This document provides information about the Ghazi Brotha Hydro Power Project in Pakistan. It includes:
1. An overview of the project including its components - the barrage, power channel, and power complex with structures like the fore bay, head ponds, intake, power house, spillway and tail race.
2. Descriptions of the main power plant structures and systems including the Francis turbines, penstocks, spiral casings, wicket gates, runners, draft tubes, governors, generators and switchyard equipment.
3. Technical specifications of the turbines such as the manufacturer, rated output, diameter, net head, and efficiency.
The project harnesses the 74-meter head available between Gh
This document provides an introduction to small hydropower projects in Pakistan. It defines small hydropower as having an installed capacity of less than 10MW. Small hydropower has several advantages over large hydropower projects, such as being more environmentally friendly with less social impacts. Pakistan has significant untapped small hydropower potential, estimated at over 1,800MW across its provinces. Several organizations have implemented small hydropower projects in Pakistan to provide electricity to off-grid rural communities. Overall, small hydropower can help address Pakistan's energy needs in a sustainable manner.
This document provides details about an industrial visit by engineering students to the Ukai Hydro Power Plant in Gujarat, India. It includes an introduction to the Ukai plant, which has a 300 MW installed capacity across 4 units. The document also contains an acknowledgements section thanking those who supported and guided the visit, as well as sections on the history, basic principles, site selection, construction, working, main parts, advantages, and disadvantages of hydro power plants.
This document summarizes a micro hydro power plant project with unmanned power distribution. The project uses common components like a water tank, flywheel turbine, water level detector, pump, motor and generator to harness energy from flowing water without human operation. It has potential applications for small-scale power generation for homes or industries using water sources like small rivers or canals. The system could help provide electricity in rural areas and reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources.
This document provides an overview of hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the basic process of how hydroelectricity works by using the kinetic energy of flowing water to turn turbines that generate electricity. The history of hydroelectric dams is covered, along with India's national policy of developing hydropower. Different types of turbines - impulse and reaction - are described. The key components of a hydroelectric power system, including the power house, are defined. Advantages and disadvantages of hydro power conclude the document.
This document provides details about the Modikhola Hydropower project in Nepal. It describes the key specifications of the 14.8 MW run-of-river hydropower plant, including details about the civil works like the intake, tunnel, and powerhouse, as well as the mechanical, electrical, control, and protection systems. It also notes some problems like the small size of the settling basin and lack of a SCADA system, and provides recommendations to address these issues.
This document provides information on hydro power stations, including their schematic arrangement, classification, advantages and disadvantages, site selection criteria, and environmental impacts. It discusses the key components of a hydro power plant such as the catchment area, dam, reservoir, penstocks, valves, turbines, generators, and draft tubes. It also lists the largest hydro power producers in the world and provides examples of major hydro power projects in India along with career opportunities in the hydro power sector.
This presentation provides information about hydro power plants. It discusses the working principle where potential energy of water stored behind a dam is converted to kinetic energy and used to turn turbines that generate electricity. It describes the typical layout including components like the reservoir, dam, spillway, penstock, turbine and generator. It classifies hydro plants based on head of water as high, medium or low head. Advantages include being renewable and having low operating costs, while disadvantages include high initial costs and reduced output during droughts.
This document provides an introduction to small hydropower projects in Pakistan. It defines small hydropower as having an installed capacity of less than 10MW. Small hydropower has several advantages over large hydropower projects, such as being more environmentally friendly with less social impacts. Pakistan has significant untapped small hydropower potential, estimated at over 1,800MW across its provinces. Several organizations have implemented small hydropower projects in Pakistan to provide electricity to off-grid rural communities. Overall, small hydropower can help address Pakistan's energy needs in a sustainable manner.
This document provides details about an industrial visit by engineering students to the Ukai Hydro Power Plant in Gujarat, India. It includes an introduction to the Ukai plant, which has a 300 MW installed capacity across 4 units. The document also contains an acknowledgements section thanking those who supported and guided the visit, as well as sections on the history, basic principles, site selection, construction, working, main parts, advantages, and disadvantages of hydro power plants.
This document summarizes a micro hydro power plant project with unmanned power distribution. The project uses common components like a water tank, flywheel turbine, water level detector, pump, motor and generator to harness energy from flowing water without human operation. It has potential applications for small-scale power generation for homes or industries using water sources like small rivers or canals. The system could help provide electricity in rural areas and reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources.
This document provides an overview of hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the basic process of how hydroelectricity works by using the kinetic energy of flowing water to turn turbines that generate electricity. The history of hydroelectric dams is covered, along with India's national policy of developing hydropower. Different types of turbines - impulse and reaction - are described. The key components of a hydroelectric power system, including the power house, are defined. Advantages and disadvantages of hydro power conclude the document.
This document provides details about the Modikhola Hydropower project in Nepal. It describes the key specifications of the 14.8 MW run-of-river hydropower plant, including details about the civil works like the intake, tunnel, and powerhouse, as well as the mechanical, electrical, control, and protection systems. It also notes some problems like the small size of the settling basin and lack of a SCADA system, and provides recommendations to address these issues.
This document provides information on hydro power stations, including their schematic arrangement, classification, advantages and disadvantages, site selection criteria, and environmental impacts. It discusses the key components of a hydro power plant such as the catchment area, dam, reservoir, penstocks, valves, turbines, generators, and draft tubes. It also lists the largest hydro power producers in the world and provides examples of major hydro power projects in India along with career opportunities in the hydro power sector.
This presentation provides information about hydro power plants. It discusses the working principle where potential energy of water stored behind a dam is converted to kinetic energy and used to turn turbines that generate electricity. It describes the typical layout including components like the reservoir, dam, spillway, penstock, turbine and generator. It classifies hydro plants based on head of water as high, medium or low head. Advantages include being renewable and having low operating costs, while disadvantages include high initial costs and reduced output during droughts.
This document provides an overview of the Tehri Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) in India. It discusses that the plant is operated by THDC India Limited, a joint venture between the governments of India and Uttar Pradesh. The plant became fully operational in 2007 and generates 1000MW of power. It describes the key components of the plant including the power house, generator units, braking system, gas insulated switchgear system, and compares hydro power to thermal power. It concludes that the visit to Tehri Dam was an educational experience to learn about electricity production.
Development of prototype turbine model for ultra-low head hydro power potenti...iosrjce
Clean source of energy is playing very vital role in today’s eco-friendly environment. Potential
energy available with water can be converted into useful work by maintaining the purpose of clean environment.
