A2 Essay Exam Skills - Common External Tariffs in the EUtutor2u
This is an example of a colour coded approach to writing an exam essay for A2 macro on the impact on consumers and producers of the common external tariff which is part of the EU's customs union.
A2 Essay Exam Skills - Common External Tariffs in the EUtutor2u
This is an example of a colour coded approach to writing an exam essay for A2 macro on the impact on consumers and producers of the common external tariff which is part of the EU's customs union.
Presentation at the Boekman library on 10 Dec 2014.
Overview of research and conclusions from A History of Digitization: Dutch Museums.
University of Amsterdam
EU: Toilet Paper - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: “EU: Toilet Paper - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020”. This report focuses on the EU toilet paper market, providing a comprehensive analysis and the most recent data on its market size and volume, EU trade, price dynamics, domestic production, and turnover in the industry. The market trends section reveals the main issues and uncertainties concerning the industry, while the medium-term outlook uncovers market prospects. The attractivity index (IB Index) summarizes the source of existing opportunities as they appear in this market, as well as an interpretation of the trade figures.
Promoting culture and the creative arts - International meetings of the Forum...EY
EY and the Forum d’Avignon have been working jointly to bring these spheres together since 2008, developing ways for the artistic and creative industries to respond to the critical issues that confront them. EY’s widely-recognized expertise and experience in the sector provides major lessons and concrete solutions to the industry’s challenges. Year after year, the Forum d’Avignon and EY have observed and interpreted the forces at work in the cultural field as it is swept by a digital revolution that has redistributed power amidst an ever-changing fiscal landscape.
More info on : www.ey.com/FR/ForumAvignon
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: “EU: Tobacco (Smoking Tobacco, Chewing Tobacco, Snuff) - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020”. This report focuses on the EU tobacco market, providing a comprehensive analysis and the most recent data on its market size and volume, EU trade, price dynamics, domestic production, and turnover in the industry. The market trends section reveals the main issues and uncertainties concerning the industry, while the medium-term outlook uncovers market prospects. The attractivity index (IB Index) summarizes the source of existing opportunities as they appear in this market, as well as an interpretation of the trade figures.
Key Trends in the European Audiovisual MarketChristian Grece
Key Trends presentation on the EU audiovisual market. Pay TV, commercial TV, public TV and Home Entertainment and their evolution the past 5 years. SVOD and TVOD and the impact of digital business models on the traditional EU TV market.
EU: Sacks And Bags Of Paper - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: “EU: Sacks And Bags Of Paper - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020”. This report focuses on the EU paper sack and bag market, providing a comprehensive analysis and the most recent data on its market size and volume, EU trade, price dynamics, domestic production, and turnover in the industry. The market trends section reveals the main issues and uncertainties concerning the industry, while the medium-term outlook uncovers market prospects. The attractivity index (IB Index) summarizes the source of existing opportunities as they appear in this market, as well as an interpretation of the trade figures.
HLEG thematic workshop on Measuring Inequalities of Income and Wealth, Veli M...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on Measuring Inequalities of Income and Wealth, 15-16 September 2015, Berlin, Germany, http://oe.cd/hleg-workshop-inequalities-income-and-wealth
To mark the 20th anniversary of the WTO, 'International Trade Statistics 2015' looks back at world trade from 1995 to the end of 2014. The publication features a variety of charts to highlight the most noteworthy trends in world trade over the past 20 years. Numerous tables provide more detailed data while a chapter on methodology explains how the data are compiled.
International Trade Statistics 2015 serves as an invaluable reference tool for researchers, policy makers and anyone interested in international trade.
EU: Toilet and Kitchen Linen – Market Report. Analysis and Forecast to 2020IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: “EU: Toilet and Kitchen Linen - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020”. This report focuses on the EU toilet and kitchen linen market, providing a comprehensive analysis and the most recent data on its market size and volume, EU trade, price dynamics, domestic production, and turnover in the industry. The market trends section reveals the main issues and uncertainties concerning the industry, while the medium-term outlook uncovers market prospects. The attractivity index (IB Index) summarizes the source of existing opportunities as they appear in this market, as well as an interpretation of the trade figures.
