This document provides an overview of folk culture in Bangladesh. It discusses the main categories of folk culture, which include material culture, formalized culture, functional culture, and performing arts. Some examples provided include traditional crafts like weaving, pottery, woodworking; oral traditions like folk tales, songs, ballads; and performing arts like dance and theater. The document also discusses the influence of other cultures on Bangladeshi folk culture through history. It notes that despite urbanization and globalization, folk culture remains an underlying part of Bangladeshi culture. The objectives of studying folk culture are outlined, and prior research on collecting and documenting folklore in Bangladesh is summarized.
The document discusses social exclusion in India. Social exclusion refers to individuals or groups being denied access to opportunities that others enjoy due to discrimination based on caste, religion, gender or other attributes. The major causes of social exclusion in India are the racial and caste discrimination that have existed since pre-independence. The main consequence of social exclusion is poverty. Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes experience high levels of social exclusion and are disproportionately represented among the poor in India.
Stuart Hall outlines two paradigms in cultural studies: culturalism and structuralism. Culturalism, associated with Raymond Williams and E.P. Thompson, sees culture as the lived experiences and practices of social groups. Structuralism, associated with Levi-Strauss and Althusser, sees culture and experience as the effect of underlying symbolic structures and frameworks. Hall discusses the emergence of cultural studies and how structuralism interrupted the cultural strand, creating stark contrasts around the role of experience.
Social movements are group actions focused on political or social issues in order to create or resist social change. They involve networks of individuals and organizations engaged in political or cultural conflicts based on shared identities. There are various definitions but they generally involve sustained interactions between ordinary people and those in power to make collective claims. Social movements employ tactics like protests, demonstrations, and petitions. They have historically emerged alongside broad economic and political changes. Key processes that facilitated their growth include urbanization, industrialization, education, and new communication technologies. Social movements can be classified based on their goals, methods, targets, and whether they aim to reform or radically transform society. Theories have attempted to explain their emergence and development. In India, new social movements emerged
Urban culture refers to the behavioral patterns and expressions of thought, feelings, and talents that are characteristic of cities and urban areas. Urban culture is represented through various art forms like music, dance, fashion, and can vary significantly depending on geographic location. Over time, urban cultures have modernized and certain types of street culture like skateboarding, hip hop, tattoo art, graffiti, and spray painting have become globally widespread forms of cultural expression, especially among youth, as urbanization increases connections between population centers while still allowing for local cultural evolution.
The document discusses Marshall McLuhan's concept that "the medium is the message." It provides explanations of three key concepts from McLuhan's work: medium, content, and etherealization. It also includes quotes from McLuhan and analyzes the significance of the #MeToo hashtag and movement as an example artifact. The document aims to help students understand McLuhan's influential ideas about how the channels of communication themselves can shape society and human interaction.
This document discusses different definitions and approaches to defining popular culture. It describes popular culture as "the people's culture" made at the local level, as "mass culture" produced for a large audience, and as "low culture" in contrast to high art. However, it notes problems with each definition and argues that popular culture is best understood by examining the values embedded within cultural works and acknowledging its commercial nature of being produced for market distribution and sales.
The document discusses social exclusion in India. Social exclusion refers to individuals or groups being denied access to opportunities that others enjoy due to discrimination based on caste, religion, gender or other attributes. The major causes of social exclusion in India are the racial and caste discrimination that have existed since pre-independence. The main consequence of social exclusion is poverty. Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes experience high levels of social exclusion and are disproportionately represented among the poor in India.
Stuart Hall outlines two paradigms in cultural studies: culturalism and structuralism. Culturalism, associated with Raymond Williams and E.P. Thompson, sees culture as the lived experiences and practices of social groups. Structuralism, associated with Levi-Strauss and Althusser, sees culture and experience as the effect of underlying symbolic structures and frameworks. Hall discusses the emergence of cultural studies and how structuralism interrupted the cultural strand, creating stark contrasts around the role of experience.
Social movements are group actions focused on political or social issues in order to create or resist social change. They involve networks of individuals and organizations engaged in political or cultural conflicts based on shared identities. There are various definitions but they generally involve sustained interactions between ordinary people and those in power to make collective claims. Social movements employ tactics like protests, demonstrations, and petitions. They have historically emerged alongside broad economic and political changes. Key processes that facilitated their growth include urbanization, industrialization, education, and new communication technologies. Social movements can be classified based on their goals, methods, targets, and whether they aim to reform or radically transform society. Theories have attempted to explain their emergence and development. In India, new social movements emerged
Urban culture refers to the behavioral patterns and expressions of thought, feelings, and talents that are characteristic of cities and urban areas. Urban culture is represented through various art forms like music, dance, fashion, and can vary significantly depending on geographic location. Over time, urban cultures have modernized and certain types of street culture like skateboarding, hip hop, tattoo art, graffiti, and spray painting have become globally widespread forms of cultural expression, especially among youth, as urbanization increases connections between population centers while still allowing for local cultural evolution.
The document discusses Marshall McLuhan's concept that "the medium is the message." It provides explanations of three key concepts from McLuhan's work: medium, content, and etherealization. It also includes quotes from McLuhan and analyzes the significance of the #MeToo hashtag and movement as an example artifact. The document aims to help students understand McLuhan's influential ideas about how the channels of communication themselves can shape society and human interaction.
This document discusses different definitions and approaches to defining popular culture. It describes popular culture as "the people's culture" made at the local level, as "mass culture" produced for a large audience, and as "low culture" in contrast to high art. However, it notes problems with each definition and argues that popular culture is best understood by examining the values embedded within cultural works and acknowledging its commercial nature of being produced for market distribution and sales.
The document discusses the emergence and development of urban communities and rise of metropolises. It defines key terms like urban area and urbanization, and describes the factors that led to the formation of early cities like the development of agriculture and food surpluses. The document also examines urban structure models like the grid and concentric ring models, and discusses the development of cities and metropolises in the Philippines.
Culture can be defined as the shared behaviors, beliefs, and customs that are passed down from one generation to the next within a society. Popular culture arises from what meets current needs and interests of the masses through successful advertising, aggressive marketing, and innovation that shapes collective consciousness. However, there is debate around whether popular culture truly reflects a single mass or if the elite also appreciate what becomes trendy among common people.
This document defines popular culture and mass culture, and discusses how popular culture influences the world. It notes that popular culture includes things like toys, fashion, TV shows, movies, and celebrities. Popular culture is shaped by mass media and permeates society. Mass culture refers to culture that is mass produced and marketed to a wide audience. Popular culture icons and trends spread widely due to technologies like television, movies, music, and the internet that allow for time-space compression and the rapid global diffusion of cultural ideas.
The document discusses concepts of caste, class, gender, and race in India. It describes how the caste system originated and stratified Hindu society into four main categories (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Sudras) based on occupation. The caste system promoted inequality and practices like untouchability. While the economic importance of caste has declined with urbanization and affirmative action, it still affects social status. The document also discusses the concepts of social class in India, noting different classifications, and how factors like wealth, occupation, and education determine one's social class. It defines race and ethnicity, describing how India is a melting pot of different racial groups classified by scholars.
Traditions are beliefs or behaviors passed down over time within a group that hold symbolic or significant meaning. While many traditions have ancient origins, some have been recently invented for political or cultural purposes. Traditions are transmitted through generations via teaching or inheritance. India has many unique cultural traditions, such as greeting with "namaskar" or placing ritual marks on the forehead. Traditions like aarti performances or offering flower garlands show respect. Artifacts like seals, sculptures, and structures provide insights into the religious practices, daily life, and technological skills of ancient civilizations in India.
India has immense diversity in terms of race, religion, language, culture and caste. However, Indians feel a strong sense of unity and togetherness despite these differences. India's diversity is seen in its 29 states that speak over 23 official languages and hundreds of dialects, practice many religions and have various cultural traditions. This diversity enriches Indian society and strengthens the unity of the nation.
This document defines cultural landscapes and provides examples. It states that cultural landscapes are landscapes shaped by human involvement and can be associated with people, events, or exhibit cultural values. They reveal how humans have related to the natural environment over time. Examples of cultural landscapes in India given are Sarnath, Taj Mahal, Champaner-Pavagadh, Musa Bagh in Lucknow, Orchha, Amber in Rajasthan, and the Varanasi Ghats.
Postmodernism argues that identities are fragmented and changeable rather than stable. It claims that people actively create their own identities through their choices in social groups, consumption, and rejecting or adopting labels. Traditional views saw identity as based on fixed factors like class and nationality, but postmodernists, like Stuart Hall, say contemporary identities are fractured with people possessing multiple, contradictory concepts of themselves rather than a single unified identity.
