Cross-crossing pink bands across a tennis player’s shoulder, blue strips surrounding a cyclist’s knee, and a red streak along a hurdler’s Achilles tendon. Clearly athletes, Olympic and otherwise, subscribe to the use of elastic therapeutic or kinesiology tape. But is this a fashion statement or does kinesiology tape have a real function?
Pink bands in a criss- cross pattern on a ten- nis player’s shoulder, blue strips surrounding a cy- clist’s knee, a red streak along a hurdler’s Achilles tendon: clearly athletes, Olympic and otherwise, subscribe to the use of elastic therapeutic, or kinesiology, tape. But is this a fashion statement or does kinesiology tape have a real function?
Elastic Therapeutic Tape and the Foot Care ProfessionalRockTape
As foot care professionals, sometimes our advice and treatment are undermined by patients resuming the same activities that landed them in our offices in the first place. How exciting would it be to have a sticky, stretchy little assistant that reminded our patients for 2-5 days about positional awareness? Enter.... elastic therapeutic tape!
Do We Make Taping More Complicated Than It Needs ToBe?RockTape
Kinesiology tape (K-tape) is gaining popularity with healthcare providers, patients, and athletes. I have used K-tape for more than 10 years, but it wasn’t until the 2008 summer Olympics that my patients started requesting that I use K-tape as a treatment modality. As a sports chiropractor who was also an athletic trainer, I had been using different types of tape already with the main goal of locking down a joint for support.
I was at lunch the other day with my medical biller. I am not her only client and she has a long list of specialties that she serves. I found out over salads that she has been suffering with lower back pain for two to three years. When she asked for my opinion, I requested that she give me a little history.
Pregnant women have frequently been at a loss when looking for answers in respect to pain associated with their growing abdomens. Typical recommendations include from strapping, bracing, compressive garments, and ergonomic pillows, but patient compliance is low for these methods because of comfort and cost issues.
RockTape and Crossfit: Keeping the Athlete 'In The Game'RockTape
CrossFit athletes are different from average weekend warriors. They are of all sizes, ages, and athletic back- grounds. They like to train for fitness and make it a lifestyle. Unlike those who work out in a big box gym, these athletes surround themselves with like-minded individuals, which creates a cool community and “team.”
I find it amusing, if not somewhat disconcerting that so many clinicians and athletes don’t take the time to learn more about kinesiology taping. The number of times I have heard people scoff, with little to no information on which to base said scoff, tells me it is time to start pointing some people in the right direction.
If you have ever treated runners, having them stop or modify activity during rehabilita- tion is nearly impossible. As someone who specializes in the treatment of endurance
athletes, I am always looking for an edge
to return them to activity as soon as possible.
Pink bands in a criss- cross pattern on a ten- nis player’s shoulder, blue strips surrounding a cy- clist’s knee, a red streak along a hurdler’s Achilles tendon: clearly athletes, Olympic and otherwise, subscribe to the use of elastic therapeutic, or kinesiology, tape. But is this a fashion statement or does kinesiology tape have a real function?
Elastic Therapeutic Tape and the Foot Care ProfessionalRockTape
As foot care professionals, sometimes our advice and treatment are undermined by patients resuming the same activities that landed them in our offices in the first place. How exciting would it be to have a sticky, stretchy little assistant that reminded our patients for 2-5 days about positional awareness? Enter.... elastic therapeutic tape!
Do We Make Taping More Complicated Than It Needs ToBe?RockTape
Kinesiology tape (K-tape) is gaining popularity with healthcare providers, patients, and athletes. I have used K-tape for more than 10 years, but it wasn’t until the 2008 summer Olympics that my patients started requesting that I use K-tape as a treatment modality. As a sports chiropractor who was also an athletic trainer, I had been using different types of tape already with the main goal of locking down a joint for support.
I was at lunch the other day with my medical biller. I am not her only client and she has a long list of specialties that she serves. I found out over salads that she has been suffering with lower back pain for two to three years. When she asked for my opinion, I requested that she give me a little history.
Pregnant women have frequently been at a loss when looking for answers in respect to pain associated with their growing abdomens. Typical recommendations include from strapping, bracing, compressive garments, and ergonomic pillows, but patient compliance is low for these methods because of comfort and cost issues.
RockTape and Crossfit: Keeping the Athlete 'In The Game'RockTape
CrossFit athletes are different from average weekend warriors. They are of all sizes, ages, and athletic back- grounds. They like to train for fitness and make it a lifestyle. Unlike those who work out in a big box gym, these athletes surround themselves with like-minded individuals, which creates a cool community and “team.”
I find it amusing, if not somewhat disconcerting that so many clinicians and athletes don’t take the time to learn more about kinesiology taping. The number of times I have heard people scoff, with little to no information on which to base said scoff, tells me it is time to start pointing some people in the right direction.
