Financial statement analysis by george foster
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Strategic financial management
The document discusses strategic financial management and provides details on:
1. Strategic financial management focuses on the long-term outlook and anticipating environmental changes.
2. Strategic planning involves studying internal/external factors, identifying opportunities/threats, and leveraging core competencies.
3. Financial forecasting helps prepare pro forma statements and budgets to project the future financial position.
Behavioral Finance Overview
Investors do not always behave rationally as assumed by traditional finance theories. Behavioral finance incorporates insights from psychology to understand how investor behavior actually departs from rational decision making. Some key insights from behavioral finance include that investors exhibit cognitive biases like overconfidence and framing effects. They are also influenced by emotions. While traditional theories assume markets are efficient, behavioral finance suggests market inefficiencies can persist due to limits to arbitrage from factors like information and trading costs. Understanding actual investor psychology is important for behavioral finance in explaining anomalies compared to models of rational decision making.
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Cost of capital
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- Cost of equity, which is the rate investors use to value the company's future dividend payments. It can be calculated using the dividend valuation model or capital asset pricing model.
- Cost of debt, which is the after-tax interest rate the company pays on its borrowed funds.
- Cost of preferred shares.
It explains that the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) weights each of these costs based on the
Multinational financial managment
The document provides an overview of multinational financial management. It discusses the goal of maximizing shareholder wealth for multinational corporations (MNCs) and the conflicts against this goal, such as agency problems between managers and shareholders. It also describes theories justifying international business, such as comparative advantage, and common methods for conducting international business, such as exporting, licensing, and foreign direct investment. Finally, it addresses how management structure and technology impact agency costs and the flows of cash for MNCs.
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Cost Accounting - Nature & Scope
Cost accounting arose to overcome the limitations of financial accounting in providing useful cost data and information to management for planning, decision-making, and control. Financial accounting only provides aggregate, past-oriented data and does not adequately account for factors like price changes, wastage, or provide data needed for setting prices. Cost accounting develops costing principles, methods, and techniques to ascertain detailed product and process costs, enable cost control, and provide relevant information to management. It has grown to encompass costing, cost accounting, budgeting, standard costing, and cost auditing. While related, cost accounting has a broader scope focused on internal reporting, compared to the external reporting focus of financial accounting.
Du Pont Analysis
The document discusses the Du Pont analysis method of financial analysis. It was pioneered by the Du Pont company in the United States. The Du Pont analysis breaks down return on equity into three components: profit margin, asset turnover, and financial leverage. It is used to understand how net return on investment is influenced by net profit margin and asset turnover ratio.
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The document discusses strategic financial management and provides details on:
1. Strategic financial management focuses on the long-term outlook and anticipating environmental changes.
2. Strategic planning involves studying internal/external factors, identifying opportunities/threats, and leveraging core competencies.
3. Financial forecasting helps prepare pro forma statements and budgets to project the future financial position.
Behavioral Finance Overview
Investors do not always behave rationally as assumed by traditional finance theories. Behavioral finance incorporates insights from psychology to understand how investor behavior actually departs from rational decision making. Some key insights from behavioral finance include that investors exhibit cognitive biases like overconfidence and framing effects. They are also influenced by emotions. While traditional theories assume markets are efficient, behavioral finance suggests market inefficiencies can persist due to limits to arbitrage from factors like information and trading costs. Understanding actual investor psychology is important for behavioral finance in explaining anomalies compared to models of rational decision making.
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This document discusses the cost of capital and how it is calculated. It begins by defining cost of capital as the minimum rate of return a company must earn on an investment to maintain its value. It then discusses the different costs that make up the overall cost of capital, including:
- Cost of equity, which is the rate investors use to value the company's future dividend payments. It can be calculated using the dividend valuation model or capital asset pricing model.
- Cost of debt, which is the after-tax interest rate the company pays on its borrowed funds.
- Cost of preferred shares.
It explains that the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) weights each of these costs based on the
Multinational financial managment
The document provides an overview of multinational financial management. It discusses the goal of maximizing shareholder wealth for multinational corporations (MNCs) and the conflicts against this goal, such as agency problems between managers and shareholders. It also describes theories justifying international business, such as comparative advantage, and common methods for conducting international business, such as exporting, licensing, and foreign direct investment. Finally, it addresses how management structure and technology impact agency costs and the flows of cash for MNCs.
