This presentation summarizes research on genotyping strains of the pathogenic bacteria Mycobacterium kansasii found in human clinical samples and potable water specimens in Queensland, Australia. A variety of molecular analysis techniques were used to genotype 140 M. kansasii isolates, including existing ITS-REA and newer automated repetitive-PCR (DiversiLab) and high resolution melt analysis (HRM). The results showed that ITS-REA identified 3 main strain types, while DiversiLab and HRM differentiated strains better but with some limitations. Comparison of strains from patients and water found some matches but indicated water is unlikely to be a major source of infection in Brisbane, though mining areas may pose higher risk. Whole
DNA barcoding is a standardized approach to identifying plants and animals by minimal sequences of DNA, called DNA barcodes.
DNA barcode - short gene sequences taken from a standardized portion of the genome that is used to identify species
and this presentation gives much introducing about DNA barcodes developed for Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Various barcoding genes which are evolutionary conserved.
techniques to develop a DNA bar-code and its future perspectives
Current technologies and future technologies of DNA barcoding. Applications regarding environment awareness. it also contains 2-3 case studies
To form the basis of a respiratory disease model in rats by investigating the microbial distribution and composition in the lower respiratory tracts of normal rats. Methods: DNA was extracted from the intestine, trachea, bronchus and lung samples collected from healthy rats under sterile conditions. The 16S rDNA V4-V5 region was sequenced using Illumina high-throughput technology. Results: The sequencing results showed that there was no significant difference in abundance and species diversity of microbiota between the lower respiratory and the intestine. The microbiota structure analysis showed samples from lungs and intestinal shared similarity. However, the dominant species at the levels of phylum, family, and genus diverged. The similarity analysis showed that the lung microbiota were different from the intestines. The linear discriminant analysis showed significantly different species in different tissues; function prediction also showed different microbiota function in different tissues. Conclusions: These results suggest that bacterial colonization depends on the sample’s anatomical location. The human pathogen Acinetobacter lwoffii was also detected in the rat lower respiratory tract samples.
Deciphering the nature of the coral–Chromera association. Mohamed et al-2018-...Amin Mohamed
Since the discovery of Chromera velia as a novel coral-associated microalga, this organism has attracted interest because of its unique evolutionary position between the photosynthetic dinoflagellates and the parasitic apicomplexans. The nature of the relationship between Chromera and its coral host is controversial. Is it a mutualism, from which both participants benefit, a parasitic relationship, or a chance association? To better understand the interaction, larvae of the common Indo-Pacific reef-building coral Acropora digitifera were experimentally infected with Chromera, and the impact on the host transcriptome was assessed at 4, 12, and 48 h post-infection using Illumina RNA-Seq technology. The transcriptomic response of the coral to Chromera was complex and implies that host immunity is strongly suppressed, and both phagosome maturation and the apoptotic machinery is modified. These responses differ markedly from those described for infection with a competent strain of the coral mutualist Symbiodinium, instead resembling those of vertebrate hosts to parasites and/or pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Consistent with ecological studies suggesting that the association may be accidental, the transcriptional response of A. digitifera larvae leads us to conclude that Chromera could be a coral parasite, commensal, or accidental bystander, but certainly not a beneficial mutualist.
Identification of fish species using dna barcode from visakhapatnam, east coa...RUSHINADHA KAKARA
This document describes a study that generated DNA barcodes for fish species found at a fishing harbor in Visakhapatnam, India. DNA was extracted from tissue samples of 50 fish individuals representing different species. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region of the mitochondrial DNA was amplified and sequenced. The resulting DNA barcodes were analyzed using bioinformatics tools including BLAST searches and multiple sequence alignments. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to examine relationships between species. One objective was to investigate potential misidentification of Tripletail fish and develop a reference barcode library for species identification in the study area.
This document describes research into using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and peptide-functionalized SERS substrates to detect Bacillus anthracis spores. The researchers developed a peptide that selectively binds B. anthracis-Sterne spores. They found that exposing 109 B. anthracis-Sterne spores/mL to the functionalized SERS substrate and acetic acid produced a strong dipicolinic acid spectrum, whereas the same treatment of B. cereus and B. subtilis at the same concentration did not produce a signal. This peptide-functionalized SERS approach provides a method for differentiating B. anthracis at the species level, overcoming limitations of other detection
This document discusses using environmental DNA (eDNA) to analyze zooplankton distribution in Monterey Bay, California from 2010-2015. Water samples were collected and eDNA was extracted and sequenced to identify species. Results found copepods but little krill DNA. This could be due to methodological errors or krill DNA being misidentified as flies. While eDNA has potential, improvements are needed as it is a new technique prone to errors. Climate change is reducing biodiversity, making monitoring important for conservation.
DNA barcoding is a standardized approach to identifying plants and animals by minimal sequences of DNA, called DNA barcodes.
DNA barcode - short gene sequences taken from a standardized portion of the genome that is used to identify species
and this presentation gives much introducing about DNA barcodes developed for Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Various barcoding genes which are evolutionary conserved.
techniques to develop a DNA bar-code and its future perspectives
Current technologies and future technologies of DNA barcoding. Applications regarding environment awareness. it also contains 2-3 case studies
To form the basis of a respiratory disease model in rats by investigating the microbial distribution and composition in the lower respiratory tracts of normal rats. Methods: DNA was extracted from the intestine, trachea, bronchus and lung samples collected from healthy rats under sterile conditions. The 16S rDNA V4-V5 region was sequenced using Illumina high-throughput technology. Results: The sequencing results showed that there was no significant difference in abundance and species diversity of microbiota between the lower respiratory and the intestine. The microbiota structure analysis showed samples from lungs and intestinal shared similarity. However, the dominant species at the levels of phylum, family, and genus diverged. The similarity analysis showed that the lung microbiota were different from the intestines. The linear discriminant analysis showed significantly different species in different tissues; function prediction also showed different microbiota function in different tissues. Conclusions: These results suggest that bacterial colonization depends on the sample’s anatomical location. The human pathogen Acinetobacter lwoffii was also detected in the rat lower respiratory tract samples.
