This document provides a summary of economic, financial, demographic, and environmental indicators in Poland from 1995 to 2015. It analyzes trends in GDP per capita, industrial production and wages, stock market performance, government budgets, population size and structure, gender wage gaps, employment by sector, and environmental impacts. Key findings include that Polish GDP per capita doubled over this period but remains below Western European levels, unemployment fell significantly, and women's workforce participation increased substantially.
This is an updated version of a slideshow revision presentation on the way in which different charts are presented in economics exams and some tips for handling the data in your answers.
UK Economy in 2015 - Macro Revision PresentationEton College
The document summarizes the performance of the UK economy. It notes that while GDP has recovered since the recession, GDP per capita remains below pre-recession levels. Unemployment has fallen but youth unemployment remains high. Inflation fell to 0% in early 2015 due to lower food and fuel prices. The budget deficit has declined but remains over 5% of GDP, and the national debt is high at 79% of GDP. The trade deficit is growing, reflecting a lack of competitiveness, while the current account deficit was the largest in over 20 years in 2014.
Encuesta sobre acceso a la financiación de las pequeñas y medianas empresas e...Círculo de Empresarios
The document summarizes the results of a survey on the access to finance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the euro area between April and September 2013. It finds that while the percentage of SMEs reporting reduced turnover declined slightly, high percentages continued to report increased costs and reduced profits. SMEs also continued reducing their debt levels. The financial situation varied across countries, with SMEs in Germany and Ireland faring better than those in Italy, Spain and Greece. "Finding customers" remained the most commonly cited concern among SMEs, while "access to finance" was a more significant problem for SMEs in stressed countries like Greece, Spain and Ireland.
OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2018 - OverviewOECD CFE
Presentation by Rudiger Ahrend, Head of Economic Analysis, Statistics and Multi-level Governance at the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities at the second meeting of the Spatial productivity Lab of the OECD Trento Centre held on 4 December 2018.
More info http://oe.cd/SPL
This paper is concerned with current wage pressures in 14 EU countries. Wage pressures are analysed by studying simultaneously past and recent changes in unemployment and functional distribution of income. The quantification of current wage pressures is based on the estimation of wage curves and dynamic wage equations. According to the results of the analysis, upward wage pressures – interpreted as wage increases that lead to an increase in the wage share – are strongest in Italy and Spain. In Germany there are upward pressures but not as strong as in these countries. Portugal is the best example of a country where there is strong pressure for wage moderation. The results support the view that, for the macroeconomic stability of the euro area, it is desirable that in the near future nominal wages in Germany rise faster than in recent years.
The key objectives of UK macroeconomic policy are price stability, economic growth, low unemployment, and higher living standards. Additional objectives include balancing the budget, improving well-being, regional balance, and access to services. Recent UK economic data shows GDP growth of 2.6% in 2014, inflation at 0.1%, unemployment at 5.4%, and a budget deficit of 5.3% of GDP. The UK runs trade deficits and has a floating exchange rate system.
This is a video recording of a live AS macro revision webinar that looked at some examples of external demand and supply-side shocks that can affect countries such as the UK. In the video I explained six key "shock absorbers" - ways in which a country might be better placed to cope with the impact of world demand, supply and financial shocks to their economic systems.
This is an updated version of a slideshow revision presentation on the way in which different charts are presented in economics exams and some tips for handling the data in your answers.
UK Economy in 2015 - Macro Revision PresentationEton College
The document summarizes the performance of the UK economy. It notes that while GDP has recovered since the recession, GDP per capita remains below pre-recession levels. Unemployment has fallen but youth unemployment remains high. Inflation fell to 0% in early 2015 due to lower food and fuel prices. The budget deficit has declined but remains over 5% of GDP, and the national debt is high at 79% of GDP. The trade deficit is growing, reflecting a lack of competitiveness, while the current account deficit was the largest in over 20 years in 2014.
Encuesta sobre acceso a la financiación de las pequeñas y medianas empresas e...Círculo de Empresarios
The document summarizes the results of a survey on the access to finance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the euro area between April and September 2013. It finds that while the percentage of SMEs reporting reduced turnover declined slightly, high percentages continued to report increased costs and reduced profits. SMEs also continued reducing their debt levels. The financial situation varied across countries, with SMEs in Germany and Ireland faring better than those in Italy, Spain and Greece. "Finding customers" remained the most commonly cited concern among SMEs, while "access to finance" was a more significant problem for SMEs in stressed countries like Greece, Spain and Ireland.
OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2018 - OverviewOECD CFE
Presentation by Rudiger Ahrend, Head of Economic Analysis, Statistics and Multi-level Governance at the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities at the second meeting of the Spatial productivity Lab of the OECD Trento Centre held on 4 December 2018.
More info http://oe.cd/SPL
This paper is concerned with current wage pressures in 14 EU countries. Wage pressures are analysed by studying simultaneously past and recent changes in unemployment and functional distribution of income. The quantification of current wage pressures is based on the estimation of wage curves and dynamic wage equations. According to the results of the analysis, upward wage pressures – interpreted as wage increases that lead to an increase in the wage share – are strongest in Italy and Spain. In Germany there are upward pressures but not as strong as in these countries. Portugal is the best example of a country where there is strong pressure for wage moderation. The results support the view that, for the macroeconomic stability of the euro area, it is desirable that in the near future nominal wages in Germany rise faster than in recent years.