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Cost Accounting - Nature & Scope
Cost accounting arose to overcome the limitations of financial accounting in providing useful cost data and information to management for planning, decision-making, and control. Financial accounting only provides aggregate, past-oriented data and does not adequately account for factors like price changes, wastage, or provide data needed for setting prices. Cost accounting develops costing principles, methods, and techniques to ascertain detailed product and process costs, enable cost control, and provide relevant information to management. It has grown to encompass costing, cost accounting, budgeting, standard costing, and cost auditing. While related, cost accounting has a broader scope focused on internal reporting, compared to the external reporting focus of financial accounting.
Du Pont Analysis
The document discusses the Du Pont analysis method of financial analysis. It was pioneered by the Du Pont company in the United States. The Du Pont analysis breaks down return on equity into three components: profit margin, asset turnover, and financial leverage. It is used to understand how net return on investment is influenced by net profit margin and asset turnover ratio.
Corporate Governance - By Aditya Agarwal
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The document discusses the profitability index, which is an investment appraisal technique that calculates the present value of future cash flows of a project divided by the initial investment. It provides the formula and explains that the profitability index is a modification of the net present value method and is a relative measure rather than an absolute one. Projects should be accepted if the profitability index is above 1 and rejected if below 1. An example calculates the profitability index of 1.3 for a project with a $65M present value of cash flows and $50M initial investment.
Cash forecasting
Cash management is important for working capital management. There are four motives for holding cash: transaction, precautionary, speculative, and compensating. The objectives of cash management are to meet payment schedules and minimize idle cash balances. Cash needs depend on the synchronization of cash inflows and outflows. Forecasting cash flows helps anticipate surplus or deficit periods to avoid issues like late payments or idle surplus cash. Cash can be forecast over different time periods using receipts/disbursements or adjusted net income approaches.
CASH MANAGEMENT
This document discusses cash management for business organizations. It covers controlling cash levels, controlling cash inflows and outflows, and optimally investing excess cash. Tools for cash planning include net cash forecasts and cash budgets. Cash budgets in particular are important for evaluating financial performance, setting dividend policies, and planning by indicating cash surpluses or deficiencies. Controlling cash outflows is also discussed. Overall the document provides an overview of key aspects of effective cash management for organizations.
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The pros and cons of current cost accounting slide
This document discusses and compares historical cost accounting and current cost accounting. Historical cost accounting records assets based on their original purchase price, ignoring inflation. It provides reliable information but does not reflect current values. Current cost accounting measures assets based on their replacement cost or market value, reflecting inflation. It provides more relevant information to investors but can be unreliable if market prices are unavailable. There is debate around which method provides the most useful information to financial statement users.
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2) It emphasizes that capital budgeting decisions should be based on incremental after-tax cash flows rather than accounting profits and highlights factors like sunk costs, opportunity costs, and side effects.
3) The document provides a detailed example of a capital budgeting analysis for a company considering investing in a new machine and outlines the calculation of cash flows and net present value.
4) It addresses special considerations like how to incorporate inflation, evaluate projects of unequal lengths, and use
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This document discusses cash management. It begins by defining cash management and its objectives of meeting payment schedules while minimizing cash balances. It then covers facets of cash management like cash planning, managing cash flows, optimal cash levels, and investing surplus cash. Analytical cash management models like the Baumol, Miller-Orr, and Orgler's models are also summarized. The document concludes with discussing motives for holding cash and types of money market and capital market securities.
Corporate Finance: Basic Concept
This document provides an introduction to corporate finance. It discusses that corporate finance involves managing a company's assets and financing decisions. This includes capital budgeting, credit policy, cash management, and decisions around capital structure, equity financing, dividends, and borrowing. The goals of corporate finance are to determine what long-term investments a firm should make, how to raise money for investments, and how much cash is needed for short-term obligations.