Deciphering the nature of the coral–Chromera association. Mohamed et al-2018-...Amin Mohamed
Since the discovery of Chromera velia as a novel coral-associated microalga, this organism has attracted interest because of its unique evolutionary position between the photosynthetic dinoflagellates and the parasitic apicomplexans. The nature of the relationship between Chromera and its coral host is controversial. Is it a mutualism, from which both participants benefit, a parasitic relationship, or a chance association? To better understand the interaction, larvae of the common Indo-Pacific reef-building coral Acropora digitifera were experimentally infected with Chromera, and the impact on the host transcriptome was assessed at 4, 12, and 48 h post-infection using Illumina RNA-Seq technology. The transcriptomic response of the coral to Chromera was complex and implies that host immunity is strongly suppressed, and both phagosome maturation and the apoptotic machinery is modified. These responses differ markedly from those described for infection with a competent strain of the coral mutualist Symbiodinium, instead resembling those of vertebrate hosts to parasites and/or pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Consistent with ecological studies suggesting that the association may be accidental, the transcriptional response of A. digitifera larvae leads us to conclude that Chromera could be a coral parasite, commensal, or accidental bystander, but certainly not a beneficial mutualist.
Identification of fish species using dna barcode from visakhapatnam, east coa...RUSHINADHA KAKARA
This document describes a study that generated DNA barcodes for fish species found at a fishing harbor in Visakhapatnam, India. DNA was extracted from tissue samples of 50 fish individuals representing different species. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region of the mitochondrial DNA was amplified and sequenced. The resulting DNA barcodes were analyzed using bioinformatics tools including BLAST searches and multiple sequence alignments. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to examine relationships between species. One objective was to investigate potential misidentification of Tripletail fish and develop a reference barcode library for species identification in the study area.
This document describes research into using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and peptide-functionalized SERS substrates to detect Bacillus anthracis spores. The researchers developed a peptide that selectively binds B. anthracis-Sterne spores. They found that exposing 109 B. anthracis-Sterne spores/mL to the functionalized SERS substrate and acetic acid produced a strong dipicolinic acid spectrum, whereas the same treatment of B. cereus and B. subtilis at the same concentration did not produce a signal. This peptide-functionalized SERS approach provides a method for differentiating B. anthracis at the species level, overcoming limitations of other detection
This document discusses using environmental DNA (eDNA) to analyze zooplankton distribution in Monterey Bay, California from 2010-2015. Water samples were collected and eDNA was extracted and sequenced to identify species. Results found copepods but little krill DNA. This could be due to methodological errors or krill DNA being misidentified as flies. While eDNA has potential, improvements are needed as it is a new technique prone to errors. Climate change is reducing biodiversity, making monitoring important for conservation.
This document describes a study that developed and validated a multiplex real-time PCR assay to distinguish between human, bovine, and swine fecal contamination in water samples. Species-specific primers and probes were created to target the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene in the mitochondrial DNA of each species. The assay was able to correctly identify the species in spiked effluent samples 83% of the time with no false positives. Some carry-over mitochondrial DNA signal was detected in human feces after consuming beef but not pork products. The multiplex real-time PCR provides a promising new tool for identifying the source of fecal contamination in environmental samples.
DNA Barcoding and its application in species identificationsupriya k
1) The document introduces a seminar on DNA barcoding and its role in discriminating plant species, given by Kaldate Supriya.
2) DNA barcoding is a technique that uses short, standardized gene sequences from organisms as a genetic barcode for species identification and discrimination.
3) The most common plant barcoding markers are chloroplast genes matK and rbcL, which provide sufficient variability to discriminate most plant species.
This document discusses DNA barcoding, a method that uses short genetic markers to identify species. It provides background on DNA barcoding, including that the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene is commonly used. The document reviews past DNA barcoding studies in India and worldwide. A key study barcoded 115 commercially important Indian marine fish species and found COI can accurately identify fish species. DNA barcoding has advantages like identifying fragments and life stages and reducing ambiguity. It has potential applications in fisheries management and conservation by aiding species identification.
This document discusses DNA barcoding, which is a technique for species identification using short DNA sequences. DNA barcoding uses a standard fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to identify species. The technique was formally proposed in 2003 and has since been developed by organizations like the International Barcode of Life project to create a global reference library. DNA barcoding is now used for applications like conservation, pest identification, food safety, and forensics.
DNA barcoding is a standardized method to identify species using a short genetic marker from a standardized portion of the genome. It involves building a reference library of DNA barcodes from identified specimens of known species. Unknown samples can then be identified by comparing their barcodes to sequences in the reference library. The standard barcode region for animals is the COI gene from mitochondrial DNA. DNA barcoding has many applications, including identifying species across all life stages, identifying fragments or processed products, tracking disease vectors, distinguishing cryptic species, and detecting illegal wildlife trade. It provides an alternative identification method that can complement morphological identification.
DNA barcoding is a tool to identify insects. It includes various steps like DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing and data analysis. In data analysis we shall match the recognized sequence with the available database to find the specimen collected.
This document discusses a study that combines DNA barcoding and macroinvertebrate sampling to assess water quality in two sites along the White Clay Creek in Pennsylvania. Macroinvertebrates were collected from each site and identified to different taxonomic levels by an amateur, professional taxonomist, and through DNA barcoding. The study aims to see if water quality differences between the sites can be better distinguished at lower taxonomic levels, including species identification through DNA barcoding. The results may help integrate DNA barcoding into water quality assessment and create a reference species list for future studies in the area.
Microbial source tracking markers for detection of fecal contamination in env...Asima Zehra
This presentation is an overview of the microbial source tracking markers that will be helpful for the beginners to understand its importance and challenges.
Use of DNA Barcoding in InsectTaxonomyShweta Patel
DNA barcoding is a technique that uses a short, standardized DNA sequence from a gene to identify species. The most common gene used for animals is cytochrome c oxidase I from the mitochondria. DNA barcoding has proven useful for identifying species across various life forms, including insects, fish, butterflies, and true bugs. It provides benefits such as enabling non-specialists to identify specimens, identifying agricultural pests and disease vectors, and delimiting cryptic species. Major projects involving DNA barcoding aim to create a global reference library to classify thousands of species.