To discuss about the “folk culture of Uttar Dinajpur” district at first we have to know the meaning of the word ‘folk’. The word ‘folk’ does not mean ‘masses. One part of mass may be termed as folk as the extension of the word ‘mass’ is very wide. Basically ‘folk’ mean the persons of society who are dependent on agriculture.
This document defines culture and its key elements and characteristics according to several anthropologists. It states that culture is learned, social, shared, transmissive, continuous, cumulative, and changing. Culture is acquired as part of socialization and varies across societies. The core elements of culture discussed are traits, complexes, patterns, themes, configurations, and ethos. Traits are the smallest cultural units, while ethos represents the central philosophy or ideology of a culture.
Cultural ecology is the study of human adaptations to social and physical environments. Julian Steward coined the term and proposed that culture changes are induced by environmental adaptations. Steward's method examined how technologies exploited the environment for subsistence and how associated cultural patterns influenced other aspects of culture. While the environment influences human adaptation, it does not determine it. Cultural ecology recognizes ecology plays a role in shaping regional cultures but does not imply environmental determinism. It continues as a line of inquiry to understand how local environmental practices are influenced by global forces and markets.
This document provides an overview of social stratification. It defines social stratification as the layering and ranking of groups in a society based on power, property, and prestige. It discusses the key dimensions and types of stratification, including egalitarian, ranked, class-based, and caste societies. Gender, slavery, and the emergence of social hierarchies over time are also addressed. The purpose is for students to understand social inequality and how it varies across different types of societies.
This presentation provides a summary of the religions, culture, sports, music, festivals, media, architecture, heritage and literature of Bangladesh. It notes that Islam is the largest religion in Bangladesh, followed by Hinduism and Buddhism. The culture is defined by the Bengali language as well as foods like street foods, traditional dishes, and sweets. Popular sports include cricket and kabaddi, while music genres include classical, folk, modern, Rabindra Sangeet and Nazrul Geeti. Major festivals celebrated are religious events like Eid as well as national events like Independence Day. Media includes television, radio and newspapers. Significant architectural heritage sites and places are also outlined, as are the historical periods that define
The document provides an overview of rural sociology and rural communities in India. It discusses definitions of rural sociology, its origins in the US and India. It compares urban and rural sociology and describes the types of Indian villages based on history, power structures, class types and occupations. It also summarizes characteristics of the rural family and kinship system in India.
Indian society has evolved over time from tribal organizations to a complex caste system. Tribes were early social groups based on common descent and equality. The Vedic period saw the emergence of the varna system which divided society into Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. This caste hierarchy later crystallized with the rise of guilds and inclusion of outside groups. The caste system continued changing and diversifying through medieval and modern times, taking on regional variations but maintaining social stratification and restrictions on interaction between castes.
This document defines key terms related to urbanization. It explains that urban refers to populated areas, in contrast to rural. Urbanization is defined as the process where populations migrate from rural to urban areas, enabling cities and towns to grow. The document then discusses factors driving urbanization like job opportunities and access to services. It also outlines some challenges of urbanization like housing shortages, overcrowding, and pollution. Potential solutions discussed include rural development programs, city planning, and regional planning.
Culture can be summarized as follows:
1. Culture is defined as the learned behaviors, beliefs, values, and ideals that are shared by a society.
2. Culture is a social phenomenon that is acquired, transmitted, and adapted between generations in a society.
3. Culture encompasses both material and immaterial aspects of a society, including behaviors, thoughts, language, arts, traditions and values. Culture affects people in a society from birth to death.
This document defines and describes different types of human settlements from small hamlets to large cities. It discusses the historical shift from rural villages to urbanization and growth of cities due to industrialization. It also describes the expansion of cities through suburbanization and formation of metropolitan areas and exurbs. Finally, it notes current trends towards more people living in large cities of over 1 million compared to smaller towns and cities.
Culture is a complex concept that includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and other capabilities acquired by humans as members of society. It is unique to humans and is learned rather than inherited biologically. Culture is shared within a group and transmitted between generations. It is also adaptive and varies between different societies. When material aspects of culture like technology change more rapidly than non-material aspects like beliefs and social structures, it can lead to a phenomenon known as cultural lag. Civilization refers specifically to the advanced stage of cultural development associated with urban life.
Culture can be defined as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, customs, and habits that are shared and learned by people in a society. It provides implicit instructions on what is right and wrong and shapes how people perceive and evaluate things. For a pattern of behavior or idea to be considered part of a culture, it must be shared with other individuals in that society. Cultures are dynamic and change over time in response to discoveries, inventions, and influence from other cultures through processes like diffusion and assimilation.
Bangladesh has a rich, diverse, and has its own rooted culture. In this presentation, we briefly discussed culture and tradition, what differentiates between the two, and we also showed types of culture and tradition.
Bangladesh has a rich cultural heritage formed by its history, people, religions, occupations, and geography. Some key aspects of Bangladeshi culture include:
1) Festivals celebrate religious and seasonal events like Pohela Boishakh, Eid al-Fitr, Durga Puja, and harvest festivals. Traditional meals, clothing, and activities are part of these celebrations.
2) Arts like music, dance, photography, painting, and folk theater are deeply ingrained in Bangladeshi culture. Traditional instruments include the ektara and flute.
3) Marriage customs involve multi-day celebrations with rituals, clothing, jewelry, henna art, and food. Transportation of the bride by
The document discusses the emergence and development of urban communities and rise of metropolises. It defines key terms like urban area and urbanization, and describes the factors that led to the formation of early cities like the development of agriculture and food surpluses. The document also examines urban structure models like the grid and concentric ring models, and discusses the development of cities and metropolises in the Philippines.
Culture can be defined as the shared behaviors, beliefs, and customs that are passed down from one generation to the next within a society. Popular culture arises from what meets current needs and interests of the masses through successful advertising, aggressive marketing, and innovation that shapes collective consciousness. However, there is debate around whether popular culture truly reflects a single mass or if the elite also appreciate what becomes trendy among common people.
This document defines popular culture and mass culture, and discusses how popular culture influences the world. It notes that popular culture includes things like toys, fashion, TV shows, movies, and celebrities. Popular culture is shaped by mass media and permeates society. Mass culture refers to culture that is mass produced and marketed to a wide audience. Popular culture icons and trends spread widely due to technologies like television, movies, music, and the internet that allow for time-space compression and the rapid global diffusion of cultural ideas.
The document discusses concepts of caste, class, gender, and race in India. It describes how the caste system originated and stratified Hindu society into four main categories (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Sudras) based on occupation. The caste system promoted inequality and practices like untouchability. While the economic importance of caste has declined with urbanization and affirmative action, it still affects social status. The document also discusses the concepts of social class in India, noting different classifications, and how factors like wealth, occupation, and education determine one's social class. It defines race and ethnicity, describing how India is a melting pot of different racial groups classified by scholars.
Traditions are beliefs or behaviors passed down over time within a group that hold symbolic or significant meaning. While many traditions have ancient origins, some have been recently invented for political or cultural purposes. Traditions are transmitted through generations via teaching or inheritance. India has many unique cultural traditions, such as greeting with "namaskar" or placing ritual marks on the forehead. Traditions like aarti performances or offering flower garlands show respect. Artifacts like seals, sculptures, and structures provide insights into the religious practices, daily life, and technological skills of ancient civilizations in India.
India has immense diversity in terms of race, religion, language, culture and caste. However, Indians feel a strong sense of unity and togetherness despite these differences. India's diversity is seen in its 29 states that speak over 23 official languages and hundreds of dialects, practice many religions and have various cultural traditions. This diversity enriches Indian society and strengthens the unity of the nation.
This document defines cultural landscapes and provides examples. It states that cultural landscapes are landscapes shaped by human involvement and can be associated with people, events, or exhibit cultural values. They reveal how humans have related to the natural environment over time. Examples of cultural landscapes in India given are Sarnath, Taj Mahal, Champaner-Pavagadh, Musa Bagh in Lucknow, Orchha, Amber in Rajasthan, and the Varanasi Ghats.
Postmodernism argues that identities are fragmented and changeable rather than stable. It claims that people actively create their own identities through their choices in social groups, consumption, and rejecting or adopting labels. Traditional views saw identity as based on fixed factors like class and nationality, but postmodernists, like Stuart Hall, say contemporary identities are fractured with people possessing multiple, contradictory concepts of themselves rather than a single unified identity.
