Final First Aid Training Slide part.pptx

ADEPTUS INPECTIONAND TESTING UK LIMITED
1
Welcome toyour:
Emergency First Aid Course
Your Instructoris:
Mr. Javed Ahmad

ADEPTUS INPECTION AND TESTING UK LIMITED
3
Areas Covered in thisSession
• Human Anatomy
• What is first aid
• Aims of first aid
• The Responsibilities of the First Aider
• Delegation / Confidence / Communication
• Incident / Casualty priorities
• Multiple casualties
• Staying Safe during First Aid DANGER
• Telephone the Emergency Services 999

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Human Anatomy(remind/revise)
1. Trachea
2. Lungs
3. Heart
4. Liver
5. Stomach
6. Pancreas
7. Large intestine
8. Small intestine
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3
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2
5
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© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training

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CirculatorySystem
Aorta
Largest artery in the
body
Arteries
Strong muscular, elastic walls
enable arteries to expand
with each surge of blood
away from the heart and
towards tissues
Veins
Action of muscles around
these thin walled vessels
squeezes blood through
them, and one-way valves
keep it from flowing back
towards the heart
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CirculatorySystem
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ADEPTUS INPECTION AND TESTINGUK LIMITED
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The Heart

Circulatory SystemVideo
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Functions of theBlood
• Transportation of gases
• Nutrition
• Regulation

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Pulse Points
Carotid
Brachial
Radial
Femoral
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The RespiratorySystem
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Respirtory
Centre
(Brain)
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Tongue
Epiglottis
Trachea
Lung
Diaphragm

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Respiration is the exchange of gases, oxygen
and carbon dioxide, which takes place in the
lungs and cells of the body.
Define Respiration
Take in oxygen
Remove carbondioxide

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What is First Aid
• The treatment given for any injury, or sudden
illness before the arrival of an ambulance,
doctor or any other qualified person.
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The Aims of First Aid
• To Preserve life
• To Prevent the condition
getting worse
• To Promote recovery
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Responsibilities of FirstAider
• Incident Management - Assess the situation /
get help
• Casualty Care - Protect casualty and others
from Danger
• Assess the casualty
• Identify casualty’s injury / Illness
• Provide treatment
• Arrange transport
• Remain with the casualty
• Prevent cross infection
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Approach and Action
• Assess the situation
• Telephone for help
• Assess any further danger
– Can you cope
– Do you need assistance
• Begin Treatment
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Primary Assessment
Danger your presentenvironment
Responses of yourcasualty
Airway
Breathing
Circulation

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Road Traffic Accidents
Make the accident site safe
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Speed Kills

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Alert
responds appropriately / aware of place / time
Verbal
responds in some manner to voice
Pain
responds in some manner to painful stimuli
Unresponsive
Does not respond to painful stimuli
Levels of Response(AVPU)
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Primary AssessmentVideo
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Airway
• Before opening the airway (check) for any
obstructions and remove (clear) them if
possible
• By tilting the head back and lifting the chin
forward, the tongue is drawn away (open)
from the back of the throat. Suspected Spinal
injuries will differ, majority are conscious.
• In an unconsciousness casualty the tongue
may fall back to block the airway.

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Airway
OPEN
AIRWAY
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Average Breathing Rates
Adults 12 – 20 times per minute
Infants and
young children 20 - 30 times per minute
BreathingRates
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Inspired and ExpiredAir
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Other
Gases
1%
Inspired Air
Carbon
Dioxide
4% Other
Gases
1%
Expired Air

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IF ABSENT BREATHE FOR YOUR
CASUALTY !
Breathing
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Look, Listen & Feel up to10seconds