The document summarizes research on using a hydraphile nanopore for DNA sequencing. Researchers passed different lengths of DNA fragments through a hydraphile nanopore and measured the resulting blockage events and dwell times. They found that the hydraphile nanopore could translocate all lengths of DNA fragments and that each had a unique blockage pattern. Dwell times per base pair were similar to the alpha hemolysin nanopore and decreased with increasing fragment length. The researchers concluded that the hydraphile nanopore shows potential for DNA sequencing due to its ability to pass DNA and its high average dwell time per base pair.
DNA Bar-code to Distinguish the SpeciesRoya Shariati
This document discusses DNA barcoding, which is a method for identifying species using short gene sequences from standardized portions of the genome. It provides background on Carl Linnaeus who established the system of classifying organisms, and discusses how DNA barcoding can be used to establish reference libraries to identify unknown specimens by comparing DNA sequences. While not intended to replace traditional taxonomy, DNA barcoding is presented as a useful tool that can help create a 21st century research environment for taxonomy.
DNA barcoding was first proposed by Paul Herbert in 2003.
Basic Principle
Dna Barcoding is based on premise that a short standardized sequence can distinguish individuals of a specie because genetic variation between specie exceeds that within specie.
This master's seminar presentation speaks about the role of bacteriophage in the management of different plant diseases.
It deals with the history and discovery of bacteriophages up to current research studies and usage.
Water temperatures affects susceptibility to ranavirusmgray11
This document summarizes a study that tested how water temperature affects the pathogenicity of ranavirus in four amphibian species. The study found that at higher temperatures (25C vs 10C): 1) Mortality from ranavirus was greater for wood frogs, spotted salamanders, and green frogs; 2) Infection prevalence was higher in all species tested; and 3) Wood frogs experienced 100% infection but no mortality at 10C, whereas 80-90% mortality occurred at 15C. These results support the hypothesis that higher temperatures increase ranavirus replication and pathogenicity, likely by increasing virus replication rates while suppressing immune function in amphibians. Future research should retest other species and temperatures to further elucidate
Ryan Dunn is currently pursuing an MBA/MS in Sport and Entertainment Management at the University of South Florida with a projected graduation date of May 2017. He received his Bachelor's degree in Managerial Finance from the University of Mississippi in 2015. His experience includes event management roles with the USF Athletic Department and Outback Bowl, as well as equipment management for the Ole Miss football team. He has also held internships with the Chicago Bulls and worked at FNC Park. Dunn is a member of the Ole Miss M-Club and National Society of Collegiate Scholars, and has participated in various community service projects.
This document describes a study that developed and validated a multiplex real-time PCR assay to distinguish between human, bovine, and swine fecal contamination in water samples. Species-specific primers and probes were created to target the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene in the mitochondrial DNA of each species. The assay was able to correctly identify the species in spiked effluent samples 83% of the time with no false positives. Some carry-over mitochondrial DNA signal was detected in human feces after consuming beef but not pork products. The multiplex real-time PCR provides a promising new tool for identifying the source of fecal contamination in environmental samples.
DNA Barcoding and its application in species identificationsupriya k
1) The document introduces a seminar on DNA barcoding and its role in discriminating plant species, given by Kaldate Supriya.
2) DNA barcoding is a technique that uses short, standardized gene sequences from organisms as a genetic barcode for species identification and discrimination.
3) The most common plant barcoding markers are chloroplast genes matK and rbcL, which provide sufficient variability to discriminate most plant species.
This document discusses DNA barcoding, a method that uses short genetic markers to identify species. It provides background on DNA barcoding, including that the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene is commonly used. The document reviews past DNA barcoding studies in India and worldwide. A key study barcoded 115 commercially important Indian marine fish species and found COI can accurately identify fish species. DNA barcoding has advantages like identifying fragments and life stages and reducing ambiguity. It has potential applications in fisheries management and conservation by aiding species identification.
This document discusses DNA barcoding, which is a technique for species identification using short DNA sequences. DNA barcoding uses a standard fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to identify species. The technique was formally proposed in 2003 and has since been developed by organizations like the International Barcode of Life project to create a global reference library. DNA barcoding is now used for applications like conservation, pest identification, food safety, and forensics.
DNA barcoding is a standardized method to identify species using a short genetic marker from a standardized portion of the genome. It involves building a reference library of DNA barcodes from identified specimens of known species. Unknown samples can then be identified by comparing their barcodes to sequences in the reference library. The standard barcode region for animals is the COI gene from mitochondrial DNA. DNA barcoding has many applications, including identifying species across all life stages, identifying fragments or processed products, tracking disease vectors, distinguishing cryptic species, and detecting illegal wildlife trade. It provides an alternative identification method that can complement morphological identification.
DNA barcoding is a tool to identify insects. It includes various steps like DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing and data analysis. In data analysis we shall match the recognized sequence with the available database to find the specimen collected.
This document discusses a study that combines DNA barcoding and macroinvertebrate sampling to assess water quality in two sites along the White Clay Creek in Pennsylvania. Macroinvertebrates were collected from each site and identified to different taxonomic levels by an amateur, professional taxonomist, and through DNA barcoding. The study aims to see if water quality differences between the sites can be better distinguished at lower taxonomic levels, including species identification through DNA barcoding. The results may help integrate DNA barcoding into water quality assessment and create a reference species list for future studies in the area.
Microbial source tracking markers for detection of fecal contamination in env...Asima Zehra
This presentation is an overview of the microbial source tracking markers that will be helpful for the beginners to understand its importance and challenges.
Use of DNA Barcoding in InsectTaxonomyShweta Patel
DNA barcoding is a technique that uses a short, standardized DNA sequence from a gene to identify species. The most common gene used for animals is cytochrome c oxidase I from the mitochondria. DNA barcoding has proven useful for identifying species across various life forms, including insects, fish, butterflies, and true bugs. It provides benefits such as enabling non-specialists to identify specimens, identifying agricultural pests and disease vectors, and delimiting cryptic species. Major projects involving DNA barcoding aim to create a global reference library to classify thousands of species.
The document summarizes research on using a hydraphile nanopore for DNA sequencing. Researchers passed different lengths of DNA fragments through a hydraphile nanopore and measured the resulting blockage events and dwell times. They found that the hydraphile nanopore could translocate all lengths of DNA fragments and that each had a unique blockage pattern. Dwell times per base pair were similar to the alpha hemolysin nanopore and decreased with increasing fragment length. The researchers concluded that the hydraphile nanopore shows potential for DNA sequencing due to its ability to pass DNA and its high average dwell time per base pair.
