This document summarizes OSHA's standards for fire protection under Subpart L. It discusses the requirements for fire brigades, including organization, training, equipment and protective clothing. It also outlines the standards for portable fire extinguishers, including placement, use, maintenance, testing and classification. Employers must provide education to employees on extinguisher use and hazards. Selection and distribution of extinguishers must be based on the classes of anticipated fires and degree of workplace hazards.
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Insights on Fire Safety Related Requirements in National Building Code (NBC)Consultivo
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Fire Protection
Objectives
• Familiarization with Subpart L
• Define key terms
• Discuss fire brigades
• Discuss use of fire extinguishers
• Discuss other fire extinguishing systems
• Discuss where to get additional information
3. Standards
• 1910.155 - Scope, application and definitions
• 1910.156 - Fire Brigades
• 1910.157 - Portable Fire Extinguishers
• 1910.158 - Standpipe and Hose Systems
• 1910.159 - Automatic Sprinkler Systems
• 1910.160 - Fixed Extinguishing Systems,
general
4. Standards
• 1910.161 - Fixed Extinguishing Systems,
Dry Chemical
• 1910.162 - Fixed Extinguishing Systems,
Gaseous Agent
• 1910.163 - Fixed Extinguishing Systems,
Water Spray and Foam
• 1910.164 - Fire Detection Systems
• 1910.165 - Employee Alarm Systems
5. Standards
• 1910 Subpart L - Authority for 1910 Subpart L
• 1910 Subpart L - Appendix A
– Fire Protection
• 1910 Subpart L - Appendix B
– National Consensus Standards
6. Standards
• 1910 Subpart L - Appendix C
– Fire Protection References and Other Information
• 1910 Subpart L - Appendix D
• 1910 Subpart L - Appendix E
– Test Methods for Protective Clothing
7. Fire Tetrahedron
• Basic components
of a fire are:
– fuel
– source of ignition
– oxygen
– process of
combustion
• Commonly referred
to as the "fire
tetrahedron"
8. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• Scope
• This subpart contains requirements for fire
brigades, and all portable and fixed fire
suppression equipment, fire detection
systems, and fire or employee alarm
systems installed to meet the fire protection
requirements of 29 CFR Part 1910.
9. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• Application.
• This subpart applies to all employments
except for maritime, construction, and
agriculture.
• Definitions applicable to this subpart.
10. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Approved”
– means acceptable to the Assistant Secretary
under the following criteria:
– If it is accepted, or certified, or listed, or labeled
or otherwise determined to be safe by a
nationally recognized testing laboratory
11. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Class A fire" means a fire involving
ordinary combustible materials such as
paper, wood, cloth, and some rubber and
plastic materials.
12. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Class B fire" means a fire involving
flammable or combustible liquids,
flammable gases, greases and similar
materials, and some rubber and plastic
materials.
13. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Class C fire" means a fire involving
energized electrical equipment where safety
to the employee requires the use of
electrically nonconductive extinguishing
media.
14. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Class D fire" means a fire involving
combustible metals such as magnesium,
titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium and
potassium.
15. Fire/Life Safety
Fire Protection
• Class A Fires: Ordinary combustibles
such as wood and paper.
• Class B Fires: Flammable and
combustible liquids and gases.
• Class C Fires: Energized electrical
equipment.
• Class D Fires: Combustible metals.
• Class K Fires: Cooking Oils and Fats.
16. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Extinguisher classification" means the
letter classification given an extinguisher to
designate the class or classes of fire on
which an extinguisher will be effective.
17. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Extinguisher rating" means the numerical
rating given to an extinguisher which
indicates the extinguishing potential of the
unit based on standardized tests developed
by Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.
18. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Fire brigade" (private fire department,
industrial fire department) means an
organized group of employees who are
knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in at
least basic fire fighting operations.
19. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Fixed extinguishing system" means a
permanently installed system that either
extinguishes or controls a fire at the location
of the system.
20. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Incipient stage fire" means a fire which is
in the initial or beginning stage and which
can be controlled or extinguished by
portable fire extinguishers, Class II
standpipe or small hose systems without the
need for protective clothing or breathing
apparatus.
21. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Interior structural fire fighting" means the
physical activity of fire suppression, rescue
or both, inside of buildings or enclosed
structures which are involved in a fire
situation beyond the incipient stage.
22. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Multipurpose dry chemical" means a dry
chemical which is approved for use on
Class A, Class B and Class C fires.
23. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Positive-pressure breathing apparatus"
means self-contained breathing apparatus in
which the pressure in the breathing zone is
positive in relation to the immediate
environment during inhalation and
exhalation.
24. 1910.155
Scope, application and definitions
• "Sprinkler system" means a system of piping
designed in accordance with fire protection
engineering standards and installed to control or
extinguish fires. The system includes an adequate
and reliable water supply, and a network of
specially sized piping and sprinklers which are
interconnected. The system also includes a control
valve and a device for actuating an alarm when the
system is in operation.
25. 1910.156
Fire Brigades
• This section contains requirements for:
– Organization
– Training
– Personal Protective Equipment
26. 1910.156
Fire Brigades
• Organization
– Employer shall prepare and maintain a written
policy statement which:
• Establishes the fire brigade and its organizational
structure
• Defines the functions to be performed; and
• States training program requirements.
– The employer must assure that employees who are
expected to do interior structural firefighting are
physically capable of performing duties
27. 1910.156
Fire Brigades
• Training and Education
– Shall be conducted prior to assignment
– At least annually
– Quarterly training or education sessions are
required for fire brigades expected to perform
interior structural fire fighting.
28. 1910.156
Fire Brigades
• Fire Fighting Equipment
– The employer shall maintain and inspect, at
least annually, fire fighting equipment to assure
safe operational condition of the equipment.
– Portable fire extinguishers shall be inspected at
least monthly
– Respirators shall be inspected at least monthly
29. 1910.156
Fire Brigades
• Protective Clothing
– These requirements apply to those employees
who perform interior structural fire fighting.
– These requirements do not apply to employees
who use fire extinguishers or standpipe systems
to fire incipient level fires.
31. 1910.156
Fire Brigades
• Respiratory Protection Devices
– The employer shall assure that respiratory
protection devices worn by fire brigade
members meet the requirements of 1910.134
• A minimum rating of 30 minutes
• Requires use of 2 in 2 out rule
33. Portable Fire Extinguishers
If portable fire extinguishers
are provided for employee
use, the employer must
mount, locate and identify
them so workers can access
them without subjecting
themselves to possible injury.
Blocked extinguisher
34. Extinguisher Classification
• Class A – ordinary combustibles (wood,
cloth, paper)
• Class B – flammable liquids, gases, greases
• Class C – energized electrical equipment
• Class D – combustible metals
Letter classification given an extinguisher to designate
the class or classes of fire on which it will be effective.
A B C D
Ordinary
Combustibles
Combustible
Metals
Flammable
Liquids
Electrical
Equipment
35. Extinguisher Rating
• Numerical rating given to Class A and B
extinguishers which indicate how large a fire
an experienced person can put out with the
extinguisher
• Ratings are based on tests conducted at
Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.
– Class A: 1-A, 2-A, . . . 40-A
– Class B: 1-B, 2-B, . . . 640-B
• A 4-A extinguisher, for example, should
extinguish about twice as much fire as a 2-A
extinguisher
36. Maintaining Portable Fire Extinguishers
• Must maintain in a fully
charged and operable condition
• Must keep in their designated
places at all times except during
use
• Must conduct an annual
maintenance check
• Must record the annual
maintenance date and retain this
record for one year after the last
entry or the life of the shell,
whichever is less
37. Portable Fire Extinguisher
Training and Education
• Where portable fire extinguishers
have been provided for employee
use in the workplace, employees
must be provided with an
educational program on the:
– General principles of fire
extinguisher use
– Hazards of incipient
(beginning) stage fire fighting
• Employees designated to use
extinguishers must receive
instruction and hands-on practice
in the operation of equipment
38. 1910.157
Portable Fire Extinguishers
– Training and Education
• Employees shall be educated in
– Use of extinguishers
– Associated Hazards
– Initially and Annually
• Employees designated to use fire fighting equipment
shall be trained
39. 1910.157
Portable Fire Extinguishers
• General Requirements
– Mount, locate and identify extinguishers so that
they are readily accessible
– Only approved extinguishers shall be used
– Maintain extinguishers in a fully charged and
operable condition
41. 1910.157
Portable Fire Extinguishers
– Extinguishers shall be distributed so that
maximum travel distances apply:
– Class A 75 feet
– Class B 50 feet
– Class C Based on appropriate pattern
– Class D 75 feet
49. Summary
• This is only a small portion of Subpart L
• Research the standard for standpipe and
fixed system requirements.
• What is a Class B fire?
• Does an interior fire brigade require
quarterly training?
• A magnesium fire requires, what type fire
extinguisher?