The key objectives of UK macroeconomic policy are price stability, economic growth, low unemployment, and higher living standards. Additional objectives include balancing the budget, improving well-being, regional balance, and access to services. Recent UK economic data shows GDP growth of 2.6% in 2014, inflation at 0.1%, unemployment at 5.4%, and a budget deficit of 5.3% of GDP. The UK runs trade deficits and has a floating exchange rate system.
This is a video recording of a live AS macro revision webinar that looked at some examples of external demand and supply-side shocks that can affect countries such as the UK. In the video I explained six key "shock absorbers" - ways in which a country might be better placed to cope with the impact of world demand, supply and financial shocks to their economic systems.
This document discusses various methods of measuring living standards and economic well-being beyond GDP per capita. It notes inaccuracies in population estimates that impact GDP calculations and differences in regional disposable incomes within countries. While GDP per capita is traditionally used, economic well-being is multi-dimensional and includes factors like health, inequality, sustainability, and happiness. Alternative indicators that take a broader view are now commonly used to assess living standards and well-being.
This document discusses Estonia's economic performance during the European debt crisis as compared to Finland and the EU average. It shows that while Estonia's GDP declined sharply during the crisis years from 2008-2009, it recovered more quickly than Finland and has seen strong GDP growth since 2010, outperforming the EU average. The document attributes Estonia's recovery in part to structural economic changes during the crisis as well as support from EU funds, though it notes that Estonia's economy is different now than it was prior to the 2007-2009 crisis.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Norway that covers several topics:
1. Norway has a very high GDP per capita and low inequality compared to other OECD countries due to high employment and a narrow gender wage gap.
2. While economic growth has picked up recently, productivity growth has slowed and labor costs remain high.
3. The survey makes recommendations in several areas including normalizing monetary policy, fiscal restraint, improving business regulation, strengthening skills training, reforming disability programs, and enhancing cost-benefit analysis for transportation infrastructure projects.
Slide pack for the Ulster Bank Northern Ireland PMI for August 2015, including analysis of global, Eurozone, UK, UK regions, NI and Republic of Ireland performance by sector
Promoting a stronger and more inclusive economy OECD Economic Survey Hungary ...OECD, Economics Department
The OECD Economic Survey of Hungary 2019 document discusses several key points:
1) The Hungarian economy is growing strongly but policies are needed to address risks to the recovery.
2) Greater economic inclusiveness would bolster growth as poverty and unemployment remain issues in some regions.
3) Population aging will significantly increase costs related to pensions and healthcare, which need to be addressed through reforms.
Russia economic report no 31 march 26 2014 engAlex Medlock
The document summarizes a World Bank report on recent economic developments in Russia. It finds that Russia's economic growth slowed to 1.3% in 2013 due to weak domestic demand and a loss of business and consumer confidence following a lack of structural reforms. Two scenarios project lower growth in 2014, with the high-risk scenario showing a contraction of 1.8% if geopolitical tensions escalate. Weaker growth dims prospects for continued economic mobility and middle-class expansion in Russia.
A detailed analysis of the prospects for the UK economy in 2012 from Geoff Riley at tutor2u. Among the key themes explored by Geoff are:
Are we already back in recession?
A damaging legacy from the slump
Have policies lost their effectiveness?
Macro fragility in a world of external shocks
This document provides an overview of macroeconomic trends and business investment in Europe. It discusses how the recovery is gaining traction across most European economies, but challenges remain like low inflation and lack of credit for small businesses. While austerity has hampered growth, the ECB has implemented stimulus measures to boost lending and exports. Individual countries also need structural reforms. Europe remains attractive for business due to political stability, open trade policies, and a skilled workforce, though emerging markets present more opportunities for growth.
The document outlines several key macroeconomic policy objectives for the UK including price stability, economic growth, low unemployment, and a balanced current account. It then provides data on the UK economy regarding GDP growth, inflation, employment levels, income inequality, and the economic cycle over recent years. Real GDP growth has averaged around 2% annually but real income per capita remains below pre-recession levels and income inequality has changed little.
The global economy is growing slowly with diverging growth rates between countries. Financial risks are increasing and volatility is likely to rise. Potential growth has declined as weak demand interacts with slowing growth rates. The euro area economy remains weak, a major concern. Coordinated monetary, fiscal and structural policies will need to be deployed to mitigate risks and boost growth.
The document summarizes key findings from an analysis of the top 500 companies in Central and Eastern Europe in 2016. It finds that while employment grew significantly in the region (+3.9%), overall turnover and profits declined slightly. The automotive industry surpassed oil and gas to become the largest sector. Economic growth in the region remained solid at around 3% despite a slowdown from 2015 levels. Unemployment rates reached record lows across most CEE countries.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of South Africa. It finds that while short-term fiscal and monetary policies have limited scope to boost growth, bold structural reforms are needed in areas like network sectors, education, energy infrastructure, and regional integration. Unemployment remains high in South Africa and poverty reduction has been slow. The report recommends reforms such as improving education and vocational training, reducing red tape for businesses, opening up more sectors to competition, deepening regional integration within the SADC, and boosting entrepreneurship.
