Final Presentation

Sugarcane Production TechnologySugarcane Production Technology
Gulf Sugar Mills LimitedGulf Sugar Mills Limited
GhotkiGhotki

Sugarcane Production AgronomySugarcane Production Agronomy

SoilsSoils
 Sugarcane can be economically grown in well drainedSugarcane can be economically grown in well drained
soils ranging from sandy loam to clay loam.soils ranging from sandy loam to clay loam.
 Problem soils (Saline, sodic and water logged) are notProblem soils (Saline, sodic and water logged) are not
suitable for sugarcane growing.suitable for sugarcane growing.

Common Soil problemsCommon Soil problems
in Gulf SML areain Gulf SML area
 Sub-surface hard pans at a depth of 22 to 40 cm (9 to 16Sub-surface hard pans at a depth of 22 to 40 cm (9 to 16
inches).inches).
 Crust (about 2 to 3 mm thick) at top surface of the soil.Crust (about 2 to 3 mm thick) at top surface of the soil.

Sub-surface hard pansSub-surface hard pans
Causes:Causes:
 Puddling for rice sowing.Puddling for rice sowing.
 Use of heavy machinery on moist soils.Use of heavy machinery on moist soils.
 Shallow depth cultivation for longerShallow depth cultivation for longer
periods.periods.

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:
 Reduce infiltration rates.Reduce infiltration rates.
 Restrict vertical growth of roots.Restrict vertical growth of roots.
 Reduce water and nutrients supply.Reduce water and nutrients supply.
 Increase water run off and salinity.Increase water run off and salinity.
 Increase chances of lodging.Increase chances of lodging.
 Reduce soil aerationReduce soil aeration

Management:Management:
 Deep tillage.Deep tillage.
 Application of soil ameliorators i.e.Application of soil ameliorators i.e.
Gypsum, FYM, etc.Gypsum, FYM, etc.

Surface CrustSurface Crust
Causes:Causes:
 Splashing rains.Splashing rains.
 High intensity dew.High intensity dew.
 More clay particles in soilMore clay particles in soil
composition.composition.
 More sodium concentration inMore sodium concentration in
upper reaches of soil.upper reaches of soil.

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:
 Reduce soil atmosphere gasReduce soil atmosphere gas
exchange.exchange.
 Insufficient oxygen availability toInsufficient oxygen availability to
roots, resulting in poor nutrientroots, resulting in poor nutrient
uptake.uptake.
 Less sugarcane germination forLess sugarcane germination for
want of optimum oxygen.want of optimum oxygen.

 Application of soilApplication of soil
ameliorators i.e. FYM,ameliorators i.e. FYM,
Gypsum, etc.Gypsum, etc.
 Green manuring.Green manuring.
 Crust breaking after everyCrust breaking after every
splashing rain.splashing rain.

Seed SelectionSeed Selection
 Seed should be taken fromSeed should be taken from
1. True to type crop.1. True to type crop.
2. well matured crop (more than2. well matured crop (more than
8 months age).8 months age).
3. Erect and healthy crop,3. Erect and healthy crop,
preferably not more than 12preferably not more than 12
months age.months age.
4. Pest free plant crop.4. Pest free plant crop.
5. Cane having healthy un-5. Cane having healthy un-
sprouted buds and no aerialsprouted buds and no aerial
roots.roots.
 Top one-third of cane, havingTop one-third of cane, having
more glucose, is better as seed.more glucose, is better as seed.

Recommended VarietiesRecommended Varieties
5. SPF 213
3. CPF 237 4. HSF 242
1. SPF 234 2. HSF 240

Seed Bed PreparationSeed Bed Preparation
 Plough back residue of proceedingPlough back residue of proceeding
crop.crop.
 Incorporation of FYM.Incorporation of FYM.
 Apply half to one bag urea to facilitateApply half to one bag urea to facilitate
bacterial activity.bacterial activity.
 Allow 1 to 2 weeks for weathering.Allow 1 to 2 weeks for weathering.
 Chiseling to break hard pan.Chiseling to break hard pan.
 Leveling.Leveling.
 Pulverizing to have granular structurePulverizing to have granular structure
of the soil.of the soil.

Preparation of settsPreparation of setts
 Transport the seed cane un-stripped to theTransport the seed cane un-stripped to the
field.field.
 The trash and green leaves are handThe trash and green leaves are hand
removed to avoid damage to the buds.removed to avoid damage to the buds.
 The setts with two or three internodes areThe setts with two or three internodes are
prepared using a sharp cutter.prepared using a sharp cutter.
 There must not be more than one cuts forThere must not be more than one cuts for
preparation of setts.preparation of setts.
 The cuts should be slanting to increase areaThe cuts should be slanting to increase area
of water absorbing surface.of water absorbing surface.
 Diseased cane must not be used forDiseased cane must not be used for
preparation of setts.preparation of setts.
 There should be minimum time betweenThere should be minimum time between
cutting of the crop and sett making.cutting of the crop and sett making.

Protection of SettsProtection of Setts
 If immediate sowing after setts preparation is notIf immediate sowing after setts preparation is not
possible, these should be protected from desiccation bypossible, these should be protected from desiccation by
1.1. Putting under shadePutting under shade
2.2. Covering by plastic sheets or trashCovering by plastic sheets or trash
3.3. Occasional sprinkling of waterOccasional sprinkling of water
4.4. Treatment by fungicidesTreatment by fungicides

Seed treatmentSeed treatment
 Setts should be dipped for 5 minutesSetts should be dipped for 5 minutes
in 0.25% solution of Benlate orin 0.25% solution of Benlate or
vitavax or Aglol or Aeriton orvitavax or Aglol or Aeriton or
Dithane M45 or any other suitableDithane M45 or any other suitable
fungicide.fungicide.

Seed RateSeed Rate
 Two-bud setts-25000 to 30000 perTwo-bud setts-25000 to 30000 per
acreacre
 Three-bud setts-22000 to 24000 perThree-bud setts-22000 to 24000 per
acreacre
 Weight wise, 80 to 100 maunds perWeight wise, 80 to 100 maunds per
acre depending on varietyacre depending on variety
 Area wise, 12 to 16 marlas per acreArea wise, 12 to 16 marlas per acre
depending on variety and health ofdepending on variety and health of
the cropthe crop

Time of PlantingTime of Planting
Spring Sowing:Spring Sowing:
 February-March.February-March.
 March is the best time for cane planting.March is the best time for cane planting.
 Late planting may result in poor germination due to highLate planting may result in poor germination due to high
temperature.temperature.
September sowing:September sowing:
 Entire month of September is recommended.Entire month of September is recommended.
 Late planting may cause reduction in germination due toLate planting may cause reduction in germination due to
low temperature.low temperature.