Hydro-power plant utilises the energy of water and can produce equivalent mechanical output. Hydro-electric
power plants are much more reliable and efficient as a renewable and clean source than the fossil fuel power
plants. The rivers in Western Maharashtra region flows from Sahyadri mountain towards Deccan platue with
steady gradient. In recent years, the environmental impacts are becoming difficult for developers to build new
dams because of opposition from environmentalists and people living on the land to be flooded. Therefore the
need has arisen to go for the small scale hydro power plants in the range of mini (few MW) and micro hydro
(kW) power plants. This paper discusses the conceptual design and development of a micro hydro power plant.
The developed model can be used at sites having head range of 0.5 to to 6 m. The required information was
collected from meteorological department and irrigation department of Kolhapur division of Government of
Maharashtra, India.
Presentation on two major hydro electric power plants in indiaSaikat Ghosh
The document summarizes two major hydroelectric power plants in India: the Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant and the Indira Sagar Project. The 1000 MW Karcham Wangtoo plant is the largest private hydroelectric plant in India, located on the Sutlej River. It utilizes the head available between two other hydroelectric projects. The Indira Sagar Project is located on the Narmada River and features a 653 meter long, 92 meter high concrete gravity dam with 20 radial gates. It has 8 units totaling 1000 MW of capacity. Both plants make use of run-of-the-river designs to generate hydroelectric power with minimal environmental impacts.
The document is a thank you letter from an intern acknowledging the training opportunity they received with NHPC LTD. It expresses gratitude to several managers and professionals who provided guidance during the training period. The intern considers the training a valuable career development experience and hopes to apply the new skills and knowledge gained.
This document presents a seminar report on the study of a hydroelectric power plant by Ramkumar Ojha for his mechanical engineering course. It contains an introduction to hydroelectric power, explaining that it is a renewable energy source that harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water. It then discusses the various components of a hydroelectric power plant including the reservoir, dam, generator, transformer, power house, turbine and power lines. The document outlines different types of hydroelectric systems based on head including low-head, high-head, small and large hydroelectric plants. It provides examples of several major hydroelectric dams in the US and concludes by listing the advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power.
This document provides a summary of a minor project report on hydro power. It discusses the history and types of hydro power plants. It describes the basic components and working of hydro power plants including dams, water reservoirs, turbines and generators. It presents a case study of the Hirakund Dam located in India, describing its structure, power generation and key features. It also lists some advantages like no fuel requirement and disadvantages like high capital costs and environmental disruption.
Design and fabrication of hydro electric powerkannan42
The document describes the design and fabrication of a mini hydroelectric power generator. It consists of the following components: an intake to collect water, a pipeline to transfer water, a turbine powered by the flowing water, and a generator connected to the turbine to produce electricity. Water flows through the intake and pipeline, powering the turbine which spins the generator to produce an estimated 20.52 watts of power. The system provides a small-scale renewable energy source without air pollution.
This document discusses different components of hydroelectric power plants, including turbines, generators, and control systems. It describes the main parts of hydroelectric turbines like Pelton wheels, Francis turbines, and Kaplan turbines. It also discusses the powerhouse, which houses the turbine, generator, and other service areas needed to control and operate the hydroelectric system.
The document provides information about Nilesh Kumar Singh's summer internship at SJVN Ltd, including:
1) SJVN Ltd is a joint venture between the Indian and Himachal Pradesh governments focused on hydroelectric projects. Nilesh studied the Nathpa Jhakri Hydro-power Station, one of SJVN's largest plants.
2) Key objectives of the internship were to study mechanical systems of the dam and powerhouse, and the hard coating facility.
3) Nilesh found that unique safety measures are used at the dam, powerhouse, and hard coating facility to optimize operations and protect equipment and workers.
Hydro electric power plant,site selection, classification of HEPP,criteria for turbine selection, dams, spillways, surge tank and forebay, advantages and disadvantages of HEPP, hydrograph ,flow duration curve ,mass curve,environmental impacts of HEPP
This document provides an overview of the Archimedean screw as a low head hydropower generator. It discusses the basic design and operation of Archimedean screws, including their rotating helical shape supported by bearings. Archimedean screws can operate at heads as low as 1 meter and flows up to 15 cubic meters per second. They typically have an efficiency around 80% and can tolerate debris well due to their large dimensions. The document also notes some advantages of Archimedean screws for hydropower such as their fish friendliness and simpler civil works compared to other turbine types.
This document summarizes different types of hydroelectric power plants and turbines. It describes impulse and reaction turbines, including Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. It provides diagrams of hydroelectric and pump storage plants. Key concepts covered include gross and net heads, discharge, water power, brake power, efficiency, and speed. Fundamental equations for hydroelectric systems are given. Common terms are defined. Sample problems demonstrate calculations for hydroelectric plant design and performance analysis.
hydro power plant seminor
,hydro power plant ,reneawble sources ,hydro electical power plant ,classifications of hydro electical power plant ,construction and working of hydro electical power ,advantages and disadvantages of hydro electical power plant
The document discusses hydroelectric power plants. It describes how hydroelectric power plants utilize the potential energy of water at high elevations to generate electricity. It covers site selection factors such as water availability, ability to store water, land costs and transportation access. The document outlines the typical components of hydroelectric power plants including reservoirs, penstocks, turbines, generators, and electrical equipment. It also classifies hydroelectric plants and discusses their advantages and disadvantages as well as potential environmental issues.
The document summarizes hydroelectric power, including its history, types, components, working principles, and the case study of the Hirakund Dam in India. Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. It has been used for over 2000 years and provides renewable, large-scale power. The document describes various types of hydro plants and components like dams, reservoirs, turbines and generators. It also discusses advantages like no emissions but disadvantages like ecosystem disruption.
The document discusses a student project to test a homemade mini-hydro turbine using rainwater runoff. Key questions for the project include whether there is enough rainwater to produce energy and if a low-cost turbine can be made from repurposed materials. The students predict their turbine could produce around 2 watts of power from an 8 foot height water source. However, initial tests of a prototype produced no measurable energy. Improvements to the design are needed to effectively harness energy from small rainwater sources.
This document classifies hydro power plants according to several factors:
- Head availability: high, medium, low
- Capacity: large, medium, small, mini, micro
- Facility type: run-of-river without pondage, run-of-river with pondage, storage type, pumped storage, in-stream
- Purpose: single purpose for power generation, multi-purpose for power and other uses like irrigation
- Hydrological relationship: single stage or cascade system
This presentation includes introduction to run off river (ROR) plant and pumped storage plants, comparison between traditional and run off river plant, Classification of ROR Plants, Advantages and disadvantages of ROR Plants, Introduction to Pumped Storage Power (PSP) Plants, Classification of PSP, and Advantages and disadvantages of PSP
The document provides specifications for the construction of the Baglihar Hydro Electric Power Plant project in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Key details include the 144.5m high concrete gravity dam on the Chenab River, two 430 cumec capacity intake structures, a 2.08km long head race tunnel, a 77m high underground surge shaft, three pressure shafts, an underground powerhouse complex containing three 150MW turbine generators, a 160m long tail race tunnel, and associated tunnels, transformers and equipment. The first stage of 450MW capacity is currently under construction.
