Flow cytometry
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This document summarizes key concepts in flow cytometry including: 1) Linear and logarithmic circuits are used to collect data over a wide dynamic range, with linear needed for compensation calculations. 2) At least 14-16 bits of data are required for accurate measurements given current 4 decade logarithmic scales. 3) Logarithmic amplifiers compact data at the lower end of the scale for better resolution, while linear scales have decreasing accuracy at lower signals. 4) Ratio circuits and digital signal processing enable measurements like surface density and calcium flux.
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![BMS 631 - LECTURE 9 Flow Cytometry: Theory Hansen Hall, B050 Purdue University Office: 494 0757 Fax 494 0517 Email: [email_address] WEB http://www.cyto.purdue.edu Data Collection: Linear, log, ratios…. 3 rd Ed.Shapiro 163-171 J. Paul Robinson Professor of Immunopharmacology Professor of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/flowcytometry-120117022236-phpapp01/85/Flow-cytometry-1-320.jpg)
![Linear and Log circuits ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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PCM consists of 3 main steps: sampling, quantization, and binary encoding. Sampling converts an analog signal to digital pulses by taking amplitude measurements at regular time intervals. Quantization maps the infinite amplitude values between limits to a finite set of values. Binary encoding assigns binary code values to each quantization level. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency in the signal according to Nyquist's theorem. Quantization introduces error and noise that can be reduced by using more quantization levels, though this increases the bit rate. PCM is widely used in digital communications and its variants like ADPCM and DPCM aim to further compress signals.
561 experiment 9 ertertetert te
This document describes experiments involving frequency shift keying (FSK) and amplitude shift keying (ASK) for digital communication. FSK offers advantages over phase shift keying by mapping binary data intrinsically to signal frequencies, providing robustness to phase and frequency offsets between transmitters and receivers. Early radio systems successfully used non-coherent FSK. The experiments examine the bit error rate performance of coherent and non-coherent FSK and ASK systems over an additive white Gaussian noise channel. Recordings of an actual radio teletype FSK signal are also analyzed.
FPGA Design & Simulation Modeling of Baseband Data Transmission System
This document describes the design, simulation, and modeling of a baseband data transmission system using FPGA and MATLAB. It presents the theoretical background of baseband signaling and matched filters. A system is implemented with an RC filter for pre-detection filtering to improve the bit error rate. The complete system is simulated in MATLAB and results are compared to theoretical predictions. The simulation agrees with theory and shows a 2.35 dB degradation when using an RC filter compared to an optimal matched filter. The combination of theoretical background, simulation, and experimental results helps strengthen student understanding.
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
The document discusses analog-to-digital conversion techniques. It describes pulse code modulation (PCM) which involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing the sample amplitudes, and encoding the quantized values into binary digits. It also describes delta modulation which encodes changes in signal amplitude rather than absolute values. PCM provides higher quality reconstruction of signals but requires a higher bit rate. The Nyquist sampling theorem states the minimum required sampling rate is twice the highest frequency component of the signal.
Ch4 2 v1
The document discusses analog-to-digital conversion techniques. It describes pulse code modulation (PCM) which involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing the sample amplitudes, and encoding the quantized values into binary digits. The key steps are sampling the signal, quantizing the signal amplitudes into discrete levels, and assigning binary codes to the quantization levels. Delta modulation is also described which transmits only the difference between successive sample amplitudes using 1 bit per sample.
Us3706855 s generator for digital pulse signals representative of analog igna...
This patent describes a technique for generating digital pulse signals that represent analog multifrequency tone pairs used in telephone signaling systems. The technique involves storing compressed pulse amplitude modulated samples of each tone pair frequency combination in a non-destructive readout memory. When a tone pair needs to be transmitted, the corresponding block of samples is read out cyclically from the memory. The samples are encoded and transmitted as pulse code modulated signals, which can then be decoded back into analog signals by conventional receivers. Storing pre-encoded samples reduces the amount of hardware needed compared to directly generating and encoding analog tone pairs. The technique allows digital tone generation for use in pulse code modulated transmission systems.