Strategic financial management
Strategic financial management refers to both the financial implications of business strategies and the strategic management of finances. It takes a long-term perspective to facilitate growth, sustainability, and competitive advantage. Strategic financial management deals with investment, financing, liquidity, and dividend decisions and applies financial techniques to strategic decision making to help achieve objectives. An effective strategic financial plan considers scenarios, start-up costs, ongoing costs, revenue, objectives, and what the planning process will accomplish for the organization.
Cash conversion cycle
This document discusses working capital and cash conversion cycle management. It begins by defining net working capital and the components of the cash conversion cycle, including inventory turnover, accounts receivable turnover, and accounts payable turnover. It then discusses how to calculate a firm's operating cycle and cash conversion cycle. The rest of the document outlines various strategies and techniques for managing inventory, accounts receivable, and payables to improve a firm's cash conversion cycle, including inventory classification and modeling, accounts receivable credit analysis, and accounts payable payment terms.
Hybrid instruments 11.12.10
The document summarizes a presentation on hybrid financial instruments. It defines hybrid instruments as those that have economic characteristics inconsistent with their legal form. It discusses types of hybrid instruments like convertible notes and dividend yielding bonds. It also covers the classification of hybrid instruments from tax perspectives of issuers and investors. The taxation of payments from hybrid instruments and double taxation relief is discussed. Case studies on the approaches of the UK and US to hybrid instrument taxation are provided.
Security Analysis
This document provides an overview of security analysis, which involves analyzing tradeable financial instruments like stocks, bonds, and derivatives. It discusses the main approaches to security analysis: fundamental analysis and technical analysis. Fundamental analysis examines underlying business and economic factors, while technical analysis focuses on price trends and momentum. The document then goes into more detail about fundamental analysis and the three steps involved: economic analysis, industry analysis, and company analysis. It provides examples of key variables to consider in each type of analysis.
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This document provides an overview of business valuation. It discusses the common reasons valuations are performed, including buying/selling a company, estate planning, financing, and litigation. The accepted valuation methodologies are also reviewed, including the income approach using discounted cash flow and capitalization of cash flows methods, market approach using comparable companies and precedent transactions, and asset-based approach. Key valuation concepts like standards of value, levels of value, and determining discount rates are also summarized.
The Discounted Cash Flow Valuation.pptx
The document provides an overview of discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation. It discusses the history of DCF dating back to ancient times and its popularity after the 1929 stock market crash. It defines DCF valuation as estimating a company's value based on discounting its predicted future cash flows. The key steps in DCF valuation are estimating future cash flows, determining an appropriate discount rate, and calculating the present value of the future cash flows. DCF valuation requires numerous assumptions about cash flows, growth rates, and discount rates.
Financial Planning and Forecasting
Financial planning and forecasting involves determining capital requirements, framing financial policies, and assessing future financial performance. Financial planning is the process of estimating needed capital and determining sources, while financial forecasting extends planning by making inferences about future sales, expenses, cash flows, and financial positions. Forecasting techniques include regression analysis of historical relationships, creating pro forma financial statements using past ratios or estimated expenses, and functional budgeting through cash, sales, and operational budgets.
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1 Introduction To Financial Statements
The document provides an introduction to financial statements and accounting. It discusses the key financial statements - the balance sheet, profit and loss account, and cash flow statement - and what they measure. It also covers accounting concepts like GAAP, accounting standards, and the accounting process of recording transactions in accounts and periodically summarizing accounts. Exercises are provided to help understand inventory costing methods and the impact of different accounting policies on profits.
Financial statement analysis
Financial statement analysis involves analyzing a company's financial statements to assess its performance and financial position. It is used to evaluate factors like profitability, solvency, liquidity, and efficiency. Key tools for financial statement analysis include financial ratios, common size analysis, trend analysis, and comparisons to industry standards and past performance. The purpose is to provide useful information to decision makers about a company's historical performance, current condition, and future prospects.
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Corporate governance involves relationships between a company's management, board of directors, shareholders, and other stakeholders. It provides the structure to set objectives and monitor performance. It also determines how the company is directed and controlled. The principal stakeholders are shareholders, management, and the board of directors, while other stakeholders include employees, customers, creditors, suppliers, regulators, and the community. Senior executives manage the company's day-to-day operations and are responsible for strategic planning under the authority of the board of directors.
