SDN

1. Fundamentals of IoT
Unit-II
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2. Syllabus
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3. Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
• Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to
networking of machines (or devices) for the
purpose of remote monitoring and control and
data exchange.
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4. Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
• An M2M area network comprises of machines (or M2M nodes) which have
embedded hardware modules for sensing, actuation and communication.
• Various communication protocols can be used for M2M local area networks such as
ZigBee, Bluetooh, ModBus, M-Bus, Wirless M-Bus, Power Line Communication
(PLC), 6LoWPAN, IEEE 802.15.4, etc.
• The communication network provides connectivity to remote M2M area networks.
• The communication network can use either wired or wireless networks (IPbased).
• While the M2M area networks use either proprietary or non-IP based communication
protocols, the communication network uses IP-based network.
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5. M2M Network
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6. M2M gateway
• Since non-IP based protocols are used within M2M area
networks, the M2M nodes within one network cannot
communicate with nodes in an external network.
• To enable the communication between remote M2M area
networks M2M gateways are used.
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7. M2M gateway
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8. Difference between IoT and M2M
Communication Protocols
• M2M and IoT can differ in how the communication between the machines or devices
happens.
• M2M uses either proprietary or non-IP based communication protocols for
communication within the M2M area networks.
Machines in M2M vs Things in IoT
• The "Things" in IoT refers to physical objects that have unique identifiers and can
sense and communicate with their external environment (and user applications) or
their internal physical states.
• M2M systems, in contrast to IoT, typically have homogeneous machine types within
an M2M area network.
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9. Difference between IoT and M2M
Hardware vs Software Emphasis
• While the emphasis of M2M is more hardware with embedded
modules, the emphasis of IoT is more on software.
Data Collection & Analysis
• M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in on-premises
storage infrastructure.
• In contrast to M2M, the data in IoT is collected in the cloud (can be
public, private or hybrid cloud).
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10. Difference between IoT and M2M
Applications
• M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be accessed by on-
premises applications such as diagnosis applications, service
management applications, and on premises enterprise applications.
• IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be accessed by cloud
applications such as analytics applications, enterprise applications,
remote diagnosis and management applications, etc.
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11. Communication in IoT vs M2M
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12. What is Interoperability?
– Interoperability is a characteristic of a product or
system,whose interfaces are completely understood,to
work with other products or systems, present or future,
in either implementation or access ,with out any
restrictions.
– Communicate meaningfully
– Exchange data or services
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13. Why Interoperability is Important in
Context of IoT?
– To fulfill the IoT objectives Physical objects can interact
with any other physical objects and can share their information
– Any device can communicate with other devices anytime from
anywhere
– Machine to Machine communication(M2M), Device to Device
Communication (D2D), Device to Machine Communication
(D2M)
– Seamless device integration with IoT network
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14. Why Interoperability is required?
– Heterogeneity Different wireless communication protocols such as
ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4), Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1), GPRS,
6LowPAN, and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)
– Different wired communication protocols like Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
and Higher Layer LAN Protocols (IEEE 802.1)
– Different programming languages used in computing systems and
websites such as JavaScript, JAVA, C, C++, Visual Basic, PHP, and
Python
– Different hardware platforms such as Crossbow, NI, etc.
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15. Why Interoperability is required?
(Contd.)
– Different operating systems As an example for sensor node: TinyOS, SOS,
Mantis OS, RETOS, and mostly vendor specific OS
– As an example for personal computer: Windows, Mac, Unix, and Ubuntu
• Different databases: DB2, MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQLite, SQL
Server, and Sybase
• Different data representations
• Different control models
• Syntactic or semantic interpretations
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16. Different Types of Interoperability?
–User Interoperability : Interoperability
problem between a user and a device
–Device Interoperability : Interoperability
problem between two different devices
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17. Example of Device and User
Interoperability
• Using IoT, both A and B provide a real-time
security service
• A is placed at Delhi, India, while B is placed at
Tokyo, Japan
• A, B, U use Hindi, Japanese, and English
language, respectively
• User U wants real-time service of CCTV
camera from the device A and B
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18. 4/29/2024 18

19. User Interoperability
The following problems need to be solved
• Device identification and categorization for
discovery
• Syntactic interoperability for device interaction
• Semantic interoperability for device interaction
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20. Device identification and
categorization for discovery
• There are different solutions for generating
unique address
– Electronic Product Codes (EPC)
– Universal Product Code (UPC)
– Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
• IP Addresses IPv6
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21. Device identification and
categorization for discovery
• There are different device classification solutions
– United Nations Standard Products and Services
Code (UNSPSC) * an open, global, multi-sector standard
for efficient, accurate, flexible classification of products
and services.