The document summarizes the Hydrology Project-II being implemented in Punjab, India. Key points:
- The Rs. 46.65 crore project aims to improve water resource data collection and management. Around 80% of the work and funding has been used.
- Networks to monitor groundwater, surface water, and rainfall have been installed across 700, 25, and 81 stations respectively. Digital equipment transmits data in real time.
- Three data centers have been constructed to store and analyze water data. A state data center in Mohali will house various water resource offices and laboratories.
- Observed hydrological data will be shared with state agencies, CGWB, and other users to inform water
This document provides an overview of the Tehri Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) in India. It discusses that the plant is operated by THDC India Limited, a joint venture between the governments of India and Uttar Pradesh. The plant became fully operational in 2007 and generates 1000MW of power. It describes the key components of the plant including the power house, generator units, braking system, gas insulated switchgear system, and compares hydro power to thermal power. It concludes that the visit to Tehri Dam was an educational experience to learn about electricity production.
Development of prototype turbine model for ultra-low head hydro power potenti...iosrjce
Clean source of energy is playing very vital role in today’s eco-friendly environment. Potential
energy available with water can be converted into useful work by maintaining the purpose of clean environment.
Hydro-power plant utilises the energy of water and can produce equivalent mechanical output. Hydro-electric
power plants are much more reliable and efficient as a renewable and clean source than the fossil fuel power
plants. The rivers in Western Maharashtra region flows from Sahyadri mountain towards Deccan platue with
steady gradient. In recent years, the environmental impacts are becoming difficult for developers to build new
dams because of opposition from environmentalists and people living on the land to be flooded. Therefore the
need has arisen to go for the small scale hydro power plants in the range of mini (few MW) and micro hydro
(kW) power plants. This paper discusses the conceptual design and development of a micro hydro power plant.
The developed model can be used at sites having head range of 0.5 to to 6 m. The required information was
collected from meteorological department and irrigation department of Kolhapur division of Government of
Maharashtra, India.
Presentation on two major hydro electric power plants in indiaSaikat Ghosh
The document summarizes two major hydroelectric power plants in India: the Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant and the Indira Sagar Project. The 1000 MW Karcham Wangtoo plant is the largest private hydroelectric plant in India, located on the Sutlej River. It utilizes the head available between two other hydroelectric projects. The Indira Sagar Project is located on the Narmada River and features a 653 meter long, 92 meter high concrete gravity dam with 20 radial gates. It has 8 units totaling 1000 MW of capacity. Both plants make use of run-of-the-river designs to generate hydroelectric power with minimal environmental impacts.
The document is a thank you letter from an intern acknowledging the training opportunity they received with NHPC LTD. It expresses gratitude to several managers and professionals who provided guidance during the training period. The intern considers the training a valuable career development experience and hopes to apply the new skills and knowledge gained.
This document presents a seminar report on the study of a hydroelectric power plant by Ramkumar Ojha for his mechanical engineering course. It contains an introduction to hydroelectric power, explaining that it is a renewable energy source that harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water. It then discusses the various components of a hydroelectric power plant including the reservoir, dam, generator, transformer, power house, turbine and power lines. The document outlines different types of hydroelectric systems based on head including low-head, high-head, small and large hydroelectric plants. It provides examples of several major hydroelectric dams in the US and concludes by listing the advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power.
This document provides a summary of a minor project report on hydro power. It discusses the history and types of hydro power plants. It describes the basic components and working of hydro power plants including dams, water reservoirs, turbines and generators. It presents a case study of the Hirakund Dam located in India, describing its structure, power generation and key features. It also lists some advantages like no fuel requirement and disadvantages like high capital costs and environmental disruption.
Design and fabrication of hydro electric powerkannan42
The document describes the design and fabrication of a mini hydroelectric power generator. It consists of the following components: an intake to collect water, a pipeline to transfer water, a turbine powered by the flowing water, and a generator connected to the turbine to produce electricity. Water flows through the intake and pipeline, powering the turbine which spins the generator to produce an estimated 20.52 watts of power. The system provides a small-scale renewable energy source without air pollution.
This document discusses different components of hydroelectric power plants, including turbines, generators, and control systems. It describes the main parts of hydroelectric turbines like Pelton wheels, Francis turbines, and Kaplan turbines. It also discusses the powerhouse, which houses the turbine, generator, and other service areas needed to control and operate the hydroelectric system.
The document provides information about Nilesh Kumar Singh's summer internship at SJVN Ltd, including:
1) SJVN Ltd is a joint venture between the Indian and Himachal Pradesh governments focused on hydroelectric projects. Nilesh studied the Nathpa Jhakri Hydro-power Station, one of SJVN's largest plants.
2) Key objectives of the internship were to study mechanical systems of the dam and powerhouse, and the hard coating facility.
3) Nilesh found that unique safety measures are used at the dam, powerhouse, and hard coating facility to optimize operations and protect equipment and workers.
Hydro electric power plant,site selection, classification of HEPP,criteria for turbine selection, dams, spillways, surge tank and forebay, advantages and disadvantages of HEPP, hydrograph ,flow duration curve ,mass curve,environmental impacts of HEPP
This document provides an overview of the Archimedean screw as a low head hydropower generator. It discusses the basic design and operation of Archimedean screws, including their rotating helical shape supported by bearings. Archimedean screws can operate at heads as low as 1 meter and flows up to 15 cubic meters per second. They typically have an efficiency around 80% and can tolerate debris well due to their large dimensions. The document also notes some advantages of Archimedean screws for hydropower such as their fish friendliness and simpler civil works compared to other turbine types.
This document summarizes different types of hydroelectric power plants and turbines. It describes impulse and reaction turbines, including Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. It provides diagrams of hydroelectric and pump storage plants. Key concepts covered include gross and net heads, discharge, water power, brake power, efficiency, and speed. Fundamental equations for hydroelectric systems are given. Common terms are defined. Sample problems demonstrate calculations for hydroelectric plant design and performance analysis.
hydro power plant seminor
,hydro power plant ,reneawble sources ,hydro electical power plant ,classifications of hydro electical power plant ,construction and working of hydro electical power ,advantages and disadvantages of hydro electical power plant
The document discusses hydroelectric power plants. It describes how hydroelectric power plants utilize the potential energy of water at high elevations to generate electricity. It covers site selection factors such as water availability, ability to store water, land costs and transportation access. The document outlines the typical components of hydroelectric power plants including reservoirs, penstocks, turbines, generators, and electrical equipment. It also classifies hydroelectric plants and discusses their advantages and disadvantages as well as potential environmental issues.