To discuss about the “folk culture of Uttar Dinajpur” district at first we have to know the meaning of the word ‘folk’. The word ‘folk’ does not mean ‘masses. One part of mass may be termed as folk as the extension of the word ‘mass’ is very wide. Basically ‘folk’ mean the persons of society who are dependent on agriculture.
This document defines culture and its key elements and characteristics according to several anthropologists. It states that culture is learned, social, shared, transmissive, continuous, cumulative, and changing. Culture is acquired as part of socialization and varies across societies. The core elements of culture discussed are traits, complexes, patterns, themes, configurations, and ethos. Traits are the smallest cultural units, while ethos represents the central philosophy or ideology of a culture.
Cultural ecology is the study of human adaptations to social and physical environments. Julian Steward coined the term and proposed that culture changes are induced by environmental adaptations. Steward's method examined how technologies exploited the environment for subsistence and how associated cultural patterns influenced other aspects of culture. While the environment influences human adaptation, it does not determine it. Cultural ecology recognizes ecology plays a role in shaping regional cultures but does not imply environmental determinism. It continues as a line of inquiry to understand how local environmental practices are influenced by global forces and markets.
This document provides an overview of social stratification. It defines social stratification as the layering and ranking of groups in a society based on power, property, and prestige. It discusses the key dimensions and types of stratification, including egalitarian, ranked, class-based, and caste societies. Gender, slavery, and the emergence of social hierarchies over time are also addressed. The purpose is for students to understand social inequality and how it varies across different types of societies.
This presentation provides a summary of the religions, culture, sports, music, festivals, media, architecture, heritage and literature of Bangladesh. It notes that Islam is the largest religion in Bangladesh, followed by Hinduism and Buddhism. The culture is defined by the Bengali language as well as foods like street foods, traditional dishes, and sweets. Popular sports include cricket and kabaddi, while music genres include classical, folk, modern, Rabindra Sangeet and Nazrul Geeti. Major festivals celebrated are religious events like Eid as well as national events like Independence Day. Media includes television, radio and newspapers. Significant architectural heritage sites and places are also outlined, as are the historical periods that define
The document provides an overview of rural sociology and rural communities in India. It discusses definitions of rural sociology, its origins in the US and India. It compares urban and rural sociology and describes the types of Indian villages based on history, power structures, class types and occupations. It also summarizes characteristics of the rural family and kinship system in India.
Indian society has evolved over time from tribal organizations to a complex caste system. Tribes were early social groups based on common descent and equality. The Vedic period saw the emergence of the varna system which divided society into Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. This caste hierarchy later crystallized with the rise of guilds and inclusion of outside groups. The caste system continued changing and diversifying through medieval and modern times, taking on regional variations but maintaining social stratification and restrictions on interaction between castes.
This document defines key terms related to urbanization. It explains that urban refers to populated areas, in contrast to rural. Urbanization is defined as the process where populations migrate from rural to urban areas, enabling cities and towns to grow. The document then discusses factors driving urbanization like job opportunities and access to services. It also outlines some challenges of urbanization like housing shortages, overcrowding, and pollution. Potential solutions discussed include rural development programs, city planning, and regional planning.
Culture can be summarized as follows:
1. Culture is defined as the learned behaviors, beliefs, values, and ideals that are shared by a society.
2. Culture is a social phenomenon that is acquired, transmitted, and adapted between generations in a society.
3. Culture encompasses both material and immaterial aspects of a society, including behaviors, thoughts, language, arts, traditions and values. Culture affects people in a society from birth to death.
This document defines and describes different types of human settlements from small hamlets to large cities. It discusses the historical shift from rural villages to urbanization and growth of cities due to industrialization. It also describes the expansion of cities through suburbanization and formation of metropolitan areas and exurbs. Finally, it notes current trends towards more people living in large cities of over 1 million compared to smaller towns and cities.
Culture is a complex concept that includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and other capabilities acquired by humans as members of society. It is unique to humans and is learned rather than inherited biologically. Culture is shared within a group and transmitted between generations. It is also adaptive and varies between different societies. When material aspects of culture like technology change more rapidly than non-material aspects like beliefs and social structures, it can lead to a phenomenon known as cultural lag. Civilization refers specifically to the advanced stage of cultural development associated with urban life.
Culture can be defined as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, customs, and habits that are shared and learned by people in a society. It provides implicit instructions on what is right and wrong and shapes how people perceive and evaluate things. For a pattern of behavior or idea to be considered part of a culture, it must be shared with other individuals in that society. Cultures are dynamic and change over time in response to discoveries, inventions, and influence from other cultures through processes like diffusion and assimilation.
Bangladesh has a rich, diverse, and has its own rooted culture. In this presentation, we briefly discussed culture and tradition, what differentiates between the two, and we also showed types of culture and tradition.
Bangladesh has a rich cultural heritage formed by its history, people, religions, occupations, and geography. Some key aspects of Bangladeshi culture include:
1) Festivals celebrate religious and seasonal events like Pohela Boishakh, Eid al-Fitr, Durga Puja, and harvest festivals. Traditional meals, clothing, and activities are part of these celebrations.
2) Arts like music, dance, photography, painting, and folk theater are deeply ingrained in Bangladeshi culture. Traditional instruments include the ektara and flute.
3) Marriage customs involve multi-day celebrations with rituals, clothing, jewelry, henna art, and food. Transportation of the bride by
The culture of Bangladesh has evolved over centuries and includes diverse traditions from various social groups. It is manifested in music, dance, drama, art, crafts, folklore, languages, literature, philosophy, religion, festivals, celebrations, cuisine and other customs. Some defining aspects of Bangladeshi culture include festivals like Pohela Boishakh, Eid, and Durga Puja; folk music genres like Bhatiali and Baul; traditional marriage customs; and dishes like biryani and desserts like sandesh and rasgulla. The Bengal Renaissance contributed greatly to developing Bengali culture in the 19th-20th centuries.
The document discusses tribal heritage and culture in India. It notes that tribal people constitute a large portion of the population in northeast India and have their own unique traditions that blend with broader Indian culture. It provides details on tribal arts including pottery, crafts made from materials like bamboo and cane, and festivals like Bali Jatra observed by tribes in Koraput which involves planting grains, feasting, dancing, and sacrifices.
The document provides information on Bengali culture, including its history, festivals, food, art, folklore, and crafts. It discusses how Bengal has a long recorded history and was an economically powerful region. It describes important Bengali festivals like Durga Puja, foods such as machher jhol and mishti doi, art forms including terracotta sculptures and mukhosh masks, the Baul musical tradition, and the textile craft of kantha embroidery. The document aims to give an overview of key aspects of Bengali cultural heritage.
1. The document discusses the concept of culture and cultural diversity. It defines culture as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, customs, and behaviors shared by a group and communicated between generations.
2. It outlines the seven main elements of culture: social organization, customs and traditions, religion, language, arts and literature, forms of government, and economic systems. Family structure, social classes, rules of behavior, and religious beliefs are some examples provided.
3. The document then discusses the importance of culture in shaping individuals' attitudes, identities, and personalities. It notes that culture is an integral part of living.
The document provides an overview of the society and culture of Pakistan. It discusses the key aspects of Pakistani culture including language, festivals, religion, literature, and the unique cultures of each Pakistani province including Punjab, Balochistan, Sindh, and KPK. The culture is influenced by Muslim rulers and has preserved traditions while also incorporating some western influences today. The various provinces each have their own distinct cultural practices, foods, music, art, and customs.
Understanding of Folk Literature with Reference to Bandna Parab and Vadu Parabijtsrd
Bengal has long served as Indias folk cultures adobe. Folk culture, which includes a variety of music, dance, theatre, and painting, is representative of West Bengals rural heritage. Folk refers to the lok or people in general as far as folk culture is concerned. Consequently, the ignorant common people of rural Bengal are the ones who generate, preserve, and foster folk culture. The roots of folk culture may be found in a wide range of human emotions, including those related to religion, holidays, education, health, emotion, love, marriage, and loneliness. Unfortunately, as time has gone on, urbanization, globalization, and westernization have increased, posing a significant threat to Bengali traditional culture today. The current study has been conducted to explore the Folk music’s of west Bengal, to study the folk dances of West Bengal and to study the relevance of Bandna Parab and Vadu Parab. Mr. Sudipta Mahato | Prof.(Dr.) Ujjwal Kumar Panda | Prof.(Dr.) Samirranjan Adhikari "Understanding of Folk Literature with Reference to Bandna Parab and Vadu Parab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52411.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/52411/understanding-of-folk-literature-with-reference-to-bandna-parab-and-vadu-parab/mr-sudipta-mahato
Pakistani culture is a culturally hybridized society that has emerged through the merging of various cultures over time. The document outlines how Pakistani culture has been influenced by the Indus Valley Civilization, subsequent Muslim and British rule, and has incorporated cultural aspects from these and other influences like India, China, and the West. It provides examples of how language, food, clothing, ceremonies, and other cultural traditions in Pakistan today reflect this hybridization through influences and blending of multiple distinct cultures.