– eCl@ss ** The standard is for classification and clear
description of cross-industry products
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22. Syntactic Interoperability for Device
Interaction
• The interoperability between devices and device
user in term of message formats.
• The message format from a device to a user is
understandable for the user’s computer.
• On the other hand, the message format from the
user to the device is executable by the device.
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23. • Some popular approaches are
• Service-oriented Computing (SOC)-based architecture
• Web services
• RESTfulweb services
• Open standard protocols such as IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.15.1, and
WirelessHART*
• Closed protocols such as Z-Wave*
• *But these standards are incompatible with each other
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24. • Middleware technology Software middleware
bridge
• Dynamically map physical devices with different
domains
• Based on the map, the devices can be discovered
and controlled, remotely
• Cross-context syntactic interoperability
Collaborative concept exchange
• Using XML syntax
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25. Semantic Interoperability for Device
Interaction
• The interoperability between devices and device
user in term of message’s meaning.
• The device can understand the meaning of user’s
instruction that is sent from the user to the device.
• Similarly, the user can understand the meaning of
device’s response sent from the device
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26. Semantic Interoperability for Device
Interaction
• Some popular approaches
– Ontology Device ontology
– Physical domain ontology
– Estimation ontology
• Ontology-based solution is limited to the defined
domain /context
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27. Semantic Interoperability for Device
Interaction
• Collaborative conceptualization theory Object is defined based on the collaborative
concept, which is called cosign
• The representation of a collaborative sign is defined as follows:
• cosign of a object = (A, B, C, D ), where A is a cosign internal identifier, B is a
natural language, C is the context of A, and D is a definition of the object
• As an example of CCTV, cosign = (1234, English, CCTV, “Camera Type: Bullet,
Communication: Network/IP, Horizontal Resolution: 2048 TVL”)
• This solution approach is applicable for different domains/contexts
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28. Device Interoperability
• Solution approach for device interoperability
• Universal Middleware Bridge (UMB) Solves seamless
interoperability problems caused by the heterogeneity of
several kinds of home network middleware
• UMB creates virtual maps among the physical devices of all
middleware home networks, such as HAVI, Jini, LonWorks,
and UPnP
• Creates a compatibility among these middleware home
networks
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29. • The Architecture of Universal Middleware
Bridge (UMB)
– UMB consists
• UMB Core (UMB-C)
• UMB Adaptor (UMB-A)
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30. Device Interoperability (Contd.)
• UMB Core
The major role of the UMB Core is routing the
universal metadata message to the destination
or any other UMB Adaptors by the
Middleware Routing Table (MRT) .
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31. 4/29/2024 31

32. Device Interoperability (Contd.)
• UMB Adaptor UMB-A converts physical devices into
virtually abstracted one, as described by Universal Device
Template(UDT)
• UDT consists of a Global Device ID, Global Function ID,
Global Action ID, Global Event ID, and Global Parameters
• UMB Adaptors translate the local middleware’s message
into global metadata’s message
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33. 4/29/2024 33

34. 4/29/2024 34

35. 4/29/2024 35

36. Introduction to Arduino
Programming
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37. Overview
• Background
– Microcontroller defined/Why Arduino's?
– Types of Arduino microcontrollers
• What To Get (Hardware and Software)
• Arduino C
• Electronic Circuits
• Projects
– Blinking light(s)
– Reading inputs (variable resistors)
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38. Microcontrollers – One Definition
• Programmers work in the virtual world.
• Machinery works in the physical world.
• How does one connect the virtual world to the
physical world?
• Enter the microcontroller.
• A microcontroller is basically a small-scale
computer with generalized (and
programmable) inputs and outputs.
• The inputs and outputs can be manipulated by
and can manipulate the physical world.
