With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tones produced annually.

1. March | April 2011
Feature title: Herbal medicine in aquaculture
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2. F: Herbal medicine F: Herbal medicine
shrimp industry suffered major outbreaks in world’s tools for combating it decrease in naturopathy and herbal medicine are more
South East Asia and South America due to power and number.” and more acknowledged.
Herbal medicine in aquaculture
poor management, as well as, uncontrolled Diseases and pathogens are part of Different medicinal plants and herbs and/
use of antibiotics resulting in resistance every intensive culture. or combinations of them known to have
developed by pathogens. In aquaculture ‘natural mortality’ of properties such as anti-bactria, anti-fungal,
Recently, the Chilean salmon industry 10-25 percent is considered to be normal physiological systems (immune system,
suffered (and still does) a devastated out- in grow-out systems. digestive system,) supporting, hormonal
break of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) Marine finfish larvae (such as sea bream, balancing and many other properties.
virus that cause loss of hundred of mil- sea bass, yellowtail kingfish, etc) survival Strategies for prophylaxis and control
lions of dollars. This outbreak followed in intensive hatcheries is 5-15 percent of WSSV include improvement of envi-
another outbreak during 2008-09 of sea (Kolkovski, personal comment). These low ronmental conditions, stocking of specific
lice that again resulted in major losses to survival rates are usually the result of pathogen free (SPF) shrimp post-larvae and
W
the industry. These outbreaks drove the combined factors such as, environmental enhancement of disease resistance by using
ith the contin- growing rapidly, disease prevention resistant bacterial pieces of DNA from authorities to review and revise the use of conditions, non-specific pathogens, larvae immuno-stimulants.
ued expansion of and treatment practices are far from fish hatcheries into E. coli and Aeromonas chamotherapeutics in this industry. susceptibility and low immune system Immuno stimulants are substances,
cultured fish and standardized or regulated species isolated from patients in hospitals In India, Marine Product Export development. which enhance the non-specific defense
shellfish species, • When antibiotics are used in aquac- (Rhodes et al. 2000). They concluded that, Development Authority (MPEDA) has In fact, this situation is true to most mechanism and provide resistance against
aquaculture has become a key com- ulture, the drugs typically remain in “Collectively, these findings provide evi- instructed the hatcheries operators and farm- marine and fresh water organisms reared in pathogenic organisms (Citarasu et al., 2006).
ponent of the animal health industry. the open environment and may flow dence to support the hypothesis that the ers not to use antibiotics such as chloram- intensive systems. There are many scientific publications
Aquaculture is the fastest growing out of production facilities into open aquaculture and human compartments of phenicol, nitrofurans and all their derivatives, In many cases, and although banned in looking at different mechanisms and ways to
industry around the world with waterways or sewage systems, where the environment behave as a single interac- as well as many other antibiotic groups. most countries, to combat this problem, enhance the specific and non-specific immune
around 80 million tones produced they may also interact with other tive compartment.” (Rhodes et al. 2000) However, sulfadimethoxine, sulfabro- antibiotics are used as growth promoters systems in fish and crustaceans. Many plant-
annually. environmental contaminants The FAO estimated that nearly 170kg momethazine and sulfaethoxyrpyiadine, and/or specifically against bacteria infection derived compounds have been found to have
• The antibiotics typically used are also of antibiotics are applied per hectare of floroquinolones and glycopeptides, which (Hernández Serrano, 2005). For example, in non-specific immuno-stimulating effects in
“In the decade to 2015, world aquac- important in treating human disease salmon harvested in the USA and since are presently used in hatcheries and farms, many hatcheries, fish juveniles are supple- animals, of which more than a dozen have
ulture production will at least double, an and infection cages are placed in natural seawaters, antibi- are still approved for use in aquaculture mented with antibiotics several days prior been evaluated in fish and shrimp (Citarasu
average annual growth rate of not less Impacts of all these factors on the otics and the resultant resistant bacteria are (Sanandakumar, 2002). and few days after transferred to sea cages. et al. 2002, 2006, Sakai, 1999).