The document summarizes hydroelectric power, including its history, types, components, working principles, and the case study of the Hirakund Dam in India. Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. It has been used for over 2000 years and provides renewable, large-scale power. The document describes various types of hydro plants and components like dams, reservoirs, turbines and generators. It also discusses advantages like no emissions but disadvantages like ecosystem disruption.
The document discusses a student project to test a homemade mini-hydro turbine using rainwater runoff. Key questions for the project include whether there is enough rainwater to produce energy and if a low-cost turbine can be made from repurposed materials. The students predict their turbine could produce around 2 watts of power from an 8 foot height water source. However, initial tests of a prototype produced no measurable energy. Improvements to the design are needed to effectively harness energy from small rainwater sources.
This document classifies hydro power plants according to several factors:
- Head availability: high, medium, low
- Capacity: large, medium, small, mini, micro
- Facility type: run-of-river without pondage, run-of-river with pondage, storage type, pumped storage, in-stream
- Purpose: single purpose for power generation, multi-purpose for power and other uses like irrigation
- Hydrological relationship: single stage or cascade system
This presentation includes introduction to run off river (ROR) plant and pumped storage plants, comparison between traditional and run off river plant, Classification of ROR Plants, Advantages and disadvantages of ROR Plants, Introduction to Pumped Storage Power (PSP) Plants, Classification of PSP, and Advantages and disadvantages of PSP
The document provides specifications for the construction of the Baglihar Hydro Electric Power Plant project in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Key details include the 144.5m high concrete gravity dam on the Chenab River, two 430 cumec capacity intake structures, a 2.08km long head race tunnel, a 77m high underground surge shaft, three pressure shafts, an underground powerhouse complex containing three 150MW turbine generators, a 160m long tail race tunnel, and associated tunnels, transformers and equipment. The first stage of 450MW capacity is currently under construction.
The document summarizes the Hydrology Project-II being implemented in Punjab, India. Key points:
- The Rs. 46.65 crore project aims to improve water resource data collection and management. Around 80% of the work and funding has been used.
- Networks to monitor groundwater, surface water, and rainfall have been installed across 700, 25, and 81 stations respectively. Digital equipment transmits data in real time.
- Three data centers have been constructed to store and analyze water data. A state data center in Mohali will house various water resource offices and laboratories.
- Observed hydrological data will be shared with state agencies, CGWB, and other users to inform water
The document summarizes the Business Process Reengineering (BPR) case of the Punjab State Electricity Board (PSEB). It discusses the need for reforms in PSEB due to increasing investment needs, inadequate resources, and high transmission and distribution losses. The vision is to provide reliable electricity at economical prices through efficient use of resources. Key proposed actions include introducing competition, public-private partnerships, reducing losses through metering and IT initiatives like MIS and SCADA systems. The BPR scope covers generation, transmission, distribution and encouraging private sector participation.
India has significant untapped hydropower potential. Currently, hydropower accounts for about 26.5% of India's potential capacity. Several factors, including difficult terrain and long project timelines, have hindered full development. The government aims to harness more of the estimated 150,000MW potential through basin-wide planning and policies to encourage private sector investment. Challenges include environmental impacts, long clearance times, and reliance on state policies for site allocation. Future prospects include a planned addition of over 30,000MW in the 12th and 13th Five Year Plans through large projects and further development of small hydropower.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Pradeep Kumar Yadav to Rajasthan Technical University on the topic of hydro power plants. The 3-page report includes an introduction to hydro power, terms related to hydro power plants, the components and classification of hydro power plants, site selection and the working of hydro power plants. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of hydro power and some major hydro power stations in India. The report was prepared to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering.
This document provides an overview of hydroelectric power and hydroelectric power plants. It discusses:
1. Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water and is considered a renewable energy source.
2. The essential elements of a hydroelectric power plant include a catchment area, reservoir, dam, spillways, conduits, surge tanks, prime movers, draft tubes, and powerhouse.
3. Dams come in various types including earth/fill dams, rockfill dams, masonry dams (gravity, buttress, arch dams), and timber dams. Site selection factors and each dam type are described.
Performance Evaluation of Small Hydro Power PlantGirish Gupta
This is a project on the study of small hydro power plant of Khairana, Ramgarh, Uttrakhand which is of the capacity 100 KW. This project is done under Center of Excellence, Technical Educational Quality Improvement Programme - II (COE, TEQIP-II) funded by Ministry of Human Resource and Developement, Government of India
The document discusses hydropower in India. It provides an introduction to hydropower, outlines its history in India, and discusses its current status and challenges. Some key points include:
- Hydropower is a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source that currently contributes around 22% of global electricity supply.
- The first hydropower dam in India was built in the early 1900s by Jamshedji Tata to supply power to textile mills.
- The government aims to realize India's full hydropower potential of 150,000 MW by 2025-26 to meet increasing energy demands.
- Major challenges include low exploitation of potential so far, technical difficulties, financial issues, and environmental/
Hydroelectric Power Plant (and Pumped Storage Power Plant)Ryan Triadhitama
I would like to share some materials as a basic information about hydroelectric power plant and pumped storage power plant. I might not be able to provide all the detail information on the slides, but feel free to contact me if you have any questions.
This document provides details about a student project report on a model of a hydraulic power plant. It includes an introduction describing the components of a typical hydraulic power plant like the reservoir, dam, penstock, surge tank, turbine, power house, and generator. It also discusses the classification of hydraulic power plants based on factors like water availability and plant capacity. The document outlines the various elements of a hydraulic power plant in detail and explains the working principle. It acknowledges the guidance provided by the project supervisor and declares the fulfillment of degree requirements.
This document describes the design of a wind turbine for power generation. It includes sections on the generator, blades, hub, tower height, connection to the electric grid, and safety concerns. The generator is a permanent magnet DC motor that converts the mechanical energy of the rotating blades into electrical energy that is stored in a battery. When the battery output is connected to LED lights through a switch, the lights will power as the turbine blades are rotated by the wind, functioning as a simple wind-powered street light.
This document provides an introduction to a final year project focused on the optimization and design of a micro hydro power plant. It discusses the use of hydroelectric power from waterwheels as a renewable energy source. Waterwheels can harness kinetic energy from low head flows and have relatively low costs. The document reviews different types of waterwheels and the history of micro hydro power projects in Pakistan. It identifies the need to address Pakistan's energy crisis and outlines the objectives of the project, which are to study micro hydro literature, perform calculations to determine power from water flow, design and optimize a waterwheel and catamaran structure, and analyze the structural strength using ANSYS software.