Switzerland 2017 OECD Economic Survey boosting productivity and meeting skill...OECD, Economics Department
The document is the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Switzerland. It finds that while living standards are high, economic growth has been slow and productivity growth has stalled. It notes that employment is high but productivity has declined, and skills shortages exist. The survey makes several recommendations to boost productivity through improving framework conditions, better using women's and immigrant skills, and ensuring a dynamic skills training system.
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
This is a presentation on aspects of the recent performance of the UK economy. All students are expected to have a good contextual knowledge of recent trends in indicators such as economic growth, inflation, unemployment, the trade balance, interest rates and government borrowing.
AS Macro Question - Falling UnemploymentEton College
This is a revision resource for students taking the EdExcel unit 2 economics paper - suggesting a way of approaching the 30 mark question and scoring high marks for evaluation.
Усиление конкуренции за первичные объекты на крупнейших европейских рынках недвижимости заставляет инвесторов переключить внимание на сектор вторичной недвижимости и восстанавливающиеся рынки. Такой вывод содержится в исследовании «Новые тенденции на европейском рынке недвижимости в 2015 году», подготовленном совместно некоммерческой организацией Urban Land Institute (ULI) и фирмой PwC. В отчете подчеркивается рост популярности возможных инвестиций в недвижимость городов, которые особенно серьезно пострадали в результате прошлого кризиса на рынке.
Exiting from the low-growth trap: Investment, OECD Parliamentary Days 9 Febru...OECD, Economics Department
Catherine L. Mann discusses how many economies remain trapped in a period of low growth, characterized by declining productivity growth and rising inequality. Real investment has also remained sluggish despite several economic recoveries. Reviving investment through policies that synchronize global demand could help stimulate productivity and trade. Both macroeconomic and micro-structural reforms, including using fiscal space to increase public investment, can provide long-term GDP gains and lift economies out of the low-growth trap.
The global economy has shifted towards Asia in recent decades. The UK runs large trade deficits in goods but surpluses in services. Germany and China are two of the UK's main trading partners for imports, while exports mainly go to other European nations. A persistent current account deficit can cause problems like lower growth and job losses if it indicates weak competitiveness. Policy options to address deficits include supply-side reforms to improve productivity and demand management policies to reduce spending on imports.
The document discusses policies to promote faster recovery in the euro area. It finds that weak domestic demand, rather than exports, has held back growth. While some structural reforms have helped potential growth, others are needed to address problems like high unemployment, low inflation, and constrained credit in some countries. The document recommends that monetary, fiscal and structural policies be used in a coordinated manner, with more stimulus from the ECB, greater flexibility of fiscal rules, increased public investment, and further structural reforms to boost potential growth.
Chapter 2: European Wage Dynamics and Labor Market IntegrationEesti Pank
The document analyzes wage dynamics and labor market integration in the European Union. It finds that while labor markets have improved across the EU, wage growth has diverged between EU-15 and new member states. In EU-15, slow wage growth is partly due to low inflation and sluggish productivity, while in new member states tight labor markets and integration spillovers have pushed up wages. The pass-through from wages to inflation is relatively small. Policies aimed at raising inflation expectations in the euro area and reducing skill mismatches in new member states are recommended.
This document discusses various methods of measuring living standards and economic well-being beyond GDP per capita. It notes inaccuracies in population estimates that impact GDP calculations and differences in regional disposable incomes within countries. While GDP per capita is traditionally used, economic well-being is multi-dimensional and includes factors like health, inequality, sustainability, and happiness. Alternative indicators that take a broader view are now commonly used to assess living standards and well-being.
This document discusses Estonia's economic performance during the European debt crisis as compared to Finland and the EU average. It shows that while Estonia's GDP declined sharply during the crisis years from 2008-2009, it recovered more quickly than Finland and has seen strong GDP growth since 2010, outperforming the EU average. The document attributes Estonia's recovery in part to structural economic changes during the crisis as well as support from EU funds, though it notes that Estonia's economy is different now than it was prior to the 2007-2009 crisis.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Norway that covers several topics:
1. Norway has a very high GDP per capita and low inequality compared to other OECD countries due to high employment and a narrow gender wage gap.
2. While economic growth has picked up recently, productivity growth has slowed and labor costs remain high.
3. The survey makes recommendations in several areas including normalizing monetary policy, fiscal restraint, improving business regulation, strengthening skills training, reforming disability programs, and enhancing cost-benefit analysis for transportation infrastructure projects.
Slide pack for the Ulster Bank Northern Ireland PMI for August 2015, including analysis of global, Eurozone, UK, UK regions, NI and Republic of Ireland performance by sector
Promoting a stronger and more inclusive economy OECD Economic Survey Hungary ...OECD, Economics Department
The OECD Economic Survey of Hungary 2019 document discusses several key points:
1) The Hungarian economy is growing strongly but policies are needed to address risks to the recovery.
2) Greater economic inclusiveness would bolster growth as poverty and unemployment remain issues in some regions.
3) Population aging will significantly increase costs related to pensions and healthcare, which need to be addressed through reforms.
