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Fire ant stings: pathophysiology and natural remedy
1. FIRE ANT STINGS:
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY &
NATURAL REMEDY
Kevin KF Ng, MD, PhD
Former Associate Professor of Medicine
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Miami, Florida
kevinng68@gmail.com
2. Discovery of Pulmonary Angiotensin Converting Enzyme and
its Inhibitor in venom of Bothrops Jararaca
4. Statistics according to American College of
Asthma, Allergy and Immunology
500,000 of Americans go to Emergency Room each year.
More than 40 people die from sting anaphylaxis annually.
Fire Ant may be the number one agent of inset stings.
Fire Ants cost Americans $6 billion a year including
insecticides.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/insects/
http://www.extension.org/pages/14345/fire-ant-control:-the-two-step-method-and-other-approaches#.VOk8di58z30
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/georgia-woman-dies-fire-ant-sting/story?id=19706086
5. Problems: Pain, Itch, infection
Dr. Blake Layton, Extension Entomology Specialist
Department of Entomology, Mississippi State University
http://msucares.com/insects/fireants/sting.html
Natural history of fire ant sting from contact to resolution
9. Composition & Actions of Fire Ant Venom
95%: Solenopsin A
Angiogenesis inhibitor
neuronal NO synthase inhibitor
Cytotoxic (muscles, nerves, blood cells)
Insecticidal
Antimicrobial (fungus, bacteria, virus)
5%: Allergenic proteins (46)
Phospholipase A
Phospholipase A inhibitor
Cytotoxic (muscles, nerves)
Growth factor
Thioredoxin peroxidase
10.
11.
12.
13. Stings Inflammation Pus & Itch
Local Reactions to Fire Ant Stings
Pain, Swelling, Redness ,Warmth,
14. Treatment of Fire Ant Stings
Inflammation & Itch
Home remedies
Ice
Vinegar
Ammonia
Sodium bicarbonate
Aloe vera gel
Over-the-counter products
Antihistamines (2% Benadry max strength)
Corticosteroids (1% Cortaid max strength)
Local anesthetics (20% Benzocaine max st)
Local analgesics (10% Trolamine salicylate)
Calamine lotion (8% zinc oxide)
15. Disadvantages of Current Topical Renedies
Low concentration of active ingredients.
Water-based formulations.
Inefficient and slow absorption.
Actions limited to 2 out of 14 mediators.
Many mediators act unopposed.
Therefore treatment is incomplete.
18. Extraction of Phytochemicals
Botanical Products (Leaves, Flowers, Fruits, Barks, Roots in carrier medium.
Homogenizer
Centrifuge
Separation of Supernatant from Residue
Tests on Subjects
23. Hypersensitivity Reactions (anaphylaxis) to Fire Ant Stings
Systemic
response:1%
Urticaria
Angioedema
Pruritis
Bronchoconstriction
Hypotension
Organ failure
Death
“Cytokine Storm”
Hospital
24.
25. Experimental treatment of Cytokine Storm
Corticosteroids
TNF-alpha blockers
ACE inhibitors and ARB
Gemfibrosil
OX 40 immunoglobulin
Antioxidants
Renin angiotensin system
Renin
angiotensinogen
Angiotensin I
Converting enzyme
Angiotensin II
26. CONCLUSIONS
The pathophysiology of acute inflammation has outpaced the treatment of
fire ant stings.
The conventional topical treatment of fire ant stings needs to be updated
in accordance with new scientific knowledge.
The abundance of phytochemicals in nature that targets multiple mediators
of inflammation opens up new frontiers for the treatment of fire ant stings.
The phytochemicals are inexpensive, safe, effective and free from
unwanted side effects.