EU: Coffee (Decaffeinated and Roasted) – Market Report. Analysis and Forecast...IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: “EU: Coffee (Decaffeinated and Roasted) - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020”. This report focuses on the EU roasted coffee market, providing a comprehensive analysis and the most recent data on its market size and volume, EU trade, price dynamics, domestic production, and turnover in the industry. The market trends section reveals the main issues and uncertainties concerning the industry, while the medium-term outlook uncovers market prospects. The attractivity index (IB Index) summarizes the source of existing opportunities as they appear in this market, as well as an interpretation of the trade figures.
Presentation at the Boekman library on 10 Dec 2014.
Overview of research and conclusions from A History of Digitization: Dutch Museums.
University of Amsterdam
EU: Toilet Paper - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: “EU: Toilet Paper - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020”. This report focuses on the EU toilet paper market, providing a comprehensive analysis and the most recent data on its market size and volume, EU trade, price dynamics, domestic production, and turnover in the industry. The market trends section reveals the main issues and uncertainties concerning the industry, while the medium-term outlook uncovers market prospects. The attractivity index (IB Index) summarizes the source of existing opportunities as they appear in this market, as well as an interpretation of the trade figures.
Promoting culture and the creative arts - International meetings of the Forum...EY
EY and the Forum d’Avignon have been working jointly to bring these spheres together since 2008, developing ways for the artistic and creative industries to respond to the critical issues that confront them. EY’s widely-recognized expertise and experience in the sector provides major lessons and concrete solutions to the industry’s challenges. Year after year, the Forum d’Avignon and EY have observed and interpreted the forces at work in the cultural field as it is swept by a digital revolution that has redistributed power amidst an ever-changing fiscal landscape.
More info on : www.ey.com/FR/ForumAvignon
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: “EU: Tobacco (Smoking Tobacco, Chewing Tobacco, Snuff) - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020”. This report focuses on the EU tobacco market, providing a comprehensive analysis and the most recent data on its market size and volume, EU trade, price dynamics, domestic production, and turnover in the industry. The market trends section reveals the main issues and uncertainties concerning the industry, while the medium-term outlook uncovers market prospects. The attractivity index (IB Index) summarizes the source of existing opportunities as they appear in this market, as well as an interpretation of the trade figures.
Key Trends in the European Audiovisual MarketChristian Grece
Key Trends presentation on the EU audiovisual market. Pay TV, commercial TV, public TV and Home Entertainment and their evolution the past 5 years. SVOD and TVOD and the impact of digital business models on the traditional EU TV market.
EU: Sacks And Bags Of Paper - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: “EU: Sacks And Bags Of Paper - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020”. This report focuses on the EU paper sack and bag market, providing a comprehensive analysis and the most recent data on its market size and volume, EU trade, price dynamics, domestic production, and turnover in the industry. The market trends section reveals the main issues and uncertainties concerning the industry, while the medium-term outlook uncovers market prospects. The attractivity index (IB Index) summarizes the source of existing opportunities as they appear in this market, as well as an interpretation of the trade figures.
HLEG thematic workshop on Measuring Inequalities of Income and Wealth, Veli M...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on Measuring Inequalities of Income and Wealth, 15-16 September 2015, Berlin, Germany, http://oe.cd/hleg-workshop-inequalities-income-and-wealth
To mark the 20th anniversary of the WTO, 'International Trade Statistics 2015' looks back at world trade from 1995 to the end of 2014. The publication features a variety of charts to highlight the most noteworthy trends in world trade over the past 20 years. Numerous tables provide more detailed data while a chapter on methodology explains how the data are compiled.
International Trade Statistics 2015 serves as an invaluable reference tool for researchers, policy makers and anyone interested in international trade.