Russia economic report no 31 march 26 2014 engAlex Medlock
The document summarizes a World Bank report on recent economic developments in Russia. It finds that Russia's economic growth slowed to 1.3% in 2013 due to weak domestic demand and a loss of business and consumer confidence following a lack of structural reforms. Two scenarios project lower growth in 2014, with the high-risk scenario showing a contraction of 1.8% if geopolitical tensions escalate. Weaker growth dims prospects for continued economic mobility and middle-class expansion in Russia.
A detailed analysis of the prospects for the UK economy in 2012 from Geoff Riley at tutor2u. Among the key themes explored by Geoff are:
Are we already back in recession?
A damaging legacy from the slump
Have policies lost their effectiveness?
Macro fragility in a world of external shocks
This document provides an overview of macroeconomic trends and business investment in Europe. It discusses how the recovery is gaining traction across most European economies, but challenges remain like low inflation and lack of credit for small businesses. While austerity has hampered growth, the ECB has implemented stimulus measures to boost lending and exports. Individual countries also need structural reforms. Europe remains attractive for business due to political stability, open trade policies, and a skilled workforce, though emerging markets present more opportunities for growth.
The document outlines several key macroeconomic policy objectives for the UK including price stability, economic growth, low unemployment, and a balanced current account. It then provides data on the UK economy regarding GDP growth, inflation, employment levels, income inequality, and the economic cycle over recent years. Real GDP growth has averaged around 2% annually but real income per capita remains below pre-recession levels and income inequality has changed little.
The global economy is growing slowly with diverging growth rates between countries. Financial risks are increasing and volatility is likely to rise. Potential growth has declined as weak demand interacts with slowing growth rates. The euro area economy remains weak, a major concern. Coordinated monetary, fiscal and structural policies will need to be deployed to mitigate risks and boost growth.
The document summarizes key findings from an analysis of the top 500 companies in Central and Eastern Europe in 2016. It finds that while employment grew significantly in the region (+3.9%), overall turnover and profits declined slightly. The automotive industry surpassed oil and gas to become the largest sector. Economic growth in the region remained solid at around 3% despite a slowdown from 2015 levels. Unemployment rates reached record lows across most CEE countries.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of South Africa. It finds that while short-term fiscal and monetary policies have limited scope to boost growth, bold structural reforms are needed in areas like network sectors, education, energy infrastructure, and regional integration. Unemployment remains high in South Africa and poverty reduction has been slow. The report recommends reforms such as improving education and vocational training, reducing red tape for businesses, opening up more sectors to competition, deepening regional integration within the SADC, and boosting entrepreneurship.
Switzerland 2017 OECD Economic Survey boosting productivity and meeting skill...OECD, Economics Department
The document is the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Switzerland. It finds that while living standards are high, economic growth has been slow and productivity growth has stalled. It notes that employment is high but productivity has declined, and skills shortages exist. The survey makes several recommendations to boost productivity through improving framework conditions, better using women's and immigrant skills, and ensuring a dynamic skills training system.
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
This is a presentation on aspects of the recent performance of the UK economy. All students are expected to have a good contextual knowledge of recent trends in indicators such as economic growth, inflation, unemployment, the trade balance, interest rates and government borrowing.
AS Macro Question - Falling UnemploymentEton College
This is a revision resource for students taking the EdExcel unit 2 economics paper - suggesting a way of approaching the 30 mark question and scoring high marks for evaluation.
Усиление конкуренции за первичные объекты на крупнейших европейских рынках недвижимости заставляет инвесторов переключить внимание на сектор вторичной недвижимости и восстанавливающиеся рынки. Такой вывод содержится в исследовании «Новые тенденции на европейском рынке недвижимости в 2015 году», подготовленном совместно некоммерческой организацией Urban Land Institute (ULI) и фирмой PwC. В отчете подчеркивается рост популярности возможных инвестиций в недвижимость городов, которые особенно серьезно пострадали в результате прошлого кризиса на рынке.
Exiting from the low-growth trap: Investment, OECD Parliamentary Days 9 Febru...OECD, Economics Department
Catherine L. Mann discusses how many economies remain trapped in a period of low growth, characterized by declining productivity growth and rising inequality. Real investment has also remained sluggish despite several economic recoveries. Reviving investment through policies that synchronize global demand could help stimulate productivity and trade. Both macroeconomic and micro-structural reforms, including using fiscal space to increase public investment, can provide long-term GDP gains and lift economies out of the low-growth trap.
The global economy has shifted towards Asia in recent decades. The UK runs large trade deficits in goods but surpluses in services. Germany and China are two of the UK's main trading partners for imports, while exports mainly go to other European nations. A persistent current account deficit can cause problems like lower growth and job losses if it indicates weak competitiveness. Policy options to address deficits include supply-side reforms to improve productivity and demand management policies to reduce spending on imports.
The document discusses policies to promote faster recovery in the euro area. It finds that weak domestic demand, rather than exports, has held back growth. While some structural reforms have helped potential growth, others are needed to address problems like high unemployment, low inflation, and constrained credit in some countries. The document recommends that monetary, fiscal and structural policies be used in a coordinated manner, with more stimulus from the ECB, greater flexibility of fiscal rules, increased public investment, and further structural reforms to boost potential growth.