Pi
The document discusses the profitability index, which is an investment appraisal technique that calculates the present value of future cash flows of a project divided by the initial investment. It provides the formula and explains that the profitability index is a modification of the net present value method and is a relative measure rather than an absolute one. Projects should be accepted if the profitability index is above 1 and rejected if below 1. An example calculates the profitability index of 1.3 for a project with a $65M present value of cash flows and $50M initial investment.
Cash forecasting
Cash management is important for working capital management. There are four motives for holding cash: transaction, precautionary, speculative, and compensating. The objectives of cash management are to meet payment schedules and minimize idle cash balances. Cash needs depend on the synchronization of cash inflows and outflows. Forecasting cash flows helps anticipate surplus or deficit periods to avoid issues like late payments or idle surplus cash. Cash can be forecast over different time periods using receipts/disbursements or adjusted net income approaches.
CASH MANAGEMENT
This document discusses cash management for business organizations. It covers controlling cash levels, controlling cash inflows and outflows, and optimally investing excess cash. Tools for cash planning include net cash forecasts and cash budgets. Cash budgets in particular are important for evaluating financial performance, setting dividend policies, and planning by indicating cash surpluses or deficiencies. Controlling cash outflows is also discussed. Overall the document provides an overview of key aspects of effective cash management for organizations.
Leases
Leases means good business sense to many business-men. Leases provide most convenient mode of financing assets.
Role of Financial Manager
The role of a finance manager is critical to an organization's success. A finance manager is responsible for securing funding, making investment and financial forecasting decisions, managing liquidity and working capital, and making capital budgeting, dividend, and risk management decisions. Additionally, a finance manager must analyze the financial health of the organization and prepare budgets while managing payments, receivables, and the firm's credit policy. Proper financial management is needed to maximize shareholder value and ensure the firm's long term viability.
The pros and cons of current cost accounting slide
This document discusses and compares historical cost accounting and current cost accounting. Historical cost accounting records assets based on their original purchase price, ignoring inflation. It provides reliable information but does not reflect current values. Current cost accounting measures assets based on their replacement cost or market value, reflecting inflation. It provides more relevant information to investors but can be unreliable if market prices are unavailable. There is debate around which method provides the most useful information to financial statement users.
chap006 Making Capital Investment Decisions
1) The document discusses various methods and considerations for capital investment and budgeting decisions, including determining relevant cash flows, accounting for inflation, and different approaches to calculating operating cash flow.
2) It emphasizes that capital budgeting decisions should be based on incremental after-tax cash flows rather than accounting profits and highlights factors like sunk costs, opportunity costs, and side effects.
3) The document provides a detailed example of a capital budgeting analysis for a company considering investing in a new machine and outlines the calculation of cash flows and net present value.
4) It addresses special considerations like how to incorporate inflation, evaluate projects of unequal lengths, and use
Financial Statement Case study
Example case study of Financial Statement of (Manufacturing and Trade Business) Sole proprietorship and Partnership.
Trial Balance
Cost of Goods Sold
Profit and Loss Statement
Profit Distribution Statement
Balance Sheet
Cash management (4)
This document discusses cash management. It begins by defining cash management and its objectives of meeting payment schedules while minimizing cash balances. It then covers facets of cash management like cash planning, managing cash flows, optimal cash levels, and investing surplus cash. Analytical cash management models like the Baumol, Miller-Orr, and Orgler's models are also summarized. The document concludes with discussing motives for holding cash and types of money market and capital market securities.
Corporate Finance: Basic Concept
This document provides an introduction to corporate finance. It discusses that corporate finance involves managing a company's assets and financing decisions. This includes capital budgeting, credit policy, cash management, and decisions around capital structure, equity financing, dividends, and borrowing. The goals of corporate finance are to determine what long-term investments a firm should make, how to raise money for investments, and how much cash is needed for short-term obligations.