Planting MethodsPlanting Methods
Furrow Planting:Furrow Planting:
 Furrows are made 10-20 cm (4-8Furrows are made 10-20 cm (4-8
inches) deep and 75 cm (30 inches)inches) deep and 75 cm (30 inches)
apart.apart.
 Apply phosphorus in the furrowsApply phosphorus in the furrows
through fertilizer attachment.through fertilizer attachment.
 Double Setts are placed end to endDouble Setts are placed end to end
and covered with 5-6 cm (2-3and covered with 5-6 cm (2-3
inches) deep soil.inches) deep soil.
 Water is let into furrows.Water is let into furrows.

Planting MethodsPlanting Methods
Trench Method:Trench Method:
 This method is suitable where harvestingThis method is suitable where harvesting
is mechanical.is mechanical.
 Trenches are made at the distance ofTrenches are made at the distance of
120cm (4 feet) keeping depth as 22 to120cm (4 feet) keeping depth as 22 to
30cm(9 to 12 inches).30cm(9 to 12 inches).
 Phosphate fertilizer is placed in thePhosphate fertilizer is placed in the
furrows using fertilizer attachment withfurrows using fertilizer attachment with
sugarcane ridger.sugarcane ridger.
 Two rows of double setts are placed end toTwo rows of double setts are placed end to
end in every trench and covered with looseend in every trench and covered with loose
soil (2 to 3 inches deep).soil (2 to 3 inches deep).
 water is let into Trenches.water is let into Trenches.

Weed ManagementWeed Management
Important weeds:Important weeds:
1.1. ItsitItsit
(Trianthema Portulacastrum)(Trianthema Portulacastrum)
2.2. Khabal GhasKhabal Ghas
(Cynodon Dactylon)(Cynodon Dactylon)
3.3. HazardaniHazardani
(Euphorbia Granulata)(Euphorbia Granulata)
4.4. Jangli PalakJangli Palak
((Rumex Obtusifolius)Rumex Obtusifolius)

5.5. BhakraBhakra
(Tribulus Terrestris)(Tribulus Terrestris)
6.6. DeelaDeela
(Scirpus Maritimus )(Scirpus Maritimus )
7.7. MudhanaMudhana
(Dactyloctenium Aegyptium)(Dactyloctenium Aegyptium)
8.8. MorakMorak
(Cyperus Rotundus)(Cyperus Rotundus)

Extent Of Damage:Extent Of Damage:
 In sugarcane weeds have been estimated to cause 12 toIn sugarcane weeds have been estimated to cause 12 to
72 % reduction in cane yield depending upon the72 % reduction in cane yield depending upon the
severity of infestation.severity of infestation.
 The sugarcane growth is very slow in the initial stages.The sugarcane growth is very slow in the initial stages.
It takes about 30 - 45 days to complete germinationIt takes about 30 - 45 days to complete germination
and another 60-75 days for developing full canopyand another 60-75 days for developing full canopy
cover. This provide free hand to weeds for growth.cover. This provide free hand to weeds for growth.
 If not checked, Weeds competing for moisture andIf not checked, Weeds competing for moisture and
light can remove about 50 to 75% applied N , P and K.light can remove about 50 to 75% applied N , P and K.

Pre- emergence weedicidesPre- emergence weedicides Post-emergence weedicidesPost-emergence weedicides
Amatrin+ AtrazinAmatrin+ Atrazin
1 kg/acre1 kg/acre
Diuron (80WP)Diuron (80WP)
1.5kg/acre1.5kg/acre
Dual gold (960EC)Dual gold (960EC)
1liter/acre1liter/acre
Krismat (75WG)Krismat (75WG)
400g/acre400g/acre
Sun star (15WG)Sun star (15WG)
80g/acre80g/acre
Metrabuzin (70WP)Metrabuzin (70WP)
400g/acre400g/acre

Methodology:Methodology:
 After first irrigation spray Amatrin+Atrazin @ 1 to 1.5After first irrigation spray Amatrin+Atrazin @ 1 to 1.5
kg per acre when soil is still moist but there is no freekg per acre when soil is still moist but there is no free
water in furrows.water in furrows.
 For weedicide spray flat fan nozzle should be used.For weedicide spray flat fan nozzle should be used.
 When germination is complete, weeds on ridges shouldWhen germination is complete, weeds on ridges should
be uprooted through mechanical inter-culture.be uprooted through mechanical inter-culture.
 After tillering is complete, Earthing up helps in weedAfter tillering is complete, Earthing up helps in weed
management.management.

Earthing-UpEarthing-Up
 Earthing up is done in two stages.Earthing up is done in two stages.
 First earthing up is partial and is doneFirst earthing up is partial and is done
immediately after desired numbers ofimmediately after desired numbers of
tillers per unit area are achieved.tillers per unit area are achieved.
 Final earthing up is done afterFinal earthing up is done after
allowing weathering for 5 to 6 weeksallowing weathering for 5 to 6 weeks
but essentially before the crop is tallerbut essentially before the crop is taller
than allowed by tractor and implementthan allowed by tractor and implement
clearance.clearance.

Earthing-UpEarthing-Up
AdvantagesAdvantages
 Earthing up helps in control of weeds.Earthing up helps in control of weeds.
 Increase fertilizer use efficiency due to better placementIncrease fertilizer use efficiency due to better placement
and soil cover.and soil cover.
 checks unwanted tillering.checks unwanted tillering.
 Soil aeration is improved.Soil aeration is improved.
 Provides sufficient anchorage to prevent lodging.Provides sufficient anchorage to prevent lodging.

IRRIGATIONIRRIGATION
• To have uniform distribution ofTo have uniform distribution of
water precise land levelling iswater precise land levelling is
necessary.necessary.
• First irrigation should immediatelyFirst irrigation should immediately
be applied after sowing.be applied after sowing.
• Second and third irrigations areSecond and third irrigations are
required at about 6-8 days intervalrequired at about 6-8 days interval
to facilitate germination.to facilitate germination.
• Number of irrigations requiredNumber of irrigations required
varies widely with varying rainfallvaries widely with varying rainfall
patterns and temperatures.patterns and temperatures.

