Uploaded byfarheenkassim18
PPTX, PDF182 views

BASIC FIRST AID WITH CPR & AED SAFETY TR

basic first aid

Embed presentation

Download to read offline
1 / 109
2 / 109
3 / 109
4 / 109
5 / 109
6 / 109
7 / 109
8 / 109
9 / 109
10 / 109
11 / 109
12 / 109
13 / 109
Most read
14 / 109
15 / 109
16 / 109
17 / 109
18 / 109
19 / 109
20 / 109
21 / 109
22 / 109
23 / 109
24 / 109
25 / 109
26 / 109
27 / 109
28 / 109
29 / 109
30 / 109
31 / 109
32 / 109
33 / 109
34 / 109
35 / 109
36 / 109
37 / 109
38 / 109
39 / 109
40 / 109
41 / 109
42 / 109
Most read
43 / 109
44 / 109
45 / 109
46 / 109
47 / 109
48 / 109
49 / 109
Most read
50 / 109
51 / 109
52 / 109
53 / 109
54 / 109
55 / 109
56 / 109
57 / 109
58 / 109
59 / 109
60 / 109
61 / 109
62 / 109
63 / 109
64 / 109
65 / 109
66 / 109
67 / 109
68 / 109
69 / 109
70 / 109
71 / 109
72 / 109
73 / 109
74 / 109
75 / 109
76 / 109
77 / 109
78 / 109
79 / 109
80 / 109
81 / 109
82 / 109
83 / 109
84 / 109
85 / 109
86 / 109
87 / 109
88 / 109
89 / 109
90 / 109
91 / 109
92 / 109
93 / 109
94 / 109
95 / 109
96 / 109
97 / 109
98 / 109
99 / 109
100 / 109
101 / 109
102 / 109
103 / 109
104 / 109
105 / 109
106 / 109
107 / 109
108 / 109
109 / 109
Basic First Aid with CPR and AED
Introduction
Safety Brief Location of: • Fire Escapes • Toilets • Smoking 3
As a courtesy to others please TURN OFF your mobile phone. Safety Brief
Introduction
What is FIRST AID? The immediate care given to a person who has been injured, or who has become ill prior to the arrival of qualified medical assistance.
P P P Preserve life Prevent additional injury Promote recovery AIMS OF FIRST AID 8
Before Emergency Situations Arise Assessment of needs Equipping Getting Ready How many people are in the workplace? What are the hazards and risks in the workplace? What kit is suitable? Where to locate the kits? Number of first aiders & shift coverage Training Practice Ensuring kit is fully filled RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER 10
BEING EQUIPPED: THE FIRST AID KIT 11 Item No. of Employees 1-10 11-25 26-50 51-100 101-150 Guidance card 1 1 1 1 1 Plastic Band aids 40 75 150 300 450 Adhesive Tape 1/2” x 10 yds 1 1 1 2 3 Adhesive Tape 1” x 10 yds 1 1 1 2 3 Absorbent Cotton - Bundle 1 1 1 1 2 Gauze Bandage - 1” 1 1 2 4 6 Gauze Bandage - 2” 1 2 4 8 10 Gauze Bandage - 3” 1 2 4 8 10 Gauze Pads - 3” x 3” 1 2 5 10 15 Oval Eye Pads 1 3 3 6 9 Triangular Bandage 1 2 2 4 6 Ammonia Inhalant - Bottle 1 1 1 1 2 Eye wash 2 oz 4 oz 4 oz 4 oz 4 oz First Aid Cream 1 1 1 1 2 Calamin Lotion 1 oz 2 oz 2 oz 4 oz 6 oz Cotton Tipped Applicator- 6” 25 50 100 200 300 Rescue Breather - 1 1 1 1 Surgical Scissors 1 1 1 1 1 Anti-septic Solution 250 ml. 500 ml. 500 ml. 500 ml. 1000 ml.
Arrive at the scene To protect self first Responding to Emergency Situations RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER 12
Dealing with the Casualty To call for help (additional resources) Clear up the process 13 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER
Not Responding Bleeding Fractures Burns 1 2 3 4 PRIORITIES IN FIRST AID 14
SCENE SURVEY
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT 17
D S R A B C PRIMARY ASSESSMENT 18
Protect self Protect victim Protect others D Danger What you are looking for Purpose Hazards Clues as to what happened PRIMARY ASSESSMENT 19
When you are called to respond.. Wear your GLOVES! PRIMARY ASSESSMENT 20
flammable gases Falling objects Blood & other body fluids Slippery surfaces Sharp objects Electrical hazards PRIMARY ASSESSMENT 21 Toxic gasses
R Response Alert Verbal Pain Unresponsive LEVELS OF RESPONSE 22
R Response IF VICTIM IS CONSCIOUS S Signs & Symptoms A Allergies M Medicines taken P Previous medical history L Last meal taken E Events leading up to the injury Ask NAME and AGE and take: LEVELS OF RESPONSE 23
If alone, shout for help If someone is nearby tell him / her to stand by IF VICTIM IS UNCONSCIOUS s Shout for help 24 LEVELS OF RESPONSE
A Airway B Breathing C Circulation Open the airway (Head Tilt / Chin Lift) Check for breathing (Look, listen, feel) Establish circulation / control bleeding LEVELS OF RESPONSE August 22, 2025 25
A Airway B Breathing C CPR Open the airway (Head Tilt / Chin Lift) Check for breathing (Look, listen, feel) If not breathing call 998 Commence CPR LEVELS OF RESPONSE August 22, 2025 26