If you have ever treated runners, having them stop or modify activity during rehabilita- tion is nearly impossible. As someone who specializes in the treatment of endurance
athletes, I am always looking for an edge
to return them to activity as soon as possible.
Soft Tissue Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disorders Utilizing Functional and Kinetic Treatment with Rehab, Provocation and Motion (FAKTR-PM) by Thomas E. Hyde, DC, DACBSP, CSTI, ICSSD, FRCCSS (Hon).
Osteopathic Manipulation Treatment (OMT) is growing rapidly as a preferred and natural family medicine. As a treatment, osteopathic manipulation attempts to improve joint range of motion and balance tissue and muscle mechanics in order to relieve pain.
Patrick S. Pabian, PT, presents "Rehabilitation Considers of Lower Extremity Tendinopathy" at the 2013 9th Annual Cutting Edge Concepts in Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Seminar presented by Orlando Orthopaedic Center Foundation.
Bryan English - classification of muscle injuries in sportMuscleTech Network
Bryan English
Medical Director Middlesbrough Football Club. Member of Technical Advisory Group in Sports Science. The English Institute of Sport
-
Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: a Munich consensus statement
(6th MuscleTech Network Workshop)
14th October, Barcelona
Case study on lowback pain using Physioball, yoga And Dietry Measures.iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Soft Tissue Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disorders Utilizing Functional and Kinetic Treatment with Rehab, Provocation and Motion (FAKTR-PM) by Thomas E. Hyde, DC, DACBSP, CSTI, ICSSD, FRCCSS (Hon).
Osteopathic Manipulation Treatment (OMT) is growing rapidly as a preferred and natural family medicine. As a treatment, osteopathic manipulation attempts to improve joint range of motion and balance tissue and muscle mechanics in order to relieve pain.
Patrick S. Pabian, PT, presents "Rehabilitation Considers of Lower Extremity Tendinopathy" at the 2013 9th Annual Cutting Edge Concepts in Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Seminar presented by Orlando Orthopaedic Center Foundation.
Bryan English - classification of muscle injuries in sportMuscleTech Network
Bryan English
Medical Director Middlesbrough Football Club. Member of Technical Advisory Group in Sports Science. The English Institute of Sport
-
Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: a Munich consensus statement
(6th MuscleTech Network Workshop)
14th October, Barcelona
Case study on lowback pain using Physioball, yoga And Dietry Measures.iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Kinesio taping is a rehabilitative method and in order to be used properly should be applied by a trained professional with appropriate knowledge of anatomy and muscle fibers. Since it’s a technique, the amount of pull, the direction of the tape and even the length of tape is customized to specific physical therapy goals. What’s cool about the tape is that it’s not restrictive, so it provides support without inhibiting range of motion.
While individually prescribed exercise programs are often the bread and butter of a physical therapy plan of care, there is no denying that technological advances in physical therapy tools have a place in the clinic also.
Is self myofascial release an effective preexercise and recovery strategy?Fernando Farias
Sports participation in youth is on the rise (35). In addi-
tion, paradigms in preventive health care are shifting focus
to the benefits of exercise in the aging population, leading
to exercise prescriptions for a previously sedentary group
(14,23,36). As more individuals become active, the number
of exercise-related injuries and conditions such as delayed-
onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is likely increasing (10).
DOMS can limit physical activity or result in pain that de-
ters individuals from continuing their exercise regimen (10).
Whether the athlete is young or old, novice or elite, regular
and/or strenuous exercise can result in DOMS and forma-
tion of fibrous tissue adhesions, leading to decreased range
of motion (ROM) (4,10,15).
Lymphascial Kinesiotaping for Post-Surgical Recovery written by Clare Anvar M...Mary Fickling
Kinesiology taping was originally invented in the 1970’s by Korean chiropractor, Kenzo Kase. It is probably best known in the UK for its use in sports medicine, where the colourful tapes are worn by
athletes for musculoskeletal correction .