 Sugarcane usually requires irrigations atSugarcane usually requires irrigations at
about 10-12 days interval in summer and 20-about 10-12 days interval in summer and 20-
25 days interval in winter.25 days interval in winter.
 Light and frequent irrigations give higherLight and frequent irrigations give higher
yields per unit of water than heavyyields per unit of water than heavy
irrigations at longer intervals.irrigations at longer intervals.
 To save water and prevent lodging it is betterTo save water and prevent lodging it is better
to adopt Skip-furrow Method of Irrigationto adopt Skip-furrow Method of Irrigation
where in irrigation is applied in alternatewhere in irrigation is applied in alternate
furrows and while next irrigation thefurrows and while next irrigation the
skipped furrows are irrigated and previouslyskipped furrows are irrigated and previously
irrigated furrows are kept dry.irrigated furrows are kept dry.
IRRIGATIONIRRIGATION

FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONSFERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS
Fertility ofFertility of
SoilSoil
RecommendedRecommended
Nutrients Per AcreNutrients Per Acre RecommendationsRecommendations
in bags Per Acrein bags Per Acre
NN PP KK
PoorPoor 119119 6969 5050 4 Urea + 3 DAP + 2K4 Urea + 3 DAP + 2K22SOSO44
AverageAverage 9393 4646 5050 3.25 Urea + 2 DAP + 2K3.25 Urea + 2 DAP + 2K22SOSO44
RichRich 6767 2323 2525 2.5 Urea + 1 DAP + 1K2.5 Urea + 1 DAP + 1K22SOSO44

Time of Fertilizer ApplicationTime of Fertilizer Application
Phosphorus:Phosphorus:
 Greater need at formative phase (sowing to tillering),Greater need at formative phase (sowing to tillering),
comparatively immobile nature and more requirement forcomparatively immobile nature and more requirement for
root development make its application necessary at sowingroot development make its application necessary at sowing
stage about 2 inches below the setts.stage about 2 inches below the setts.
Nitrogen:Nitrogen:
 Requirement is maximum at grand growth phase (tillering toRequirement is maximum at grand growth phase (tillering to
stem elongation).stem elongation).
 First application after complete germination (45 days afterFirst application after complete germination (45 days after
planting).planting).
 Second Application at tillering stage (70 days after planting).Second Application at tillering stage (70 days after planting).
 Third Application at final earhing up (120 days afterThird Application at final earhing up (120 days after
planting).planting).

Time of Fertilizer ApplicationTime of Fertilizer Application
Potash:Potash:
 Potassium application should be done along with NPotassium application should be done along with N
because of better utilization of N in the presence of K.because of better utilization of N in the presence of K.
 Therefore K is applied as per schedule of nitrogen.Therefore K is applied as per schedule of nitrogen.

Fertilizer ApplicationFertilizer Application
 Apply full dose of phosphorus inApply full dose of phosphorus in
furrows, two inches below the bottom,furrows, two inches below the bottom,
using ridger with fertilizer attachment.using ridger with fertilizer attachment.
 Nitrogen and potash are applied inNitrogen and potash are applied in
bands on either side of the cane rowbands on either side of the cane row
mechanically or manually.mechanically or manually.

DetrashingDetrashing
 A normal full grown stalk bears about 30-A normal full grown stalk bears about 30-
35 leaves .35 leaves .
 Only top 8-10 leaves participate inOnly top 8-10 leaves participate in
photosynthesis.photosynthesis.
 Remaining leaves down below are not onlyRemaining leaves down below are not only
unnecessary drain on the plant but alsounnecessary drain on the plant but also
serve as hibernating places for suckingserve as hibernating places for sucking
pests especially black bug.pests especially black bug.
 Removal of leaves not participating in theRemoval of leaves not participating in the
photosynthesis (detrashing) help improvephotosynthesis (detrashing) help improve
health of the plant and control insecthealth of the plant and control insect
pests.pests.

Insect Pests ControlInsect Pests Control

Major Insect Pests of SugarcaneMajor Insect Pests of Sugarcane
 Top BorerTop Borer
 Stem BorerStem Borer
 Root BorerRoot Borer
 Gurdaspur BorerGurdaspur Borer
 Black BugBlack Bug
 Leaf HopperLeaf Hopper
 MiteMite
 TermitesTermites
 RodentsRodents

TOP BORERTOP BORER
Scirpophaga nivellaScirpophaga nivella
(Pyralidae : Lepidoptera)(Pyralidae : Lepidoptera)
Egg:Egg:
Dirty white, oval in shape and coveredDirty white, oval in shape and covered
with reddish brown hair.with reddish brown hair.
Larva:Larva:
Creamy white in color with a brownishCreamy white in color with a brownish
longitudinal strip in the center of thelongitudinal strip in the center of the
abdomen.abdomen.
Adult:Adult:
Body is white and forewings are longerBody is white and forewings are longer
than hind wings. In female reddish brownthan hind wings. In female reddish brown
anal tuft (cluster of hair) is present at theanal tuft (cluster of hair) is present at the
end of the abdomen.end of the abdomen.

TOP BORERTOP BORER
EggEgg : 7– 9 days: 7– 9 days
Caterpillar : 28– 35 daysCaterpillar : 28– 35 days
PupaPupa : 7 – 10 days: 7 – 10 days
Adult : 2-4 daysAdult : 2-4 days
Generation : 5Generation : 5
Active period : March-Nov.Active period : March-Nov.
Host plants:
Sugarcane, Sarkanda and Chi
Life Cycle:

TOP BORERTOP BORER
Mode of Damage:Mode of Damage:
 Damage is caused by caterpillar which isDamage is caused by caterpillar which is
generally found in the top portion ofgenerally found in the top portion of
sugarcane.sugarcane.
 First two generations attack the youngFirst two generations attack the young
plants before the formation of cane.plants before the formation of cane.
 Cane affected by third generation, remainCane affected by third generation, remain
stunted in growth and generally decreasestunted in growth and generally decrease
in height by 14-15%in height by 14-15%
 The subsequent generations attackThe subsequent generations attack
terminal portions of sugarcane, producingterminal portions of sugarcane, producing
bunchy tops and as a result yield canbunchy tops and as a result yield can
reduce upto 25%.reduce upto 25%.

TOP BORERTOP BORER
 During preparation of the setts, remove the damagedDuring preparation of the setts, remove the damaged
parts of the cane.parts of the cane.
 Cut and destroy attacked tillers from April to June.Cut and destroy attacked tillers from April to June.
 Use light traps to attract moths and kill them.Use light traps to attract moths and kill them.
 Apply recommended granular insecticide in early cropApply recommended granular insecticide in early crop
stage i.e. Furadan @ 16 kg/acre.stage i.e. Furadan @ 16 kg/acre.

STEM BORERSTEM BORER
Chilo infuscatellusChilo infuscatellus
Egg:Egg:
Light brown in color.Light brown in color.
Larva:Larva:
Dirty white in color with five brownishDirty white in color with five brownish
longitudinal strips on the abdomen.longitudinal strips on the abdomen.
Adult:Adult:
Dark brown in color. Forewings are brownDark brown in color. Forewings are brown
with dark spots along the outer margin ofwith dark spots along the outer margin of
the wings and hind wings are whitish inthe wings and hind wings are whitish in
color. A single female lays about 300- 400color. A single female lays about 300- 400
eggs in the form of clusters.eggs in the form of clusters.