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39. Arduino – Official Definition
• Taken from the official web site (arduino.cc):
– Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping
platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware
and software. It's intended for artists, designers,
hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating
interactive objects or environments.
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40. Why Arduino?
• For whatever reason, Arduino microcontrollers
have become the de facto standard.
– Make Magazine features many projects using
Arduino microcontrollers.
• Strives for the balance between ease of use
and usefulness.
– Programming languages seen as major obstacle.
– Arduino C is a greatly simplified version of C++.
• Inexpensive ($35 retail).
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41. Arduino Types
• Many different versions
– Number of input/output channels
– Form factor
– Processor
• Leonardo
• Due
• Micro
• LilyPad
• Esplora
• Uno
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42. Leonardo
• Compared to the Uno, a slight upgrade.
• Built in USB compatibility
• Bugs?
 Presents to PC as
a mouse or
keyboard
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43. Due
• Much faster processor, many more pins
• Operates on 3.3 volts
• Similar to the Mega
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44. Micro
• When size matters: Micro, Nano, Mini
• Includes all functionality of the Leonardo
• Easily usable on a breadboard
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45. LilyPad
• LilyPad is popular for clothing-based projects.
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46. Esplora
• Game controller
• Includes joystick, four buttons, linear
potentiometer (slider), microphone, light
sensor, temperature sensor, three-axis
accelerometer.
• Not the standard set of IO pins.
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47. Arduino Uno Close Up
• The pins are in three groups:
– Invented in 2010
– 14 digital pins
– 6 analog pins
– power
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48. Where to Start
• Get an Arduino (starter kit)
• Download the compiler
• Connect the controller
• Configure the compiler
• Connect the circuit
• Write the program
• Get frustrated/Debug/Get it to work
• Get excited and immediately start next project
(sleep is for wimps)
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49. Arduino Starter Kits
• Start with a combo pack (starter kit)
– Includes a microcontroller, wire, LED's, sensors, etc.
• www.adafruit.com
adafruit.com/products/68 ($65)
• www.sparkfun.com
https://www.sparkfun.com/products/11576 ($99.95)
• Radio Shack
Make Ultimate Microcontroller Pack w/ Arduino Kit ($119.99)
• www.makershed.com
http://www.makershed.com/Ultimate_Arduino_Microcontroller_Pack_p/msump
1.htm ($150)
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50. What to Get – My Recommendation
• Required:
– Arduino (such as Uno)
– USB A-B (printer) cable
– Breadboard
– Hookup wire
– LED's
– Resistors
– Sensors
– Switches
• Good Idea:
– Capacitors
– Transistors
– DC motor/servo
– Relay
 Advanced:
 Soldering iron & solder
 Heat shrink tubing
 9V battery adapter
 Bench power supply
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51. Arduino Compiler
• Download current compiler from:
arduino.cc/en/Main/software
• Arrogantly refers to itself as an IDE (Ha!).
• Run the software installer.
• Written in Java, it is fairly slow.
Visit playground.arduino.cc/Main/
DevelopmentTools for alternatives to the
base arduino IDE
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52. Configuring the Arduino Compiler
• Defaults to COM1, will probably need to
change the COM port setting.
• Appears in Device Manager (Win7) under
Ports as a Comm port.
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53. Arduino Program Development
• Based on C++ without 80% of the instructions.
• A handful of new commands.
• Programs are called 'sketches'.
• Sketches need two functions:
– void setup( )
– void loop( )
• setup( ) runs first and once.
• loop( ) runs over and over, until power is lost or a
new sketch is loaded.
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54. Arduino C
• Arduino sketches are centered around the
pins on an Arduino board.
• Arduino sketches always loop.
– void loop( ) {} is equivalent to while(1) { }
• The pins can be thought of as global variables.
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55. Arduino C Specific Functions
• pinMode(pin, mode)
Designates the specified pin for input or output
• digitalWrite(pin, value)
Sends a voltage level to the designated pin
• digitalRead(pin)
Reads the current voltage level from the designated pin
• analog versions of above
– analogRead's range is 0 to 1023
• serial commands
– print, println, write
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56. Compiler Features
• Numerous sample
sketches are included in
the compiler
• Located under File,
Examples
• Once a sketch is
written, it is uploaded
by clicking on File,
Upload, or by pressing
<Ctrl> U
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57. Arduino C is Derived from C++
• avr-libc
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
int main(void) {
while (1) {
PORTB = 0x20;
_delay_ms(1000);
PORTB = 0x00;
_delay_ms(1000);
}
return 1;
}
• Arduino C
void setup( ) {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
void loop( ) {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
 These programs blink an LED on pin 13
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58. Basic Electric Circuit
• Every circuit (electric or electronic) must have
at least a power source and a load.