EU: Toilet and Kitchen Linen – Market Report. Analysis and Forecast to 2020IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: “EU: Toilet and Kitchen Linen - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020”. This report focuses on the EU toilet and kitchen linen market, providing a comprehensive analysis and the most recent data on its market size and volume, EU trade, price dynamics, domestic production, and turnover in the industry. The market trends section reveals the main issues and uncertainties concerning the industry, while the medium-term outlook uncovers market prospects. The attractivity index (IB Index) summarizes the source of existing opportunities as they appear in this market, as well as an interpretation of the trade figures.
EU: Coffee (Decaffeinated and Roasted) – Market Report. Analysis and Forecast...IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: “EU: Coffee (Decaffeinated and Roasted) - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020”. This report focuses on the EU roasted coffee market, providing a comprehensive analysis and the most recent data on its market size and volume, EU trade, price dynamics, domestic production, and turnover in the industry. The market trends section reveals the main issues and uncertainties concerning the industry, while the medium-term outlook uncovers market prospects. The attractivity index (IB Index) summarizes the source of existing opportunities as they appear in this market, as well as an interpretation of the trade figures.
Rohit Talwar- The Future of Estonian/Lithuanian Tourism 02/02/13 Rohit Talwar
For the Vilnius Tourism Conference, Tourism Opportunities for Lithuania
A look at the current conditions and future possibilities for Estonian/Lithuanian tourism
Navarrete La documentacion como inversion y expansion de valorTrilce Navarrete
Keynote during International Symposium Challenges Before Time
150 years of painting conservation in Mexico
8-12 Nov 2021
Conservation to preserve and recuperate loos of value.
Documentation validates , evidences, contextualizes the movement of objects, generating future value.
Presentation for conference organized by Center for Creative and Cultural Industries, Chapman University, USA.
20 May 2021
by Erasmus University team Trilce Navarrete, Emmy van Arent, Kim van Buuren
Licensing out-of-commerce works: a perspective from Cultural EconomicsTrilce Navarrete
Presentation part of The New Copyright Directive: opportunities for cultural heritage institutions at the CIPPM Centre for Intellectual Property, Policy and Management (20 September 2019)
In this presentation I will argue that museums cannot easily break from a strong historic tradition that looks into the past, partly because of consumer expectation. However, there are an increasing number of museums that take advantage of digital technology to innovate, though mostly behind the scenes. They are Invisible Entrepreneurs.
My argument will be built in two parts. First, I discuss literature on entrepreneurship, considering the risk of rent seeking and the question of positive and unproductive entrepreneurship (Baumol, 1990). I shall demonstrate how many entrepreneurs take content from museums benefiting from high quality content while avoiding the costs related to building centenary collections. Second, I examine the role of entrepreneurs as enablers. I shall present current innovations on digital publication of collections and highlight the role of museums, where the greatest innovations from museums can be found in the infrastructural projects that enable many others to innovate. In that sense, museums are not entrepreneurs to discover and exploit revenue potentialities but they position their collections for others to do so. Digital technologies facilitate museums to become, in a way, infrastructural entrepreneurs that seek to discover and exploit dissemination of information.
Keynote presentation for Open Up! symposium
Erfgoed Nederland and Wikimedia
Arnhem 19 January 2018
Value is interpreted in a continuous process in social networks.
GLAMs hold quality content that can illustrate Wikipedian articles and 'accidentally' reach millions of users worldwide.
Together, GLAMs and Wikis can contribute to develop a sustainable system of governance for culture, where collections assist interaction, collaboration, and co-construction to re-generate value.
Keynote at Wikimedia Netherland Conference 2017
Utrecht 4 November 2017
GLAMs hold tangible expression of culture, which conveys identity, meaning, and value.
GLAMs in Wikipedia reflect our current social values: increase diversity, innovation, equity, well-being.
https://nl.wikimedia.org/wiki/WCN_2017
A quick overview on the adoption of museum documentation standards in the Netherlands (1950-2020). Policy perspective. Presented at the CIDOC 2017 conference in Tbilisi, Georgia.
Presentation for Sharing is Caring Extension Belgium 2017
Why should museums open up? what is value? why opening increases value? and why collaborate with Wikimedia to achieve this?