Chapter 2: European Wage Dynamics and Labor Market IntegrationEesti Pank
The document analyzes wage dynamics and labor market integration in the European Union. It finds that while labor markets have improved across the EU, wage growth has diverged between EU-15 and new member states. In EU-15, slow wage growth is partly due to low inflation and sluggish productivity, while in new member states tight labor markets and integration spillovers have pushed up wages. The pass-through from wages to inflation is relatively small. Policies aimed at raising inflation expectations in the euro area and reducing skill mismatches in new member states are recommended.
This document provides an economic survey and recommendations for Lithuania conducted by the OECD. It summarizes that while incomes and GDP have been converging with OECD averages, unemployment has declined, and exports have been robust, poverty remains high. Key recommendations include reducing social security contributions for low-income workers, increasing property taxes exempting low-income households, and strengthening vocational education and training to promote more inclusive growth.
The document summarizes the OECD Economic Outlook report. It finds that:
1) The global economy is growing slowly, with world GDP growth below historical averages and weak trade growth.
2) Growth projections vary across countries, with the US expected to accelerate but remain below trend, while China and India are projected to experience slower growth than in recent years.
3) Risks to the outlook are on the downside and include high debt levels in advanced economies and potential slowing of potential growth rates.
A Macroeconomics presentation I did in MBA with friends and fellow students - Alzahra, Sumitha and Milaena at the University of San Francisco, predicting the economic situation of Poland and deciding whether a USA chalk company should export to Finland in 2015 or not.
The document is the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Germany. It discusses Germany's strong economic recovery after the recession, low unemployment rate, and high levels of well-being. However, it notes investment is low compared to other countries, which contributes to low productivity growth. It recommends increasing investment in infrastructure and removing barriers in professional services to boost competition and productivity, especially in the services sector. It also addresses issues around population aging, increasing immigration, education outcomes for immigrants, and encouraging more women and older workers to remain in the labor force.
Ponieważ jesteśmy w okresie kampanii wyborczej podrzucam wszystkim dokument, który może służyć do oceny jakości programów wyborczych wszystkich aspirujących do swojej roli wybrańców narodu :)
This document summarizes a study on the effects of growth-enhancing policies on microeconomic stability. The study finds that policies promoting growth, such as reducing employment protection and product market regulation, can increase microeconomic instability for firms, workers, and households. However, deeper reforms may boost growth without raising instability. The analysis also shows that tax-benefit systems play a key role in attenuating the impact of individual income volatility on overall household income changes. While some pro-growth reforms have trade-offs with stability and inequality, well-designed policies, like expanding active labor market programs, can promote both growth and stability.
The document is an OECD Economic Survey of the United Kingdom from 2015 that discusses economic growth, productivity, and policy recommendations. Some key points:
1) Growth is strong in the UK at 2.6% in 2014, the fastest in the G7, but productivity and wages are still subdued.
2) Recommendations include implementing structural reforms to boost productivity, expanding infrastructure investment including through public-private partnerships, and pursuing fiscal consolidation in a fair manner.
3) The UK has a high level of well-being but needs to strengthen the real sector, ensure sustainable financing, and make macroeconomic policies like fiscal policy and interest rates support balanced and inclusive growth.
This document analyzes the Russian economy in a global context and provides an outlook for Russia's economic growth prospects. Some key points:
1) Russia has the 6th largest economy globally but GDP growth has slowed in recent years from over 3% to around 1-2% expected for 2014.
2) Inflation has declined significantly since the 2000s but unemployment has not improved correspondingly.
3) Exports and imports remain dependent on oil/gas and domestic demand respectively. Weakening global growth and Russia's reliance on exports pose risks to economic growth.
4) Private consumption continues to support the economy but investments remain subdued due to uncertain outlook and falling corporate profits linked to oil prices
Presentation to glyndwr university 22 januaryMark Beatson
This document discusses how economic trends may impact managing people in organizations. It notes that the economy is expected to see slower growth than 2014 but better than the past 5 years. The labor market will continue expanding but wage growth is unlikely before 2016 if productivity increases. Population aging will affect both product demand and labor supply. Technological advances may reshape the labor market and required skills. European economic conditions will continue influencing the UK economy due to trade links. Long term trends like an aging population and rise of the knowledge economy are also discussed.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Latvia that discusses key economic challenges and recommendations. It finds that while Latvia has recovered from the financial crisis, growth has slowed and income inequality remains high. It recommends that Latvia reduce income inequality by targeting social benefits better, lower taxes on low-paid jobs, and strengthen tax collection. It also suggests raising productivity by improving regulation, vocational education, and R&D investment to support robust economic convergence. Further, Latvia should limit economic volatility by building fiscal reserves to cope with external shocks and continuing financial sector oversight.
This document summarizes a seminar discussing the effects of growth-enhancing policies on microeconomic stability. It finds that while some pro-growth reforms can increase instability at the individual level, deeper reforms may boost growth without increasing volatility. Reforms like reducing employment protections and unemployment benefits can increase worker reallocation and earnings volatility, while well-designed social programs and competitive markets can attenuate these impacts. Policy settings are linked to a country's distance from the growth-volatility frontier, showing the importance of balancing economic goals.
