated with absolute
certanity by their symptoms
and lesions
Differential
diagnosis Therefore, laboratory
confirmation is essential for
diagnosis of FMD by isolation
and identification of virus or by
demonstrating complement
fixing or virus neutralizing
antibodies in recovered animals
Ingestion of any caustic
material ( grains treated
with caustic soda )may
cause oral vesiculation
and salivation .

19. Disease Host DD
Vesicular stomatitis Horse and cattle No viremia
•Bullet Shaped virus
•Diag. confirmed by
CFt,PCR.
BVD , Rinderpest, MCF ,
LSD
Lesions are never vesicular
Swine Vesicular Disease Pigs • affected pigs usually do
not lose condition, and
the lesions heal rapidly.
•Nervous signs
Vesicular exanthema Pig

20. • National Animal Disease
Control Programme
(NADCP) scheme :
• launched by Prime Minister
in September, 2019 for
control of Foot & Mouth
Disease by vaccinating 100%
cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat
and pig population for FMD
• Objectives :
• To control FMD by 2025
with vaccination and its
eventual eradication by
2030.
•Vaccinating the entire susceptible
at six-monthly intervals (mass
vaccination against FMD)
• Primary vaccination of bovine
calves (4-5 months of age).
• Revaccinate every 6 months
• Deworming one month prior to
vaccination
Major Activities under
NADCP for FMD :
Control : by
1) Vaccination
2) Eradication ( last option
)
Treatment:
Symptomatic

21. Eradication :
• by slaughter when
feasible.
• Barns etc shall be cleaned
and disinfected with 1_2%
NAOH / Formalin or 4 %
Na_carbonate .
• Virus is relatively
suceptible to heat and
insensitive to cold.
• Strict quarintine during
outbreak.
• Farm unstocked for 6
nmonths.
•Mass vaccination with
killed vaccines in endemic
areas .
• Killed trivalent (
containing O,A and C
strains) vaccines are in
general use .
• Raksa Ovac ( Trivalent)
• RakshaTriovac
Thank you
Alternatives of general
vaccination :
• Ring vaccination
• Frontier vaccination
Thank you