What would the Millennium Development Goals look like for digital heritage information? New metrics are needed to understand consumer behavior and improve the social impact potential of heritage information.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
4. • Our
Fmes
(we
live
in
the
Digital
Age!)
are
extremely
interesFng
and
very
dynamic.
– Making
now
the
right
choices
can/will
have
effects
on
future
generaFons.
• Enlarging
cultural
audiences
is
of
great
importance
to
policy
makers,
NPOs
and
individuals.
• So
far,
not
much
has
been
looked
at
fiscal
policy
and
how
it
can
be
harnessed
to
achieve
the
goals
of
cultural
policy.
• Also:
Reduced
rate
for
E-‐books
is
unique
in
France!
/RICHES
-‐
KICK-‐OFF
MEETING
9-‐10th
December2013
MoFvaFon
5. CotribuFon
(so
far)
• Document
fiscal
rates
on
cultural
goods
and
services
in
EU
over
Fme.
• Shed
some
light
on
the
correlates
of
tax
rates.
• A^empt
to
study
the
effects
of
fiscal
incencFves.
– The
impact
of
reduced
rates
on:
• prices
of
cultural
goods
and
services.
• cultural
expenditure
of
households.
/RICHES
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KICK-‐OFF
MEETING
9-‐10th
December2013
6. Governments
support
producFon
and
consumpFon
of
the
arts
and
culture
through
direct
financing,
such
as
grants
and
subsidies
given
to
heritage
organizaFons
or
as
vouchers
given
to
consumers.
Another
form
of
support
takes
place
through
indirect
tax
rules
which
have
two
main
modaliFes:
(1) Tax
deducFons
to
gi`s
(also
in-‐kind)
(2) Reduced
VAT
rate
(only
in
EU)
Indirect
support
works
as
incenFve,
therefore
it
is
dependent
on
the
behaviour
of
donors,
corporaFons
and
consumers.
Reduced
VAT
rates
cannot
be
specifically
directed
towards
a
desired
good,
provider,
or
consumer,
unlike
direct
subsidies.
Reduced
VAT
rates
to
sFmulate
cultural
acFviFes
has
received
less
academic
a^enFon,
compared
to
the
mulFple
forms
of
tax
deducFons.
/RICHES
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KICK-‐OFF
MEETING
9-‐10th
December2013
Background
7. /RICHES
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KICK-‐OFF
MEETING
9-‐10th
December2013
Background
Direct government support
Indirect government support
8. /RICHES
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KICK-‐OFF
MEETING
9-‐10th
December2013
Background
Direct government support
Indirect government support
Policy
FoundaFons
9. Tax
law
serves
to
raise
revenue
for
public
purposes.
It
also
supports
the
non-‐
profit
sector,
serves
as
equity
builder
through
fair
redistribuFon,
can
be
used
as
policy
instrument
for
the
public
interest,
and
is
a
tool
to
differenFate
the
profit
and
non-‐profit
sectors
(Schuster,
2006).
Tax
concessions
are
obscure,
therefore
not
broadly
recognized
as
a
cost
to
the
state.
There
is
limited
documentaFon
on
tax
expenditure
on
the
arts
and
culture
because
it
is
difficult
to
esFmate
costs
beforehand,
it
requires
a
high
level
of
detailed
reporFng,
and
it
is
hardly
recognized
as
a
state
expenditure
by
the
public
(O’Hagan,
2003).
/RICHES
-‐
KICK-‐OFF
MEETING
9-‐10th
December2013
Background
10. The
European
Commission
has
established
a
set
of
guidelines
to
harmonize
the
VAT
across
Member
States.
A
reduced
VAT
rate
has
been
established
for
a
number
of
goods
and
services:
(1) The
transacFon
of
books,
periodicals
and
magazines
not
used
for
adverFsing;
(2) The
admission
to
shows,
theater,
concerts,
museums,
cinema
and
zoos;
(3) Services
supplied
by
or
royalFes
due
to
writers,
composers
and
performing
arFsts;
and
(4) Supply
of
goods
and
services
by
chariFes.