DNA Bar-code to Distinguish the SpeciesRoya Shariati
This document discusses DNA barcoding, which is a method for identifying species using short gene sequences from standardized portions of the genome. It provides background on Carl Linnaeus who established the system of classifying organisms, and discusses how DNA barcoding can be used to establish reference libraries to identify unknown specimens by comparing DNA sequences. While not intended to replace traditional taxonomy, DNA barcoding is presented as a useful tool that can help create a 21st century research environment for taxonomy.
DNA barcoding was first proposed by Paul Herbert in 2003.
Basic Principle
Dna Barcoding is based on premise that a short standardized sequence can distinguish individuals of a specie because genetic variation between specie exceeds that within specie.
This master's seminar presentation speaks about the role of bacteriophage in the management of different plant diseases.
It deals with the history and discovery of bacteriophages up to current research studies and usage.
Water temperatures affects susceptibility to ranavirusmgray11
This document summarizes a study that tested how water temperature affects the pathogenicity of ranavirus in four amphibian species. The study found that at higher temperatures (25C vs 10C): 1) Mortality from ranavirus was greater for wood frogs, spotted salamanders, and green frogs; 2) Infection prevalence was higher in all species tested; and 3) Wood frogs experienced 100% infection but no mortality at 10C, whereas 80-90% mortality occurred at 15C. These results support the hypothesis that higher temperatures increase ranavirus replication and pathogenicity, likely by increasing virus replication rates while suppressing immune function in amphibians. Future research should retest other species and temperatures to further elucidate
Ryan Dunn is currently pursuing an MBA/MS in Sport and Entertainment Management at the University of South Florida with a projected graduation date of May 2017. He received his Bachelor's degree in Managerial Finance from the University of Mississippi in 2015. His experience includes event management roles with the USF Athletic Department and Outback Bowl, as well as equipment management for the Ole Miss football team. He has also held internships with the Chicago Bulls and worked at FNC Park. Dunn is a member of the Ole Miss M-Club and National Society of Collegiate Scholars, and has participated in various community service projects.
Este documento describe las herramientas web y ofimáticas aplicadas en la educación y enfermería. Explica las principales herramientas ofimáticas como Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint y Access, y cómo se usan en la administración educativa, elaboración de informes, cálculos y bases de datos. También cubre herramientas web como wikis y cómo permiten el trabajo colaborativo y comunicación en la educación. El documento concluye que estas herramientas son útiles para mejorar la eficiencia y efectividad en el manejo de información
Este documento describe cómo calcular las dimensiones de letrinas según las normas venezolanas. Explica que para una vivienda estándar de 6 personas, se necesitan 2 letrinas de 0.9 metros de ancho y 2.23 metros de profundidad cada una. Además, las letrinas deben ubicarse al fondo del lote respetando distancias mínimas de 3 metros de los linderos, 5 metros de viviendas, 20 metros de fuentes de agua y entre 3 y 10 metros de tanques de agua, dependiendo de su ub
Cole C. Younger is seeking an opportunity that utilizes his oil and gas expertise. He has over 10 years of experience in surveying, file management, and distribution roles. His experience includes field surveying with Frank Surveying, senior file management at XTO Energy, contractor file management also at XTO Energy, distribution and merchandising at Miller of Denton, and lead maintenance supervision at Service Master Clean. Younger has strong communication, organization, and management skills with proficiency in Microsoft Office, Quorum, Accutrac, AS400 and other oil and gas software.
El documento describe diferentes herramientas ofimáticas y web aplicadas a la educación y enfermería. Explica programas como Word, Excel y PowerPoint y sus usos. También describe herramientas web como blogs, wikis, e-books y SlideShare, destacando cómo pueden usarse para publicar contenido educativo de forma colaborativa.
Este documento describe las características de varias herramientas web y ofimáticas útiles para estudiantes, incluyendo Dropbox, Google Drive, GoConq, SlideShare, Blogger, Edmodo, Outlook.com y Mendeley para el almacenamiento y gestión de archivos en la nube. También explica las funciones de programas de ofimática como Word, Excel y PowerPoint de Microsoft que permiten la edición y procesamiento de documentos, hojas de cálculo y presentaciones.
El documento presenta diferentes metodologías para el desarrollo del aprendizaje como el aprendizaje basado en proyectos, el aprendizaje cooperativo, el aprendizaje basado en problemas y retos, y el uso de herramientas TIC. Describe brevemente cada metodología y proporciona ejemplos como la realización de un proyecto sobre la prehistoria usando Powtoon o técnicas cooperativas como 1-2-4 y lápices al centro.
This presentation discusses leadership versus management and leadership theories. It defines leadership as influencing others towards a common goal and vision, while management is about compliance and stability. Several leadership theories are outlined, including trait theories focusing on personality characteristics, and behavioral theories like the Ohio State studies on initiating structure and consideration, and the University of Michigan studies on employee-oriented versus production-oriented leadership. The Managerial Grid is presented as describing leadership concern for tasks and people. In conclusion, the most effective leaders have certain traits as well as considerate, structured behaviors by integrating different theories.
Este manual describe las instrucciones para usar un sistema de control de inventario para la tienda naturista Nutrica en Yaritagua, Venezuela. Explica cómo iniciar sesión, navegar por el menú principal, registrar rubros, mercancías, proveedores, clientes, compras y ventas, y generar diferentes reportes.
Este documento describe la cromatografía de gases, incluyendo sus características, equipos disponibles y aplicaciones. La cromatografía de gases se basa en la distribución del analito entre una fase móvil gaseosa y una fase estacionaria líquida inmovilizada, lo que permite la separación de componentes volátiles. Los equipos disponibles en el departamento de ingeniería química y servicios técnicos de la universidad incluyen varios cromatógrafos de gases con detectores como el de ionización de llama y el de
1) Recent advances in TB diagnosis include automated liquid culture systems like MGIT 960 and molecular diagnostic tests like Xpert MTB/RIF, which can detect TB and rifampin resistance in under 2 hours.
2) WHO recommends eight TB diagnostic tools including LED microscopy, liquid culture, rapid speciation strips, Xpert/MTB-RIF, urine LAM assay, LAMP, LPA, and SL-LPA to detect drug resistance.