D DANGER R RESPONSE (AVPU) CONSCIOUS (SAMPLE) UNCONSCIOUS S SHOUT FOR HELP A AIRWAY B BREATHING C CIRCULATION C CPR BREATHING NOT BREATHING RECOVERY POSITION PROCESS OF PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
Secondary Assessment Head and Face Look at he casualty’s head and face for any obvious signs o injury and trauma. Remove the spectacles if the casualty is wearing them. Gently feel around the head, face and scalp for any bleeding, swelling or depressions. Look at the casualty’s ear for signs of bleeding or the presence of cerebrospinal fluid.
Neck Loosen any restrictive clothing such as ties or collars. Gently feel around the cervical spine area and back of the neck to check for any bleeding, swellings or deformity. Secondary Assessment
Chest and Shoulders gently feel around the shoulders to check for signs of deformity and bleeding. Check the chest for normal breathing movement(rise and fall) and check for any bleeding. Secondary Assessment
Arms and Hands Check along the arms, feel for signs or deformity, swelling and bleeding. Check the wrists for medical bracelets. Secondary Assessment
Spine try to check as much of the spine as possible without moving the casualty; feel for tenderness and deformity as well as signs of bleeding Secondary Assessment
Pelvis Check the hips and pelvis for deformity, unnatural positioning or bleeding. Secondary Assessment
Abdomen Gently check the abdomen for signs of bleeding, swelling or unnatural softness. Secondary Assessment
Legs and Feet Check the legs and feet for bleeding, unnatural positioning, swelling and deformity. Check the pockets of skirts or trousers for objects that may cause discomfort or pain to the casualty should be moved. Secondary Assessment
Look For Feel For C L A P S D Contusions Lacerations Abrasions Penetrations Swelling / Symmetry Deformity / Distention T I C D Tenderness Instability Crepitus Deformity / Distention LEVELS OF RESPONSE August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 36 Secondary Assessment
Recovery Position 37
THE RECOVERY POSITION Placing a person in the recovery position helps to: maintain a clear airway 1 assist with breathing 2 clear the airway of excretions such as vomit if the casualty is breathing, but unresponsive. 3 NEXT
Kneel beside the person and remove any hazards such as spectacles and objects in their pockets. NEXT THE RECOVERY POSITION
Place the arm nearest to you at right angle to the person’s body, allowing it to rest in a natural position. NEXT
Bring the other arm across the person’s chest and secure the back of the hand onto their nearest cheek with your hand. NEXT
With your free hand grasp the person’s clothing around the knee and draw the leg up, ensuring the foot remains on the ground. NEXT
Keeping the casualty’s hand on their cheek to control the head movement, pull their leg towards you so the casualty turns onto their side. NEXT
Adjust the person’s upper leg so that the knee and lower leg are at right angles to the hip, making a stable base. Check that the airway is open and adjust the hand under the cheek to maintain the airway. NEXT
The person is now in the recovery position and either you or a bystander can contact the emergency services if they haven’t already been contacted NEXT
CPR Cardiac Pulmonary Resuscitation 48 An emergency procedure in which a medical professional or Good Samaritan gets the heart and lungs of a victim working again by compressing the chest by hand and forcing air into the lungs.
If the casualty is NOT BREATHING Start CPR 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths RESPONSE 49
RESPONSE 50 Barrier Devices
RESPONSE 51
August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 52
RESPONSE 53 S Signs of recovery T Turn over to ambulance personnel O P Operator becomes tired Place becomes unsafe WHEN TO STOP CPR
AED Automated External Defibrillator 54 A medical device used to help victims of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) who are collapsed and not breathing.
August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 55
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION 56
CHOKING 57