• The simplest circuit is a light.
• Plug in the light, and it lights up.
• Unplug it, the light goes out.
• Electricity flows from the power source,
through the load (the light) and then back to
the power source.
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59. Basic LED Circuit
• Connect the positive (+) lead of a power
source to the long leg of an LED.
• Connect other leg of the LED to a resistor.
– High resistance means a darker light.
– Low resistance means brighter light.
– No resistance means a burned out LED.
• Connect other leg of the resistor to the
negative lead of the power source.
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60. Let the Good Times Roll!
• At this point we have:
– Purchased a starter kit, including the Arduino
– Connected and configured the Arduino
– Connected a simple LED circuit
• Let's write some code!
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61. Blink Sketch
void setup( ) {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
void loop( ) {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
Connected to
one end of the
circuit
Connected to
other end of the
circuit
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62. 4 LED Blink Sketch
void setup( ) {
pinMode(1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
}
void loop( ) {
digitalWrite(1, HIGH);
delay (200);
digitalWrite(1, LOW);
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
delay (200);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
delay (200);
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
delay (200);
digitalWrite(7, LOW);
}
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63. So What?
• Great. Blinking lights. Not impressed.
• Only covered output thus far.
• Can use analog inputs to detect a physical
phenomena.
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64. Inputs
• Digital inputs will come to the Arduino as either
on or off (HIGH or LOW, respectively).
– HIGH is 5VDC.
– LOW is 0VDC.
• Analog inputs will come to the Arduino as a range
of numbers, based upon the electrical
characteristics of the circuit.
– 0 to 1023
– .0049 V per digit (4.9 mV)
– Read time is 100 microseconds (10,000 a second)
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65. Analog Input
• A potentiometer (variable
resistor) is connected to
analog pin 0 to an Arduino.
• Values presented to pin 0
will vary depending upon
the resistance of the
potentiometer.
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66. Analog Input-Application
• The variable resistor can be replaced with a
sensor.
• For example, a photo resistor.
– Depending upon the light level at the photo resistor:
• Turn on a light
• Increase or decrease the brightness of an LED (or an LED
array)
• Most sensors are simply variable resistors, but
vary their resistance based on some physical
characteristic.
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67. “Competitors”to the Arduino
• PIC controller
– Microcontroller programmed with C or assembler
• Alternatives to the Arduino line
– Pinguino – PIC controller
– MSP430 – Texas Instruments; $4.30
– Others: customs, Teensy, etc.
• Netduino
• Computers
– Raspberry Pi
– BeagleBones – TI; has computer and controller
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68. Introduction to Arduino Programming
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69. Content
 Operators in Arduino
 Control Statement
 Loops
 Arrays
 String
 Math Library
 Random
Number
 Interrupts
 Example
Program
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70. Operators
 Arithmetic Operators: =, +, -, *, /, %
 Comparison Operator: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
 Boolean Operator: &&, ||, !
 Bitwise Operator: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>,
 Compound Operator: ++, --, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=,
|=, &=
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71. Control Statement
 If statement
 if(condition){
Statements if
the condition is
true ;
}
 If…Else statement
 if(condition ){
Statements if
the condition is
true;
}
else{
Statements if
the condition is
false;
}
If…….Elseif…..Else
 if (condition1){
• Statements if the
condition1 is true;
• }
• else if
(condition2){
Statements if the
condition1 is false
• and condition2 is true;
• }
• else{
•Statements if both
the conditions are
false;
• }
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72. Control Statement (contd..)
 Switch Case
 Switch(choice)
{
case opt1: statement_1;
break;
Case opt2: statement_2;
break;
case opt3: statement_3;break;
.
.
.
case default: statement_default; break;
}
 Conditional Operator.