(see
EC
Council
DirecFve
on
VAT
2006)
/RICHES
-‐
KICK-‐OFF
MEETING
9-‐10th
December2013
VAT
in
EU
11. The
increased
use
of
digital
technology
for
the
producFon,
distribuFon
and
consumpFon
of
cultural
goods
has
raised
quesFons
on
the
definiBons
used
by
the
VAT
DirecFve.
France
and
Luxemburg
disagree
with
the
EC
definiFons
and
have
argued
for
a
revision.
In
2013,
a
Public
ConsultaFon
was
conducted
to
review
the
VAT
legislaFon.
Results
are
promising:
• It
is
expected
that
books
will
no
longer
be
defined
by
a
carrier
but
by
its
informaFon
content.
In
this
way,
e-‐books
can
enjoy
the
same
reduced
VAT
rate
as
paper
books
and
audio
books.
• The
same
argument
applies
for
periodicals
and
other
informaFon
goods.
The
performing
arts
have
seen
new
distribuFon
channels,
through
digital
broadcast
technology,
i.e.,
Pathe
Opera
(Bakhshi
and
Throsby,
2011).
For
performing
arts,
a
tax
concession
would
amount
to
15-‐20%
of
box
office
income,
including
for
profit
companies
(O’Hagan,
2003).
/RICHES
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KICK-‐OFF
MEETING
9-‐10th
December2013
VAT
in
digital
EU
12. The
theory
-‐
Effects
of
a
sales
tax
Standard rate
/RICHES
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KICK-‐OFF
MEETING
9-‐10th
December2013
Price
S
D
Quantity
SStandard rate
P*
Q* QStandard rate
PStandard rate
13. The
theory
-‐
Effects
of
a
sales
tax
SReduced rate
Q*
/RICHES
-‐
KICK-‐OFF
MEETING
9-‐10th
December2013
Price
S
D
Quantity
SStandard rate
PReduced rate
P*
QReduced rate
Reduced rate Tax = P , Q
PStandard rate
Standard rate
QStandard rate
Tax = DW Loss
14. • Fiscal
data
comes
from
EC
publicaFons
on
VAT
Rates
Applied
in
the
Member
States
of
the
European
Union
1993-‐2014.
• Data
on
household
expenditure
on
cultural
goods
and
services
are
taken
from
the
Household
Budget
Survey
(wave
2005).
– HBS
data
are
collected
according
to
the
COICOP
classificaFon
adapted
to
HBS
needs
(COICOP-‐HBS).
• Price
data
comes
from
the
Council
of
Europe/ERICarts
Compendium
of
Cultural
Policies
and
Trends
2003-‐2013.
– It
covers
cultural
industries
consumer
price
(e.g.,
price
of
books)
and
public
arts
services
prices
(e.g.,
price
of
art
museum
Fckets).
• Data
on
internet
use
comes
from
Eurostat,
Special
module
of
ICT
survey
2008:
Individuals
—
Use
of
advanced
services.
• Data
on
populaBon
size,
GDP
per
capita
and
educaBonal
aKainment
obtained
from
Eurostat
and
covers
1993-‐2013.