RECOGNIZING CHOKING Casualty cannot cough or make any sound Casualty may display the universal sign of choking (classic sign) CHOKING 58
Ask if casualty can cough Perform 5 sharp back blows in between shoulder blades If still choking, give 5 abdominal thrusts If casualty becomes unconscious, start CPR Continue for three sets then call 998 CHOKING 59 First Aid for Choking
August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 60
CHOKING What if the patient is an INFANT? OBESE? Or PREGNANT?
Ask if casualty can cough Perform 5 sharp back blows in between shoulder blades If still choking, give 5 CHEST thrusts If casualty becomes unconscious, start CPR Continue for three sets then call 998 CHOKING 62 First Aid for Choking
WOUNDS AND BLEEDING 64
Types of Bleeding • Internal Bleeding - when blood escapes from the circulatory system but remain inside the body. • External Bleeding - where blood escapes from the circulatory system to the outside of the body.
• Arterial Bleeding - bleed from the artery and will be bright red in color (oxygenated blood) • Venous Bleeding - bleed from vein, the blood will be a dark red in color (deoxygenated blood) • Capillary Bleeding - bleed that is red in color and slowly oozes from the wound or from underneath the skin. Types of Bleeding
Treatment of Bleeding (General) • Wear your disposable gloves • Sit or lay the casualty down • Examine the wound • Do not remove embedded foreign objects • Apply direct pressure onto the wounds. • Dress the wound and Elevate*** • Support and elevate the wounded part • Prepare for shock treatment • Do not allow to smoke or consume foods.
WOUNDS with Embedded Foreign Objects 68 • Wound with embedded foreign objects • Apply dressings and pressure to either side of the embedded object. • Apply a larger dressing if possible over the top • Ask the casualty to assist if able • Secure the dressing in place. • Contact the emergency services, monitor the casualty and if required treat for shock.
August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 69
Fractures Can be closed (no associated wound), open (the fracture has broken the skin) or complicated (the fracture is causing a further injury to vessels or organs).
First Aid for Fractures • Put on gloves • Treat bleeding if required • Immobilize in the position found • Contact the emergency
Poisonings, Bites & Stings Poison enters the human body through absorption through the skin, ingestion, inhalation and injection. Poisoning is a common problem and is either accidental or deliberate. • ACCIDENTAL POISONING - Accidental poisoning can occur at any age but children are nearly always victims of accidental poisoning. • DELIBERATE POISONING - While deliberate poisoning is most commonly associated with murder by far the most frequent cause of deliberate poisoning is attempted suicide and substance abuse. August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 72
• Swallowed poison • Remove anything remaining in the person's mouth. • If the suspected poison is a household cleaner or other chemical, read the container's label and follow instructions for accidental poisoning. • Poison on the skin • Remove any contaminated clothing using gloves. Rinse the skin for 15 to 20 minutes in a shower or with a hose. • Poison in the eye • Gently flush the eye with cool or lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes or until help arrives. • Inhaled poison • Get the person into fresh air as soon as possible. • If the person vomits, turn his or her head to the side to prevent choking. • Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of life, such as moving, breathing or coughing. • Have somebody gather pill bottles, packages or containers with labels, and any other information about the poison to send along with the ambulance team. August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 73 First Aid Treatment for Poisoning
August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 74 Bites may cause injuries ranging from superficial scratches to extensive wounds and often become infected with bacteria from the mouth of the biting creature. Insect Bites Symptoms : • redness • swelling • pain • Itching Severe Allergic Reactions: • hives • abdominal cramps • nausea and vomiting • swelling of your face, lips, or throat • breathing problems • shock