This document provides an overview of festivals, sports, languages, dresses, and art in Pakistani culture. It discusses major Islamic festivals celebrated in Pakistan including Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha. It also mentions Independence Day and the importance of sports like cricket and hockey to Pakistani culture. It describes some regional languages spoken in Pakistan as well as traditional dresses varying by province. Finally, it provides a brief introduction to Pakistani literature and poetry.
This paper entails details about the culture of the Luhya community: It contains an overview of the Abaluhya, the Luhya sub tribes, Religions among the Abaluhya, their cuisines, mode of their dressing, their cultural artifacts and monuments, Music and dances, their sporting activities, and circumcision in Luhya community. The paper various ways for safeguarding, preserving and promoting the Abaluhya community, and also the significance of the culture to the Abaluhya.
This document discusses the Pot Chitra art form in Bengali folklore. Pot Chitra refers to scroll paintings that were traditionally used in rural areas of Bengal to narrate stories. It was once a common cultural practice but later became a tool for religious teaching. The art conveyed messages from deities to villagers. Over time, the specifications and uses of Pot Chitra have changed along with the history and culture of the region. Different types of Pot Chitra developed that were famous in certain areas. The document aims to analyze the role and status of Pot Chitra in Bengali culture and how it has developed contextually over time.
Pakistani culture is a mix of Islamic values and regional traditions. It draws from Islamic civilization and is marked by religious holidays. Urdu is the national language though regional languages are also spoken. The culture is rich in literature, sports, handicrafts, colorful regional dresses, and festivals. It is a male-dominated society where the senior male is head of the family.
Meghalaya is a state in northeast India known as the "Abode of Clouds". The capital is Shillong, located in the East Khasi Hills district. Shillong has a population of around 143,000 people. Meghalaya has diverse ethnic communities such as the Khasis, Garos, and Jaintias. The main languages spoken are Khasi, Garo, and English. Meghalaya is known for its natural beauty, mountains, forests, and high annual rainfall. Popular festivals celebrated include Wangala, Shad Suk Mynsiem, and Behdeinkhlam.
The document summarizes the cultural provinces of Pakistan. It discusses the five provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Gilgit Baltistan. For each province, it outlines their origins, demographics, languages spoken, traditional attire, cuisine, music, festivals, and other cultural aspects. The document provides an overview of the diverse cultural traditions found across Pakistan's provinces.
Cultural forms and cultural expressions Udit Ahuja
This document discusses various aspects of culture in India including definitions of culture, plurality vs multiculturalism, the role of identity, and how culture is shaped by factors like religion, region, caste, class, gender and language. It provides examples of cultural aspects like traditional clothing that varies by region and community in India. It also describes several Indian festivals like Kumbh Mela, Baisakhi, Buddha Poornima and Pushkar Fair as well as dance forms including Indian classical dance that originated from Natya Shastra and regional folk dances.
Difference between pakistan and American CultureFarhanullah khan
Pakistani culture is influenced by Islamic values as Pakistan was created as an ideological Islamic state. Some key aspects of Pakistani culture include:
- Simple dress that covers the body as nudity is prohibited in Islam
- "Halal" food that adheres to Islamic dietary restrictions
- Sports like cricket, hockey and kabaddi that reflect cultural identity
- Regional languages like Sindhi, Punjabi and Urdu alongside the national language of Urdu
- Customs at life events from birth to death like marriages and funerals that are influenced by Islamic traditions
- Influence also from Hindu and British cultures in various artforms, literature and other areas of life.
Indian culture has many unique characteristics. It has shown remarkable continuity over thousands of years while also changing and adapting. Indian culture is diverse, with many languages, religions, customs and art forms coexisting across its vast geography. However, underlying this diversity is a sense of unity. Indian culture has integrated influences from groups that settled in India over centuries. It has a secular outlook and spirit of universalism. Both material and spiritual pursuits have flourished within Indian culture over history. Cultural identities in India are based on multiple factors like religion, region and ethnicity.
This document provides an overview of Banjara embroidery, including:
- Banjara embroidery originated from the nomadic Banjara tribes of Andhra Pradesh and is characterized by vibrant colors, ornate patterns, and delicate mirror work.
- The Crafts Council of Andhra Pradesh has worked to preserve and develop Banjara embroidery, providing training to women in the Yellamma Tanda village.
- Banjara embroidery faces threats from modernization but trade fairs provide opportunities to market the craft and generate income for artisans.
Culture:
• Culture: definition- pg 35 in Pretoruis.
• Components of culture:
• Cognitive component- pg 36 in Pretoruis.
• Normative component- pg 37 in Pretoruis.
• Symbolic component- pg 39 in Pretoruis.
Cultural concepts:
• Subcultures- pg 44 in Pretoruis.
• Cultural change- pg 44 in Pretoruis.
• Cultural competence (aspects of cultural identity)- pg 47 in Pretoruis.
• Culture shock- pg 37 in Du Toit.
• Cultural lag- pg 37 in Pretoruis.
• Ethnocentrism- pg 39 in Du Toit
• Xenocentrism- pg 39 in Du Toit
• Xenophobia- pg 40 in Du Toit
Culture formation and expansion
Pg’s 40-43 in Du Toit.
“The impact of Blue Economy on Sustainable Development of Bangladesh.” part 2...Md. Mamun Hasan Biddut
Natural resource manipulation has been the foremost feature for economic development and trade for most of world history. At present, it is generally accepted that economic advancement around the world is leading to the unalterable exhaustion of natural resources, environmental degradation and resulting threat to future generations, which are vital reasons and challenges for reconsidering economic patterns. At present Environmental resources are denoted as economic assets and called “natural capital”.
“The impact of Blue Economy on Sustainable Development of Bangladesh.” part 1...Md. Mamun Hasan Biddut
Natural resource manipulation has been the foremost feature for economic development and trade for most of world history. At present, it is generally accepted that economic advancement around the world is leading to the unalterable exhaustion of natural resources, environmental degradation and resulting threat to future generations, which are vital reasons and challenges for reconsidering economic patterns. At present Environmental resources are denoted as economic assets and called “natural capital”.
“The Prospects of Halal Tourism Development in Bangladesh”. part-2.pdfMd. Mamun Hasan Biddut
The document discusses halal tourism in Bangladesh. It begins with an introduction that defines halal tourism and explains its growth as an important segment of international tourism. It notes Bangladesh has potential for halal tourism development given its natural beauty, cultural sites, and hospitality. However, literature on halal tourism specifically in Bangladesh is limited.
The purpose of the study is then outlined as measuring the prospects, challenges, and opportunities for developing halal tourism in Bangladesh. Key objectives include identifying policies and assessing potentials. Research questions focus on policies, potentials/challenges, and how halal tourism can develop in Bangladesh. The significance and limitations of the study are also presented.
A literature review discusses how halal tourism has spread globally and
“The Prospects of Halal Tourism Development in Bangladesh”. part-1.pdfMd. Mamun Hasan Biddut
This document is an internship thesis report submitted to the Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management at the University of Dhaka on the prospects of developing halal tourism in Bangladesh. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose and objectives of the study. It also discusses the methodology used, which involves collecting primary data through questionnaires distributed to restaurants, hotels, tour operators and tourists. The data analysis and findings identify challenges to developing halal tourism in Bangladesh and provide recommendations for addressing these barriers. The conclusion states that halal tourism has great potential to boost Bangladesh's economy if the government implements a strategic plan to develop this new tourism sector.
“The Prospects of Halal Tourism Development in Bangladesh”. part-2.pdfMd. Mamun Hasan Biddut
Halal tourism is a new product in the tourism industry market. This niche market offers a great prospective for halal tourism. Halal is becoming a global mark for quality assurance, and related to trade and other sectors. Nowadays, Halal tourism has become a global brand and many of non-Muslims consume Halal products. For example, (e.g., Japan and South Korea, UAE, Malaysia) have been adopting halal tourism by offering and delivering halal tourism products and services. As Bangladesh is very new in the Halal tourism market so it is hard to compete with a country like Malaysia, Indonesia, UAE who already grasps the top position in the Halal market.