EggEgg : 4–5 days: 4–5 days
CaterpillarCaterpillar : 21- 28 days: 21- 28 days
AdultAdult : 2–4 days: 2–4 days
Generation : 4–5Generation : 4–5
Active period : March-Nov.Active period : March-Nov.
Host plants:
Sugarcane, Bajra, Swank, Sarkanda and Chi
Life cycle:Life cycle:

 Stem borer is very destructive pestStem borer is very destructive pest
and can cause 20-65% reduction inand can cause 20-65% reduction in
yield.yield.
 Caterpillars bore into the stem andCaterpillars bore into the stem and
feed there as a result first plant wiltfeed there as a result first plant wilt
and then dry up.and then dry up.
 The central dead shoot is calledThe central dead shoot is called
“dead heart”.“dead heart”.

 While preparing seed bed, deep ploughing should be doneWhile preparing seed bed, deep ploughing should be done
where fresh planting of sugarcane is following sugarcanewhere fresh planting of sugarcane is following sugarcane
crop.crop.
 Stubbles should be collected and destroyed where freshStubbles should be collected and destroyed where fresh
planting of sugarcane is following sugarcane crop.planting of sugarcane is following sugarcane crop.
 Bio-control by usingBio-control by using TrichogrammaTrichogramma cards.cards.

ROOT BORERROOT BORER
Emmalocera depressellaEmmalocera depressella
Egg:Egg:
Creamy white in color and near to hatchingCreamy white in color and near to hatching
change into brownish.change into brownish.
Larva:Larva:
Creamy white in color. Head is yellowishCreamy white in color. Head is yellowish
brown and transverse grooves on the body.brown and transverse grooves on the body.
Adult:Adult:
Body color is pale yellow. Its forewings areBody color is pale yellow. Its forewings are
yellow and hind wings are whitish in color.yellow and hind wings are whitish in color.
Hind wings are broader then forewings. AHind wings are broader then forewings. A
single female lays about 250-350 eggs in thesingle female lays about 250-350 eggs in the
form of clustersform of clusters..

Caterpillar : 45–50 daysCaterpillar : 45–50 days
Adult : 3-5 daysAdult : 3-5 days
GenerationGeneration : 4: 4
Active period : April to OctoberActive period : April to October
Host plants:
Sugarcane, Bajra, Swank, Sarkanda and Chi

 This pest is most active in dry conditionsThis pest is most active in dry conditions
particularly in month of May and June.particularly in month of May and June.
 Caterpillars bore at the base of the shootCaterpillars bore at the base of the shoot
into stem below the soil surface and makeinto stem below the soil surface and make
tunnels.tunnels.
 The attacked plant dry up and causeThe attacked plant dry up and cause
reduction in yield.reduction in yield.

where fresh planting of sugarcane is following sugarcanewhere fresh planting of sugarcane is following sugarcane
crop.crop.
 Stubbles should be collected and destroyed whereStubbles should be collected and destroyed where
sugarcane is following sugarcane.sugarcane is following sugarcane.
 Apply recommended granular insecticide at early cropApply recommended granular insecticide at early crop

GURDASPUR BORERGURDASPUR BORER
Acigona steniellusAcigona steniellus
Egg:Egg:
Creamy white in color which turn dark grayCreamy white in color which turn dark gray
just before hatching.just before hatching.
Larva:Larva:
Creamy white with four longitudinal reddishCreamy white with four longitudinal reddish
brown strips on the abdomenbrown strips on the abdomen..
Adult:Adult:
Dull brown in color. Hind wings are whiterDull brown in color. Hind wings are whiter
than forewings. Seven dark spots are presentthan forewings. Seven dark spots are present
along the outer margin of forewings.along the outer margin of forewings.

Caterpillar : 48–64 daysCaterpillar : 48–64 days
Adult : 4–5 daysAdult : 4–5 days
Active period : July – OctoberActive period : July – October
Sugarcane, Sorghum and Maize
Host plants:

 After hatching, caterpillars bore intoAfter hatching, caterpillars bore into
the stem, make the spiral galleries andthe stem, make the spiral galleries and
feed inner portion of sugarcane.feed inner portion of sugarcane.
 Mostly attack is in the form of patches.Mostly attack is in the form of patches.
 In case of severe attack, the affectedIn case of severe attack, the affected
portion becomes weak and break off byportion becomes weak and break off by
wind which is clear indication of thiswind which is clear indication of this
pest attack.pest attack.

where sugarcane is following sugarcane.where sugarcane is following sugarcane.
 Apply recommended granular insecticide in early crop stageApply recommended granular insecticide in early crop stage
i.e. Furadan @ 16 kg/acre.i.e. Furadan @ 16 kg/acre.

BLACK BUGBLACK BUG
Cavelerius excavatisCavelerius excavatis
(Lygaeidae : Hemiptera)(Lygaeidae : Hemiptera)
Egg:Egg:
Round and pink in color.Round and pink in color.
Nymph:Nymph:
Brown or yellow with black spots on theBrown or yellow with black spots on the
bodybody..
Adult:Adult:
Shiny dark brown or black in colorShiny dark brown or black in color..

BLACK BUGBLACK BUG
NymphNymph : 26–42 days: 26–42 days
Active period : Through out the yearActive period : Through out the year
Host plants:
Sugarcane, Maize and Rice

BLACK BUGBLACK BUG
Mode of DamageMode of Damage::
 It is very destructive pest andIt is very destructive pest and
mostly attacks the ratoon cropmostly attacks the ratoon crop
of sugarcane.of sugarcane.
 Its attack is mostly found fromIts attack is mostly found from
April to May.April to May.
 Both adult and nymph live inBoth adult and nymph live in
the whorls of leaves and suckthe whorls of leaves and suck
the cell sap.the cell sap.

BLACK BUGBLACK BUG
 Avoid ratooning of heavily infested fields.Avoid ratooning of heavily infested fields.
 Frequent irrigationFrequent irrigation reduces pest incidence.reduces pest incidence.
 Alternative host plants growing in and around theAlternative host plants growing in and around the
sugarcane crop should be destroyed.sugarcane crop should be destroyed.
 Spray the crop with Endosulfan @ 1 liter/acre or withSpray the crop with Endosulfan @ 1 liter/acre or with
Advantage @ 500 ml/acre or any other recommendedAdvantage @ 500 ml/acre or any other recommended
pesticide.pesticide.

LEAF HOPPERLEAF HOPPER
Pyrilla perpusillaPyrilla perpusilla
(Lophodae: Hemiptera)(Lophodae: Hemiptera)
Egg:Egg:
Oval in shape, pale white in color and changeOval in shape, pale white in color and change
into brownishinto brownish near hatching.near hatching.
Nymph:Nymph:
Grayish brown in color and two prominentGrayish brown in color and two prominent
feather like filaments present at the end offeather like filaments present at the end of
abdomen.abdomen.
AdultAdult::
Body color is straw and wing color is lightBody color is straw and wing color is light
brown. A single female lays about 700-750 eggsbrown. A single female lays about 700-750 eggs
in the form of clusters.in the form of clusters.