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Self Protection
ALWAYS
WEAR GLOVES
When dealing with blood
or body fluids
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Staying Safe during FirstAid
• Blood and Bodily Fluid
– HIV
– Hepatitis B
– Always
wear protective gloves and goggles
when dealing with blood and bodyfluids
• Environmental Hazards
– Traffic
– Electrical Wires
– Gas Leak
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Emergency Services999
Always Give the Following Information:
• Name and telephone number
• Give exact location
• Type of incident
• Seriousness of incident
• Number of casualties
• Condition of casualties
• Any hazards
DON'T HANG UP THE PHONE UNTIL
YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO !
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Multiple Casualties
Assess Danger
Remove Danger
Assess Casualties responses
Assess Casualties A.B.C
4 X B’s
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Immediate CareConditions
• Lack of Airway
• Lack of Breathing
• Lack of Pulse
• Suspected Spinal Injury
• Shock
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Life ThreateningConditions
• Asphyxia
• Bleeding
• Cardiac arrest
• Shock
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Principles of Resuscitation
• For life to be sustained,:
– A constant supply of oxygen must be maintained
and delivered to the brain and other vital organsby
circulating the blood.
• The “pump” that maintains this circulation:
– Is the heart. If the heart stops (cardiacarrest)
urgent action must be taken if death is to be
prevented.
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Lay Rescuer CPRGuidelines
• Establish that the casualty is unresponsive
– Dial 112/999 ask for cardiac ambulance
• Open the Airway
– Head tilt/chin lift or, if trauma is suspected, jaw
thrust.
– Check for normal breathing.
– (look, listen, feel)
• If normal breathing is absent
– Give 2 slow breaths (2 seconds perbreath)
– Ensure adequate chest rise, and allowexhalation
between breaths.

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Lay Rescuer CPRGuidelines
• Check for signs of circulation
– Normal breathing, coughing, or movement in
response to the 2breaths
– If signs of circulation are present but there is no
normal breathing, provide rescuebreathing
– 1 breath every 6 seconds, about 10 breathsper
minute
• If no signs of circulation are present,
– Begin cycles of 15 chest compressions (about 100
compressions per minute) followed by 2 slow
breaths

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IF NO PULSE PRESENT
COMMENCE CARDIAC MASSAGE !
Circulation
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Speed is Essential
• CPR if Commenced within 3 Minutes of Arrest
can Prevent Permanent Brain Damage
• Buys Time to Allow Successful Defibrillation
by Trained personnel
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Early
Access
Early
CPR
Early
Defibrillation
Early
Advanced
Cardiac Care
The Chain of Survival
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CPR video
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AED demo: video
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SecondarySurvey
Breathing
Pulse
Skin Colour
Temperature
Level of response
Complete Top to Toe Survey
Complete DefinitiveTreatments
Monitor Vital Signs

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Sequence ofexamination.
2. Neck
7.Pelvis Lower
Back
8. Lower Limbs
5. Upper Limbs
1. Head
4. Shoulders
3. Chest
6. Abdomen
Top to Toe Survey
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External Clues
If casualty is Unconscious
Look for Clues
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Treatment Priorities
• A B C
• Maintain airway (Recovery position)
• Bleeding
• Treat large wounds and burns
• Immobilise bone and joint injuries
• Other injuries / Conditions
• Regularly monitor casualty ABC
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Patient Interview
• S Symptoms
• A Allergies
• M Medications
• P Past Medical History
• L Last Meal
• E Events
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Dressings & Bandages:Uses
• Dressings
– Control bleeding
– Reduce infection
• Bandages
– Direct pressure
– Securing dressings etc
– Reduce swelling, supportlimbs
– Restrict movement
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Rules for ApplyingDressings
• Wear disposable gloves
• If possible, wash hands
• Correct size
• Place pad directly onto wound
• Avoid touching wound
• Try not to cough or sneeze
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Hand DressingVideo
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How to make a Sling (Video)
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Preventing CrossInfection
• Always wash your hands
– Before dressing awound
• Wear disposable gloves
• Avoid touching the wound
• Do not sneeze or cough
– When treating a wound
• Place soiled dressing in suitable bag
– Seal and destroy by incineration
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The Choking Casualty
Recognition
• Cannot Breathe
• Cannot Speak
• Cannot Cough
• May Clutch Throat
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Choking managementvideo
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Carbon monoxide
Vehicle exhausts, chimneys
– headache, confusion
– aggression, nausea
– vomiting, incontinence
– dusky skin
– unconsciousness
Smoke
Fires
– coughing
– swollen air passages
– unconsciousness
burns
Carbon dioxide
Deep enclosed spaces
– Breathlessness
– headache
– Hypoxia
– confusion
– unconsciousness ADEPTUS INPECTION AND TESTING UKLIMITED
Solvents & Fuels
Glues, lighter fluid
– headache, vomiting
– Stupor(near unconc:)
– unconsciousness
– death
Effects of Fume Inhalation