From Overheating to Euro-Zone Membership: Lessons from the Baltics?cketels
Analysis of the Baltic economies before and after the crisis - are they a policy model for successful recovery? A look at competitiveness trends, the role of EU policies, and the prospects ahead. Presented at the 88th #IfW Konjunkturgespräch in Berlin, Nov. 2013
The OECD interim global economic assessment provides the following key points:
- Global growth prospects have improved slightly compared to previous forecasts due to stronger data, lower oil prices, and monetary easing.
- However, risks remain from inconsistent inflation and interest rates, rapid moves in asset prices, and lagging investment and employment.
- Policymakers need balanced policy packages including stable fiscal policies, reinvigorated structural reforms, and reduced reliance on monetary policy.
Export To Poland Presentation 2nd June 2009Michael Clay
This presentation was made by Michael Clay on the 2nd June at the Polish Embassy in London as a member of the Board of the British Polish Chamber of Commerce
Germany has the largest economy in Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and uses the euro as its currency. While Germany does not have its own monetary policy, it must follow the interest rate decisions of the European Central Bank. Germany's economy is driven by exports, particularly of machinery, vehicles, and chemicals. It has strong trade relationships with its top partners, France, the Netherlands, China, and the United States. The German government has implemented tax cuts to stimulate the economy. During the European recession from 2008-2009, Germany's industrial output and GDP declined.
Darba tirgus izaicinājumi Latvijā un Eiropas Savienībā: no pandēmijas līdz kr...Latvijas Banka
The document summarizes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and Russian invasion of Ukraine on Latvia's labor market. It finds that while unemployment increased during the pandemic, government support programs prevented larger job losses. Unemployment has since declined and is now only slightly above pre-pandemic levels. Younger workers and those in sectors like hospitality were most affected by pandemic layoffs. The invasion of Ukraine has worsened economic forecasts for Latvia in 2022 and exacerbated pre-existing labor market challenges around demographic changes and skills shortages.
Poland's economy is slowing after strong growth in recent years. GDP growth is expected to decline to 2.7% in 2012 from 4.3% in 2011 due to weaker global demand, lower investment, and rising unemployment. While Poland avoided recession in 2008-2009 due to fiscal stimulus and currency depreciation, continued reforms are needed to increase competitiveness through innovation, education, and reducing regional economic disparities. The eurozone crisis has allowed Poland to delay euro adoption plans, but it wants to still have influence over eurozone policies as its economy remains closely tied to Europe's.
Productivity and GDP per capita growth: A long-term perspective, Bergeaud, Ce...Soledad Zignago
1) TFP growth has been the main driver of labour productivity and GDP growth over the long term from 1890-2015. TFP growth occurred in waves, with a huge slowdown across countries from the mid-2000s, raising risks of secular stagnation.
2) Key factors explaining TFP growth include education levels, technology innovations like electricity and ICT, and the age of capital. However, these factors only explain under half of total TFP growth.
3) Long-term productivity slowdowns may also relate to declining real interest rates, with potential circular relationships between interest rates, factor quality, technology, institutions, and TFP/GDP growth. Unexplained portions of TFP growth also remain
Similar to Final Portfolio | Nghia-Piotr T Le (20)
Productivity and GDP per capita growth: A long-term perspective, Bergeaud, Ce...
Final Portfolio | Nghia-Piotr T Le
1. Into the Arms of Europe:
Visualizing the Changes in Polish Economic, Financial, Demographic, and other Indicators
1995-2015
Sources: Bloomberg Terminal L.P. | Główny Urząd Skarbowy | OECD | World Bank
By: Nghia-Piotr Trong Le
For: Public Policy 646 | Data Visualization
2. 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000
Austria
Belgium
Czech
Republic
Germany
Denmark
Spain
Estonia
Finland
France
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Lithuania
Luxemburg
Latvia
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Slovak
Republic
Slovenia
Sweden
GDP Per Capita in 2015
{Swedish GDP per Capita Grew by 24,221.94 USD
Polish Per Capta GDP in 2015 - $26,210
Slightly larger than Lithuania’s
Half the size of Ireland’s.
Between 1995-2015,
Polish Per Capita grew by $18,564.
Slightly more than Italy’s,
Half the rate of Ireland’s.
}
GDP Per Capita in OECD and EU Countries (1995-2015)
Per capita measures depict population adjusted measures of national production.
Source: OECD | By Nghia-Piotr T Le
3. 2,000
4,000
6,000
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000
Employment Within the Industries
Wages
ProductioninUSD
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electric, Gas and Water Supply
TypeofIndustrial
Production
1994 and 2008
50,000
100,000
PolishIndustrydidnotexpandemployment
butitboostedwages,onavg.,byafactorof5.
Wages in 1994 were low due to the hangover
from Balcerowicz’s Shock Therapy.
Changes in the Levels of Industrial Production,
Employment, and Wages Paid.
Wages and Industrial Production Accounted in Current Prices
Source: Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche | By Nghia-Piotr T Le
4. Pomeranian
Warmian-Masurian
Podlaskie
Lublin
Subcarpathian
Masurian
Świętokrzyskie
Kuyavian-Pomeranian
West Pomeranian
Greater Poland
Łódź
Silensian
Lesser Poland
Lower Silensian
Opole
Lubusz
Percentage Decrease in Voivodeships’
Budgets
0 3 6 9 12
Pomeranian
Warmian-Masurian
Podlaskie
Lublin
Subcarpathian
Masurian
Świętokrzyskie
Kuyavian-Pomeranian
West Pomeranian
Greater Poland
Łódź
Silensian
Lesser Poland
Lower Silensian
Opole
Lubusz
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
Percentage Increase in Voivodeships’
Budgets
Polish Voievodeships’ Change in Budget(1995-2014)
A Voievodeship is the way Poland divides its regional administration . Akin to American States
Not Inflation Adjusted.