Lymphascial taping is an application method for Kinesiology tape, which has been developed specifically to enhance current best practice for post-surgical recovery. It can be used alongside physiotherapy, manual lymphatic drainage and myofascial release to speed results, or as a standalone treatment
Design requirements for a tendon rehabilitation robot: results from a survey ...Gurdal Ertek
Exoskeleton type nger rehabilitation robots are helpful in assisting the treatment of tendon injuries. A survey has been carried out with engineers and health professionals to further develop an existing nger exoskeleton prototype. The goal
of the study is to better understand the relative importance of several design criteria through the analysis of survey results and to improve the finger exoskeleton accordingly. The survey questions with strong correlations are identified and the
preferences of the two respondent groups are statistically compared. The results of the statistical analysis are interpreted and insights obtained are used to guide the design process. The answers to the qualitative questions are also discussed
together with their design implications. Finally, Quality Function Deployment (QFD) has been employed for visualizing these functional requirements in relation to the customer requirements.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
Design Requirements For a Tendon Rehabilitation Robot: Results From a Survey ...ertekg
Download Link > https://ertekprojects.com/gurdal-ertek-publications/blog/design-requirements-for-a-tendon-rehabilitation-robot-results-from-a-survey-of-engineers-and-health-professionals/
Exoskeleton type finger rehabilitation robots are helpful in assisting the treatment of tendon injuries. A survey has been carried out with engineers and health professionals to further develop an existing finger exoskeleton prototype. The goal of the study is to better understand the relative importance of several design criteria through the analysis of survey results and to improve the finger exoskeleton accordingly. The survey questions with strong correlations are identified and the preferences of the two respondent groups are statistically compared. The results of the statistical analysis are interpreted and insights obtained are used to guide the design process. The answers to the qualitative questions are also discussed together with their design implications. Finally, Quality Function Deployment (QFD) has been employed for visualizing these functional requirements in relation to the customer requirements.
To Compare The Effect Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Static...ijtsrd
Background: Flexibility is an important physiological component of physical fitness and reduced flexibility can cause inefficiency in the workplace and is also a risk factor for low back pain. Increasing hamstring flexibility was reported to be an effective method for increasing hamstring muscle performance.Objective: To compare the effects of modified hold-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching technique and static stretching on flexibility of hamstring muscle.Materials and Methods: In this comparative study 60 subjects were selected by convenience sampling and research design was comparative and experiment in nature. Subjects were selected on the basis of inclusion criteria. Subjects were divided into two groups, group A and group B allocating alternate subjects to group A and group B, 30 in each group. Group A was treated with Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation with cryotherapy and Group B was treated with Static Stretching with cryotherapy. Baseline assessment was taken on pre stretch, post stretch and after 24 hours using Active Knee Extension test and Modified back saver sit and reach test.Results: Both the groups showed significant improvement in hamstring flexibility. (p0.05).Conclusion: Thus we concluded that the Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching Technique and Static Stretching both are effective to improve flexibility of hamstring muscle and clinically both the interventions are equally effective. Tanu Kapila | Dilpreet Kaur | Jaspinder Kaur"To Compare The Effect Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Static Stretching on Flexibility of Hamstring Muscle: A Comparative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2266.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/2266/to-compare-the-effect-of-proprioceptive-neuromuscular-facilitation-and-static-stretching-on-flexibility-of-hamstring-muscle-a-comparative-study/tanu-kapila
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The Evolution of Kinesiology Tape...more than pretty colours?
1. The Evolution of Kinesiology Tape…more than pretty colours?
Cross-crossing pink bands across a tennis player’s shoulder, blue strips
surrounding a cyclist’s knee, and a red streak along a hurdler’s Achilles tendon.
Clearly athletes, Olympic and otherwise, subscribe to the use of elastic
therapeutic or kinesiology tape. But is this a fashion statement or does
kinesiology tape have a real function?
Despite its ostensibly recent, techni-coloured appearance on the world stage,
kinesiology tape has been in use for over 40 years. Japanese chiropractor,
Kenzo Kase, is credited as it’s developer and it took 50,000 free rolls and gold
medal beach volleyball athlete, Kerri Walsh (2008 Olympic Games) before
eyebrows were really raised. In many areas of medicine, the use of a modality by
athletes and practitioners, often pre-dates the scientific explanation of how it
“works”.
Kinesiology tape companies claim it “reduces muscle soreness, improves
function, decreases bruising, and decreases pain” amongst other benefits. So
where does the rubber meet the road? How is it used and how does it work?
There are differing schools of thought on the methodology for applying
kinesiology tape.
2. Early and persistent reasoning suggested that origin-insertion, muscle
innervation, muscle action taping best serves to support/stimulate external body
areas. This “anatomical model” approach probably makes the most “intuitive”
sense to medical practitioners as it follows anatomical “rules of engagement”.
Dr. Steven Capobianco, chiropractor and developer of the Fascial Movement
Taping (FMT) method argues, kinesiotaping should be “based on the obvious yet
largely overlooked concept of muscles acting as a chain… the body’s integration
of movement via multi-muscle contractions as a means of connecting the brain to
the body’s uninterrupted fascial web in order to enhance rehab and athletic
performance via cutaneous (skin) stimulation. By taping movement rather than
muscles, FMT has demonstrated greater improvement in both patient care and
sport performance. “
Performance Functional Taping Chain (Rotational Movement Dysfunction)
Dr. Capobianco is not alone in this line of thinking. Leading fascia researcher,
Robert Schleip PhD, underscores movement and its role in pain and dysfunction.