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Causes of Shock
• Blood loss
• Heart attack
• Allergic reaction
• Loss of body fluids
• Massive infection
• Damage to spinal nerves
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Shock - First Signs
RECOGNITION:
– (adrenaline causes)
• Rapid pulse
• Pale gray skin
• Cold clammy skin
• Sweating
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Treatment for Shock
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MODERATE LOSS
2 to 3 pints (20% - 30%)
slightly raised
cold and sweaty
pale
dilating, but equal
slightly raised
light headed, faint
constant observation and
monitoring of vital signs to
determine medical progress
cool
becoming unstable
Pulse
Skin
Colour
Pupils
Breathing
Consciousness
History
Peripheral Temp.
General Condition
Blood Loss 2-3pints

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SEVERE LOSS
over 3 pints (30% and over)
fast, light, thready
cold and clammy
pale - cyanosed
dilated and equal, slow to react
to light
deep sighing - airhunger
apathetic, low pain threshold
may become thirsty and suffer
from blurred vision
cold
poor, could prove fatal
Pulse
Skin
Colour
Pupils
Breathing
Consciousness
History
Peripheral Temp.
General Condition
Blood Loss over 3pints

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Causes of Fainting
• Temporary reduction of blood flow
to the brain
• Reaction to pain or fright
• Emotional upset
• Exhaustion
• Lack of food
• Long periods of standing
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Recognition of Fainting
• Brief loss of consciousness
• Fall to the floor
• Slow pulse
• Pallor
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If unconsciousness persists
Call for the ambulance
Treatment for Fainting
• Raise and support lower limbs
• Fresh air, open window
• As they recover reassure casualty
• Assist casualty to sit up
• Treat any injuries

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Anaphylactic Shock
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Anaphylactic Shock
The name given to a major Allergic reaction
within the body;
Causes:
• Specific drugs
• Stings
• Ingestion of certain foods (peanuts)
• Chemical released into the blood stream
causing the blood vessels to dilate thus
restricting the airway.

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Severe Allergies
• Anxiety
• Blotchy skin
• Swelling of face
• Swelling of neck
• Puffiness around eyes
• Breathing difficulties
• Rapid pulse
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Treatment of SevereAllergies
• Relieve Breathing
• Epi-pen
999
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Types of Bleeding
• Arterial
• Venous
• Capillary
Always
wear protective gloves and
goggles when dealing with
blood and body fluids
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Wound Types
Laceration
Contusion
Incised Puncture
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Bleeding Control
Pressure
Elevation
Shock
Infection
999
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Lots of blood, Possible underlying injury
Scalp & Head Wounds
Treatment;
• Displace skin flaps (Split wounds)
• Apply direct pressure (Sterile dressing, secure)
• Lay casualty down slightly raised head &
shoulders
• Unconscious ABC (Recovery position)

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Minor Wounds
• Minor wounds may need medical help
– Dog bite,
– Infected
– Embedded objectetc.
• Minor bleeding
• Foreign bodies
• Bruises
HYGIENE

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Bleeding fromOrifices
• Mouth
• Ear
• Nose
• Anus
• Urethra
• Vagina
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Eye Injury
• Provide support for the casualty’s head
• Give the casualty a sterile dressing to
hold on the eye
• Arrange removal to hospital
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Types of Head Injury
All Head Injuries Are Serious;
• Wounds to the scalp
• Fracture of the skull
• Concussion
• Cerebral compression

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FracturedSkull
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Recognition of Concussion
• Brief or partial loss of consciousness
• Nausea,
• Dizziness on recover
• Memory loss

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Cerebral Compression
• Noisy slow respiration's
• Slow, full and bounding pulse
• Flushed face
• Diminished level of response
– going into unconsciousness
• Unequal or dilated pupils
• Intense headache

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FracturedSkull
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Infantile convulsion Asphyxia
Epileptic Fit
Causes of Unconsciousness
F Fainting
I
S Shock
HHead injury
S Stroke
H Heart Attack
A
P Poison
E
D Diabetes

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Types of Muscles
Voluntary
Biceps etc.
Tendons
Involuntary
Operate vital organs
Heart etc.
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ADEPTUS INPECTION AND TESTING UKLIMITED
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Soft Tissue Injuries

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Soft Tissue Injuries - Sprains
Sprains are injuries due to:
• Stretching or tearing ligaments
or other tissues at a joint.
• Caused by a sudden twist or
stretch of a joint beyond it’s
normal motion
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Soft Tissue Injuries - Sprains
The Symptoms of a Sprain are:
• Pain on movement
• Swelling
• Tenderness
• Discoluration
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Soft Tissue Injuries - Strains
• A strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon
caused by over-exertion.
• In severe cases muscles or tendons are torn
and the muscle fibres are stretched.
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Soft Tissue Injuries - Strains
The Symptoms of a strain are;
• Intense pain
• Moderate swelling
• Painful movement
• Difficult movement
• Sometimes, discolouration