August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 75 First Aid Treatment • Move to a safe area to avoid more bites or stings. • If the insect’s stinger is still embedded in their skin, remove it by gently scraping a flat-edged object, such as a credit card, across their skin. Avoid using tweezers to remove the stinger, since squeezing it may release more venom. • Wash the area of the bite with soap and water. • Place a cold compress or ice pack on the area for about 10 minutes at a time to help reduce pain and swelling. Wrap any ice or ice packs in a clean cloth to protect their skin. • Apply calamine lotion or a paste of baking soda and water to the area several times a day to help relieve itching and pain. Calamine lotion is a type of antihistamine cream.
August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 76 Snake Bites Symptoms: • weakness • dizziness • fainting • convulsions • nausea • vomiting • diarrhea • rapid pulse • loss of muscle coordination • swelling in the area of the bite
August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 77 First Aid Treatment Mild Bites: • Use a clean cloth or gauze to apply pressure to the area until bleeding stops • Clean the area with soap and water • Apply an antibiotic cream to help ward off infection • Cover the wound with a sterile bandage or gauze to protect it while it heals Reminders: For severe snake bites, please call 999 and encourage them to remain calm, lie down quietly, and stay still. And also provide blankets to keep them warm.
Heat, Cold & Environmental Emergencies • Heat-related emergencies such as: • Cramps: nausea; vomiting; muscle cramps, spasms or pain; dizziness; exhaustion; sweating, • Exhaustion: pale, moist or flushed skin; weakness; headache; dizziness; cramps; sweating; faint feeling • Stroke: high body temperature; fainting; dizziness; seizure; nausea and vomiting; cramps • Cold-related emergencies such as: • Frostbite: numbness; skin discoloration: waxy or grayish- yellow skin; black blisters; cold; hardened skin • Hypothermia: shivering; numbness; glassy stare; indifference or loss of consciousness; slow pulse and slow breathing; slurred speech; hard and painless body parts; person appears to be dead August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 78
August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 79 First Aid Actions / Treatment: Heat-Related Emergencies • Assess the scene and check for your safety • Call 999, if person experiences heat stroke or heat exhaustion condition worsens. • Get a First Aid kit and wear personal protective equipment like mask or gloves. • If person is experiencing: Heat Cramp: have the person rest and drink juice or a sports drink, which contains sugar and electrolytes; lightly stretch or massage the cramped area Heat Exhaustion: move the person to a cooler environment; loosen or remove clothes; apply a wet towel; give small amounts of water or a drink with sugar and electrolytes (activate EMS if condition worsens) Heat Stroke: instantly cool the person and if possible, immerse in cool water up to the chin If necessary in severe conditions, provide CPR. If you do not know how, give Hands-Only CPR.
August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 80 First Aid Actions / Treatment: Cold-Related Emergencies • Assess the scene and check for your safety. • Call 999 • Get a First Aid kit and wear personal protective equipment such as mask or gloves • If person is experiencing: Frostbite: remove tight and wet clothing from affected area; pat skin dry; do not rewarm the area if there is the danger of it refreezing; if you rewarm, use warm, not hot, water Hypothermia: get the person to a warmer place; remove wet clothing and cover the person with a blanket and any additional articles of clothing to provide warmth
Stroke A stroke is a sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain. Most strokes are caused by an abrupt blockage of arteries leading to the brain ( ischemic stroke). Other strokes are caused by bleeding into brain tissue when a blood vessel bursts ( hemorrhagic stroke).
Recognizing STROKE If you suspect a stroke then you must act FAST. F T A S Facial Weakness Speech problems Arm weakness Time to call 999/112