This document discusses a mini hydro power generation project using a spherical turbine inside pipelines. It aims to analyze the performance of the spherical turbine, assess power generation feasibility and costs. The project would take advantage of existing water pipelines to generate renewable energy. A pipe power system is proposed that uses a lift-based spherical turbine inside pipes to convert the kinetic energy of flowing water into electricity. Key components discussed include the turbine, generator, electronics and a control/monitoring system. The system has potential to generate clean, low-cost power from water pressure and flow within pipes.
This document presents a design for a portable micro hydro electrical generator. It consists of a permanent magnet synchronous generator with a rotor containing magnets and a stationary stator containing coils. Water turns a plastic turbine connected to a steel shaft, which rotates the rotor and cuts the magnetic field to induce current in the coils. The design aims to generate up to 5 watts of power and includes a turbine, shaft, generator, and waterproof container. Test results show that increasing water head from 1.7 to 2.1 meters increases voltage, current, and power output from 2.7 to 4.646 watts. The simple, low-cost design provides an environmentally friendly way to generate off-grid electricity from small streams
Hydroelectric power provides clean, renewable energy by harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing water. In Pakistan, hydroelectric power accounts for over 30% of electricity generation. Major hydroelectric projects currently underway in Pakistan include the 870MW Suki Kinari plant and 720MW Karot dam as part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Hydroelectric power plants have high upfront costs but low operating costs, and provide a reliable source of baseload electricity with efficiencies around 80%. However, large dams can impact the environment and displace populations. To meet growing energy demand, Pakistan will need to develop additional hydroelectric capacity as well as other renewable resources.
Design and Construction of Fuelless AC Generator Using Alternator Interfaced ...ijtsrd
AC Generators are useful appliances that supply electrical power during a power outage from national grid and prevent discontinuity of daily activities or disruption of business operations. Generators are available in different electrical and physical configurations for use in different applications. This work develops a design, Construction and Characterize fuelless AC Generator that generates electrical energy from an alternator interfaced with an inverter. The prime mover is DC electric motor which was connected to the alternator armature shaft. The DC electric motor was powered by rechargeable 24V 75Ah battery, and as it rotates it provides energy to the alternator resulting in generation of AC voltage. Part of the output voltage was rectified to provide 12V for recharging of the battery for it not to be drained. The other part was connected to which was connected to an inverter to provide 220V to the output circuit breaker for the utility load. A control panel was also in cooperated for monitoring and regulation for output voltage. The results were obtained using multi meter to read the output voltage at different load conditions and also measure the voltage output from different components of the control circuit. This gave stable 220V output voltage which was connected to load. Sylvester Emeka Abonyi | Okolie Chukwulozie Paul | Emmanuel Chinagorom Nwadike "Design and Construction of Fuelless AC Generator Using Alternator Interfaced With an Inverter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42606.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electrical-engineering/42606/design-and-construction-of-fuelless-ac-generator-using-alternator-interfaced-with-an-inverter/sylvester-emeka-abonyi
This document is a project report submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses the design and implementation of a hydroelectric power generation system. The report includes sections on the types of hydroelectric facilities, their sizes and capacities. It also covers the key components of a hydroelectric power plant layout including dams, spillways, penstocks, surge tanks and power stations. The document provides information on inverters, batteries and the advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power. It concludes with world hydroelectricity capacity statistics.
IRJETMicro Hydro Power Generation from Small Water Channel FlowIRJET Journal
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This document provides details about Deepak Chaudhary's industrial training at the Parbati Hydroelectric Project Stage-II power plant in Himachal Pradesh, India. It discusses the key components and operations of a hydroelectric power plant including dams, water intake and delivery systems, turbines, generators, transformers, and transmission lines. Deepak learned about the various mechanical and electrical machines used in the plant and their specifications and applications. He gained practical experience in industrial management practices like safety protocols. The training helped Deepak fill gaps between his theoretical engineering knowledge and real-world field experience in hydroelectric power generation.
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2) The system consists of fiberglass floats connected to a water wheel that spins a waterproof generator as water flows between the floats.
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1. Ghazi Brotha Hydro Power Project
Pakistan Water & Power Development Authority
Internship Report
Submitted to:
Mr. Feroz-ud-din
Chief Engineer
Ghazi Brotha Power Complex.
Submitted by:
Waleed Azhar.
11-ME-91
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Taxila.
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Table of Contents
1. Power Plants........................................................................................................................5
1.1 Types of Power Plants...................................................................................................5
1.1.1 Significance of Hydel Power Plants .......................................................................5
1.1.2 Types of Hydel Power Plants .................................................................................6
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2.1 The Barrage ..................................................................................................................7
2.1.1 Standard Bays........................................................................................................8
2.1.2 Under Sluice Gates ................................................................................................8
2.1.3 Head Regulator Gates ............................................................................................8
2.2 The Power Channel.......................................................................................................8
2.3 The Power Complex......................................................................................................8
2.3.1 Tail Regulator........................................................................................................8
2.3.2 Fore Bay................................................................................................................9
2.3.3 South Head Pond ...................................................................................................9
2.3.4 North Head Pond .................................................................................................10
2.3.5 Intake...................................................................................................................10
2.3.6 Power House........................................................................................................10
2.3.7 Spill Way.............................................................................................................11
2.3.8 Tail Race .............................................................................................................11
3. The Main Power Plant .......................................................................................................11
3.1 Turbine .......................................................................................................................12
3.1.1 Penstock ..............................................................................................................13
3.1.2 Spiral Casing .......................................................................................................14
3.1.3 Wicket Gates .......................................................................................................14
3.1.4 Runner:................................................................................................................15
3.1.5 Blading ................................................................................................................15
3.1.6 Draft Tube ...........................................................................................................16
3.2 Governor.....................................................................................................................17
3.3 Bearings......................................................................................................................18
3.4 Lubrication and Cooling Systems................................................................................18
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3.5 Braking System:..........................................................................................................20
3.6 Generator:...................................................................................................................21
3.7 Excitation Transformer ...............................................................................................23
3.8 Synchronization Circuit Breakers................................................................................23
3.9 Generator Transformer................................................................................................25
3.10 Auxiliary Supply .....................................................................................................25
3.11 HVAC:....................................................................................................................26
3.12 Control & Instrumentation (C&I) ............................................................................26
3.13 Protection & Instrumentation (P&I).........................................................................26
3.14 Switch Yard: ...........................................................................................................27
3.14.1 Power Transformers.............................................................................................28
3.14.2 Bus Bars ..............................................................................................................28
3.14.3 Breakers...............................................................................................................28
3.14.4 Isolators...............................................................................................................28
3.14.5 Lightning Arrestors..............................................................................................28
3.14.6 Wave Blockers.....................................................................................................28
3.14.7 Shunt Reactors.....................................................................................................28
3.14.8 CTs & PTs...........................................................................................................28
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Acknowledgement
First of all I am grateful to Allah Who Gave me sound mind & sound health to accomplish my
summer placement. Then, I would like to thank my parents who have supported me in every
walk of life. The completion of the task gives me much pleasure. I would also like to thank my
lecturers, Mr. Zahid Sulaiman Butt & Dr. Shehryar, for giving me sufficient technical knowledge
about Fluid Mechanics.