 Val=(condition)?(Statement1): (Statement2)
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73. Loops
 For loop
 for(initialization; condition; increment)
{ Statement till the condition is true;
}
 While loop
 while(condition){
Statement till the condition is true;
}
 Do… While loop
 do{
Statement till the condition is true;
}while(condition);
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74. Loops (contd..)
 Nested loop: Calling a loop inside another loop
 Infinite loop: Condition of the loop is always true, the loop will
never terminate
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75. Arrays
 Collection of elements having homogenous datatype
that are stored in adjacent memory location.
 The conventional starting index is 0.
 Declaration of array:
<Datatype>
array_name[size];
Ex: int arre[5];
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76. Arrays (contd..)
 Alternative Declaration:
int arre[]={0,1,2,3,4};
int arre[5]={0,1,2};
 Multi-dimentional array Declaration:
<Datatype> array_name[n1] [n2][n3]….;
Ex: int arre[row][col][height];
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77. String
 Array of characters with NULL as termination is termed as a
String.
 Declaration using Array:
 char str[]=“ABCD”;
 char str[4];
 str[0]=‘A’;
 str[1]=‘B’;
 str[2]=‘C’;
 str[3]=D;
 Declaration using String Object:
 String str=“ABC”;
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78. String (contd..)
 Functions of String Object:
 str.ToUpperCase(): change all the characters of str to upper
case
 str.replace(str1,str2): is str1 is the sub string of str then it
will be replaced by str2
 str.length(): returns the length of the string without considering
null
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79. Math Library
 To apply the math functions and mathematical constants, “MATH.h”
header files is needed to be included.
 Functions:
 cos(double radian);
 sin(double radian);
 tan(double radian);
 fabs(double val);
 fmod(double val1, double val2);
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80. Math Library (contd..)
 Functions:
 exp(double val);
 log(double val);
 log10(double val);
 square(double val);
 pow(double base, double
power);
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81. Random Number
 randomSeed(int v): reset the pseudo-random number
generator with seed value v
 random(maxi)=gives a random number within the range
[0,maxi]
 r
n
a
i
,
n
m
d
a
o
x
m
i(mini )=gives a random number within the
range [mini,maxi]
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82. Interrupts
 An external signal for which system blocks the current
running process to process that signal
 Types:
 Hardware interrupt
 Software interrupt
 digitalPinToInterrupt(pin): Change actual digital pin to the
specific interrupt number.
 attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(pin), ISR, mode);
 ISR: a interrupt service routine
have to be defined
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83. Example: TrafficControlSystem
Requirement:
 ArduinoBoard
 3 different color
LEDs
 330 Ohm resistors
 Jumper wires
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84. Example: Traffic Control System (contd..)
Connection:
 Connect the positive
terminals of the LEDs
to the respective
digital output pins in
the board, assigned in
the code.
 Connect the negative
terminals of the LEDs
to the ground
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85. Example: Traffic Control System
(contd..)
 Sketch
//LED pins
int r =2;
int g = 3;
int y =4;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(r, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(r,LOW);
pinMode(g, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(g,LOW);
pinMode(y , OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(y, LOW);
}
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86. Example: Traffic Control System
(contd..)
void traffic()
{
digitalWrite(g, HIGH);
Serial.println(“Green LED: ON, GO”);
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(g, LOW);
digitalWrite(y, HIGH);
Serial.println(“Green LED: OFF ; Yellow LED: ON, WAIT”);
delay(5000);
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87. digitalWrite(y,LOW);
digitalWrite(r, HIGH);
Serial.println(“Yellow LED: OFF ; Red LED: ON, STOP");
//
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(r, LOW);
Serial.println(“All OFF");
}
void loop()
{
traffic ();
delay (10000);
}
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88. Example: Traffic Control
System (contd..)