SPINAL INJURY Spinal injuries are serious as they may result in paralysis or even death . Main Causes of Spinal Injury • Car accident • Slips, Trips, and Falls • Gunshot Wounds • Sports Injuries • Infection • Insufficient blood flows • Tumors
Treatment of Conscious Casualty that has Spinal Injury • Contact the Emergency Services. • Keep the casualty in the position found and immobilize b holding the head and neck. • Ask the casualty to remain as still as possible. • Avoid asking questions that required nod or head shake. • Keep the casualty warm.
Treatment of Unconscious Casualty that has Spinal Injury • Determine if the casualty is breathing, if not, perform CPR. • If the casualty is breathing do not move unless in danger or choking on blood or vomit. Keep the head gently tilted back to maintain the airway. • Contact the emergency services. • Keep the casualty warm and monitor. • Keep the head and spine in line where possible.
EPILEPSY 87
TONIC PHASE  Loss of consciousness  Sudden tension of skeletal muscles CLONIC PHASE  Alternate contraction & relaxation of muscles (jerking)  Eyes roll up EPILEPSY 88 • Caused by a sudden burst of excessive, electrical activity in the brain that causing a temporary disruption to signals passing between brain cells
 Clear the space around victim  Support head if possible  Loosen tight clothing  Allow victim to rest after attack IF ATTACK IS LONGER THAN 5 MINUTES OR IS VICTIM’S FIRST ATTACK Call 998! First Aid for Epileptic Seizures 89
August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 90
SHOCK RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT 91
Shock 92 A life-threatening condition that occurs when the body’s vital organs such as the heart and brain are deprived of oxygen due to a problem that affects the circulatory system.
Shock can be caused by: • Severe bleeding • Severe diarrhea and vomiting • Poisoning • Spinal trauma or injury • Head trauma • Heart attack
Neurogenic Shock Types of Shock SHOCK 94 Neurogenic shock is a distributive type of shock resulting in low blood pressure, occasionally with a slowed heart rate, that is attributed to the disruption of the autonomic pathways within the spinal cord.
Hypovolemic shock is a life-threatening condition that results when you lose more than 20 percent (one-fifth) of your body's blood or fluid supply. This severe fluid loss makes it impossible for the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to your body. Hypovolemic Shock Types of Shock
Cardiogenic shock is a condition in which your heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to meet your body's needs. The condition is most often caused by a severe heart attack, but not everyone who has a heart attack has cardiogenic shock Cardiogenic Shock Types of Shock
SIGNS OF SHOCK Feeling of dizziness / light- headedness SHOCK 97 Pale, cool, clammy skin Short, shallow and rapid breathing (late stage) Weak, thready pulse
First Aid treatment  Follow up 998  Keep victim warm  Raise legs at least 10-12 inches off the floor*  Monitor victim’s condition  Be prepared to perform CPR if needed SHOCK 98
HEART ATTACK EMERGENCIES 99
Signs and symptoms ●Pain in the chest ●Breathlessness ●Stomach Discomfort ●Feeling faint or dizzy ●Feeling of impending doom ●Pale skin with blueness at the lips ●Sweating ●Gasping for air HEART ATTACK EMERGENCIES 100
What to do? ●Call 999 immediately ●Help them to an comfortable position ●Support head and knees bend or straight ●Encourage them to rest ●Monitor their level of response ●Be prepared to perform CPR if needed 101 HEART ATTACK EMERGENCIES
August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 102
BURNS AND SCALDS 103
Burn Classification According to Depth of Injury BURNS
First Aid for 1st and 2nd Degree Burns Cool the burn with cool tap water for 10 minutes Cover with dry bandage* Use water-gel dressings if available Do not puncture blisters BURNS 105
August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 106
Assessment Session 107 How Much You Know: What is the Aim of First Aid? Draw a diagram showing the process of Primary Assessment What is CPR and What's the proper procedure of CPR? What is the procedure of First Aid when a person is Chocking?
108 QUESTIONS & COMMENTS
109