Strategic financial management
Strategic financial management refers to both the financial implications of business strategies and the strategic management of finances. It takes a long-term perspective to facilitate growth, sustainability, and competitive advantage. Strategic financial management deals with investment, financing, liquidity, and dividend decisions and applies financial techniques to strategic decision making to help achieve objectives. An effective strategic financial plan considers scenarios, start-up costs, ongoing costs, revenue, objectives, and what the planning process will accomplish for the organization.
Cash conversion cycle
This document discusses working capital and cash conversion cycle management. It begins by defining net working capital and the components of the cash conversion cycle, including inventory turnover, accounts receivable turnover, and accounts payable turnover. It then discusses how to calculate a firm's operating cycle and cash conversion cycle. The rest of the document outlines various strategies and techniques for managing inventory, accounts receivable, and payables to improve a firm's cash conversion cycle, including inventory classification and modeling, accounts receivable credit analysis, and accounts payable payment terms.
Hybrid instruments 11.12.10
The document summarizes a presentation on hybrid financial instruments. It defines hybrid instruments as those that have economic characteristics inconsistent with their legal form. It discusses types of hybrid instruments like convertible notes and dividend yielding bonds. It also covers the classification of hybrid instruments from tax perspectives of issuers and investors. The taxation of payments from hybrid instruments and double taxation relief is discussed. Case studies on the approaches of the UK and US to hybrid instrument taxation are provided.
Security Analysis
This document provides an overview of security analysis, which involves analyzing tradeable financial instruments like stocks, bonds, and derivatives. It discusses the main approaches to security analysis: fundamental analysis and technical analysis. Fundamental analysis examines underlying business and economic factors, while technical analysis focuses on price trends and momentum. The document then goes into more detail about fundamental analysis and the three steps involved: economic analysis, industry analysis, and company analysis. It provides examples of key variables to consider in each type of analysis.
Business valuation 101
This document provides an overview of business valuation. It discusses the common reasons valuations are performed, including buying/selling a company, estate planning, financing, and litigation. The accepted valuation methodologies are also reviewed, including the income approach using discounted cash flow and capitalization of cash flows methods, market approach using comparable companies and precedent transactions, and asset-based approach. Key valuation concepts like standards of value, levels of value, and determining discount rates are also summarized.
The Discounted Cash Flow Valuation.pptx
The document provides an overview of discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation. It discusses the history of DCF dating back to ancient times and its popularity after the 1929 stock market crash. It defines DCF valuation as estimating a company's value based on discounting its predicted future cash flows. The key steps in DCF valuation are estimating future cash flows, determining an appropriate discount rate, and calculating the present value of the future cash flows. DCF valuation requires numerous assumptions about cash flows, growth rates, and discount rates.
Financial Planning and Forecasting
Financial planning and forecasting involves determining capital requirements, framing financial policies, and assessing future financial performance. Financial planning is the process of estimating needed capital and determining sources, while financial forecasting extends planning by making inferences about future sales, expenses, cash flows, and financial positions. Forecasting techniques include regression analysis of historical relationships, creating pro forma financial statements using past ratios or estimated expenses, and functional budgeting through cash, sales, and operational budgets.
Investment strategy and tactics
investment strategy,Tactics, Investment policy statement ,strategic assets allocation ,Investment constrains ,Strategic Assets Allocation
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Presenting this set of slides with name - Risk Return Trade Off Powerpoint Presentation Slides. This deck consists of total of twenty nine slides. It has PPT slides highlighting important topics of Risk Return Trade Off Powerpoint Presentation Slides. This deck comprises of amazing visuals with thoroughly researched content. Each template is well crafted and designed by our PowerPoint experts. Our designers have included all the necessary PowerPoint layouts in this deck. From icons to graphs, this PPT deck has it all. The best part is that these templates are easily customizable. Just click the DOWNLOAD button shown below. Edit the colour, text, font size, add or delete the content as per the requirement. Download this deck now and engage your audience with this ready made presentation.
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Financial statement analysis
Financial statement analysis involves analyzing a company's financial statements to assess its performance and financial position. It is used to evaluate factors like profitability, solvency, liquidity, and efficiency. Key tools for financial statement analysis include financial ratios, common size analysis, trend analysis, and comparisons to industry standards and past performance. The purpose is to provide useful information to decision makers about a company's historical performance, current condition, and future prospects.
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