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Data
sources
15. Outline
of
empirical
analysis
• Fiscal
rates
in
EU
over
Fme
and
the
correlates
• Fiscal
rates
and
prices
• Fiscal
rates
and
cultural
expenditure
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16. Standard
VAT
rates,
by
country
Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark
Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary
Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta
Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia
Spain Sweden United Kingdom
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15 20 25 30 15 20 25 30 15 20 25 30 15 20 25 30 15 20 25 30
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Standard VAT rate
Year
Graphs by country
17. Reduced
rates
books,
by
country
Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark
Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary
Reduced rate books Year
Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta
Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia
Spain Sweden United Kingdom
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0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Graphs by country
18. Standard
VAT
rate,
average
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18 19 20 21 22
Standard rate
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
EU EU of 1993 (constant sample)
19. Standard
VAT
rate,
average
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18 19 20 21 22
Standard rate
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
EU EU of 1993 (constant sample)
France
20. Reduced
rate
books
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2 4 6 8
Reduced rate books
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
EU countries EU countries of 1993 (balanced sample)
France
21. Reduced
rate
newspapers
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2 4 6 8
Reduced rate newspapers
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
EU EU of 1993 (constant sample)
France
22. Reduced
rate
periodicals,
admission
to
cultural
services,
TV
license,
supplies
by
creators
2 4 6 8
Reduced rate periodicals
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
EU EU of 1993
France
4 6 8 10
Reduced rate admission to cultural services
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
EU EU of 1993
France
0 5 10 15 20
Reduced rate TV license
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
EU EU of 1993
France
6 8 10 12 14
Reduced rate supplies by creators
2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
EU EU of 1993
France
23. Reduced
rate
E-‐books
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5 10 15 20
Reduced rate E-books
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Year
EU France
24. Correlates
of
tax
rates
(EU,
1993-‐2013)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Reduced rate Reduced rate Reduced rate Reduced rate Reduced rate Reduced rate
VAT standard
rate Books Newspapers Periodicals
Admission to
cultural services TV license
Supplies by
creators
log(population) -8.504*** -8.191 -29.32*** -30.52*** 5.189 15.37 0.831
(1.913) (5.324) (4.373) (7.193) (9.047) (9.851) (6.643)
GDP per capita -0.0576*** -0.0244 0.126*** 0.0691 0.0753 -0.0208 -0.0688
(0.0160) (0.0444) (0.0365) (0.0600) (0.0754) (0.0770) (0.0668)
Share of mid or
high educational
attainment (15-64
ages)
0.0469*** 0.149*** 0.0745** 0.174*** -0.383*** -0.0979 -0.165**
(0.0159) (0.0441) (0.0362) (0.0596) (0.0751) (0.0754) (0.0702)
Year FE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
Country FE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
Observations 409 409 409 409 406 366 313
R-squared 0.906 0.852 0.843 0.796 0.696 0.823 0.864
Number of years 21 21 21 21 21 21 14
Standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
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25. Outline
of
empirical
analysis
• Fiscal
rates
in
EU
over
Fme
and
the
correlates
• Fiscal
rates
and
prices
• Fiscal
rates
and
cultural
expenditure
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26. Reduced
rate
and
price
of
books
AT
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BE
BG
CY
CZ
DE
DK
EE
EL
ES
FI
HU FR
IE
IT
LV
LT
MT
NL
PL
PT
RO
SE
SI
SK
UK
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reduced rate books
10 20 30 40
Price of books
27. Reduced
rates
and
book
prices,
by
country
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark
Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary
Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta
Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia
10 20 30 40 50