than 7.0 percent per annum, and poten- emergence of antibiotic resistance are in contact with the environment. Considering the overall misuse of Many herbs and plants have been used
tially much more.” (as quoted by State One unknown, however, we do know the Some countries, such as Norway, utilise antibiotics in all areas - human medicine, Alternative therapy for millennia as home remedies in many
Stockbroking Ltd in June 2007). following: natural structures like fjords for salmon veterinary medicine, animal production and Low immune system and responses may cultures around the world for both human
• Studies demonstrate an increase in farming and for this reason there are con- plant protection – FAO, in 2005, pub- result in very high mortalities due to spe- and animals. Some of these remedies have
Antibiotics in aquaculture resistant bacteria in the intestines of cerns about the wastes that collect in fjord lished ‘The responsible use of antibiotics cific pathogens that antibiotics are helpless potent anti-viral as well as anti-bacterial and
Due to the intensification of rearing fish receiving antibiotic drugs (ASM, bottoms (FAO/NACA/WHO, 1997). in aquaculture’ to raise awareness of the against. For example, White Spot Syndrome anti-fungal properties.
methods and systems, diseases and patho- 1994 citing Ervik, 1994; Frost and All drugs legally used in aquaculture must antibiotic resistance problem in fish farming Virus (WSSV) is one of the most devastat- These natural plant products have been
gens have been an integral part and formi- Thwaites, 1998; Threlfall et al., 2000; be approved by the designated authorities and related sectors. ing viruses in the shrimp industry. It has reported to have various properties such
dable obstacle to the aquaculture industry Tollefson, L. 2000) (FDA’s Centre for Veterinary Medicine in The document focuses on antibiotics caused the collapse of the shrimp industry as anti-stress, growth promoters, appetisers,
worldwide. • Studies indicate the level of resistant the US, APMVA in Australia). misuse and the concomitant threat of in many countries both in South America tonic and immuno-stimulants.
Moreover, antibiotic resistance has bacteria in the gut of wild fish is The most common route of delivery of resistance development, which is a seen as and South East Asia (FAO, 2006). Moreover, these substances also possess
become a major issue affecting the aquac- affected during antibiotic treatment of these legal antibiotics to fish occurs through a public health concern affecting the popula- Phytotherapy such as the use of other valuable properties; they are non-
ulture industry. farmed fish (ASM, 1994 citing Ervik, mixing with specially formulated feed. tion worldwide. herbal extracts in herbal medicine for toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible. No
As early as 1994 it was being reported 1994) However, fish do not effectively metabo- In its opening statement the authors humans is known for thousands of years. herbal-resistance immunity has been found
by the American Society of Microbiology • A total of 74-100 percent of wild lise antibiotics and will pass them largely stated that, “Antibiotic resistance as a phe- In some countries such as China, India, by any pathogen to date.
Task Force on Antibiotic Resistance (ASM) fish in close proximity to treated unused back into the environment in the nomenon is, in itself, not surprising. Nor is it SEA and some countries in South and Although the properties of herbs and
that, “the increasing problems associated ponds contained quinolone resi- faeces. It has been estimated that 75 per- new. It is however, newly worrying because Central America phytotherapy considered plants are well known, documented, and in
with infectious diseases in fish, the limited dues – a group of antibiotics (for cent of the antibiotics fed to fish are it is accumulating and accelerating, while the mainstream while in Western medicine, use in human herbal medicine around the
number of drugs available for treatment and example, CIPRO) important in human then put into the water through excretion world, currently very few commercial remedy
prevention of these diseases, and the rapid health (ASM, 1994 citing Ervik, 1994; (Goldburg and Triplett 1997).