Source: Główne Biuro Statystyczne | By: Nghia-Piotr T Le
6. 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Inflation Rate (CPI)
Short Term Interest Rates
Unemployment Rate
{At this point every 6 months
prices of goods went up by 18%
Relationship Betwee the Inflation Rate, Short Term Interest Rates,
and Unemployment Rate (1992-2014).
1992 marked the tail end of the Balcerowicz Plan which was inteded to shock the economy from a Communist system to a Capitalist system.
This plan lead to the stabalization of the Polish Economy and allowed it to transition into the European Union in 2004.
This graph showcases the impact of the plan on Monetary Policy, Unemployment, and Inflation)
Source: OECD | By Nghia-Piotr T Le
In 2004 Poland
Joined the European Union
Polish inflation dips
below European Union’s
and remains around that level The Great Recession Begins
7. 1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
ValueoftheWIG20Index
Year
Composition of the WIG 20 Index
By Industry type and Value of the Stocks in the Index (as of April 1st, 2016)
PKOBP
PEKAO
BZWBK
MBANK
ALIOR
PGE
PGNIG
TAURONPE
ENERGA
ENEA
PKNORLEN LOTOS
PZU
LPP CCC
CYFRPLSAT
ASSECOPOL
ORANGEPL EUROCASHKGHM
Banking
Energy
Oil and Gas
Insurance
Retail
Mining
Media
Technology
Telecommunications Consumer Goods
Top 95th
percentile
in variance
Bottom 95th
percentile
in variance
50 Day
“Simple
Moving
Average”
Poland Joins
the EU May 1st, 2004
The Great Recession
Begins in the US
December 2007
Beginning of the
EuroZone Debt Crisis
Late 2009
Poland Passes a
New Constitution
on April 2nd, 1997
The European Monetary Union
Agrees on the First Package
Bailout for the Greek Economuy
April 11, 2010
European Stock Markets
Begin to Suffer
Heavy Falls due to
Economic Uncertainty
Mid-2011
Poland Elects a
Controversial
Right-Wing Government
October 2015
Performance of the Polish WIG 20 Stock Index
The 50 Day Simple Moving Average smooths out small scale volatility and gives a better view of the trends and forces.
The 95th percentile ranges showcase the overall volatility in the same 50 Day window as the Simple Moving Average.
Source: Bloomberg Terminal, L.P.and Giełda Papierów Wartościowych | By Nghia-Piotr T Le
8. Germany’s DAX Index US Dow Jones Industrial Avg. US S&P 500 UK FTSE Polish WIG 20
100
200
300
400
500
600
−5.0 −2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 −5.0 −2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 −5.0 −2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 −5.0 −2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 −5.0 −2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0
StockIndexPerformance(Indexed1995=100)
Relative Index Values | Standard Deviations away from a 50 day Simple Moving Average
Normalized Stock Market Performances and Variances (1995-2016)
WIG 20 is a Polish stock market capitalization-weighted index Poland’s 20 largest companies
Daily index data was normalized to 100 pegged to the first day available in 1995.
Each data point is also compared to the 50 Day Simple Moving Average to depict the level of volaitlity relative to its localized average.
Source: Bloomberg Terminal, L.P. | By Nghia-Piotr T Le
2016
1995
2005
2011
2002
9. 5
10
15
1-year 2-year 3-year 5-year 10-year 15-year 20-year 30-year
Bond Tenor at Issue Date
BondYieldatIssueDate(inpercentages)
Yield Curves
BeforePolandEnteredtheEU
AfterPolandEnteredtheEU
YieldCurveontheday
PolandEnterstheEUonMay1st,2004
{
YieldCurvesforPolishBonds(1995-2015)
Thehighertheyieldcurvethemoreexpensiveborrowingisfor
thePolishgovernment.
Wecanseethat beforePolandenteredtheEuropeanUnionitwas
veryexpensiveforthegovernmenttoborrowmoney.
Futhermore,wascanseethatonlyrecentlyhasthegovernmentbeen
issueingbondsofalongertenor.
Thismaymeanthattheinvestorsintheglobalbondmarket
aremorewillingtoinvestinPolandandhavemoretrustinthecountry’ssolvency.
Source: Bloomberg Terminal, L.P. | By: Nghia-Piotr T Le
10. Canada
China
Czech Republic
Germany
France
Hungary
Mexico
Poland
Slovak Republic
United States
100,000
10,000,000
1,000,000,000
1995 2014
Years
LoggedPopulationNumbers
1,364
319
125
80.9
66.7
38
35.5
10.5
9.86
5.42
Population in 2014
PolishPopulation≈California’s
Overall,thesizeofthe
PolishPopulationdidnotchange.
Logged Populations (1995-2014)
Data was logged to provide greater insight into relative population sizes.