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Spain Sweden United Kingdom
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
Reduced rate books Price books
Graphs by country
28. Prices
and
reduced
tax
rates
(EU,
2003-‐2013)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Book price Museum price Opera price Cinema price
Reduced rate books 0.504*
(0.260)
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Reduced rate admission to
cultural services
0.0685* 0.570** -0.0187
(0.0380) (0.242) (0.0303)
log(population) 1.026 0.290 155.4*** 13.02**
(1.285) (1.442) (48.56) (4.134)
GDP per capita 0.643*** 0.597*** 2.875*** 0.341**
(0.160) (0.166) (0.611) (0.107)
Share of mid or high
educational attainment (15-64
ages) -0.455*** 0.164 -0.391 0.0561
(0.101) (0.202) (0.467) (0.0716)
Year FE yes yes yes yes
Country FE yes yes yes yes
Observations 169 172 178 180
R-squared 0.692 0.735 0.858 0.760
Number of year 10 10 10 10
Standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
29. Outline
of
empirical
analysis
• Fiscal
rates
in
EU
over
Fme
and
the
correlates
• Fiscal
rates
and
prices
• Fiscal
rates
and
cultural
expenditure
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30. Expenditure
on
books
AT
DK
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BE
CZ CY
EE
FI
FR
DE
HU EL
IE
IT
LT LV
LU
MT
NL
PL
PT
SK
SI
ES
SE
UK
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reduced rate books
0 50 100 150 200 250
Expenditure on books per household
31. Expenditure
and
trade
of
books
AT
DK
CZ CY BE
EE
FI
FR
DE
SE
HU EL
IE
LTLV IT
LU
MT NL
PL
PT
SK
SI
ES
UK
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reduced rate books
0 50 100 150 200 250
Expenditure on books per household
AT
CZ BECY
DK
LVLT EE
IT
FI
FR
DE
HU EL
IE
LU
MT NL
PL
PT
SK
SI
ES
SE
UK
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reduced rate books
5 10 15 20 25
Share of cultural expenditure on books
LV
RO AT
SK
BE
BG
CY
CZ
DK
LT
FI EE
SE
FR
DE
PT
HELU
IE
IT
LU
MT NL
PL
SI
ES
UK
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reduced rate books
0 10 20 30 40
Exports of books
AT
BE
LV
BG
CY
CZ
DK
ROSK
LT
EE FI
FR
DE
HEUL
IE
PT
IT
LU
MT NL
PL
SI
ES
SE
UK
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reduced rate books
0 20 40 60 80 100
Imports of books
32. Use
of
internet
to
purchase
books
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AT
BE
BG
CZ
CY
DK
EE
FI
FR
DE
EL HU
IE
IT
LV
LT
LU
MT
NL
PL
PT
RO
SK
SI
ES
SE
UK
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reduced rate books
0 10 20 30 40
Use of the Internet to purchase books
33. Expenditure
and
trade
of
newspapers
AT
BE
CZ CY
DK
EE
FI
FR
DE
EL
SK
HU
IE
IT
LT LV
LU
MT
NL
PL
PT
SI
ES
SE
UK
0 5 10 15 20
Reduced rate newspapers
0 100 200 300
Expenditure on newspapers per household
AT
EE
BE
DE
CCYZ
DK
FI
FR
EL
HU
IE
IT
LLTV
MT
LU
NL
PL
PT
SK
SI
ES
SE
UK
0 5 10 15 20
Reduced rate newspapers
5 10 15 20 25
Share of cultural expenditure on books
Reduced rate newspapers 0 5 10 15 20 25
AT
BE
BG
CY
CZ
DK
EE
FI
FR
DE
RO
SE
HEUL
IE
IT
LV
LT
LU
MT
NL
PL
PT
SK
SI
ES
UK
0 5 10 15 20
Exports of newspapers
AT
BE
LT
BG
CY
LV
CZ
FR
DK
EE
FI
DE
HEUL
IE
IT
LU
MT
NL
PL
PT
RO
SK
SI
ES
SE
UK
0 5 10 15 20
Reduced rate newspapers
0 20 40 60
Imports of newspapers
34. Reduced
rate
admission
to
cultural
services
BE AT
BG
CY
HU
CZ
DK
EE
FI
FR
DE
EL
IE
IT
LVLT
LU
MT
NL
PL
PT
SK
SI
ES
SE
UK
0 10 20 30
Reduced rate admission to cultural services
20 40 60 80
Have attended live perfomance arts
UK
CY AT BE
CZ
DK
EE
FI
FR
DE
HU
IE
IT
LV
LT
LU
MT
NL
PL
PT
SK
SI
ES
SE
0 10 20 30
Reduced rate admission to cultural services
0 50 100 150
Expenditure on cinema, theatres or concerts
35. Average
annual
expenditure
on
cultural
goods
and
services
per
household,
2005
(PPS)
Fiscal incentive for creators
AT
BE
CZ
DK
EE
FI
FR
DE
EL
HU
IE
IT
LT LV
LU
MT
NL
PL
PT
SK
SI
ES
SE
UK
5 10 15 20 25
Reduced rate creators 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Expenditure on cultural goods and services
BE
AT
Placebo
CY
CZ
DK
EE
FI
FR
DE
EL
HU
IE
IT
LT LV
LU
MT
NL
PL
PT
SK
SI
ES
SE
UK
15 20 25 30
Standard VAT rate
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Expenditure on cultural goods and services
36. Use
of
Internet
for
leisure
acFviFes
related
to
obtaining
and
sharing
audiovisual
content,
2008
(%
of
Internet
users)
AT
BE
BG
CY
CZ
RO
DK
EE
FI
FR
DE
EL
HU
IE
IT
LV
LT
LU
NL
MT
PL
PT
SK
SI
ES
SE
UK
0 5 10 15 20
Reduced rate newspapers 10 20 30 40
Use of Internet to post messages
AT
BG
CY
IT
CZ
DK
PL
EE
FI
PT
FR
IE ELDE HU
LT
MT LUNL
RO
ES
SK SI
SEUK
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reduced rate TV license
10 20 30 40 50
Use of Internet to watch movies
37. What
about
causality?