3) Newer centralized high-throughput NAATs like RealTime MTB, FluoroType MTB, Cobas MTB, and Max MDR-TB run on automated platforms and can process hundreds of samples with high accuracy in
The document provides information on the molecular diagnosis of tuberculosis. It discusses the historical aspects of TB identification and increasing drug resistance. It notes that in 1993, WHO declared TB a global emergency, with one-third of the world's population infected. Current estimates from WHO in 2010 show over 8 million new TB cases annually. Molecular diagnostic methods like the AMTD and MTBDRplus tests can rapidly detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and resistance patterns in days rather than the months needed for conventional culture. These new tests are especially useful for screening patients in high burden areas and for detecting drug resistant TB.
Investigations in Tuberculosis and advancesNirish Vaidya
This document discusses various techniques for investigating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and advances in the field. It summarizes key characteristics of M. tuberculosis and the global burden of tuberculosis. It then describes several laboratory techniques for detecting and diagnosing tuberculosis, including sputum smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture methods, tuberculin skin testing, and newer molecular techniques such as nucleic acid amplification tests and interferon-gamma release assays. Advances in rapid molecular diagnostics and their applications for tuberculosis detection and drug resistance testing are also discussed.
Newer methods in diagnosis of tuberculosis in childrenDr Naveen kumar
This document discusses various diagnostic tests for tuberculosis in children. It notes that bacteriological diagnosis is difficult in children due to their inability to produce sputum and the often extra-pulmonary and paucibacillary nature of the disease in children. It reviews sputum induction methods, as well as microscopy, culture, nucleic acid amplification tests, and interferon-gamma release assays as diagnostic tools and their limitations in pediatric populations. It emphasizes the need for improved diagnostics that are feasible and effective for use in children.
This presents a number of case studies on the application on high-throughput sequencing (HTS), next generation sequencing (NGS), to biological problems ranging from human genome sequencing, identification of disease mutations, metagenomics, virus discovery, epidemic, transmission chains and viral populations. Presented at the University of Glasgow on Friday 26th June 2015.
what is new in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis tb short.pptxPathKind Labs
Many changes have been made recently in Tuberculosis. The first important change is that instead of control now the focus is on eradication. for that to happen we need to change the way we detect, diagnose and treat tuberculosis.
Diagnostics and classifications of Corona VirusesShinjan Patra
This document provides an overview of diagnostics and classification of coronaviruses. It begins with the basic structure and genome of coronaviruses. It then discusses how coronaviruses are classified and their phylogeny. The remainder of the document summarizes various diagnostic approaches for coronaviruses including nucleic acid based assays like RT-PCR and newer methods, serology based assays using antibodies and antigens, as well as some emerging home based diagnostic options.
The document discusses the historical and contemporary perspectives on the microbiological aspects of endodontics. It describes some of the early culture-based techniques used to sample and identify microbes in root canals, including Grossman's culture technique from 1940. It also discusses limitations of culture-based analysis and the development of molecular biological testing methods like PCR, DNA-DNA hybridization, and fluorescence in situ hybridization that have improved identification of endodontic pathogens. Finally, it reviews recent studies on chairside culture tests and ATP bioluminescence assays that allow for rapid detection of microbes in root canals.
Using lc ms to quantify and identify natural toxins in food and environmental...泰聖 葉
This document summarizes a presentation on using LC-MS methods for shellfish toxin analysis. It introduces several shellfish toxins produced by algae that can cause poisoning in humans. LC-MS has become the preferred method for monitoring toxins due to its ability to detect multiple toxins simultaneously with high sensitivity and accuracy. Reference materials are important to validate LC-MS methods and ensure accurate quantification. The document describes various LC-MS methods developed for analyzing lipophilic toxins and provides an example of identifying a new toxin involved in a shellfish poisoning incident.
This document summarizes tuberculosis (TB), including its cause, affected organs, history, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Key points include:
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs.
- TB has been documented as far back as 5000 BC in ancient Egypt and China. Major advances in understanding and treating TB came in the late 19th/early 20th centuries.
- India has the highest global TB burden, with over 2 million new cases annually. Diagnosis involves sputum microscopy and culture, while treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over 6-24 months.
- Prevention involves the BCG vaccine and identifying latent
Three great pioneers in sterilization and disinfection were Ignaz Semmelweis, Louis Pasteur, and Joseph Lister. Laparoscopic equipment is considered "critical" due to entering sterile body tissues, requiring sterilization or high-level disinfection. Proper cleaning and sterilization/disinfection of laparoscopic equipment is essential to prevent surgical site infections according to guidelines. Steam sterilization, ethylene oxide, and high-level disinfection with chemicals like glutaraldehyde or hydrogen peroxide are commonly used methods to sterilize or disinfect laparoscopic equipment.
This document discusses the implementation of nucleic acid testing (NAT) in blood banks to improve transfusion safety. It notes that NAT screening can reduce the risk of transmitting infections like HIV and HCV during the "window period" between exposure and detection by standard serological tests. While NAT provides benefits, it also has challenges like high costs, complexity, and potential for false positives. The document reviews various NAT technologies used in blood banks and strategies for sample pooling to make high-throughput screening feasible. It examines the impact of NAT for different viruses based on their virological characteristics and window periods. Overall NAT screening has become a standard practice due to public pressure despite the technical and economic hurdles involved.
Specialty pathology endpoints for all clients, including complex immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, image analysis, artificial intelligence, stereology, tissue cross-reactivity, and electron microscopy.
This document provides information on pulmonary tuberculosis including its pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and treatment guidelines. It discusses how M. tuberculosis is transmitted via inhalation of droplets and infects macrophages in the lungs. The host immune response and factors that determine disease outcome are explained. Sputum smear microscopy, culture, molecular tests like GeneXpert, and tuberculin skin testing are described for diagnosis. Risk factors for transmission and RNTCP guidelines for diagnostic algorithms in adults and children are outlined. Typing methods for epidemiological studies and interferon-gamma release assays for latent TB diagnosis are also mentioned.