Hereby I want to give my special thanks to “Mr. Feroz-ud-din” Chief Engineer Ghazi Barotha
Hydro Power Project. For giving me the opportunity to learn and get the real work experience.
In addition, I would also like to thank the authority of Ghazi Brotha Power House, for providing
me all the required information and details regarding the available equipment, and for increasing
my practical knowledge of engineering.
Regards.
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1. Power Plants
A Power Station or Power Plant is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. At
the center of nearly all power stations is a generator, a rotating machine that converts mechanical
power into electrical power by creating relative motion between a magnetic field and a
conductor. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. It depends chiefly on
which fuels are easily available, cheap enough and on the types of technology that the power
company has access to.
1.1 Types of Power Plants
There are namely five major types of Power Plants that are currently working around the globe
for power generation. These are enlisted below:
Hydel Power Plants.
Thermal Power Plants.
Wind Energy Power Plants.
Solar Power Plants.
Nuclear Power Plants.
Pakistan's basic power generation reliance is upon Thermal Power Generation, producing 70 %
of the total power generated, but many Hydel Power projects are also working to fulfill the
country's increasing energy needs.
1.1.1 Significance of Hydel Power Plants
Water is the most easily available and cheap energy source. It is our common observation that
water carries huge amount of energy under flowing condition and this flow energy can be further
amplified when it is allowed to flow from a certain height. This is the main idea used in Hydel
power plants. Water, which is stored in the reservoirs, is allowed to flow over the blades of a
water turbine, due to high pressure energy of water flowing from a high head the blades begin to
rotate. The shaft of the blades is coupled with a generator, which generates electricity. And the
water is then released into the tail race and is returned back into the river. So in this way, we get
energy output from a free source of nature.
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1.1.2 Types of Hydel Power Plants
There are major five types of Hydel Power Plants, which are discussed briefly below:
Conventional hydroelectric such as hydroelectric dams.
Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity, which captures the kinetic energy in rivers or
streams, without the use of dams.
Small hydro projects are 10 megawatts or less and often have no artificial reservoirs.
Micro hydro projects provide a few kilowatts to a few hundred kilowatts to isolated
homes, villages, or small industries.
Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores water pumped during periods of low demand to
be released for generation when demand is high.
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2. Ghazi Brotha Hydro Power Project
It was observed that a useful 74 meters head was available between Ghazi, the tailrace of
Tarbela, and Brotha village. So the idea of Ghazi Brotha Project was proposed and it was
basically designed as a running water power station, regulated by the tailrace of Tarbela Dam.
The project was completed in 2003 under the working of various companies such as:
Voith Hydro, Germany.
Toshiba, Japan.
ABB, Germany.
Alstom Power Generation, Germany.
CMEC, China.
HMC, Pakistan.
OMG, Italy.
VA Tech, Australia.
The total cost of the project was around 2.6 billion US dollars. The power station is capable of
producing 1450 MegaWatts with five Francis turbines each of 290 MW, among which four units
are designed for continuously generating power. During the months of May & June, when other
power station are at minimum generation due to low reservoir level, GBHP is designed to
generate maximum power during the same period, with a plant annual utilization factor of 52%.
The project comprises of three main parts:
The Barrage.
The Power Channel.
The Power Complex.
2.1 The Barrage
The barrage located 7 km downstream of Tarbela Dam, provides at 71 million cubic meters
storage pond allowing for the re-regulation of the daily discharge from Tarbela by diverting the
flow into the power Channel. The bridge is able to pass the design flood of 18,700 cusecs,
equivalent to the flood of record, through the Standard bays and Under sluices at the normal
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pond level of 340 meters. The fuse plug has been provided to pass the extreme floods up to the
capacity of Tarbela’s spillway and tunnel equating 46,200 cusecs.
2.1.1 Standard Bays
Twenty such gates are provided to remove excess water after diverting into the power channel.
2.1.2 Under Sluice Gates
This portion contains 8 gates. It is used for the removal of mud and other materials like stone etc.
These gates are at lower level then head regulator gates, so that to provide temporary filtered
water to power channel.
2.1.3 Head Regulator Gates
Head regulator gates are used to control the flow of water into power channel. It consists of eight
gates.
2.2 The Power Channel
The power channel is 52 km long and is concrete lined. It is 9 meters deep and can allow a flow
of 1600 cumecs of water. The average velocity of water in the channel is found to be 2.3 m/s,
which is approximately 9 kph. It is named as power channel because it is used for power
generation.
Two 11 kV lines on both side of the channel. Eight feeders are available to feed these lines. 25
kVA transformers step down 11 kV to 400 V to operate the pumps for maintain the channel
level.
2.3 The Power Complex
The power complex begins with fore bay and two head ponds with a combined live storage of 25
million cubic meters. The five generating units each of 290 MW in the powerhouse are each fed
by a steel linked penstock of 10.6m diameter, with a peak flow 460 cumecs. The power complex
consists of following main features which are enlisted and described below:
2.3.1 Tail Regulator
It is located at the end of power channel. It has four radial gates which are used to regulate the
flow. The major job of tail regulator is to keep the water level of the pond at 334 meters above
sea level. Depth of the tail regulator is 9 meters and width is 18.5m. The gates are opened
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hydraulically and are closed with the help of gravity. Each gate is installed at a distance of 200
mm from each other. Tail regulator is provided with a control room from where the opening and
closing of gates is done manually
2.3.2 Fore Bay
A central pond with a water storage capacity of 1,450 Million cubic Meters between elevations
of 329.00m and 334.00m.
2.3.3 South Head Pond
An auxiliary pond connected with fore bay through south sill opening and with live storage
capacity of 5,932 Million Cubic Meters of water between Elevations 329.00m and 334.00 m.
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2.3.4 North Head Pond
An auxiliary pond connected with fore bay through North sill opening with a live storage
capacity of 17,192 Million Cubic Meters of water between Elevation of 329.00 m and 334.00 m.