More Related Content

PDF
BASICS OF FIRST AID training in hostile environment awareness training
bySifonAkpan1
 
PPT
First Aid Training in engineering industries
byAnas527360
 
PDF
first_aid_notes_2019.pdf
byJames813706
 
PPT
Hse First Aid, Cpr
byguestd73938
 
PPTX
First aid
bymuhammad yasser
 
PPTX
basic first aid care for caregiving.pptx
byKingSonDismaya1
 
PPTX
Emergency First Aid
bySMS Development
 
PPT
FA AT WORK.ppt
byNathanielIFEANYI
 
BASICS OF FIRST AID training in hostile environment awareness training
bySifonAkpan1
 
First Aid Training in engineering industries
byAnas527360
 
first_aid_notes_2019.pdf
byJames813706
 
Hse First Aid, Cpr
byguestd73938
 
First aid
bymuhammad yasser
 
basic first aid care for caregiving.pptx
byKingSonDismaya1
 
Emergency First Aid
bySMS Development
 
FA AT WORK.ppt
byNathanielIFEANYI
 

Similar to BASIC FIRST AID WITH CPR & AED SAFETY TR

PDF
Emergency first aid at work
bypurva_chosencaregroup
 
PPT
First Aid
byAbdullah Sachwani
 
PDF
First Aid course for health science students | Chapter 1
byMr Awel
 
PPTX
FIRST AID(1).pptx theijfbskkdihtbfijfhridb
bynattypablo19
 
PPTX
First Aid and Basic Life Support.pptx
byYongAlberto
 
PPTX
CPR-FIRST-AIDrfgefbefbefberfbebfefberber
bycmimsr6
 
PPT
BPATS First Aid.ppt
byMDRRMOSantoTomasLaUn
 
PPTX
FA-and-BLS-ppt.PPTXHEALTHANAC........ARE
byJonathan396493
 
PDF
Lecture 7: first aid, choke, CPR, diabetes, bleed, burn
bySalim Alzarraee
 
PPTX
first aid - ASHU.pptx first year gnm for
bykaxc8479
 
PPT
First Aid Training for healthcare and me
byzubair5525
 
PPT
BBG-MJN MC hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj
byMainakDutta45
 
PPTX
LESSON 2-FIRST AID.pptx
byMalloryAlvaCastaeda
 
PPT
First aid binus square - 3 oktober 2015
byHendry Hartono
 
PPT
First Aid-1 -oil india limited duliajan MN.ppt
bybabul42251
 
PPSX
First aid presentation
byAdnan Masood
 
PPT
FIRST AID PRESENTATION ON INDUSTRIAL SAFETY by dr lal.ppt
byashutoshklal29
 
PPT
BASIC FIRST AID AND EMERGENCIES MANAGEMENT
byUSMANASHFAQ10
 
DOC
Basic Life Support (BLS) Training Manaul (Student & Provider)
byNational CPR Foundation
 
PPT
first-aid-course-powerpoint-4-5h.ppt
byWRELIYYERMALAI
 
Emergency first aid at work
bypurva_chosencaregroup
 
First Aid
byAbdullah Sachwani
 
First Aid course for health science students | Chapter 1
byMr Awel
 
FIRST AID(1).pptx theijfbskkdihtbfijfhridb
bynattypablo19
 
First Aid and Basic Life Support.pptx
byYongAlberto
 
CPR-FIRST-AIDrfgefbefbefberfbebfefberber
bycmimsr6
 
BPATS First Aid.ppt
byMDRRMOSantoTomasLaUn
 
FA-and-BLS-ppt.PPTXHEALTHANAC........ARE
byJonathan396493
 
Lecture 7: first aid, choke, CPR, diabetes, bleed, burn
bySalim Alzarraee
 
first aid - ASHU.pptx first year gnm for
bykaxc8479
 
First Aid Training for healthcare and me
byzubair5525
 
BBG-MJN MC hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj
byMainakDutta45
 