NymphNymph : 30- 60 days: 30- 60 days
Active period : Through out the yearActive period : Through out the year
Sugarcane, Wheat, Maize, Swank and Baru grass
Host plants:

 Both adult and nymph suck cell sapBoth adult and nymph suck cell sap
from the leaf.from the leaf.
 They produce very thick transparentThey produce very thick transparent
liquid (honey dews) which fall on theliquid (honey dews) which fall on the
leaf.leaf.
 This thick material provides goodThis thick material provides good
medium for sooty black mold whichmedium for sooty black mold which
interferes with plant photosyntheticinterferes with plant photosynthetic
activity. As a result very low sugaractivity. As a result very low sugar
recovery is obtained.recovery is obtained.

 Bio-control withBio-control with Epiricania melanoleucaEpiricania melanoleuca andand TetrastichusTetrastichus
sppspp..
 Catch & kill by hand neting.Catch & kill by hand neting.
 Avoid insecticide spray and trash burning to preserve theAvoid insecticide spray and trash burning to preserve the
cocoons ofcocoons of Epiricania melanoleucaEpiricania melanoleuca ..

MITEMITE
Oligonychus indicusOligonychus indicus
 Mites are very small in size and cannot beMites are very small in size and cannot be
seen with naked eye.seen with naked eye.
 Mites are of two types.Mites are of two types.
 Red miteRed mite
 White miteWhite mite
 Both adult and nymph suck cell sap fromBoth adult and nymph suck cell sap from
the leaf. Badly damaged leaves turnthe leaf. Badly damaged leaves turn
reddish-brown and dry up.reddish-brown and dry up.
 These are very active from April to June.These are very active from April to June.

MITEMITE
Nymph : 14-21 daysNymph : 14-21 days
Active periodActive period : April to June: April to June
Sugarcane, Bajra, Sarkanda, Vegetables and
Baru grass
Host plants:
Life cycleLife cycle::

MITEMITE
 Alternative host plants growing in and around theAlternative host plants growing in and around the
sugarcane crop should be destroyed.sugarcane crop should be destroyed.
 Spray of simple cold water can reduce the pest incidence.Spray of simple cold water can reduce the pest incidence.
 Spray the crop with Dicofol @ 1 liter/acre or Triasophos @Spray the crop with Dicofol @ 1 liter/acre or Triasophos @
1 liter/acre or any other suitable mitecide.1 liter/acre or any other suitable mitecide.

TERMITESTERMITES
Odentotermes obesusOdentotermes obesus
(Termitidae : Isoptera)(Termitidae : Isoptera)
 There are nearly 2000 species of termites.There are nearly 2000 species of termites.
 Macrotermes bellicosus is one of theMacrotermes bellicosus is one of the
largest species with a complex, highlylargest species with a complex, highly
evolved colonial organization.evolved colonial organization.
 Although termites are sometimes calledAlthough termites are sometimes called
"white ants", Yet these are not even"white ants", Yet these are not even
closely related to them.closely related to them.
 Queen lays 70,000 to 80,000 eggs in a dayQueen lays 70,000 to 80,000 eggs in a day
during active egg laying period.during active egg laying period.
 In all it lays about one crore eggs in aIn all it lays about one crore eggs in a
year.year.

TERMITESTERMITES
Queen lays : 70,000 to 80,000 eggs in a dayQueen lays : 70,000 to 80,000 eggs in a day
Queen life : 2-3 yearsQueen life : 2-3 years
Egg stageEgg stage : 7 days: 7 days
Active period : April to June and Oct.Active period : April to June and Oct.
Host plants:
Sugarcane, Cotton, Wheat, Maize and Forest

TERMITESTERMITES
 Termites attack immediately after sowing ofTermites attack immediately after sowing of
 Termites bore into the bud and feed insideTermites bore into the bud and feed inside
the sett and fill it with soil.the sett and fill it with soil.
 After germination, termites also damage theAfter germination, termites also damage the
underground parts of the sugarcane.underground parts of the sugarcane.
 The termites live on cellulose which theyThe termites live on cellulose which they
obtain from dead and living vegetativeobtain from dead and living vegetative
matter.matter.
 Termite attack results in poor germinationTermite attack results in poor germination
and drying up of shoots.and drying up of shoots.
 Its severe attack is found in sandy and dryIts severe attack is found in sandy and dry
soils.soils.

TERMITESTERMITES
ManagementManagement::
 Use well rotten farm yard manure so that there is no celluloseUse well rotten farm yard manure so that there is no cellulose
component which serve as food of termites.component which serve as food of termites.
 Heavy irrigation is helpful in killing the insects throughHeavy irrigation is helpful in killing the insects through
suffocation.suffocation.
 Apply Chlorpyrifos @ 2 liters/acre with irrigation.Apply Chlorpyrifos @ 2 liters/acre with irrigation.

RODENTSRODENTS
Active Period:Active Period:
Through out the yearThrough out the year
Mode Of Damage:Mode Of Damage:
Cut the sugarcane stem at soil level and reduce the yield ofCut the sugarcane stem at soil level and reduce the yield of
ManagementManagement::
 Removal of weeds and wild plantation.Removal of weeds and wild plantation.
 Mechanical Control through traps and cages etc.Mechanical Control through traps and cages etc.
 Avoid killing of jackals, cats and owls.Avoid killing of jackals, cats and owls.
 Make wats and bunds afresh annually.Make wats and bunds afresh annually.
 Fumigate the rat holes with Phosphin gas (Agtoxin) @ 1-2Fumigate the rat holes with Phosphin gas (Agtoxin) @ 1-2
tablets per hole or apply Zinc phosphide @ 5% bait.tablets per hole or apply Zinc phosphide @ 5% bait.

Economic Threshold Level Of PestsEconomic Threshold Level Of Pests
ETL is pest population level at which controlETL is pest population level at which control
measures become economic keeping in view of themeasures become economic keeping in view of the
expenditure vis-à-vis damage.expenditure vis-à-vis damage.

Pest ScoutingPest Scouting
 To watch on pest for determination of population density andTo watch on pest for determination of population density and
dynamics is called pest scouting.dynamics is called pest scouting.
 Pest scouting is necessary to estimate the infestation level andPest scouting is necessary to estimate the infestation level and
population of beneficial parasites/predators. A regular pestpopulation of beneficial parasites/predators. A regular pest
scouting programme will also increase the chances of detectingscouting programme will also increase the chances of detecting
other pests that may be damaging the crop.other pests that may be damaging the crop.