Hernández Serrano, 2005) N
increase in resistance to these antibiotics Since 2006, the EU has banned com-
Aq Me
represent major challenges for this source • Prior to medication 0.6-1 percent of pletely the use of antibiotics as growth ua et
of food production worldwide.” the fecal bacteria in wild fish were promoters in aquaculture (as well as Better Performance cu us
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Nutrattract - natural feed attractant Na o
Currently, almost every section in the resistant to oxacillin and oxytetracy- any other domestic animal). Banning and ta rld
aquaculture industry from fish, crustaceans cline, respectively (ASM, 1994 citing rejection of seafood imported to US and Better Fecundity lB
ra
zil
T
Nutrafeed - Crustacean semi-moist maturation diet
Nutra-Kol Pty Ltd o
and shellfish is using some sort of chemo- Ervik, 1994) EU countries due to antibiotic and other
therapeotic agents including antibiotics and chemotherapeutics residues are almost a Better stress resistance Western Australia, Australia
co
many other chemicals. Significant progress daily occurrence and yet, currently, there Nutragreen - natural herbal remedies Tel: +61 8 9403 2287
Fax: +61 8 9403 2287
The ASM antibiotic resistance task force
report targets aquaculture as representing
European researchers have made signifi-
cant progress in understanding the mecha-
is no alternative solution to antibiotics and
other chemotherapeutics. Naturally... Email: info@nutrakol.com
“one of the biggest concerns.” nisms through which antibiotic resistant
Both the task force and the FAO (2005) bacteria that emerge on fish farms can Diseases and aquaculture ‘Tailor--made’ Nutrition and natural health solutions for broodstock and larvae
made several points regarding the use of move to humans. During the past decade, several out-
antibiotics: A team of British and Irish scientists breaks of diseases devastated the aquacul-
• Although aquaculture production is documented the distinct movement of ture industry around the world. The global
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28 InternatIonal AquAFeed March-april 2011 March-april 2011 | |InternatIonal AquAFeed | |29
March-april 2011 InternatIonal AquAFeed 29

3. F: Herbal medicine F: Herbal medicine
and nutritional boosters used (Kolkovski et tions. Legislation regarding the addition of now banned for use in the EU, USA and
Table 1: The use of herbal extracts in shrimp boodstock diets
al., 2010). herbal extracts, as feed additives need to be many other countries.
Botanical Biological effect in
Family Distribution Useful parts Reference reviewed and allowed. Natural plant products present a
name aquaculture
Issues viable alternative to antibiotics and other
Although herbal remedies have been in Conclusion banned drugs being safer for the reared
Cinnamonum India, Sri Endocrine system, Punitha, us for human therapy for millennia, there The development of drug-resistant organism and humans, as well as, the
Lauraceae Bark
zeylanicum Lanka Growth promoter 2003
has been relatively little research into the pathogens has been reported from all areas environment.
use of medicinal plants in aquaculture. of aquaculture. Treating microbial infections Authorities should review the current
Elettaria India, Burma, Dried ripe Endocrine system, Punitha,
Scitaminaceae Standardisation is an issue when whole in fish and crustaceans involves dissolving legislation regarding the use of herbal and
cardomomum Sri Lanka seeds Growth promoter 2003
plant or herb is use during the extrac- high quantities of broad-spectrum chemo- natural remedies in aquaculture taking the
Fruits and tion process. Moreover, in many countries therapeutic agents in the culture medium above issues into consideration and allow-
Eugenia India, Sri Endocrine system, Punitha,
Myrtaceae dried flower including the EU, US and Australia, the same or supplying it in the food. ing more flexibility in the use of herbal
caryophyllata Lanka Growth promoter 2003
buds herbals extracts approved for use in human Most of these antibiotics and drugs are medicine in aquaculture.