The document discusses polymerase chain reaction (PCR), including its history, basic requirements, essential components, principles, types, and dental applications. PCR is a technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences, allowing for large quantities of target DNA to be generated. It requires a DNA template, primers, DNA polymerase, and thermal cycling. Applications of PCR in dentistry include detecting viruses associated with periodontal disease and quantifying bacteria involved in dental caries.
Microbiome research is undergoing a crisis due to issues like the correlation-causation fallacy in studies and poor experimental design. The document discusses challenges with studying the microbiome, including biases and errors introduced from DNA extraction methods, sample storage conditions, and contamination from extraction kits. It emphasizes that every step in microbiome research, from sample collection to analysis, needs careful consideration to draw accurate conclusions.
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DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS, NEWER TECHNIQUES, TST.pptx
finalseminar_mkansasii_20151106
1. Presentation title
Presenter’s name
Department/Unit/Ward
Service line
Facility/hospital
Date
Molecular analysis of Mycobacterium
kansasii from human and potable
water specimens
Carla Tolson
Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory
Pathology Queensland
Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Qld
Friday 6 November 2015
3. Introduction – What are Mycobacteria?
•Mycobacteria are aerobic, gram-positive, acid-fast
organisms
•Mycobacteria are acid-fast due to high lipid content in
the cell wall
•Currently 172 species, most recognised is Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium species
M. tuberculosis complex Non-tuberculous
(Pathogenic) mycobacterium (NTM)
(non-pathogenic)
4. •Predominantly pulmonary infections, can cause disease
in other areas of the body
•Immuno-compromised patients, e.g. COPD, HIV, etc
•Diagnosis based on symptoms, radiology, microbiology
•Incidence of significant pulmonary disease is increasing
•The most common NTM isolated in Queensland are:
– M. intracellulare
– M. avium
– M. abscessus
– M. fortuitum
– M. kansasii
Introduction – How do NTM’s affect humans
5. • M. kansasii is a pulmonary pathogen, readily grown from
tap water, rarely from natural waters
• A definitive link between water exposure and disease
has not been proven
• Environmental niche poorly understood
• Typically cavitary lung disease, resembling TB
← Normal CXR
Abnormal CXR →
Introduction – M. kansasii
6. Introduction – M. tuberculosis vs. M. kansasii
Macroscopic
Microscopic (x100)
M. tuberculosis complex M. kansasii
7. Introduction – M. tuberculosis vs. M. kansasii
• Immunochromograpic test
• Molecular detection
8. Why is genotyping important?
• Assist with identification of patient to patient transmission
• To link environmental sources with human disease
9. Background – Genotyping M. kansasii
• Typing of M. kansasii was first published in 1975 by
Engel using phages
• Very few publications on strain typing until 1997
• A range of DNA based methods have been used include
– hsp65 PCR-Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism / hsp65 PCR-restriction enzyme analysis
– AccuProbe Gen-Probe identification
– PFGE of the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region
– Large restriction fragment analysis
– Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
– 16S-23S ITS region / Restriction enzyme analysis
10. Environmental M. kansasii
• Clusters associated with mining and industrial zones
– Gold Mine in South Africa
– Coal & Silica Mines in Netherlands
– Metal/Welding in Europe
11. Worldwide strain type distribution of M. kansasii
Europe (incl: SPA, FRA, NED, BEL)
type I,II,III,IV,V,VI Human &
Environment
USA - type I,II,III from
human only
Africa - unknown
Japan - type I,II,III,IV,V
Human & Environment
15. Knowledge Gaps
• How many strains exist in the environment?
• Could there be many more out there?
• Are these strains present (particularly type I) only in
humans or are they found in the environment as well?
• Can newer methods characterise subtypes better?
16. Hypothesis
•That newly developed DNA-based genotyping methods
are able to characterise and differentiate clinically and
environmentally sourced strains of Mycobacterium kansasii
17. Aims
• Aim 1 – To genotype all M. kansasii isolates using new
and existing genotyping methods
• Aim 2 – To compare the genotypes of M. kansasii
isolates from clinical samples to those obtained from
Brisbane water and patient home water samples
21. repetitive DNA
elements distributed
more or less
randomly over the
genome.
primers that anneal to these repetitive elements
Separation and detection
of products by
electrophoresis using
micro-fluidic chips
DNA Fingerprints analysed with Diversilab®
software-Pearson correlation co-efficient and
unweighted pair group method with arithmetic
means to compare isolates and determine
clonal relationship.
Method 1 – DiversiLab automated rep-PCR
22. Method 2 – High Resolution Melt Analysis (HRM)
• PCR is performed to specific Target
tagged with a fluorescent dye
• HRM is run immediately following
• dsDNA to ssDNA melt is observed
24. Results – HRM
• Rapidly determined isolates to be “same” or “different” to
M. kansasii ATCC12478 strain
• Currently no publications using HRM for M. kansasii,
validation required
• Validation done by performing ClustalW Analysis on the
16S rRNA sequences to visualise the SNP’s and from
there a Dendrogram was created using Geneous
30. Results – HRM
Dendrogram of
16S rRNA
sequences using
Geneious software
Strain type V
Strain type IV
Strain type I
31. Results – DiversiLab
• Gave the best strain differentiation giving 31 different
fingerprint clusters
• Easy to use software for analysis
• Achieving adequate DNA concentration for this
assay was a challenge – repeat runs
33. Results – DiversiLab
• 2 isolates (WP5) matched
the dominant clinical strain
type CP11.
• A dominant cluster of
water isolates (WP2)
matched a single patient
isolate (CP9).
• The remaining water and
clinical isolates were
unrelated.
ATCC Strain
Type I – dominant cluster
Type IV
Type V
34. Results – Summary of HRM vs. DiversiLab
• Both methods demonstrated the main strain types of
M. kansasii
• HRM with the validation data from dendrogram
matched previous strain types defined by ITS-REA
• DiversiLab demonstrated ITS-REA groups with better
strain type differentiation compared to HRM
35. Results – Summary
Method ITS-REA DiversiLab HRM
Number of types
produced
3 31 Same or Different
Typeability 100%
80-100% (after
re-extraction)
95-100%
Speed (TAT) 2 days 5 hours 4 hours
Cost (per isolate) $30~ $48~ 50 cents~
Skill level
required
Basic-
Intermediate
Intermediate
Basic-
intermediate
36. Conclusions
• We were able to successfully type both human and
environmental strains of M. kansasii
• ITS type I, IV & V strains were found among the QLD patients
and Brisbane Water isolates
• Newer typing methods delivered better strain differentiation
than ITS REA, however both have limitations
• Municipal water in Brisbane unlikely to be the source of
infection for patients with M. kansasii disease
• However, can’t exclude water contamination in other areas
associated with mining and industry
37. Discussion
• DNA-based assays are considered the gold standard
• DNA was difficult to obtain using prescribed kit
• DiversiLab demonstrated the best strain differentiation
• Water isolates have a different strain profile to patient
isolates.