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IF IN DOUBT - TREAT AS A
FRACTURE !
Soft Tissue injuries
Treatment (RICER)
• Rest the injured part.
• Apply Ice or cold compress.
– (15-20mins)
• Compress the injury.
• Elevate the injured part.
• Rehabilitate / Recuperation
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Rehabilitation
Stop moaning I haven’t startedyet…

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Functions of the Skeleton
• Support
• Movement
• Protection
• Produce blood cells
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CAUSES:
Direct force
Indirect force
Muscular action
Disease
TYPES
Open/Closed
Stable/Unstable
Greenstick
Definition of aFracture
Definition;
• A broken or cracked bone
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Simple:
This is a clean break or
crack in the bone
Simple Fracture
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Comminuted:
This is a type of fracture
that produces multiple bone
fragments
Comminuted Fracture
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Green stick:
A split in a young, immature
bone. Most common in children
Green-Stick Fracture
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Open:
In a open fracture, part of
the bone breaks through the
skin causing bleeding
The exposed bone is
Vulnerable to contamination
Wound
Open Fracture
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Closed:
The surrounding skin is
unbroken.
Closed Fracture
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Open Fractures
• Cover wound, apply dressing
• Place padding over and around the wound
• Secure dressing and padding
• Immobilise injured part
• 999
• Treat casualty for shock
• N.B. Nothing to eat or drink
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111
Closed Fractures /Dislocations
• Support injured part
• Secure injured part
• 999
• Circulation
– (10 minutes)
• N.B. Traction in extreme locations
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Assessment of Injuries
• History: (Ask the casualty what happened)
– Violent blow or fall
– Snapping sound
– Sharp pain
• Compare:
– One side of the body againstanother
• Visualise:
– Try and imagine whathappened
• X-ray:
– Injury may not be obvious
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Assessment of injuries
Recognition;
• Difficulty moving limbs
• Pain made worse by movement
• Distortion
• Coarse grating at bone ends
• Shock (Femur, Ribcage, Pelvis)
• Shortening, bending or twisting
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Dislocations
• Partial or full displacement of bones at a joint
• Tears ligaments
• Associated fracture
• External wrenching force
• Violent muscle contraction
• Do not attempt to replace joint
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Injuries to the face andjaw
• Maintain airway
• Possible spinal injury
• Possible head injury
• Reduce swelling
• Hospital treatment

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Cervical 7
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Sacrum
5 (fused)
4 coccyx (fused)
• Intervertebral discs
– Padding or cushioning
– Gristle
The Human Spine
• Spinal Cord
– Composed of nervefibres
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Spinal Injuries
Three things are required;
• A high index of suspicion.
• Acute observation.
• Dexterous and gentle handling.
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Spinal Injury
Your aims are;
• To prevent further injury
• Arrange removal to hospital
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119
IF IN DOUBT
TREAT AS A SPINAL INJURY
Treatment of SpinalInjuries
• Call for an ambulance.
– do not attempt to treat casualty on yourown
• Support head and neck.
• Instruct casualty not to move.
• Reassurance.
• Do not move casualty unless in extreme
danger.

120
Principles of Lifting
• Assess the Task - Area - Load
• Bend the knees
• Broad stable base
• Back straight (Not necessarily vertical)
• Firm grip with palm of hand
• Arms in line with trunk
• Weight close to center of gravity
• Turn feet in direction of movement
“LIFT WITH THE LEGS”

121
Types and Causes ofBurns
• Dry Burn
• Scald
• Electrical Burn
• Chemical Burn
• Radiation
• Friction Burn
• Cold Burn
• Fire- Domesticappliances
• Hot liquids - Steam
• Low and high voltage - Lightning
• Industrial & Domestic chemicals
• Sunburn - Exposure toradiation
• Fast moving belts –Machinery
• Bare skin contacting ice etc.