2.3.5 Intake
Intake is the sending point of fore bay. The water levels of fore bay are 334.34 meters. There are
five sets of power in take surviving the five hydraulic turbines and the control room.
Each intake is divided by a centre pier and contains two intakes gates. The intake gates are
connected with the power house through 10.6 meters diameters steel penstock.
2.3.6 Power House
Power House consists of Five Francis turbines with a capacity of 290 MW each and its control
room and its switchyard structure is connected with Power House via transmission lines.
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2.3.7 Spill Way
The structure to release the excess water in the fore bay when the level reaches the elevation of
334.50. It is a siphon type with Eight discharge gates having capacity of 1600 cumecs.
2.3.8 Tail Race
A structure for conveying the discharge water from the units and the spill way to the Indus River.
It starts at the end of draft tubes from each turbine and all the cooling water outlets exit in the
Tail Race.
3. The Main Power Plant
Power plant is the area in which power is generated. The water flow downward from the intake,
sets the turbine into motion and exits. The turbine rotates the generator and electric power is
generated rate at 18 kV from each rotor, which is supplied to the power transformer. Power
transformer step up 18 kV to 500 kV to be transmitted to different cities.
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3.1 Turbine
The power house is equipped by five Francis Turbines. The Francis turbines are Reaction
turbines as it utilizes pressure energy of water, and are used under low or medium heads. The
head at Ghazi Brotha is rated as medium head therefore Francis turbines were selected. The
turbine has its own accessories which included the Penstock and the Draft tube.
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The turbine has the following technical specifications:
Turbine Name Francis
Turbine Type Reaction
Flow Types Radial at inlet & Axial at outlet
Manufacturer MS Voith Hydro, Germany
Normal Operating speed (N) 100rpm
Rated Turbine Discharge (Q) 460m3
/s
Max. Rated Output (P) 295 MW
Weight of Runner 122 tons
Diameter of Runner 6.7 m
Rated Net Head (H) 69 m
Max. Achievable Efficiency 98 %
Following are the key features of the turbine:
3.1.1 Penstock
It is the main inlet of the turbine. It is 10.6 meters in diameter and is made up of Steel to give
high mechanical strength. It allows the water to enter the turbine radially via spiral casing.
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3.1.2 Spiral Casing
The spiral casing is provided at the end of each penstock, and it is the main outer housing of the
turbine. It increases the pressure head by gradual decrease in area of the casing. It is also
designed to avoid cavitation within the turbine. Water pipeline for cooling or other purposes is
taken from the spiral casing, which is at a pressure of 7 bar.
3.1.3 Wicket Gates
Each turbine is provided with 24 wicket gates which are operated hydraulically with the help of
two servomotors. These servomotors are controlled by governor according to the load
requirements. These gates allow water to enter radially into the turbine along the periphery of the
spiral casing.
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3.1.4 Runner:
The runner is the main rotating body of the turbine. It is coupled with the rotor of generator via a
hollow steel shaft. The purpose of keeping the shaft hollow is that it also acts as a Surge Tank for
the turbine, and absorbs sudden rises of pressure, as well as to quickly provide extra water during
brief drop in pressure. The blades are pinned to the runner.
3.1.5 Blading
The material proposed for the blades is composes of 83% Stainless Steel, 13% Chromium and
4% Nickel. Chromium and Nickel are added as to give anti-corrosive properties to the runner.
The runner is provided with three sets of blades. The guide blades are used to direct the water
onto the moving blades, and they can be adjusted according to the running conditions of the
turbine. The stationary blades are provided which act as nozzles to accelerate the water flow.
Then comes the set of moving blades, they are pinned to a shaft which is coupled with the
generator rotor.
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3.1.6 Draft Tube
Draft tube is provided with each unit to compensate the loss of head if the turbine is installed
above the tail race level, and to increase turbine's net efficiency. The draft tube installed here, is
slightly hook shaped as to avoid erosion at the exiting edge of draft tube. The tube is rectangular
in cross-section, while the exit is circular.
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3.2 Governor
Governor is an auto decision making unit controlling which alter the opening of the wicket gates
according to the load requirements by operating the servomotors hydraulically. The governor
used at GBHP is of Digital type equipped with a microprocessor. The governor has two pumps
installed with it, which operate alternatively to pump the compressed oil at 65 bar into the
servomotors. The storage tank of oil has a mixed of oil and compressed air in it, to maintain the
internal pressure without any external source ideally. We have to set either of two parameters
power or frequency. We mostly set power, for example if we set power to 290 MW, the governor
will automatically open the wicket gates up to 79% allowing a flow of 479 m3
/s. Governor also
takes protection step i.e. if there is water leakage from the seals of the shaft at the axis of turbine,
the governor will automatically close all the wicket gates without any manual command.
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3.3 Bearings
Bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion between moving parts to only the
desired motion. Various bearings are provided with the turbine and generator to minimize
rotational friction. Most common are Guide bearings, which are installed about the shaft and
below to keep the shaft intact. Turbine bearing and Generator bearing are provided with the
upper side of turbine and the lower end of generator respectively. Thrust bearing is installed
with the lower end of the turbine to absorb the axial thrust of the runner. These bearing are
provided with cooling water systems for their cooling.
3.4 Lubrication and Cooling Systems
All the rotating parts in the power plant are provided with lubrication. The bearing are provided
with lubrication oils which are filtered and cooled gradually by water coolers, to prevent the
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bearings from over-heating. The hot oil is cooled up to 10 Celsius. The lubricating oil used in
bearings is LHM46, while the hydraulic oil used in intake gates as well as in governing system is
T60. These oils are selected on the basis of different factors such as lubrication capacity, thermal
stability, viscosity, compressibility etc.
The cooling water used all over the power house is taken from the spiral casing of each turbine
housing. This water is approximately at 16° Celsius and at 7 bar, and reaches every part of the
power house without any pumping action. It is strained and filtered at its inlet to avoid any
blockage in the cooling pipeline. This water is used to cool the bearing, generator transformers
and governor oil pumping set.
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3.5 Braking System:
For stopping any unit , braking systems are provided with the shaft of the turbine. These brakes
are pneumatically operated with the help of compressed air. Two central compressed air
cylinders are provided and also each unit has its own air storage cylinder. The air is kept at 10
bar pressure. The compressed air is released when the brakes are applied, which push the
graphite brake pads onto the shaft and stops it. A dust collector is also provided with it to
collecting the dust by creating a vacuum, produced by sliding of pads with the shaft. The brakes
are applied below 25 rpm otherwise it can cause heavy damage to the braking pads and cause
immense mechanical vibrations that can disturb the whole system. If brakes are applied at high
speeds then excessive amount of heat will also be generated , which will cause the CO2 to be
released. There are two banks of CO2. Primary bank has 58 cylinders, while the secondary bank
is kept as a backup having 30 cylinders.