• Worldwide, our patterns are different ?Area specific
38. Future Directions
• Whole Genome Sequencing!
• Acquire supplementary reference strains to further
validate HRM
• More sampling from patients houses outside of the
Brisbane Metropolitan with M. kansasii infections
– In particular Western Queensland
39. Future Directions
• Roma- first site of gas discovery 1906; open cut coal mining
• First Report on the Coal Industry of Queensland (1949) “What is striking
is the assessment of coal resources by discoveries of coal found in
water bores. There is water in coal, a lot of it, and there is gas too.”
40. References
-Thomson RM. Changing epidemiology of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections. Emerg
Infect Dis 2010 October; 16(10): 1576–1583.
-Respiratory Medicine, Volume 98, Issue 8, August 2004, Pages 721–725
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2004.02.011.
-Psaltis, J., Mycobacterium kansasii: A Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory Review
1975-2004., in Australian Society of Microbiology Annual Scientific Meeting2005: Canberra, Australia.
-Engel HBL, Havelaar, AH. The occurrenece of Mycobacterium kansasii in tapwater. Tubercle
1980;61:21-26.
-McSwigganDA CC. The isolation of M.kansasii and M.xenopi from water systems. Tubercle
1974;55:291-7.
-R. Santos F. Oliveira JF, et al. Detection and identification of mycobacteria in the Lisbon water
distribution system. Water Science & Technology 2005;52(8):177-180.
-Wright E, Collins C, et al. Mycobacterium xenopi and Mycobacterium kansasii in a hospital water
supply. Journal of Hospital Infection 1985;6:175-8.
-Vaerewijck MJ, Huys G, et al. Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: ecology and
significance for human health FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2005;29(5):911-934.
-Roth A, Reischl U, et al. Novel diagnostic algorithm for identification of mycobacteria using genus-
specific amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA gene spacer and restriction endonucleases Journal of
Clinical Microbiology 2000 Mar;38(3):1094-104.
41. Acknowledgements
• Supervisors:
–Assoc. Prof. Flavia Huygens (QUT)
–Dr Rachel Thomson (GMRF, UQ, Queensland Health)
–Dr Irani Rathnayake (QUT)
• Colleagues at QMRL
• Study, Education and Research Trust Fund (SERTF/SERC)
• Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation
As a brief overview, what will be discussed today is:
An introduction about mycobacterium
Background into strain typing and why it is important in a clinical setting
The hypothesis
The main aims and objectives to this research
Methods used to strain type M. kansasii
A summary of results obtained
A brief discussion of the results
Conclusions and
The future directions of where this research could lead onto
Mycobacteria are bacteria that are grown aerobically, gram positive and are acid-fast staining
Mycobacteria are distinguished from other bacteria by their characteristic thick cell wall. The cell wall is hydrophobic and rich in mycolic acids which are unique to Mycobacteria. This helps in retaining its staining properties, as well as their longevity to survive.
Currently there are 172 species of Mycobacterium, and the most recognised species is tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium can be separated into two predominant groups, these are M. tuberculosis complex which are pathogenic and Non-tuberculous mycobacterium which are considered non-pathogenic but recent publications suggest transmission between patients for some species.
NTM’s are predominantly pulmonary infections but they can also cause disease in other parts of the human body
NTM are opportunistic infections which tend to affect immuno-compromised patients
Diagnosis of NTM disease is based on symptoms, the radiological appearance of scans in correlation with microbiology
The incidence of significant NTM pulmonary disease is increasing in Australia and world-wide due to the ageing population
Specifically looking at QLD, the most common isolated NTM pathogens are M. intra, M. avium, M. abscessus, M. fortuitum & M. kansasii
Focusing in now to M. kansasii
Mycobacterium kansasii is largely a pulmonary pathogen but has been known to cause disseminated disease
It is readily grown from tap water but rarely from natural waters such as streams and rivers
A conclusive relationship between water exposure and infection has not been proven
The environmental niche of M. kansasii is still poorly understood
Typically the radiological appearance is CAVITREE lung disease, which is similar to TB
As kansasii disease can clinically resemble TB, it is important to differentiate between the two species and from a public health perspective.
In the laboratory, a variety of methods are used to identify between the both such as:
The macroscopic & microscope appearance of the organism
but mostly we use molecular methodologies as well as rapid immunochromographic tests
Genotyping is an important tool for establishing the epidemiology of outbreaks of infection
It can assist with the identification of patient to patient transmission or link environmental sources to human disease
Briefly in the literature, strain typing of M. kansasii was first published in 1975 by Engel by using bacteriophages.
Very few journals articles were published between 1975 and 1997 on typing of M. kansasii
On the discovery of PCR in the 1980’s, many DNA based methods for typing were invented
Previously published methods to type M. kansasii include:
A previously published article suggested that the cause of a cluster of M. kansasii patients with the disease was a gold mine in South Africa.
Another article described coal mines and silica could have been the source for the increase incidence of M. kansasii amongst its workers in Netherlands
From the literature, the following strain types have been demonstrated:
From a study performed in 2004 at QMRL – all M. kansasii isolates identified from 1975-2004 were strain typed using the method published by Roth et al in 2000
The research conducted revealed most of the strains isolated to be type 1
This correlates with publications worldwide indicating that type 1 is the most prevalent
Roth et al 2000 published a robust typing method to not only strain type M. kansasii but also differentiate to a species level other mycobacteria
The figure above is the key developed and published
As this method was used previously to type Queensland strains, we also used the same method to type our isolates. This was important to do as we could then compare the strain types we identified from this study to the previous one
This method was also used as our baseline to validate and identify the strain types from the newer methods
ITS-REA is initially a PCR reaction using specific primers for the ITS region. Using the amplicon generated from the PCR, an restriction enzyme digest is performed using 3 specific targets which cuts at specific points in the DNA strand, to generate a profile. This is then visualised on agarose gel electrophoresis
A specific pattern was created by the enzyme digest and was visually inspected and assigned a individual strain number
Currently six strain types are accepted amongst researchers but there was a seventh identified by Taillard et al. in 2003
From the hypothesis we conceived 2 main aims. Within the two aims further objectives were devised
We firstly captured all M. kansasii patients from 2005-2010 as well as the M. kansasii isolates from the Brisbane Water Study (61) conducted by Dr Rachel Thomson in 2007 & 2008.