Output:
 Initially, all the LEDs are turned off
 The LEDs are turned on one at a
time with a delay of 5 seconds
 The message is displayed
accordingly
 Figure showing all the LEDs
turned on
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89. Output
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90. /
Integration of Sensors and Actuators
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91. Sensors
 Electronic elements
 Converts physical quantity/ measurements into
electrical signals
 Can be analog or digital
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92. Types of Sensors
Some commonly used
sensors:
 Temperature
 Humidity
 Compass
 Light
 Sound
 Accelerometer
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93. SensorInterface with Arduino
 Digital Humidity and
Temperature Sensor (DHT)
 PIN 1, 2, 3, 4 (from left to right)
 PIN 1- 3.3V-5V Power supply
 PIN 2- Data
 PIN 3- Null
 PIN 4- Ground
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94. DHTSensorLibrary
 A
u
p
r
d
p
u
o
i
r
n
t
o
sa
sspecial library for the DHT11 and
DHT22 sensors
 Provides function to read the temperature and
humidity values from the data pin
dht.readHumidity()
dht.readTemperatue()
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95. Connection
 Connect pin 1 of the
DHT to the 3.3 V
supply pin in the
board
 Data pin (pin 2) can
be connected to any
digital pin, here 12
 Connect pin 4 to the
ground (GND) pin of
the board
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96. Sketch: DHT_SENSOR
Install the DHT Sensor Library
 Go to Sketch -> Include
Library -> Manage Library
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97. Sketch: DHT_SENSOR (contd..)
 Search for DHT
SENSOR
 Select the “DHT
sensor library” and
install it
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98. Sketch: DHT_SENSOR (contd..)
//Initialize DHT
sensor
//Stores humidity
value
//Stores temperature
#include <DHT.h>;
DHT dht(8, DHT22);
float humidity;
float temperature; value
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
dht.begin();
}
void loop()
{
//Read data from the sensor and store it to
variables humidity and temperature
humidity = dht.readHumidity();
temperature=
dht.readTemperature();
//Print temperature and humidity values to
serial monitor
Serial.print("Humidity: ");
Serial.print(humidity);
Serial.print("%, Temperature:
"); Serial.print(temperature);
Serial.println(" Celsius");
delay(2000); //Delay of 2
seconds
}
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99. Sketch: DHT_SENSOR (contd..)
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100. Sketch: DHT_SENSOR (contd..)
 Connect the board to the
PC
 Set the port and board
type
 Verify and upload the
code
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101. Output
The readings are printed at a
delay of 2 seconds as specified
by the delay() function
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102. Actuators
 Mechanical/Electro-mechanical device
 Converts energy into motion
 Mainly used to provide controlled motion to
other components
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103. Basic Working Principle
Uses different combination of various mechanical
structures like screws, ball bearings, gears to
produce motion.
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104. Types of Motor Actuators
 Servo motor
 Stepper motor
 Hydraulic
motor
 Solenoid
 Relay
 AC motor
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105. Servo Motor
 High precision motor
 Provides rotary motion
0 to 180 degree
 3 wires in the Servo
motor
 Black is Ground
 Red is for power
supply
 Yellow for signal pin
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106. Servo Library on Arduino
A
rudinohas library to operate the servo motor-SERVO
 Create an instance of servo to use it in
the sketch
Servo myservo;
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107. Sketch: SERVO_ACTUATOR
• #include <Servo.h>
• //Including the servo library for the program
• int servoPin = 12;
• Servo ServoDemo; // Creating a
servo object
• void setup() {
• // The servo pin must be attached to the servo
before it can be used
• ServoDemo.attach(servo
Pin);
• }
void loop(){
//Servo moves to 0 degrees
ServoDemo.write(0);
delay(1000);
// Servo moves to 90 degrees
ServoDemo.write(90);
delay(1000);
// Servo moves to 180 degrees
ServoDemo.write(180);
delay(1000);
}
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108. Sketch: SERVO_ACTUATOR(contd..)
 Create an instance of Servo
 The instance must be
attached to the pin before
being used in the code
 Write() function takes the
degree value and rotates
the motor accordingly
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109. Connection
 Connect the Ground of
the servo to the ground
of the Arduino board.
 Connect the power supply
wire to the 5V pin of the
board.
 Connect the signal wire to
any digital output pin (we
have used pin 8).
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110. Board Setup
 Connect the board to the
PC
 Set the port and board
type
 Verify and upload the
code
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111. Output
The motor turns 0, 90 and
180 degrees with a delay of 1
second each.
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112. Do more with the Servo library
• Some other functions available with the Servo
library:
 Knob()
 Sweep()
 write()
 writeMicroseconds()
 read()
 attached()
 detach()
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113. Thank you!
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