Pest Scouting MethodPest Scouting Method
For sugarcane borersFor sugarcane borers
 Sugarcane field should be scouted after every 2 weeks fromSugarcane field should be scouted after every 2 weeks from
March to end of June.March to end of June.
 Pest scouting should be done randomly atleast at 5 locations inPest scouting should be done randomly atleast at 5 locations in
an acre field of sugarcane.an acre field of sugarcane.
 Ring method is commonly used for scouting of sugarcane borersRing method is commonly used for scouting of sugarcane borers
having a dimension of 1 mhaving a dimension of 1 m2.2.
 First of all we will enter from one corner of the field. AfterFirst of all we will enter from one corner of the field. After
covering a distance of 10 feet steps, we will throw the ring in thecovering a distance of 10 feet steps, we will throw the ring in the
field and count damaged plants and total number of plantsfield and count damaged plants and total number of plants
within the ring.within the ring.
 Same procedure should be repeated next four locations throughSame procedure should be repeated next four locations through
out the field.out the field.
 Calculate the damage %age by following formulaCalculate the damage %age by following formula
damaged plantsdamaged plants
percent damage :percent damage : …………………… X 100…………………… X 100
Total plantsTotal plants
ETL for all sugarcane borers is 10 % damage.ETL for all sugarcane borers is 10 % damage.

Pest Scouting MethodPest Scouting Method
For sugarcane pyrillaFor sugarcane pyrilla::
 Pest scouting of sugarcane pyrilla should be done byPest scouting of sugarcane pyrilla should be done by
selecting 20 leaves randomly in an acre field of sugarcaneselecting 20 leaves randomly in an acre field of sugarcane
and examine the number of individuals per leave.and examine the number of individuals per leave.
 ETL for sugarcane Pyrilla is 2 individuals/leaveETL for sugarcane Pyrilla is 2 individuals/leave
For sugarcane Black bug:For sugarcane Black bug:
 Enter from one corner of the field, examine 20 plantsEnter from one corner of the field, examine 20 plants
randomly in an acre fieldrandomly in an acre field ofof sugarcane and count thesugarcane and count the
damaged whorls of sugarcane plants.damaged whorls of sugarcane plants.
 ETL of sugarcane black bug is 10% damaged whorls.ETL of sugarcane black bug is 10% damaged whorls.

Disease ControlDisease Control

SUGARCANE DISEASES IN PAKISTANSUGARCANE DISEASES IN PAKISTAN
Fungal DiseasesFungal Diseases
Red RotRed Rot
Sugarcane RustSugarcane Rust
Pokkah BoengPokkah Boeng
Whip SmutWhip Smut
Viral DiseaseViral Disease
Sugarcane mosaicSugarcane mosaic
Yellow LeafYellow Leaf
Bacterial diseasesBacterial diseases
Ratoon stuntingRatoon stunting
Leaf ScaledLeaf Scaled

Red RotRed Rot
Causal Organism:Causal Organism: Colletotrichum falcatumColletotrichum falcatum
Symptoms:Symptoms:
 Pathogen produces elongated red lessionsPathogen produces elongated red lessions
on the midrib.on the midrib.
 Reddish patches on the leaf sheath andReddish patches on the leaf sheath and
small dark spots on the leaf blade.small dark spots on the leaf blade.
 Infected tissues have dull red color withInfected tissues have dull red color with
whitish patches across the stalk.whitish patches across the stalk.

Red RotRed Rot
Spread of the Disease:Spread of the Disease:
 Dissemination of the inoculum takes place by wind, rain,Dissemination of the inoculum takes place by wind, rain,
heavy dews and irrigation water.heavy dews and irrigation water.
 Secondary infection is caused by infected plant material .Secondary infection is caused by infected plant material .
 In newly-planted cane, the disease is favored by excessive soilIn newly-planted cane, the disease is favored by excessive soil
moisture and low temperature.moisture and low temperature.

Red RotRed Rot
Prevention and Control:Prevention and Control:
 Resistant varieties:Resistant varieties:
CP 77- 400, CP 72 – 2086, HSF 240, CPF 237, SPFCP 77- 400, CP 72 – 2086, HSF 240, CPF 237, SPF
213, SPF 245.213, SPF 245.

Cultural practices:Cultural practices:
1.1. Regular rouging of diseased plantsRegular rouging of diseased plants
2.2. Burning of trashBurning of trash
3.3. Ploughing up of badly affected fields and maintenance ofPloughing up of badly affected fields and maintenance of
proper soil moistureproper soil moisture
 Seed Treatment:Seed Treatment:
Setts should be dipped for 5 minutes in 0.25% solution ofSetts should be dipped for 5 minutes in 0.25% solution of
Benlate or Vitavax or Dithane M45 orBenlate or Vitavax or Dithane M45 or
Aglol or AeritonAglol or Aeriton or any other suitable fungicide.or any other suitable fungicide.

Causal Organism:Causal Organism: Puccinia melanocephelaPuccinia melanocephela
Symptoms:Symptoms:
 The early spots are yellowish in color whichThe early spots are yellowish in color which
turn reddish brown that are visible on bothturn reddish brown that are visible on both
side of the leaf.side of the leaf.
 Infection is usually more toward the leaf tip.Infection is usually more toward the leaf tip.
 Severe infection may result in death of theSevere infection may result in death of the
young leaves.young leaves.
 Pustules containing spores are produced onPustules containing spores are produced on
the lower leaf surface.the lower leaf surface.

 Spores are disseminated by air currents.Spores are disseminated by air currents.
 Spore germination and infection takes place at favorableSpore germination and infection takes place at favorable
temperature (15° to 30° C) and moisture.temperature (15° to 30° C) and moisture.
 Higher soil moisture also strongly favors the infection.Higher soil moisture also strongly favors the infection.

Resistant varieties:Resistant varieties:
CPF 237, SPF 213, HSF 240, SPF 245, CP 77-400, COJ 84.CPF 237, SPF 213, HSF 240, SPF 245, CP 77-400, COJ 84.
 Healthy and disease free seed should be used.Healthy and disease free seed should be used.
Seed Treatment:Seed Treatment:
Benlate or Vitavax or Aglol or Dithane M45 or AeritonBenlate or Vitavax or Aglol or Dithane M45 or Aeriton
or any other suitable fungicide.or any other suitable fungicide.

Causal Organ:Causal Organ: Fusarium moniliformeFusarium moniliforme
Symptoms:Symptoms:
 Chlorotic area appear at the base of youngChlorotic area appear at the base of young
leaves.leaves.
 Distortion (wrinkling and twisting) andDistortion (wrinkling and twisting) and
shortening of affected leaves and in severeshortening of affected leaves and in severe
cases death of the stalk.cases death of the stalk.
 On the internodes, the infection may form long
lessions. These lessions sometimes break
through the surface of the rind causing
curvature and distortion of the stalk.