Including the ATCC strain available, the total isolates was 140
The isolates were recovered from frozen storage an inoculated on LJ slopes until sufficient growth was available for DNA extraction
Using the UltraClean Microbial DNA extraction (MoBio) kit, all isolates were extracted using the specific Mycobacteria protocol and quantified by spectrophotometry
DNA concentrations were noted
The DiversiLab system is an Automated platform that uses repetitive PCR technology to provide a DNA fingerprint for complete isolate characterisation. Briefly, a PCR mixture was prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions and Rep-PCR products were separated and detected by using microfluidic chips of the DiversiLab system. DNA fingerprints……..
HRM analysis is used to characterise DNA samples according to their dissociation behaviour as they transition from double stranded DNA to single stranded DNA with increasing temperature. The target sequence must first be purified to high copy number prior to HRM. This is done by a PCR procedure using the RotorGene6000 in the presence of a dsDNA intercalating fluorescent dye like SYBRGreen. The dye does not interact with ssDNA but actively interacts with dsDNA and fluoresces brightly. Initially, fluorescence is high because the sample starts as dsDNA, but fluorescence diminishes as the temperature is raised and DNA dissociates into single strands. The observed melt is then visualised for each sample.
From the results obtained from our baseline assay ITS-REA, a high amount of patient isolates were type 1 and very few type 4’s & 5’s
The environmental isolates were the opposite with more type 4’s & 5’s and only one type 1
HRM demonstrated itself as a highly sensitive PCR assay. With confidence we could determine whether the isolate was considered the same as the type strain or different. Determining the type for each isolate used a value of +/- 5 Units against the type strain as previously described by Price et al & Stephens et al. As this was the first time using HRM to strain type M. kansasii, further validation was needed
16S sequencing was performed on all isolates and using BioEdit software, a ClustalW analysis of the isolates was prepared to visualize the single nucleotide polymorphisms from the type strain. Further validation using this sequencing data was performed by producing a dendrogram using the Geneous software
This is a graphical representation of same vs different numbers
Only 15 patients were the same as the type and 63 were different
No water isolates matched the type strain, which is not a surprise considering there was only one type 1 found
The software from Qiagen created the normalized graph above.
This is showing the characteristic melt of the double stranded DNA to single DNA
Because mycobacteria have a high G-C content, the melt temperature is higher than most bacteria
Mycobacteria melt temperature was between 83-85deg Celsius
We normalise the melt curve to demonstrate where the DNA dissociation occurs
To analyze the data, the difference graphs were used. Any isolate less than 5 units were considered the same
and isolates greater than 5 were different.
This is a demonstration of the BioEdit software after clustalW analysis is applied
The ATCC control strain is used as the reference
The 16S is approx 500bp long with most isolates were 2-3 SNP difference from the control strain
From the 16S sequencing the dendrogram above was created using the software Geneious
The following parametes were applied when analysing:
Select Mr Bayers, then Substitution Model JC69
Rate Variation is Gamma and
all other settings are left on Default.
The validation data corresponded with the HRM data produced
As you can see here, 3 branches are evident, supporting the 3 types we found from ITS-REA
The DNA fingerprint generated was grouped by the software automatically
As per the protocol, analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation co-efficient to compare isolates and determine clonal relationships. Any isolates that were 97% similarity were considered to be indistinguishable.
Isolates that showed 95% similarity were considered similar and
isolates with ≤95% were considered to be unrelated.
Because of the bigger numbers- its easier to demonstrate the similarity between strains using a scatterplot – in which each square on the graph represents 5% similarity.
The Brown isolates represent those from potable water, the Green are home sampling isolates and the Pink is from a shower aerosol. The rest are clinical isolates
There were 14 unique strain types amongst the clinical isolates with the majority being the highly clonal strain which correlated with Type 1 ITS_REA pattern
2 water isolates matched this dominant clinical type. The water isolates formed 2 dominant clusters- one of which matched a single patient isolate.
The remaining water and clinical isolates were unrelated.
Strain typing has progressed over time as highly-advanced technologies have become available to better differentiate and subtype species of Mycobacteria. Currently, DNA-based assays are considered the gold standard as the demand for more rapid and cost effective methods increases.
From our study, the optimisation of the DNA extraction was important. We had issues with acquiring a high enough concentration so modifications to overcome this were necessary. Only one kit was valid for all three tests.
DiversiLab demonstrated the best strain differentiation with the method grouping 31 different sub types
ITS-REA showed only 3 strain types present. One less strain type than the previous results found
ITS-REA was a time consuming assay to perform and it was hard to assign the strain type if the gel didn’t develop enough.
HRM worked well but can only be used as a present or absent situation
Qld’s profile of strain types showed to be different than the other predominant types worldwide
The environmental isolates showed a different percentage pattern of strain types seen.
So where to from here?
Acquiring supplementary reference strains to further validate the HRM would be useful and could therefore be implemented into a diagnostic laboratory
Further sampling from patients houses outside of Brisbane Metropolitan with M. kansasii infections in particular Western Queensland
There are several potential explanations for the significantly higher relative incidence of M. kansasii in the Yuleba and Roma areas. Yuleba is a small town and the site of a major processing facility for silica deposits. Silicosis has been identified as a host susceptibility factor for M. kansasii. Moreover, mining activity is common in the Maranoa-Balonne region. Here on the right you can see a map of the oil and gas facilities in QLD overlying the Surat basin. This region is well known for its agricultural and mining activities with a number of developed petroleum and coal seam gas wells. In addition, the water supply for many communities in the region is primarily from private and communal bores, aquifers and rainwater tanks.