India, Burma, naturopathy and herbal medicine are treated
Flowe buds,
Mesua Andaman, Endocrine system, Punitha, as drugs when used in aquaculture, forcing the
Guttiferae seeds and
ferrea Nicobar Growth promoter 2003
Islands
bark registration of herbal remedies, a process that Authors Company products
cost hundreds of thousands or even millions
Asparagus Leaves and Dr Sagiv Kolkovski is the principal scientist, Nutrakol specialized in nutritional and
Liliaceae India Endocrine system Devi, 1995 of dollars and can takes years. marine aquaculture, at the Department of health solutions for aquaculture.‘Tailor-made’
racemous Root
A review of this legislation should be Fisheries, western Australia. He is also the diets and additives for broodstock and
Babu and
Mucuna Seeds, roots carried out taking into account the benefits R&D director at Nutrakol Pty Ltd. enrichments for larvae. These products can
Papilionaceae Tropics Endocrine system Marian,
pruriens and legumes of herbal remedies over currently used be manufacture to specific requirements or
2001 Judith Kolkovski, ND is a nutritionist and
chemotherapeutic agents. species. Crustacean broodstock semi-moist
Babu, herbalist and the general manager of
Herbals can be used not only as diets for complete replacement of fresh/
Witania Root and 1999; Nutrakol Pty Ltd.
Solanaceae India Endocrine system remedies but even more so, as growth frozen food. NutraGreen natural health
somnifera leaves Citrasu,
2008 promoters, stress resistance boosters and Nutrakol Pty Ltd is specialized in developing solutions solely based on herbal extracts
and manufacturing nutritional and natural and specifically design to support gonadal
preventatives of infections.
health solutions for aquaculture. development, immune system and digestive
Adiguzel et al. somnifera, Mucuna pruita, Ferula asafoetida Therefore, the use of herbal extract as
system.
(2005) control- and Piper longum extracts. feed additives can significantly benefit any
led infection of Recently, commercial maturation semi- organism cultured under intensive condi-
Aspergillus flavus moist diet (NutraFeed, Nutrakol) that
and Fusarium included herbal extracts fed to p. vanamei
oxyspoum with resulted in over 40percent increase in total
exists for use in large-scale aquaculture in extract of O. basilicum. Other herbal nauplii produced with 44percent reduce in
the world. extracts are very effective against gills mortality compared to the normal fresh feed Naturally ahead
and skin flukes such as Benedenia seri-
Medicinal plants olae (Kolkovski, personal comment,
in aquaculture Nutrakol Pty Ltd). Table 2: Herbs, plants and algae incorporated into
It is well known and documented that Herbal compounds have the diets
medicinal plants have strong antibacterial ability to inhibit the generation of Parts used for the
Plant’s Name
effects. Phenolics, polysaccharides, prote- oxygen anions and scavenge free extraction
Perforizer
oglycans and flavonoids known to play radical, hence reducing stress effects.
an important role in preventing and/or Herbal antioxident effect was dem- Withania somnifera Roots and leaves TM
controlling bacterial infections. onstrated by Citrasu et al. (2006) Mucuna pruriens Seeds and roots
breakthrough
Herbs such as S. triblobatum, A. pan- when P. kurroa (picrorhiza) was used Myristica malabarica Seeds
iculata and P. corylifolia were found to
reduce vibrio in P. monodon three time
when supplied in enriched Artemia (Citrasu
as antis-tress compound for black
tiger shrimp.
Other herbs such as,Astragalus mem-
Mimosa pudica
Ipomea digitata
Roots and leaves
Tuberous root
the
et al. 2002, 2009). Many other studies branaceus, Portulaca oleracea, Flavescent Asparagus racemosa Leaves, bark and juice
with different species and with different ophora and A. paniculata and many other Hygrophila spinosa` Whole herb
herbal extracts and medicinal plants were are know to have specific and none Phasedus roxburghii Seeds
published.
Several plant products found to have
specific anti stress affects.