• CorrelaFon
does
not
imply
causality!
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– The
associaFon
could
be
reverse:
countries
with
high
cultural
consumpFon
decide
on
lower
tax
rates.
– Fiscal
rates
could
be
endogeneous
and
depend
on
some
other
variable
(e.g.,
wealth
of
a
country).
– Furthermore,
our
analysis
are
subject
to
omi^ed
variable
biases.
• Try
to
use
instrumental
variable
to
shed
light
on
causality.
38. Instrumental
variables
proposal
• Use
standard
VAT
rate
as
an
instrument
for
reduced
rates
for
books.
• Policy
makers
do
not
consider
book
consumpFon
when
deciding
on
VAT
rates.
• And
yet,
reduced
rates
for
books
are
supposedly
related
to
the
standard
VAT
rate.
– The
reduced
rates
are
likely
in
proporFon
to
the
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standard
rate.
39. The
causal
impact
of
reduced
rates
on
book
expenditure
(1) (2)
Reduced rate books
(First-stage OLS)
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Expenditure books
(IV)
Standard VAT rate 0.467***
(0.145)
Reduced rate books -2.778**
(1.303)
log(population) -4.218 -0.839
(5.398) (4.379)
GDP per capita 0.00246 3.442***
(0.0446) (0.549)
Share of mid or high
educational attainment
(15-64 ages)
0.127*** -0.644
(0.0441) (0.468)
Year FE yes yes
Country FE yes yes
Observations 409 25
R-squared 0.856 0.712
Standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
40. • We
study
whether
(and
how)
fiscal
policy
can
sFmulate
consumpFon
of
Europe’s
cultural
heritage
in
the
Age
of
DigitalisaFon.
So
far
by:
– DocumenFng
fiscal
rates
on
cultural
goods
and
services
in
EU
over
Fme.
– Sheding
some
light
on
the
correlates
of
tax
rates.
– A^empFng
to
study
the
effects
of
fiscal
incencFves.
• The
impact
of
fiscal
rates
on
prices
and
expenditure.
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Conclusions
41. • Study
the
impact
on
producBon
of
cultural
goods
and
services
(e.g.,
the
role
of
reduced
rates
for
creaters).
• Look
at
other
forms
of
subsidy,
as
those
affect
the
overall
picture
as
well
(e.g.,
significant
funding
of
the
film
industry
in
Denmark).
• Complement
this
aggregate
analysis
with
specific
case-‐
studies
to
understand
the
mechanisms
behind
the
pa^erns
disclosed
here.
– With
a
parFcular
focus
on
the
changes
brought
by
digiBsaBon.
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Future
work
42. DigiFzed
visual
arts,
on
the
other
hand,
are
increasingly
being
made
available
free
of
charge,
at
insFtuFonal
websites
or
in
portals
such
as
Europeana,
exponenFally
increasing
consumpFon.
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VAT
in
digital
EU
InternaBonal
Transdisciplinary
Workshop
Cultural
Industries