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3.6 Generator:
Five Self-exciting generators are installed with each turbine unit via a shaft. There are air ducts
with each generator which are installed as to remove air humidity from the inside casing of
generator. If there is, then it will cause corrosion. Units has to be synchronized with the system,
this is done by synchronoscope.
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Following are the technical specifications of each generator:
Manufacturer Toshiba, Japan
No. Of Phase 3
Rated Output 322200 kVA.
Rated Voltage 18000 Volts
Rated Current 10335A
Power Factor 0.9 Lagging
No. Of Poles 60
Frequency 50Hz
Rated Speed 100 rpm
Rotation Direction Anti-Clockwise
Power Source Francis Turbine
Stator Coil Star Connection.
Stator Insulation Class F
Rotor Insulation Class F
Armature Connection Y
Armature Temp. Rise 78.5 K
Natural Point Transformer Grounding
Cooling Method Radial Ventilation Air
Cooling method
Excitation Method Thyrister exciting method
Exciting Current 2439A
Excitation voltage 400 V
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3.7 Excitation Transformer
Excitation Transformer are used to provide D.C voltage to the rotor of generator. The 18 kV AC
line coming from the generator is tapped before entering the synchronizing breaker, and is given
to the excitation transformer where it is stepped down from 18kV to 400V. This 400V AC line is
then transferred to AVR unit where Bridge Rectifiers are used to convert it into 400V D.C. This
D.C line is then given to the rotor of the generator to magnetize its poles.
3.8 Synchronization Circuit Breakers
Circuit breakers are provided at 18 kV on each line coming from generator, they are also filled
with compressed air at 6 bar to avoid any contamination and ionization.
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Technical specifications of the breakers are as under:
Type HEC 2
Rated Voltage 24
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Rated Normal Current 120000 A
Rated S C breaking current 100 kA
Rated peak withstand current 300 kA
Rated power frequency withstand voltage 60 kV / 70 kV
Rated lightning impulse withstand peak voltage 125 kV / 145 kV
Capacitor on generation side 130 nF
Capacitor on transformer side 260 nF
Total weight of the breaker system 5350 Kg
Control voltage for closing coil 220V D.C
Control voltage for tripped coil 220V D.C
Rated voltage for motor drive 220V D.C
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3.9 Generator Transformer
Rated output of the three phase generator is 18 kV which is stepped up to 500 kV by the main
generator transformer. Each generator has Three Generator Transformers for the
different Phases. One for Blue phase, one for Red phase and one for Yellow phase. In total there
are fifteen Generator Transformers for five units located at the Transformer Deck.
3.10 Auxiliary Supply
Auxiliary supply to the power house, switch yard, tail regulator and intake are provided by 3 unit
transformers which convert 18 kV generated from turbines into 11 kV. Unit transformers are
only attached with unit 1, 3 & 5. In case, we run out of this supply then 220V DC battery rooms
are provided in each section of the power house for immediate power supply as power house
needs continuous voltage supply for safe operations. A pair of Caterpillar Diesel Generators is
also provided which can give 0.7 MW each to give a backup power supply to the power house.
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3.11 HVAC:
HVAC stands for "Heating, Ventilation & Air conditioning". It is an important system for this
power plant as to avoid excessive heating of the machinery. It provides fresh air for breathing as
the power house is several stories underground. The air conditioning system maintains fresh and
healthy working environment for the workers. The air conditioners for this purpose are installed
which provide conditioned air centrally throughout the power house. These conditioners work on
the same principle as that of conventional air conditioners. The circulating air is ot used again
and again to avoid contamination. It is fixed with some fresh air in each cycle to decrease air
conditioners working load. The air conditioner sucks air from the environment and the
refrigerant extracts the heat from the air and cools it This air is then circulated around the power
house. The refrigerant is first compressed and is then condensed and then passed through an
expansion device, which causes cooling. It is then used to cool the air entering the air
conditioned space.
3.12 Control & Instrumentation (C&I)
The overall control of the Power complex is microprocessor based Distributed Control System
(DCS). The DCS is equipped with dual redundant processor and redundant data highway
network and related communication devices. The data highway uses fiber optic cable. Each
generating unit, tail regulator gates, high voltage switchgear , medium voltage switchboard and
low voltage switchboard has their own dedicated dual redundant processors.
3.13 Protection & Instrumentation (P&I)
The role of this department in the power house is to identify the problem by analyzing the date
given by C&I and solve it, and to assign the reason behind the problem, how the problem is
caused and what is the solution to that problem.
The whole power station is divided into two section. First section which comprises of the whole
power house to the intake, all comes under the control of C&I. While the second section,
consisting of few areas of power house and the switch yard are controlled by P&I. All the data
related to tripping of any transmission line is analyzed, debugged and solved by P&I.
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3.14 Switch Yard:
The switch yard is the heart of all the transmission done from GBHP. It has two grid stations.
The main grid transmits six 500 kV lines to different cities which are Tarbela (I), Tarbela (II),
Gatti (I), Gatti (II), Rawat (I) & Rawat (II). The smaller grid transmits two 220 kV lines directly
to Peshawar.
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Following are the common components to be discussed briefly installed at the switch yard:
3.14.1 Power Transformers
These transformers are used to step up 18 kV to 500 kV. These are insulated by SF6 gas, and are
also provided with cooling fans and radiators.
3.14.2 Bus Bars
Two bus bars are interconnected to each other. The 550 kV lines from transformers are
connected one bus bar and is transmitted to the next bus bar after transmitting through sets of
circuit breakers and isolators.
3.14.3 Breakers
Breakers are On load devices. There are T-shaped breakers connected to 3 phase lines. These are
auto closure breakers. The breaker prevents heavy currents from flowing along the bus bars by
opening the circuit.
3.14.4 Isolators
Isolators are off load devices. It can only be switched when there is no flow of current. They are
also known as disconnector, as they prevent the fault to be transmitted.
3.14.5 Lightning Arrestors
These are provided among all the high towers to protect from lightning. They are also known as
Surge Arrestors.
3.14.6 Wave Blockers
Wave blocker is a low pass capacitive circuit. which allows a limited frequency up to 50 Hz to
pass through them.
3.14.7 Shunt Reactors
These are provided at the transmission side that is at the second bus bar, to provide equivalent
inductance against the capacitance produced while transmitting high voltages. They are installed
both at the transmitting end as well as at the receiving end.
3.14.8 CTs & PTs
These are small transformers which are used to measure high currents and voltages respectively.
They when coupled can also give the value of real power transmitted and can act as a Wattmeter.