Medicinal plants are also know to
Moringa tinctoria Inflorescence and gum
Hemidermus indicus Root
Biotronic® Top3 • Inc
r
potent antiviral activity against fish and have hormonal boosting affects with with the unique Perforizer™- effect we eased
ight
shrimp viruses. some herbs are been used in herbal • Im gain
p
For example, Direkbusarakom et al. 1996 medicine as natural ‘viagra’ and in Algae Parts used
The BIOMIN PerforizerTM damages the outer co roved fee
n d
found that shrimp fed ethanol extract of hormonal replacement therapy for
Nannochloropsis occulata Whole cells
membrane of gram negative bacteria thus • Hig version
Clinacanthus nutans had 95 percent survival menopause woman. boosting the synergistic effect of organic h ret
inv u
rates when exposed to Yellow head virus Babu (1999) demonstrated sig- Chlorella salina Whole cells acids and the phytochemical. estm rn on
ent For more information visit:
(YHV) compared to only 25 percent survival nificant increase in fecundity, gonadal Dunaliella salina Whole cells
in control group of black tiger shrimp. weight and reduced intermoult Skeletonema costatum Whole cells biotronictop3.biomin.net
Antifungal properties were also found in period in P. mondon when the shrimp
Spirulina salina Whole cells
many plants. fed maturation diet containing W.
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30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2011 March-april 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31

4. A hammer blow to your operating costs. The hammer mill Granulex™ is the new
F: Feed pellets Aqua News
Extruder_90x270_Kopie von 90 X 270 10.02.2011 16:18 Seite 1
dynamic grinding machine from Buhler. Designedendlesssqueezesor oilmost of the remaining etc which bones,
for ultimate expeller thatGranulex™ and are
it and
screw
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power, presses blood
delivers high capacity grinding up to 75 t/h. Swiss-made reliability and supreme
water and oils. often difficult to
Pressed fish coming out of the press commercialize.
ease of maintenance minimize downtime, so you can make maximum use ofN o w a d a y s ,
(press cakes) then cut into smaller portions
and placed into a dryer on a steam heated however, these by-
this productivity. It’s an investment in quality that is sure tothe drying period, the mash products constitute
surface. During show a rapid return –
is in constant motion and subject to an the basic raw mate-
and deliver a hammer blow to your operating costs.jet that removes all the steam emitted. visit of the bone and
air For more information, rial Rising feed
cost
The dried mash obtained is now called 'fish blood meals widely
www.buhlergroup.com. meal' and contains from 8 to 10 percent used in industry for
of water.
However, if the moisture level is more
animal feeding.
Considerable
Escalating
Tired of hearing
Find us on
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than 11 -12 percent, there is a risk of the amounts of blood fish meal price
fish meal developing moulds. Generally, are produced by
antioxidants are added when fish meal is abattoirs, and this
introduced and taken out of the dryer, and product is usu- booth no. G 061
Visit us at Victam in Cologne, Germany, hall 6, ensuring the stability of the oils ally transported
by so doing booth D041/E041 Opportunistic
remaining within the fish meal. to drying ovens diseases Feed is the main cost
Soy protein
and converted
into blood meal. Shellfish conference in most aquaculture
operations …
in Stirling, Scotland
Not all fish species have easy digestibility Blood from differ-
GranulexTM
of soy protein, primarily due to increased ent origins such Environmental
carbohydrate content fraction. It is usually as, sheep, goat, and impact and the most difficult one
used as supportive High capacityeas-
additive with other poultry are usually
to reduce when ingredient
T
ily digestible protein like fish meal which is stored and proc- he University of Stirling, community work in shellfish res-
hammer mill.
rich in fish proteins. essed separately. in Scotland, is to host a toration.” prices are rising …
Bean processing consists essentially of However, so as to major international shell- Holding the conference in Low Shrimp
& fish prices
extracting the oil so as to concentrate comply with basic fish conference ‘Shellfish - Our Stirling is appropriate, as the city
Powerful 400 kW motor for high
the proteins. This process provides a very sanitary measures, undervalued resource’ in August is on the River Forth, once the
capacity grinding.