“The Prospects of Halal Tourism Development in Bangladesh”. part-1.pdfMd. Mamun Hasan Biddut
This document is an internship thesis report submitted to the Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management at the University of Dhaka on the prospects of developing halal tourism in Bangladesh. It includes an introduction outlining the rationale, purpose, objectives and significance of the study. It also covers a literature review on halal tourism, methodology, data analysis and findings from questionnaires distributed to restaurants, hotels, tour operators and tourists. The report identifies challenges to developing halal tourism in Bangladesh and provides recommendations. It aims to fill gaps in the limited existing literature on prospects for halal tourism and developing promotional strategies to boost its economic contribution.
Provisional estimates of GDP for fy 2018 19 and final estimates of GDP for fy...Md. Mamun Hasan Biddut
According to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Bangladesh GDP grew by 5.24 per cent during 2019-20 raising the per capita income by US$155 to US$2,064. This growth rate has been achieved when the global economy is contracting, in particular the whole developed world where according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) major economies are expected to contract by 2.4 per cent in 2020. The World Bank GDP projection for 2020 predicts a fall by 2.5 per cent for developing countries and 1.8 per cent for developed countries. Even the neighboring country India recorded a contraction of the economy by 23.9 per cent during the April-June quarter of 2020.
This growth rate is also much above the economic growth forecast provided for Bangladesh by the World Bank (WB) at 1.6 percent, International Monetary Fund (IMF) at 3.8 percent and Asian Development Bank (ADB) at 4.5 percent for 2020. While these forecast figures are for the calendar year 2020, but the BBS growth figure is for the 2019-20 financial year. In fact, the Bangladesh government believes that the economy is on track to achieve 8.2 per cent growth rate in 2020-21 and also expects the economy to rebound at a higher pace than before after the pandemic is over (FE, August, 28). There is an implicit message that the economy is not only trekking back to pre-pandemic levels but also will surpass that.
The document provides background information on Travel Memoria Ltd., a travel agency in Bangladesh. It discusses the company's profile, services offered, promotional strategies, and SWOT analysis. As an intern, the author's responsibilities included assisting the director, handling job applications, and observing interviews. Some critical observations of the company included its small size and lack of emphasis on manager or subordinate decision-making. The main functions of Travel Memoria as a travel agency are providing travel information, booking tickets, preparing itineraries, designing tour packages, travel documents, insurance, foreign exchange, franchising, conducting tours, and marketing.
The document is an internship report submitted by Md. Zahidul Islam to his professor Prof. Mojib Uddin Ahmed, Ph.D at the University of Dhaka about his internship at Travel Memoria Limited. It includes a declaration, supervisor's certificate, letter of transmittal, acknowledgements, table of contents and executive summary. The report provides details about Travel Memoria Limited such as its history, vision, mission, goals, products and services, promotional strategies, SWOT analysis and the roles and functions of the travel agency. It also describes the intern's specific responsibilities, job performance and critical observations during the internship.
The document discusses safety and security issues for hospitality businesses. It outlines a 4-step safety and security management method of recognizing threats, developing programs to address threats, implementing programs, and monitoring results. Specific threats covered include crimes against guests, employees, and property. The document also discusses human trafficking, crisis management programs, and establishing effective guestroom lock policies and security programs to protect people and property.
1) The document is an internship report submitted to the University of Dhaka on the marketing analysis and sales tactics of City Air International.
2) City Air International is a travel agency that has been operating for 19 years in Bangladesh. It sells airline tickets both domestically and internationally.
3) The report analyzes City Air's marketing strategies including market segmentation, targeting, positioning, the marketing mix, and competition. It also assesses internal and external factors.
City Air Intl is a travel agency that has been operating in Bangladesh since 2000. It provides various travel services including domestic and international airline ticketing, hotel reservations, tour packages, and other travel related facilities. The company aims to offer high quality, customized travel solutions through reliable service and competitive pricing. Its vision is to promote world heritage, culture and enjoyment through travel. City Air Intl seeks to satisfy customers, develop its workforce, ensure helpful service, and be the employer of choice in the industry.
The document summarizes the potential for boat tourism in Bangladesh. It notes that boat tourism worldwide has seen significant growth and could provide economic opportunities for Bangladesh. A recent boat trip brought 135 foreign tourists and $35,000 in revenue. Bangladesh has long coastlines, forests, and islands suitable for boat tours. The government aims to develop this sector by providing incentives and ensuring facilities. Many areas like Sundarbans, Kaptai Lake, and rivers offer scenic boat tour opportunities. However, regulations and infrastructure would need to be improved to protect the environment and ensure tourist safety while developing this sector.
Bandarban is known for its hills, lakes, rivers, and wildlife. Popular activities include bird watching at Nilgiri and Chunati Wildlife, elephant riding, boating and fishing at Boga Lake and Prantik Lake, and climbing hills like Keokradong and Chimbuk. Several festivals are held annually including Falguni Festival, Chaitra Songkranti, Boishabi Festival, and Budha Dhatu Jadi celebrating the local culture.
The objective of the Blue economy initiative – the maritime pillar of the future strategy – is to promote smart, sustainable and inclusive growth and employment opportunities in Bangladesh's maritime economic activities in the short, medium and long-term time frames.
The document discusses legally managing employees in the hospitality industry. It covers employment agreements, which are crucial for legally managing employees. Employment agreements can be written or verbal and clarify the terms of employment. The purpose of the study is to differentiate between employment agreements and employee manuals, establish a nondiscriminatory work environment, and legally manage areas like leave, compensation, and performance. The document also discusses literature on the importance of service employees and the service-profit chain concept. The methodology discusses using primary data from restaurant visits and secondary sources like websites, articles, and textbooks. The significance of understanding hospitality industry regulations to avoid legal issues is also covered.
This document is a proposal on legislation and ethics in the hospitality industry submitted by three students. It includes an introduction discussing the importance of legislation and ethics in the hospitality sector. The purpose is to identify codes and ethics as well as legal issues in the large industry. The methodology will use qualitative primary and secondary data collection including case studies and focus groups. The significance is that legislation and the hospitality industry are closely connected due to many parties involved. The scope focuses on protecting consumer rights and interests. There are some limitations around availability of secondary data and lack of experience conducting proposals. The conclusion discusses how an ethical environment enhances employee satisfaction and business performance.
This document discusses several topics related to branding and brand management. It begins with an introduction that defines a brand and why branding is important. It then discusses brand name selection, focusing on choosing a name that provides benefits information and is memorable. It also covers managing brands through advertising, reviewing strengths and weaknesses, and how branding affects customer purchase decisions by associating a brand with certain qualities.
This document outlines the contents and structure for a course on "Strategic Management for Travel and Tourism". It is divided into 6 parts that cover analyzing internal and external environments, selecting competitive strategies, implementing strategies, and international strategies. Case studies are also included to analyze strategic issues in the airline, hospitality, and events industries. The document was submitted by a student to their professor for the course.
This document proposes a homestay program as an alternative tourism product for community development in Bangladesh. It discusses homestays as a tool for community-based tourism that can boost rural economic development. The purpose is to assess the socio-economic benefits of homestays to host families and identify an effective business model. It reviews literature on community-based tourism and homestays and their potential contributions. The methodology uses case studies and focus groups. Limitations include a lack of up-to-date information and data. The conclusion is that homestays have potential to introduce community development in Bangladesh if implemented as a socially-focused business model.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Folk culture
1. Introduction
Folk culture refers to a culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living
in relative isolation from other groups. Historically, handed down through oral tradition, it
demonstrates the "old ways" over novelty and relates to a sense of community.
Folk Culture Bangladesh for centuries has been a rural society and still majority population live
on land. Obviously, its ways of thinking and activities are heavily drawn from the rituals and
seasonal rhythms of rural life. Despite the present trends of urbanisation and globalisation, the
underlying culture, in both urban and rural communities is folk oriented.
Interestingly, there are remarkable similarities in the folk cultures of the societies of all parts of
the world. The 6-volume Motif Index prepared by the folklorist Smith Thomson indicates how
folk peoples of different countries show the tendencies of likeness in so many ways. Thus, the
peasants of Bengal hang from their roofs a sheaf of harvested paddy as a symbol of good luck. The
peasants of many other countries do the same.
Folk culture may be divided into four main categories: (1) material, (2) formalised, (3) functional,
and (4) performing. Included in the material category are those things that are used by people in
their day to day life. These include houses, buildings, furniture, utensils, transport, professional
implements, cottage-craft, fancy goods, costumes, foodstuffs, medicines, etc. Farmers produce
various crops, weavers produce cloth, potters produce utensils, carpenters produce furniture and
blacksmiths produce iron implements. Professional people like washer men, hairdressers,
goldsmiths, bell-metal craftsmen, conch-shell craftsmen, sweet makers, cobblers, thatchers, and
fishermen use a wide variety of implements. Village people produce their essential goods mainly
by themselves and market them without directly.