Source: World Bank | By: Nghia-Piotr T Le
11. 0−4
5−9
10−14
15−19
20−24
25−29
30−34
35−39
40−44
45−49
50−54
55−59
60−64
65−69
> 70
3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000
AgeGroups
WorkingAgePopulation
This is an important
trough in the
population piramid.
Generational balance can
become a concern for the
Polish welfare state.
Many Poles are approaching
retirement age indicating
future pressures on the
Polish social welfare system.}
This difference between the male and female
population for 70+ year olds is due to the Second World War.
Female Population Male Population
Polish Demographic Pyramid (1995-2014)
Source: Główny Urząd Statystyczny | By Nghia-Piotr T Le
2014 Population Pyramid
1995 Population Pyramid
{1995:22.3Million
2014:24.8Million
12. Austria
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Switzerland
Czech Rep.
Germany
Denmark
Spain
Finland
France
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
JapanKorea
Mexico
Norway
New Zealand
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
SwedenUSA
35%
40%
45%
50%
60 70 80 90 100
Women’s Income as a Percentage of Men’s Income
(Not adjusted for Education, Hours Worked)
WomenasaPercentageofTotalWorkforce
Relationship Between the Average Gender Wage Gap and Female Workforce Participation
This graph gives us a glance at gender equality in the various labor markets tracked by the OECD.
Source: OECD | By: Nghia-Piotr T Le
Per Capita GDP: $23,310
Women Are 44.51% of the Workforce
On Average Polish Women make
89.38% of Polish Man’s Salary
GDP Per Capita
20,000
40,000
60,000
Asia
Europe
North
America
Per Capita GDP: $51,368
Women Are 46.97% of the Workforce
On Average Women in the U.S. make
80.91% of a Man’s Salary
This is the line of best fit of the
relationship between the gender
ratio and the income inequality
between genders
13. Gender Ratio in each Polish Voivodeship in 2014
Source: Główny Urząd Statystyczny | By: Nghia-Piotr T Le
This line indicates a 1:1 gender ratio.
Lower Silesian
Kuyavian-Pomeranian
Łódź
Lublin
Lubusz
Lesser Poland
Mazovian
Opole
Subcarpathian
Podlaskie
Pomeranian
Śląskie
Świętokrzyskie
Warmian-Masurian
Greater Poland
West-Pomeranian
PopulationofMen
PopulationofWomen
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
There are
230,329 more
women than men
in Mazovia.
Śląskie Voivodeship as a
1:1.072 male to female ratio.
}
Lower Silensia has
1.4 million men and
1.5 million women.
Overall, Poland has a
1.06:1 gender ratio.
14. Changes in Type of Employment by Sex and Sector 1995-2014
Source: Główny Urząd Statystyczny | By: Nghia-Piotr T Le
The 20 years between 1995 and 2014 Polish women accounted for 36.2 % of the increase in
the employed labor force in Poland.
The 20 years between 1995 and 2014 Polish menaccounted for 63.8 % of the increase in
the employed labor force in Poland.
1995 2014
Women
Men
Employed
Polish
Population
38.5Million
38.6Million
14.8
15.9
8.16.7
8.87.1
3.8
1.4
1.5
5.2
1.2
0.73
1.8
3.3
2.9
1.1
3.7
4..
Women’s Agricultural
workforce fell by 50% over
the span of 20 years.
As Polish
women joined the
workforce, most of them
joined the Service industry.
In 1995 20.1% of working
women were employed in
the Industrial sector.
In 2014 the proportion went down to 16.5%
Industrial sector’s share
of total male employment in
Poland remained roughly
the same 41% in ‘94
and 41.8% in 2014.
Polish men also moved
towards working at the
Service industry. Albeit at
lower rates than women have.
Similarily to the women,
Polish men also left
Agriculture for jobs in other
sectors, causing the share of
employment to fall by 40.6%.
15. Canada
Czech
Republic
France
Germany
Hungary
Mexico
Poland
Slovak
Republic
United States
−5
−2
−1
0
1
2
3
4
5
10
12.5
Energy Use Per Capita
(1995-2014)
% Population Exposed to Pollution
levels exceeding WHO Guidelines
(1995-2013)
Methane Emissions
(1995-2012)
CO2 Emissions
(1995-2011)
Agricultural Nitrous Oxide
(1995-2008)
China
ChangeinEnviromentalImpact
meth(StandardDeviationsfromtheMeans)
Poland oscillates around the
world average in the changes
in its enviromental impact.
In 2013, 99.9% of Poles were
exposed to Pollution levels
exceeding WHO Guidelines.
China increased its
methane emissions by
more than 12.5 standard
deviations above
the avg. global change.
Average Change: 206.9
Standard Deviation: 1702.6
Average Change: 0.81
Standard Deviation: 17.8
Average Change: 7165.2
Standard Deviation: 51500.5
Average Change: 0.29
Standard Deviation: 3.03
Average Change: 2.29
Standard Deviation: 10.66
Initial values for each of the indicators was transformed into
the standard deviations from the mean to represent the
relative changes in the enviromental impact indicators.
On average the whole world emitted more greenhouse gases
and consumed more energy per capita.
Source: World Bank | By Nghia-Piotr T Le
Changes in the Value of Enviromental Impact Indicators