Spread of the disease:Spread of the disease:
 Disease spread by airborne spores.Disease spread by airborne spores.
 Pokkah boeng appears to be favored by dry climaticPokkah boeng appears to be favored by dry climatic
conditions followed by a wet season.conditions followed by a wet season.
 Cane that is 3-7 months old and growing vigorouslyCane that is 3-7 months old and growing vigorously
appears to be most susceptible.appears to be most susceptible.

Resistant varieties.Resistant varieties.
CPF 237, SPF 234, COJ 84, SPF 213, SPF 245, HSF 240,CPF 237, SPF 234, COJ 84, SPF 213, SPF 245, HSF 240,
CP 77 - 400CP 77 - 400
Do not use seed setts from diseased plants.Do not use seed setts from diseased plants.
Seed Treatment:Seed Treatment:
Benlate or Vitavax or Aglol or Aeriton or Dithane M45Benlate or Vitavax or Aglol or Aeriton or Dithane M45
or any other suitable fungicide.or any other suitable fungicide.
Alternate Hosts:Alternate Hosts:
Rice, corn, sorghum and many grasses.Rice, corn, sorghum and many grasses.

Sugarcane SmutSugarcane Smut
Causal Organism:Causal Organism: Ustilago scitamineaUstilago scitaminea
Symptoms:Symptoms:
 The affected canes produce long black whip-The affected canes produce long black whip-
like and coiled or curved shoots, which arelike and coiled or curved shoots, which are
covered with a thin silvery membrane,covered with a thin silvery membrane,
containing spores of the fungus.containing spores of the fungus.
 The whip arise from the top of the cane orThe whip arise from the top of the cane or
from lateral buds.from lateral buds.

Spread of Disease:Spread of Disease:
 Spores spread over great distances by wind .Spores spread over great distances by wind .
 Infected seed cane is another source of disease spread.Infected seed cane is another source of disease spread.
 Dry and hot spring weather favours the diseaseDry and hot spring weather favours the disease

 Resistant varietiesResistant varieties
CPF 237, SPF 213, HSF 240, SPF 245, CP 77- 400, COJ 84CPF 237, SPF 213, HSF 240, SPF 245, CP 77- 400, COJ 84
 Use disease-free seed cane.Use disease-free seed cane.
 Diseased shoots should be covered with plastic bag andDiseased shoots should be covered with plastic bag and
removed carefully to check spread of spores.removed carefully to check spread of spores.
 Ratooning of the diseased crop should be discouraged.Ratooning of the diseased crop should be discouraged.
 Seed Treatment:Seed Treatment:
Benlate or Vitavax or Aglol or Aeriton or Dithane M45 orBenlate or Vitavax or Aglol or Aeriton or Dithane M45 or
any other suitable fungicide.any other suitable fungicide.

SUGARCANE MOSAICSUGARCANE MOSAIC
Symptoms:Symptoms:
 Mosaic is caused by a virus .Mosaic is caused by a virus .
 The most distinctive symptom is contrastingThe most distinctive symptom is contrasting
shades of deep green, normal green on ashades of deep green, normal green on a
background of paler green or yellowishbackground of paler green or yellowish
chlorotic areas on the leaf blade.chlorotic areas on the leaf blade.
 Chlorotic areas may also be present on the leafChlorotic areas may also be present on the leaf
sheath, but rarely on the stalk.sheath, but rarely on the stalk.
 Rapidly growing plants are more susceptibleRapidly growing plants are more susceptible
to infection.to infection.

 There are three principal modes of spread of SCMV,There are three principal modes of spread of SCMV,
1- Aphid vectors1- Aphid vectors
2- Infected seed cane2- Infected seed cane
3- Mechanical inoculation3- Mechanical inoculation
(Green House and Laboratory)(Green House and Laboratory)
 Only aphid vectors and infected seed cane are importantOnly aphid vectors and infected seed cane are important
sources in the field.sources in the field.

Prevention and control:Prevention and control:
CPF 237, SPF 213, HSF 240, SPF 245, CP 77- 400, COJ 84.CPF 237, SPF 213, HSF 240, SPF 245, CP 77- 400, COJ 84.
 Control of Aphid vectors.Control of Aphid vectors.
 Digging out and destroying diseased plants.Digging out and destroying diseased plants.
 Avoid ratooning of diseased cropAvoid ratooning of diseased crop

Sugarcane Yellow Leaf DiseaseSugarcane Yellow Leaf Disease
SCYL is caused by a virus.SCYL is caused by a virus.
Symptoms:Symptoms:
 Midrib becomes yellow on the under side ofMidrib becomes yellow on the under side of
the leaf.the leaf.
 The yellowing expands out from the midribThe yellowing expands out from the midrib
into the leaf blade until a general yellowing ofinto the leaf blade until a general yellowing of
the leaves can be observed from a distance.the leaves can be observed from a distance.
 High infestation takes place from October toHigh infestation takes place from October to
end of the March.end of the March.

 Transmitted by aphids.Transmitted by aphids.
 The virus is localized in phloem cells.The virus is localized in phloem cells.
 Planting infected seed cane.Planting infected seed cane.

CPF 237, SPF 213, HSF 240, SPF 245, CP 77 – 400,CPF 237, SPF 213, HSF 240, SPF 245, CP 77 – 400,
COJ 84COJ 84
 Disease free seed should be used.Disease free seed should be used.
 Control of Aphid vector.Control of Aphid vector.

Alternate hosts:Alternate hosts:
1.1. BarleyBarley
2.2. SoyabeanSoyabean
3.3. PotatoPotato
4.4. PeaPea

Sugarcane Ratoon StuntingSugarcane Ratoon Stunting
Causal Organism:Causal Organism: Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyliClavibacter xyli subsp. xyli
Symptoms:Symptoms:
 Young shoots have a pink discolorationYoung shoots have a pink discoloration
in the immature nodesin the immature nodes
 Basal nodes become orange-red color andBasal nodes become orange-red color and
this discoloration does not extend into thethis discoloration does not extend into the
internodes.internodes.
 The affected plants are stunted.The affected plants are stunted.

 Bacterium is transmitted throughBacterium is transmitted through
2- Mechanical harvesting2- Mechanical harvesting
3- Chewing animals3- Chewing animals

CPF 237, SPF 213, HSF 240, SPF 245CPF 237, SPF 213, HSF 240, SPF 245
 Protect the cane cutting implements from contamination.Protect the cane cutting implements from contamination.
 Disinfection can be achieved by heat or chemicals like Dettol,Disinfection can be achieved by heat or chemicals like Dettol,
ethanol (10ml/1Ltr Water).ethanol (10ml/1Ltr Water).