There was a time when the weavers of Bengal earned worldwide fame with their exquisite muslin.
The fame of jamdani fabric still survives. The clay statues of Hindu gods and goddesses made by
the potters are superb examples of their craftsmanship. They also make fancy pots for worshipping
various deities. Since ancient times carpenters have been making wooden beds, doors, door frames,
boats etc. At one time they used to make ocean-going ships with fancy names such as mayurpabkhi,
saptadibga, chauddadibga etc. Bamboo, cane, timber, jute and spongewood grown in Bengal are
used to make a variety of essential and fancy goods and curiosities. While many of these items are
produced by craftsmen for sale, many items are made by housewives during their leisure hours or
as part of their household routine. Shika or hanging string bags, used to keep food safe from insects
and animals are both aesthetic and functional. Apart from cooking routinely she does many other
things. The village woman makes ornamental rice cakes, as tasty as they are attractive.
Oral literature as well as folk art is regarded as part of the formalised stream of folk culture.
Bangladesh has a rich folk culture which includes folk tales, folk songs, folk ballads, folk plays,
rhymes, riddles, mantras, anecdotes etc. Farmers, cowherds, boatmen, fakirs, ascetics and
2. professional snake charmers sing folk songs. There are nearly 50 different types of folksongs in
Bangladesh like jari, sari, bhatiyali, bhawaiya, murshidi, marfati, baul, gambhira, kirtan, ghatu,
jhumur, bolan, alkap, leto, gajan, baronmasi, dhamali, patua, sapude khemta etc.
Folk art includes a variety of different decorative arts: alpana, pottery painting, wall painting, body
painting etc. Alpana, drawn by a housewife as part of her devotional duties, fulfills a religious
purpose as well as satisfies an aesthetic need. Evolving from what was a devotional art, alpana has
become a decorative art and is done on floors, pillars, walls, winnowing platters and baskets, on
the occasion of both Hindu and Muslim weddings as well as at cultural functions and at public
places on national days. Canvas painting by patuas occupied the forms of religious tales.
Quilt embroidery falls in the category of stitch craft. It is done exclusively by village women.
Though intended to be used as bed sheets, winter covers and pillow covers, these quilts are admired
for their aesthetic beauty even by educated people at home and abroad. Because of their increasing
demand, these quilts are now being commercially produced in urban areas.
Performing arts include jatra, baul, gambhira etc presented through singing, dancing and play-
acting. Jari dance, sari dance, lathi (stick) dance, khemta dance and ghatu dance are part of jari
songs, sari songs, stick plays, khemta songs and ghatu songs respectively. All classes of people
enjoy these songs and dances.
meyeli git, saheli git and hudma git reflect the' attitude of women life and the world. Holi git, gazi
git, magan git, wedding songs, hudma git are presented on appropriate occasions with the
necessary rituals. Some songs are presented by professional singers known as gayen, bayati and
gidal while others are sung by farm labourers and other workers at home and outside for relaxation
and pleasure.
Farming has various rites and rituals. Some are pre-harvest rites and others are post-harvest.
Among the pre-harvest rites are megharani, hudma deya and beb biya (wedding of frogs) for rains
and ksetbandhan, kaktaruya and gasvi for protecting the crops. Post-harvest ceremonies include
laksmir chhad, navanna and magan. There are also rites particular to only Hindu women such
as tusu, bhadu, karam and basudhara.
There are a number of folk games played indoors and outdoors, some involve heavy exercise,
others are only for relaxation. Ha-do-do is a popular sport and is now recognised as a international
competitive event. People from different social strata enjoy bali khela, boat race, bauchhi,
dariyabandha, gollachhut, nunta, chikka, dangguli, solaghunti, mogal-pathan, ekkadokka, baurani,
kadikhela, ghuntikhela, kanamachhi, kite flying, pigeon flying, cockfight and bullfight. In some
areas of the country, boat race, bali khela and bull-fight are organised with a great deal of fanfare
and music.
There is a popular saying that Bangalis have thirteen festivals in twelve months. Apart from the
Vedic deities, there are popular deities whose celebrations intersperse the routine of daily life.
3. Many of the celebrations are based on lunar and solar motions as well as on animal and natural
forces. Among these deities are Laksmi, Manasa, shitala, Sasthi, oladevi, Banadurga, Daksinray,
Satyanarayan and Panchu Thakur. Many Muslims too worship pirs and saints such as Satyapir,
Gazipir, Manikpir, Madarpir, Khowaz Khizir, Ghorapir, Banabibi, Olabibi and Hawabibi.
Folk beliefs tend to be syncretistic taking the elements from all co-existing religions. Take the
example of Hindus and Muslims. There is no doubt that Satyanarayan and Satyapir and Banadurga
and Banabibi are the same pair of sanctified persons. Similarly, there are many fairs which are
attended by the people of both communities. Formerly, Muslims joined the Hindu rathyatrafairs
while Hindus joined the Muslim muharram fairs. Baishakhi fair is now a national festival.
At dewali, the Hindus float lamps and the Muslims do likewise at Muharram mabgalghat and
mabgal pradip were quite shared ceremonies.
Anthropologically, as a nation Babgalis make a mix of Austric, Dravidian, Negrito and Mongolian
races. The Aryan inroads and the Semitic came later, bringing with them a mix of cultures as well.
This mixing and assimilation of cultures are evident in Bangladeshi weddings: the exchange of
rings is European, the food served Turkish or Mughal, but the bride still comes in a palanquin in
some rural places and in cars in cities. However, it is in the ceremonies that precede the social
function that the common folk culture manifests itself most articulately. Both Hindu and Muslim
communities observe the gaye halud (smearing turmeric paste on the bodies of the bride and the
bridegroom), decorate platters and kulas with wedding gifts, give ceremonial baths to the bride
and the bridegroom, welcome the newly-wed couple to their new home and on their visit to the
house of the bride's parents.
Living in close proximity for centuries has helped different rural communities, irrespective of their
professions and religious and other beliefs, to learn to live together in harmony.
Objectives of the study:
Main Objectives:
There is a Main objective behind every action. The objective of preparing this Dissertation paper
is to explore the culture of Bangladesh--
A .To know the different aspects of the folk culture in of Bangladesh
4. B. To reflect know background cultural heritage of Bangladesh
c. To see the influence of culture in our personal, social and national life.
D. To look in to conservation of our folk Culture.
Specific Objective
The Specific objectives of the study are enumerated below:
� To explore and analyze the status of various forms of tribal and folk art & culture;
� To ascertain the influence of tribal and folk art & culture on the socio-economic conditions of
the subjects covered under survey;
� To study the intensity of acceptance and popularity of the folk songs and folklores within the
area of operation as well as the adjoining areas;
� To study the demographic features of the practitioners of tribal and folk art & culture within the
area covered under survey;
� To study the existing opportunities facilitating the preservation, promotion and dissemination
of tribal and folk art & culture;
� To trace out the micro as well as macro socio-cultural and socio-economic factors which are
hindering the promotion of tribal and folk art & culture.
� To examine the role of Government Schemes and Programs, Institutions in Preservation,
Promotion and Dissemination of all forms of Tribal and folk art & culture;
� To predict logical and strategic mechanism for enhancing the skill of the practitioners of
traditional art & culture;
� To suggest tenable strategies for enshrining, promoting and propagating tribal and folk art &
culture;
Literature review
The Folk Literature refers not to written, but to oral traditions. It may be in prose or verse, often
mythological or historical, it can be narrative epic, occupational verse, ritual verse, praise poems
to rulers and other prominent people. Whatever it may contain it highlights the exemplary wisdom
of illiterate peoples.
5. Back of all literature stretches and unmapped and immeasurable world of oral tradition which may
roughly be called Folklore. As in other countries in the world in Bangladesh also we can discover
an enormous amount of influence of folklore on our old and modern Bengali literature. It has now
become proverbial that, "Necessary that he should be familiar with the folkloric heritage of the
country." The writer of this paper, however, will endeavor to give a short historical background of
folklore scholarship and its prospect in Bangladesh. The abundant folklore of present-day
Bangladesh, therefore, contains a variety of elements, which is partly to be explained by historical
forces. From the third century A.D. on, the Mouryas, the Guptas, the Palas, the Senas and the
Muslims came one after another to rule the land and they grafted their ways of life and culture
traits on the indigenous population. Subsequently Portuguese, French and English ships anchored
in the harbours of Bengal, and left not only their merchandise but also their customs. Among these
foreign traders, The British became most powerful and were able to consolidate their authority at
the expense of the fading empire of the Mughal rulers. The battle of Plassey in 1757 ended with
the defeat of the Nawab of Bengal.1 This British victory ensured the supremacy of the British East
India Company over the entire Sub-continent including Bengal for nearly two hundred years. As
a result the folklore of Bangladesh will present an interesting variety both anthropological and
sociological.