122
Burns
Superficial
Partial
Thickness
Full
Thickness
122

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Treatment of MinorBurns
Your Aim Is;
• Halt the burning process
• Relieve the swelling
• Relieve the pain
• Minimise risk of infection
• Seek medical advice
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Treatment of SevereBurns
Your Aim Is To Ensure;
• Scene safety
• A, B, C
• Halt the burning process,
• Relieve pain
• Treat for shock
– Resuscitate if necessary
– Treat associated injuries
– Minimise the riskof
infection
– Arrange urgent removalto
hospital
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Heat Exhaustion
• Recognition
– Wet / sweaty appearance, Fatigue / Palelook
– Headaches with possiblecramps
• Treatment
– Remove from offendingenvironment
– Fan / cool patient
– Provide cooldrink
doctor or dial
– Advise to see
999 if they
deteriorate
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126
Heat Stroke
• Recognition
– Hot dry redskin
– Rapid Lowered level ofconsciousness
– Nausea and/or vomiting
– Body temperature above 40ºC(104ºF)
• Treatment
– Remove from offendingenvironment
– Dial 999 for an Ambulance
– Cool patient with cold, wetsheets
– Nothing by mouth

127
Hypothermia
General cooling of body
Mild Hypothermia
– Shivers - Cool body
– < 98.6 temperature
Severe Hypothermia
– No Shivers
– Sluggishness
– Lowered levelof
consciousness
127

128
Hypothermia
• Treatment
– Remove fromoffending
environment
– Remove wetclothing
– Insulate with blanket or
covers
• Mild
– Offer hot drink
• Severe
– Activate EMS
– Provide source ofheat
128

129
Define Diabetes
• A condition in which the body fails to regulate
the concentration of sugar in the blood.
• Diabetics are prone to two main problems:
– Hypoglycemia
– Hyperglycemia

130
Hypoglycemia - Low blood glucose
pale
profuse sweating and cold
irritable, confused or maybe
unconscious, fits may be
present in later stages
rapid and weak
normal to rapid
sudden, may be minutes
sugar
Colour
Skin
Consciousness
Pulse
Breathing
Onset
Treatment
Signs and Symptoms

131
restless, drowsy or lethargic
behaviour
Hyperglycemia - high blood glucose
Colour flushed
Skin dry
Consciousness
Pulse rapid and full
Breathing deep and sighing, possible
sweet smell - acetone
Onset gradual, hours to days
Treatment insulin
Signs and Symptoms

132
Hypoglycaemia - Treatment
Conscious Patient;
• Establish A, B, C
• Help patient to lie or sit down
• Give sugary foods, drinks etc.
• Advise to See their Doctor
132

133
Hypoglycaemia - Treatment
Unconscious Patient
• Place patient in recovery position
• Monitor vital signs
• Prevent chilling
• Look for other causes
• Urgent removal to hospital
133

134
Hyperglycaemia - Treatment
• Place patient in recovery position
• Monitor vital signs / Prevent chilling
• Look for other causes
• Urgent removal to hospital
134

135
Define Epilepsy
Definition:
• A condition that causes brief disruptions
in the normal electrical activity of the
brain.
135

136
Forms of Epilepsy
• Absence Seizures
– A minor form of epilepsy
– Resembles daydreaming.
• Seizures
– A major form ofepilepsy.
– The patient experiences fits with a periodof
unconsciousness.

137
Risk Assessment
Hazard means anything that can cause harm(e.g
chemicals, electricity, working from ladders etc).
Risk is the chance high or low, that somebody will
be harmed by the hazard.
• Look for Hazards
• Who might be harmed
• Evaluate the risk
• Record your findings
• Review Assessment

138
Risk Assessment
Risk Assessments must be suitableand sufficient.
You must be able to showthat:
• A proper check was made
• You asked who might be affected
• You dealt with all obvious significant hazards,
taking into account the number of people who
could be involved
• The precautions are reasonable, and the
remaining risk is low

139
Activity Hazards Persons
exposed
Likelihood Severity Risk
Weight
Lifting
Weights fallingonto
fatigued body
Weight
Lifter
1. Most Unlikely
2. Unlikely
3. Likely
4. Most Likely
1. Trivial Injury
2. Slight Injury
3.Serious
Injury
4.Major Injury
or Death
RISK ASSESSMENTSHEET
Company Name……………….Completed by………………..Date……..
Risk Assessment
To establish RISK Rating, multiply LIKELIHOOD by the SEVERITY
Rating Bands
1 & 2 Minimal Risk
3 & 4 Low Risk
Action Required
Maintain Control Measures
Review Control Measures
Action Required
Rating Bands
6 & 8 Medium Risk
9, 12 & 16
Improve Control Measures
Improve Controls immediately
and consider stopping work

140
THANKS

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