important by-product, namely soya oil, it is generally com- this year. most productive oyster fishery
which is widely used as a raw material pulsory to store
Largest screen area of any 400 kW
Laboratory Extruder
This is the 14th International in Scotland where recently there
and oil for human consumption. This proc- blood within cool- C o n f e r e n c e o n S h e l l f i s h was significant news coverage AQUAGEST® maximizes digestibility
hammer mill reduces wear of
ess also contributes to the elimination of
screens and hammers.
ing chambers and for Food and Feed
Restoration, and it is being held when Dr Liz Ashton found two
and feed utilization efficiency
certain anti-nutritional factors present in to ensure that the in the United Kingdom for the live oysters where they had been,
the raw bean. level of bacteria is first time with scientists from till then, considered extinct.
Screens and hammers designed for
The first step in processing involves kept within pre-
replacement by a single person in
around the world expected to As a conference base the AQUABITE® enhances palatability
the removal of the shell (cellulose) from scribed maximum attend. University offers both com-
less than 30 minutes.
the grain. The ‘bare’ beans are then limits. Dr Janet Brown, Head of the for table hotel-type accommo- and appetite
heated, on the one hand to reduce the Shellfish Unit at the Institute of dation plus student-style more
Smooth running sliding doors on
activity of certain enzymes, and on the
both sides for fast and easy
The Aquaculture at Stirling, says: “In economic choices, and also the SANACORE® GM
other to break the cellulose strands and
maintenance.
manufacture the UK the perception of shell- possibility for family-style chalet
improves growth and productivity
facilitate the following steps. The heated of fish is that it is something we accommodation for scientists
beans are then mashed to form thin
Closed machine housing
bloodmeal eat, possibly in upmarket restau- who may take the opportunity by promoting a healthy gut
paste-like slices, which further facilitates Fresh blood rants. to bring their families and enjoy a
preventing dust settlements and
the destruction of the cellulose structure is kept cool at “However, shellfish reefs form Scottish holiday.
microflora
easy to clean, plain surfaces.
and oil extraction. the factory, and an environment that can provide The conference will run from
The product, now termed ‘whole soya sizeable particles a myriad of ecological and the evening of Tuesday August
cake’, still contains its oil and has around 40 filtered and the economic benefits but they have 23 to Saturday August 27, 2011
percent protein, and as such is sold directly blood mass stirred been under such over fishingtesting aof ‘ceilidh’ on August 26.
Quality control and with gala
for animal feeding. so as to separate raw these benefits have Please note the dates and further
pressure thatmaterials
Next, the oil can be extracted from the the fibrillar phase largely been lost. details will be available shortly on
whole cake by means of a solvent (such from the liquid “On Product stage shellfish and University website.
a world development the
as hexane). After total evaporation of the mass. The fibrin is recipe optimization
reefs are considered among the
applying nature for a healthy and sustainable future
solvent, there remains the solvent extracted then heated up to most threatened habitats. This More inforMation:
soya cake, which in turn is widely used for coagulation and the Small-scale production
conference hopes to change per- Andy Mitchell / Lesley Wilkinson
animal feeding, and contains 45 - 50 percent coagulated mass Head of Communications & Media
ceptions, bringing scientists from conditions
Quick change of test University of Stirling
protein. divided and dried all over the world to discuss how
Stirling FK9 4LA
through a hot air we can benefit from the experi- Scotland, UK
Bloodmeal stream (that is by ence elsewhere, particularly from Tel: +44 1786 467058
info.aqua@nutriad.net
the USA where GmbH & Co.been Email: mediarelations@stir.ac.uk
Brabender® there has KG
Innovations for a better world. Abattoirs or slaughterhouses produce
many important by-products, such as
spray drying). This
method is particu- E-Mail: food-sales@brabender.com • Website: www.stir.ac.uk
considerable investment and
www.brabender.com www.nutriad.net
AquAFeed | March-april 2011 8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2011 March-april 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11 March-april 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9

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