New research in addressing movement impairment, rather than joint and muscle
pain, has initiated a fast growing movement model.1
(full article available at
http://fasciaresearch.de/Schleip_TrainingPrinciplesFascial.pdf)
Additional support of this model comes from Thomas Myers in his ground-
breaking book, “Anatomy Trains” 2
. He offers a template to assess, treat, and
3. manage body-wide motor dysfunction based on myofascial meridans, and
movement impairment.
So application models aside, how is kinesiology tape theorized to work and what
is the support?
As with anything that touches our skin, kinesiology tape has a cutaneous
mechnanoreceptor effect that stimulates the receptors to enhance body
kinesthesia or movement awareness. By stimulating these large skin
mechanoreceptors, kinesiology tape can downgrade painful stimuli from the
nociceptors, which decreases pain perception. Recent research indicates that
kinesiology tape has a greater stimulatory effect with compromised tissue (due to
injury and/or fatigue). Thedon, et al 3
conducted a study to evaluate body sway in
individuals with and without tape. They found that the tape showed very little
change in the uncompromised condition, but when the subjects were fatigued,
the tape provided an added stimulatory effect to the skin helping to compensate
for the loss of information fed to the brain from the muscles and joints. For the
pain and performance community, this study provides insight into an “auxiliary”
system, such as the skin, to augment treatment and training outcomes. Some of
the “stickier and stretchier” kinesiology tape brands remain on the skin for up to 5
days thereby extending the stimulatory effect.
Visual evidence that “something” is happening occurs when kinesiology tape is
used on bruising. The elastic pull on the epidermis/dermis layers creates an area
of lower pressure to assist in fluid dynamics (acute/chronic edema4
). The pre-
tape and post-tape photos are most compelling. Where the tape was applied
directly to the skin, bruising dissipates more rapidly than areas without tape.
A 2012 study 6
of 32 surgeons, showed a statistically significant reduction in neck
and low back pain (using Oswestry Low Back Disability Index and Neck Disability
Index) and functional performance (using neck and low back range of motion
scores) with the use of kinesiotape during surgery. This may have far-reaching
4. implications for other jobs where sustained positions result in musculoskeletal
pain.
A final and anecodatally successful use for kinesiology tape, also
developed by Dr Steven Capobianco, is Power Taping for Pregnancy. An
example is the “baby belt” application, which attempts to offload the abdominal
strain by redistributing the stress to the upper scapula-thoracic area. The tape
follows a fascial sling Thomas Myers calls the “spiral and superficial front lines”.
He, and other fascial pioneers, suggest that skin stimulation enhances fascial
proprioception and as the fascia encompasses the entire body in a
“neuromyofascial web” a broader improvement in body posture results.
5. Clearly the use of kinesiology tape is popular (millions of users) and the
applications are broad (athletic injuries to edema to the strain of
pregnancy). Specific evidence to prove efficacy is scant but growing and
plausible. There are currently no reported dangers associated with using
this elastic cotton mesh bandage, and the only significant contraindication
to use is open wounds. Kinesiology tape breathes well and flexes like a
second skin, unlike most braces that act more like abrasive exo-skeletons.
It withstands sweat and/or water and is by most comparisons a cost-
effective treatment modality.
While science is unlikely to discover that kinesiology tape is the panacea
for all aches and injuries, medical practitioners should keep an open mind
to its possibilities in treating patients.
References:
1. Schleip R, Muller D. Training principles for fascial connective tissues:
Scientific foundation and suggested practival applications. J Body Move
Ther 2012;1-13
2. Myers, T.W. 2009. Anatomy Trains: Myofascial Meridans for Manual and
Movement Therapists. New York: Churchill-Livingston.
3. Thedon T, et al. Degraded postural performance after muscle fatigue
compensated by skin stimulation. Gait Posture, 2011 Apr;33(4) 686–9
4. Chou YH, et al. Case Report: Manual lymphatic drainage and kinesio
taping in the secondary malignant breast cancer-related lymphedema in
an arm with arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. Am J Hosp Palliat
Care. 2012 Aug 9
5. Karatas N, Bicici S, Baltaci G, Caner H. The effects of kinesiotape
application on functional performance in surgeons who have musculo-
skeletal pain after performing surgery. Turk Neurosurg 22(1):83-9, 2012
Additional Reading:
6. • Konishi Y. Tactile stimulation with kinesiology tape alleviates
muscle weakness attributable to attenuation of Ia afferents, J Sci
Med Sport, June, 2012.
• Thelen M, et al,The clinical efficacy of kinesio tape for shoulder
pain. A randomized, double blinded, clinical trial. Journal of
orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, volume 38(7), July 2008
Leslie Trotter BSc, DC, MBA, MSc
Dr. Trotter co-owns a sports medicine clinic in Ancaster Ontario and is Canadian
contact for RockTape brand kinesiotape.
leslie@rocktape.com
289-204-0601