Acquisition of Long Pseudo Code in Dsss Signal
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Unit 3 ppt
This document provides an overview of digital communication techniques including:
- Types of digital modulation like PSK, QAM, and their advantages over analog communication
- Key concepts in digital modulation like bandwidth efficiency, M-ary encoding, and eye patterns
- Techniques used to reduce interference like duobinary encoding, pulse shaping with cosine filters, and equalization methods
4thMCM_Fernandez_Doc
This document studies MIMO channel capacity using channel models from the IST METRA European project. It finds that MIMO systems can increase channel capacity linearly with the minimum number of antennas by exploiting multipath and spatial diversity. The document analyzes capacity for correlated and uncorrelated channel models. It shows that spatial correlation decreases capacity gains and the rate of capacity increase with higher SNR. Keeping the number of receivers constant provides higher capacity than varying the number of transmitters.
AREA OPTIMIZED FPGA IMPLEMENTATION FOR GENERATION OF RADAR PULSE COM-PRESSION...
Pulse compression technique is most widely used in radar and communication areas. Its implementation requires an opti-mized and dedicated hardware. The real time implementation places several constraints such as area occupied, power con-sumption, etc. The good design needs optimization of these constraints. This paper concentrates on the design of optimized model which can reduce these. In the proposed architecture a single chip is used for generating the pulse compression se-quence like BPSk, QPSk, 6-PSK and other Polyphase codes. The VLSI architecture is implemented on the Field Programm-able Gate Array (FPGA) as it provides the flexibility of reconfigurability and reprogrammability .It was found that the proposed architecture has generated the pulse compression sequences efficiently while improving some of the parameters like area, power consumption and delay when compared to previous methods.
3 (2)
The document describes an experiment to analyze the frequency response of active low-pass and high-pass filters. Specifically, it examines second-order Butterworth filters using op-amps. The objectives are to determine cutoff frequencies, voltage gains, and roll-offs. The results show that the low-pass filter rolls off at -40 dB/decade above the cutoff as expected. Similarly, the high-pass filter rolls off at -40 dB/decade below the cutoff. However, at very high frequencies the high-pass filter response appears band-pass due to the op-amp's limited bandwidth. Overall, the experiment demonstrates that active filters provide advantages
Amvdd Data Converter Fundamentals
This document discusses analog to digital conversion fundamentals. It defines analog and digital signals and introduces analog to digital converters (ADCs) which convert continuous analog signals to discrete digital values. It discusses important ADC characteristics like resolution, quantization error, differential and integral nonlinearity. Sample and hold circuits are explained along with errors like aperture uncertainty. Specifications of digital to analog converters (DACs) like output voltage, resolution and nonlinearity errors are also covered.
Project_Kaveh & Mohammad
This document presents the design of a high performance folded cascade OTA and sample and hold circuit. The OTA is designed to achieve 10-bit resolution while operating at a 28 MHz sampling frequency. Simulation results show the OTA achieves a high open loop gain of 72 dB and bandwidth of 112 MHz, with a phase margin of 73 degrees. A low resistance transmission gate switch is designed to reduce charge injection and clock feedthrough effects during sampling. The circuit is implemented in a 130 nm CMOS technology.
pcm-march-2020_1_5e71b8ff9c7ad_1584511231641.pdf
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a digital modulation technique that involves sampling, quantizing, and encoding an analog signal. It has several key advantages over analog transmission including robustness to noise and easier regeneration. The process works by sampling the analog signal, assigning discrete levels or quanta, and encoding the quantized signal levels into a digital bitstream. Quantization introduces quantization noise, but the signal-to-noise ratio improves exponentially with more quantization bits. PCM finds widespread application in digital audio and telephony due to its ability to efficiently transmit multiple channels using time division multiplexing.
5.6 ITC.pptx
1. The document discusses concepts related to information theory including information rate, channel capacity, and the Shannon-Hartley theorem.
2. The Shannon-Hartley theorem specifies that channel capacity is limited by the bandwidth of the channel and noise signal. It gives the maximum information transmission rate for a given power.
3. The Shannon limit refers to the theoretical maximum channel capacity for an ideal system with infinite bandwidth but finite power. It represents the minimum signal to noise ratio required for error-free transmission.
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Ch4 1 Data communication and networking by neha g. kurale
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FPGA Design & Simulation Modeling of Baseband Data Transmission System
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Flow cytometry
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- 6. Ideal log amp 0 50 100 150 200 250 10 V 1 V 100 mV 0 50 100 150 200 250 10 V 1 mV Channels Linear Log 1 V 100 mV 10 mV Log amp
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