There is no denying the fact that the first phase of folklore collecting was started by the British
rulers of India, though the purpose behind it was obviously political and administrative. As soon
as the British East India Company became ruler of Bengal, it requested the British civil officers to
learn about the people of the land through their traditions and customs. Consequently under the
directives of the company, scholars like William Jones (1746-1794), a judge of the old Supreme
Court, Calcutta, established the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal in the year 1784. This Society
promoted the study of the humanities, including materials later recognized as folklore, which were
published in the journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.2 The first volume of Asiatic Research
contains an interesting article, Trial by Ordeal by Ali Ebrahim Khan, a Magistrate, (vol. 1, 1798,
pp. 389-404). Khan discussed in this article various kinds of ordeals then prevalent in this country.
Solvyns Balt, a French artist, published The Costumes of Hindustan in four volumes from 1804-
1812 which contained sixty coloured engravings explaining the costumes, manners and custom in
India.
Under the British initiative, the study of folklore was advanced primarily by British civil officers
and European missionaries. In order to present the folklore activities of this period, the writer of
this book will discuss these two groups separately. After the Sepoy Revolution of 1857, we find a
more congenial atmosphere in which to investigate folklore. In 1848. By the proclamation of
Queen Victoria, the administration was transferred from the East India Company to a Viceroy, the
representative of the Queen of England. From then on, the English officials, before leaving
England, were instructed to mix with the Indian people, to try to gain their confidence, and also to
respect their religion, culture and customs. The officers who came to India were clearly familiar
with the importance of anthropology, ethnology and folklore. Such journals and serials were
founded as : Indian Antiquary (Bombay, 1872-1933), The Journal of the Anthro pological Society
of Bombay (Calcutta, 1886-1936), North Indian Notes and Queries (1891-1896), the Imperial
Gazetteers (26 vols., London, 1892, 1907-9), the District Gazetteers, Journal and Proceedings,
6. Asiatic Society of Bengal (Calcutta, 1905-) and Man in India (Ranchi, 1942-) etc. All of these
publications recorded an enormous quantity of folkloristic, ethnological and anthropological
material. Additional data on Indian folklore also appeared in non-Indian journals such as Folk-
Lore (London, 1890-), Journal of the American Oriental Society (1843-), American Journal of
Philology, (Baltimore, 1888-), and journal of American Folklore (Bostan, 1888-) many other
native journals. Scholars must examine all these volumes and other journals in local languages
very carefully.
Because of space limitations, we wish to mention here only the contributions of prominent civil
servants and some other important scholars. William Wilson Hunter, then a Commissioner at
Dacca, published his Annals of Rural Bengal in 1868 in London. He was the first scholar to collect
and publish Santal legends. His collection has proved to be of immense anthropological
importance. The Santals, a tribe found in Bangladesh and in the north-east section of India,
engaged such active British ethnologists as Dr. A. Campbell (Santal Folk-tales, Manbhum, 1891),
C.H. Bompoas (Folk-lore of Santal Parganas, London, 1909), P.O. Bodding (A Chapter of Santal
Folklore, Kristiania, 1924); and (Santal Folk-tales, 3 vols., Oslo, 1925-29). The importance of the
Santals in the study of primitive races is now firmly recognized. Thomas Herbert Lewin, Deputy
Commissioner at Chittagong Hill Tracts, offered an authentic ethnological survey of tribal people
in his The Hill Tracts in Chittagong and the Dwellers Therein (1869) and the Wild Races of South-
Eastern India (London, 1870). He recorded some myths, creation stories, customs and
superstitions directly taken from oral tradition. He supported his comments with documentary
notes and pictures.
D.T. Dalton, Colonel, Bengal Staff Corps and Commissioner at Chuto-Nagpur, published his
Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal under the direction of the Council of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
in 1872. He studied the people of Bengal and presented a number of widespread folktales and
legends. He was the first scholar to publish a comprehensive ethnological history of Bengali
people. G.H. Damant, another Britisher, who was a Deputy Commissioner in Rangpur, contributed
a series of folktales, legends, charms and myths to the Indian Antiquary. The very first volume of
this journal (1872) contains some well-known tales of North Bengal (Dinajpur) which he collected.
His harvest of twenty-two tales makes him the first major collector of Bengali tales from
Bangladesh. Sir Georgn Grierson (1851-1941) whose love and deep interest for eastern folklore
and language has already become proverbial, arrived in 1973. Ultimately he published material on
179 languages and 364 dialects of this continent. Because of this scholarship, he received a
Knighthood in 1912 and the Order of Merit in 1928 from the King of England. Grierson spent 26
years in India. While in charge of Rangpur District, from 1873-1877, he collected from the
peasants folk-rhymes, folksongs and ballads such as the widely known Manik Chandrer Gan' (the
Song of Manik Chandra). After these songs were published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic
Society of Bengal (1878), the search for similar songs was carried out in earnest. In 1898 Grierson
was appointed the Superintendent of the Linguistic Survey of India. The famous Norwegian
linguist and folklorist Sten Konow assisted him in this work. They decided that a piece of folklore
or some other passages in narrative prose or verse... [should be] taken down...from the mouth of
the speaker on the spot" as a specimen of language of dialect. Grierson's nineteen volume Survey
contains folklore specimens from many languages and dialects of Indian Sub-continent. Volume
7. V. devoted to the Bengali language of dialect. Grierson's nineteen volume Survey contains folklore
specimens from many languages and dialects of Indian Sub-continent. Volume V. devoted to the
Bengali language, is probably the most valuable one. Here he cites much folklore material,
including ballads, songs and tales. Grierson is the first major collector of Bengali ballads, songs,
and rhymes. His folklore essays published in the Indian Antiquary andJournal of the Royal Asiatic
Society of Bengal still serve as authentic references. The scholars during this period were greatly
influenced by the establishment of a Folk-Lore Society in London in 1878.
Major Alan Playfair, then a Government officer, who studied the tribal people wrote The Garos
(1909) which gives an excellent account of the Garos, many of whom live in the Mymensingh
District. This valuable contribution to the ethnology of the primitive peoples was one of the series
published under the sponsorship of the Government of Eastern Bengal and Assam. S.A. Peal was
one of the civilians who contributed excellent articles on the River" and Place" names in 1897 in
the Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal. Mention should also be made of H. Beveridge, District
Magistrate, Bogra, who published excellent articles on the Antiquities of Bogra' in the same journal
in 1878. J.D. Anderson's Some Chittagong Proverbs (1897) contains excellent example of proverbs
from the Chittagong area. Mention is needed of William Crooke, who in hisThe Popular Religion
and Folk-Lore of Northern India (2 vols. 1893) gave a scientific explanation of what is known as
folk-cult, folk-religion and folk-rituals.
In The Tribes and Castes of Bengal (2 vols. Calcutta 1891) Herbert H. Risley of the Indian Civil
Service applied to Indian anthropology the methods of systematic research followed by European
anthropologists. This work, besides containing a great deal of anthropological information,
included myths, legends and fictional folktales from Bengal.
Sir F.B. Bradley-Birt, a District Collector of Bengal, compiled Bengal Fairy Tales (London, 1920).
This book contains some excellent marchen typical of present-day Bangladesh; although Birt does
not disclose his sources, however, the folklorist can easily identify international tale types in his
collection. Many of these tales will be found in the collections of Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder,
mentioned later.
Along with the civil servants, the missionaries of Great Britain, Europe and the United States
contributed importantly to folklore collection and publication. Since their aim was to preach
Christianity among the natives, it was incumbent on them to know the native customs. Among the
missionaries, the name of William garey deserves special mention. Carey served in Fort William
College from 1800-1831 and with the help of native munshis he published a series of Bengali
books, edited newspapers and encouraged the translation from Sanskrit and Persian of folktales
known in oral traditions.