Sugarcane Leaf ScaldSugarcane Leaf Scald
Causal Organism:Causal Organism: Xanthomonas albilineansXanthomonas albilineans
Symptoms:Symptoms:

White pencil-line streak ( 1 - 2 mm)White pencil-line streak ( 1 - 2 mm)
wide extends from the midrib to thewide extends from the midrib to the
leaf margin running parallel to theleaf margin running parallel to the
veins.veins.
 Necrosis develops on the leaf tip orNecrosis develops on the leaf tip or
leaf margin.leaf margin.
 Shoots become stunted and wilted .Shoots become stunted and wilted .
 Affected leaves turn dull blue-greenAffected leaves turn dull blue-green
colorcolor
 Under stress conditions the wholeUnder stress conditions the whole
stool may die .stool may die .

 Bacterium is transmitted throughBacterium is transmitted through
2- Mechanical harvesting2- Mechanical harvesting
3- Chewing animals3- Chewing animals

CPF 237, SPF 213, HSF 240, SPF 245CPF 237, SPF 213, HSF 240, SPF 245
 Protect the cane cutting implements from contamination.Protect the cane cutting implements from contamination.
 Disinfection can be achieved by heat or chemicals like Dettol,Disinfection can be achieved by heat or chemicals like Dettol,
ethanol (10ml/1Ltr Water).ethanol (10ml/1Ltr Water).
 Alternative hosts :Alternative hosts :
several wild grasses and weeds such asseveral wild grasses and weeds such as elephant grasselephant grass..

Nematode Diseases of SugarcaneNematode Diseases of Sugarcane
Ectoparasites:Ectoparasites:
Symptoms:Symptoms:
 Sugarcane roots that areSugarcane roots that are
damaged by ectoparasiticdamaged by ectoparasitic
nematodes may appear stubby,nematodes may appear stubby,
coarse, discolored, and lackcoarse, discolored, and lack
feeding roots.feeding roots.

Endoparasites:Endoparasites:
Symptoms:Symptoms:
 The endoparasitic nematodesThe endoparasitic nematodes
cause reddish lesions.cause reddish lesions.
 In severe infestations causeIn severe infestations cause
discoloration and rottening ofdiscoloration and rottening of
the root systemthe root system

Symptoms:Symptoms:
 Root-knot nematodes may causeRoot-knot nematodes may cause
swelling or formation of galls on roots.swelling or formation of galls on roots.
 Galls may be more pronounced nearGalls may be more pronounced near
root ends.root ends.

 FloodingFlooding
Plant-parasitic nematodes are affected by flooded conditions. ForPlant-parasitic nematodes are affected by flooded conditions. For
best results, the area needs to be flooded for a 4 weeks period,best results, the area needs to be flooded for a 4 weeks period,
then drained and left dry for 2 weeks, and then flooded once againthen drained and left dry for 2 weeks, and then flooded once again
for 4 weeks.for 4 weeks.
 Amending Soil.Amending Soil.
Filter cake (mud) or organic matter can be added as anFilter cake (mud) or organic matter can be added as an
amendment to sandy areas to reduce nematode damage.amendment to sandy areas to reduce nematode damage.

HarvestingHarvesting
 Cane should be harvested when juiceCane should be harvested when juice
purity is above 85%.purity is above 85%.
 Harvesting can be done mechanicallyHarvesting can be done mechanically
or manually.or manually.
 There are two types of mechanicalThere are two types of mechanical
harvester i.e chopper type and wholeharvester i.e chopper type and whole
stick type.stick type.

HarvestingHarvesting
 Chopper type is better for lodgedChopper type is better for lodged
crop hence more useful undercrop hence more useful under
our conditions.our conditions.
 Harvesting must be done littleHarvesting must be done little
below the soil surface to minimizebelow the soil surface to minimize
sugar loses. It will also help bettersugar loses. It will also help better
sprouting of ratoon.sprouting of ratoon.

Ratoon ManagementRatoon Management
Crop selection:Crop selection:
 Select the crop for ratoon with highSelect the crop for ratoon with high
number of plants.number of plants.
 Variety with good ratooning and high yieldVariety with good ratooning and high yield
potential.potential.
 Early harvested crop has poor ratooning.Early harvested crop has poor ratooning.
 Thin and medium thin varieties give betterThin and medium thin varieties give better
ratoons than thick varieties.ratoons than thick varieties.

Gap Filling:Gap Filling:
 Gap filling due to continued harvesting ofGap filling due to continued harvesting of
plant crop.plant crop.
 This is because the buds in the Clumps ofThis is because the buds in the Clumps of
cane harvested under the adverse conditionscane harvested under the adverse conditions
of extreme low temperature during winterof extreme low temperature during winter
and heat during the hot summer months failand heat during the hot summer months fail
to sprout.to sprout.

 For gap filling, either the pre-For gap filling, either the pre-
germinated seedlings from nurserygerminated seedlings from nursery
raised or Normal 3-bud setts of sameraised or Normal 3-bud setts of same
Variety be used.Variety be used.
 Application of farmyard manure @ 10Application of farmyard manure @ 10
ton/acre can boost the yield of ratoon.ton/acre can boost the yield of ratoon.

Fertilizer Application:Fertilizer Application:
 Ratoon crop requires more fertilizers (about 30 %) than plantRatoon crop requires more fertilizers (about 30 %) than plant
cropcrop..
Phosphorus:Phosphorus:
 Recommended dose of P should be applied with first cultural operation.Recommended dose of P should be applied with first cultural operation.
Nitrogen and Potash:Nitrogen and Potash:
 Three split application of N and K,Three split application of N and K,
1. 1/3 with first cultural operation,1. 1/3 with first cultural operation,
2. 1/3 at Partial earthing up2. 1/3 at Partial earthing up
3. 1/3 at full Earting up.3. 1/3 at full Earting up.
 Ratoon showed higher N uptake when mixture of urea and malathion wasRatoon showed higher N uptake when mixture of urea and malathion was
sprayed.sprayed.

Mulching:Mulching:
 Trash mulching should be doneTrash mulching should be done
immediately after harvesting if theimmediately after harvesting if the
temperature is very low (below 10 °C).temperature is very low (below 10 °C).
 The mulch helps in soil moistureThe mulch helps in soil moisture
conservation and mulched ratoon did notconservation and mulched ratoon did not
show any sign of drought.show any sign of drought.
 Although there is benefit of trash mulchingAlthough there is benefit of trash mulching
in ratoon crop, yet it may be source ofin ratoon crop, yet it may be source of
pests.pests.

Irrigation:Irrigation:
 Ratoon crop has shallower root system than plant crop,Ratoon crop has shallower root system than plant crop,
hence is less tolerant to drought.hence is less tolerant to drought.
 It gives more yield when irrigated with 8-10 days intervalIt gives more yield when irrigated with 8-10 days interval
in summer and 15-20 days interval in winter.in summer and 15-20 days interval in winter.

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