Right, Rev, Reginald Herber (Narrative of a Journey through Upper Provinces of India, from
Calcutta to Bombay; 2 vols., 1824-25), Thomas Bacon (Oriental Annual, 2 vols.: 1840) and Caleb
Wright (India and Its Inhabitants: 1856) on the other hand, were though casual travelers, kept
excellent information in their books about the customs and tradition of our country.
Reverend James Long was a prolific collector of Bengali proverbs and sayings. His publications
include Three Thousand Bengali Proverbs and Proverbial Sayings Illustrating Native Life and
8. Feelings among Ryots and Women (1872), Eastern Proverbs and Emblems Illustrating Old Truth
(London, 1881) and Two Thousand Bengali Proverbs (Probad Mala) Illustrating Native Life and
Feelings (1868). Many folk rhymes and charms also have been incorporated among these proverbs
and sayings which were used by later compilers of Bengali rhymes.
The missionaries were followed by such native collectors as Kanailal Ghosal (Probad Pustaka, A
Book of Proverbs, 1890), Dwarakanath Basu (Probad Songraha, A Book of 20
Proverbs, 1893), and Rajendranath Bannerjee (A Collection of Agricultural Sayings in Lower
Bengal, 1893).
William McCulloch's Bengali Household Tales (London, 1912) may be regarded as one of the best
folktale collections of Bengal because of its notes and organization. Though the tales were
collected from a Brahmin informant around 1886-87, the book was published in London in 1912
after McCulloch had retired. His notes refer to parallel examples of both literary and oral stories
in other eastern and western collections. It should be noted that the above mentioned writers were
influenced by the English Anthropological School headed by Darwin, Tylor and others.
Lal Behari Day, a native Christian, whose father came from Dacca, published a series of books
and essays on Bengali festivals, holidays sports and games, caste system, village folk and folk life
in Bengal. His Folk-Tales of Bengal (London and Calcutta, 1883), collected from an old maid,
mother of Govinda, created considerable interest among European and American readers. Many
versions of these tales have since been collected in East Bengal. Day's Bengal Peasant's Life
(1874) is a realistic and objective study of folk life. Day influenced a host of writers such as
Kasindranath (Popular Tales of Bengal, 1905), Shovana Devi (Orient Pearls, 1915) and others in
collecting and compiling oral tradition. It was, however, Sarat Chandra Mitra, who made excellent
studies of folklore on the harvest made by former collectors and scholars. He published nearly 250
articles in various native and foreign journals which have always been referred to many research
publications both in country and abroad. Another prolific writer was Abdul Wali of Khulna who
also cortributed much too various jonrnals including Asiatic and Anthropological Societies
especially on Lalon Shah.
Shahidullah's contribution (a follower of Benfey's Indianist school) was important because he
clearly pointed out that folklore materials pass from one country to another and hence a
comparative outlook was a must. While Dr. Shahidullah showed the international aspect of
folklore, Guru Saday Dutt, and inhabitant of Sylhet and late posted in various districts of East
Bengal, as a civilian, contributed a series of articles on folk arts and crafts of Bengali in
international journals. Asutosh Bhattachayra'sBangla Mangal Kayjer Itihas (1939) and Banglar
Loka-Sahitya, (1954) are however, prominent works during this period. His books include much
materials from his native East Bengal which he collected while he was residing here.
Folklore activities was, however, much accelerated when the then Government established The
Bengali Academy in Dacca in 1955 to promote research work on Bengali language and literature.
9. The council of the Bengali Academy, in its very first meeting made a decision to promote
collecting, preserving and publishing of folklore materials. Sufficient funds were allocated for this
purpose. Circulars were issued all over the country through newspapers, private organizations and
government agencies, requesting that folklore materials be sent to the Academy.
Research Question
Question Add korte hobe
Mythology
Bengali mythology in a literal sense has been a derivative of Vedic mythology. It can refer to the
historical legends and folk tales of West Bengal and Bangladesh. Given the historical Hindu and
Buddhist presence in the region, characters from Vedic and Hindu mythology are present within
Bengali literature. Later Islamic settlement has introduced legendary traits that ultimately draw
from Middle Eastern inspirations. Such an example of the Vedic and Islamic legend transaction
would be the progenitor of Bengalis known as Bonga, Hindu literature credits him as an ancient
Hindu Prince Vanga, adopted son of King Vali. Muslim accounts however refer him as Bong, son
of Hind who was the grandson of Prince.
From the third century onwards, the Mouryas, the Guptas, the Palas, the Senas and the Muslims
came one after another to rule the land. As a result, they grafted their ways of life and cultural
traits on the indigenous population. Subsequently, Portuguese, French and English ships anchored
in the harbors of Bengal. They left not only their merchandise but also their customs. Each race
left its own mark and it was not only physical but also cultural, which collectively formed the basis
of the culture.
Folk music and song
The musical tradition of Bangladesh is lyrics-based, with minimal instrumental accompaniment.
We can classify folk songs in seven categories: love, ritual, philosophy anddevotion, work and
labour, profession and occupation, satire and fun, and mixed. On the other side there are different
forms of Folk music, Baul, Gombhira, Bhatiali, Bhawaiya,kavigan, ghatu gan, jhumur, baramasi,
meyeli git, jatra gan, sari gan, etc. The Baul tradition is a unique heritage of Bangla folk music,
and there are numerous other musical traditions in Bangladesh, which vary from one region to the
other. Gombhira, Bhatiali, Bhawaiya are a few of the better-known musical forms. Folk music of
Bengal is often accompanied by the ektara, an instrument with only one string.
Gitika or ballads
10. Gitika means Ballads though it tends to be longer than western ballads. Gitika is of two types:
purbabanga-gitika & Nath Gitika.
Purbabanga-gitika
It's mainly from Mymensingh and includes 'Mahuya', 'Maluya', 'Chandravati', 'Dewana Madina',
'Kanka O Lila', 'Kamala', Dewan Bhavna' etc.
Maimansingha gitika
Maimansingha gitika or Môemonshingha gitika is a collection of folk ballads from the region of
Mymensingh and around of Bangladesh.Chandra Kumar De and Dinesh Chandra Sen were the
collectors and editors; the collection was published from Calcutta University, along with another
similar publication named purbabanga-gitika.
Nath gitika
It’s on stories of the conversion of Prince Gopi Chandra (Manik Chandra Rajar Gan, Govinda
Chandrer Git, Maynamatir Gan, Gopi Chandrer Sannyas, Gopi Chander Panchali etc.) and on the
miracles of the Nath guru (goraksavijay, Minchetan).
Chottogram Gitika Published (1993) By Bangla Academy Editing By Momen chowdhury and
Collect By Abdus Sattar Chowdhry( 1919-1982)
Folk tales
Folk tales are stories that are handed down orally from one generation to another. They are in prose
and can be simple or complex. Based on subject, meaning and form, folk tales is of fairy tales,
mythical tales, religious tales, adventure stories, heroic stories, sage tales, historical tales, legends,
animal stories, fables, or comic stories. The lead character of Bangla folk tales are fate and divinity
dependant and execute magical power rather than intellect, wisdom, labour, struggle or work.
Folk drama
Folk drama is combination of dance, song, music, and acting called as Bhasan, jatra, pala gan,
ghatu, gambhira, alkap, kavigan, puppetry, etc. It can be for entertainment or educational purposes.
Jatra is the most popular form of Folk drama. In Jatras, legendary plays of heroism, mythological
stories, folktales of love and tragedy, and similar countless themes are enacted in open air theatre.
While some folk dramas emphasise songs, others stress dancing or acting. Folk drama are
commonly based on stories of Rama and Sita, Arjun and Draupadi, Radha and Krishna, Nimai
Sannyas, Behula and Laksindar, Isha Khan Dewan, Firoz Dewan, Zainab and Hasan, Sakhina and
Kasem, Hanifa and Jaigun, Rahim Badsha, Rupban, Baidyani etc. Folk dramas usually have a
mythical, historical, religious and political flavour.
Rhymes
Rhymes (Chhara) can be classified into the following groups: nursery rhymes, play rhymes, social
rhymes, historical rhymes, satirical rhymes, occupational rhymes, educational rhymes, rhymes for
11. rituals, and magical rhymes. Rhymes are recited or sung to calm and entertain children, many are
for fun or to educate people on ethics, morality, mathematics, astrology etc. Some rhymes
originated in historical events and preserve the memory of these events.
Proverbs
Proverbs are the shortest form of folk literature. Generally they are composed on the basis of
human experience, pragmatic consideration, and wisdom. Many proverbs are found in the vedas
and the upanisads as well as in the charyapada, the oldest specimen of bangla literature.
Significance of the study
Sub tittle add korte hobe Research Timeline
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