LESSON 2-FIRST AID.pptx
byMalloryAlvaCastaeda
 
First aid binus square - 3 oktober 2015
byHendry Hartono
 
First Aid-1 -oil india limited duliajan MN.ppt
bybabul42251
 
First aid presentation
byAdnan Masood
 
FIRST AID PRESENTATION ON INDUSTRIAL SAFETY by dr lal.ppt
byashutoshklal29
 
BASIC FIRST AID AND EMERGENCIES MANAGEMENT
byUSMANASHFAQ10
 
Basic Life Support (BLS) Training Manaul (Student & Provider)
byNational CPR Foundation
 
first-aid-course-powerpoint-4-5h.ppt
byWRELIYYERMALAI
 

Recently uploaded

PDF
Environmental Hygiene Practices | Excellence Foundation for South Sudan
byExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
 
PPT
Climate change effects and malaria outbreak.ppt
bysansg312
 
PPTX
NALSA_Environmental_Legal_Literacy_Speech_Presentation.pptx
bysahilanjumadv
 
PPTX
PLANT SEEDLINGS: Cox's Bazar Native Species.pptx
byAzrirnAzfar
 
PDF
Anthony "Tony" Mattei - Passionate About Protecting Ecosystems
byAnthony "Tony" Mattei
 
PDF
Emergence of Zero Budget Natural Farming in Himachal Pradesh: Prospects and C...
byAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
 
Environmental Hygiene Practices | Excellence Foundation for South Sudan
byExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
 
Climate change effects and malaria outbreak.ppt
bysansg312
 
NALSA_Environmental_Legal_Literacy_Speech_Presentation.pptx
bysahilanjumadv
 
PLANT SEEDLINGS: Cox's Bazar Native Species.pptx
byAzrirnAzfar
 
Anthony "Tony" Mattei - Passionate About Protecting Ecosystems
byAnthony "Tony" Mattei
 
Emergence of Zero Budget Natural Farming in Himachal Pradesh: Prospects and C...
byAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
 

BASIC FIRST AID WITH CPR & AED SAFETY TR

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
    Safety Brief Location of: •Fire Escapes • Toilets • Smoking 3
  • 4.
    As a courtesyto others please TURN OFF your mobile phone. Safety Brief
  • 5.
  • 7.
    What is FIRSTAID? The immediate care given to a person who has been injured, or who has become ill prior to the arrival of qualified medical assistance.
  • 8.
  • 10.
    Before Emergency SituationsArise Assessment of needs Equipping Getting Ready How many people are in the workplace? What are the hazards and risks in the workplace? What kit is suitable? Where to locate the kits? Number of first aiders & shift coverage Training Practice Ensuring kit is fully filled RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER 10
  • 11.
    BEING EQUIPPED: THEFIRST AID KIT 11 Item No. of Employees 1-10 11-25 26-50 51-100 101-150 Guidance card 1 1 1 1 1 Plastic Band aids 40 75 150 300 450 Adhesive Tape 1/2” x 10 yds 1 1 1 2 3 Adhesive Tape 1” x 10 yds 1 1 1 2 3 Absorbent Cotton - Bundle 1 1 1 1 2 Gauze Bandage - 1” 1 1 2 4 6 Gauze Bandage - 2” 1 2 4 8 10 Gauze Bandage - 3” 1 2 4 8 10 Gauze Pads - 3” x 3” 1 2 5 10 15 Oval Eye Pads 1 3 3 6 9 Triangular Bandage 1 2 2 4 6 Ammonia Inhalant - Bottle 1 1 1 1 2 Eye wash 2 oz 4 oz 4 oz 4 oz 4 oz First Aid Cream 1 1 1 1 2 Calamin Lotion 1 oz 2 oz 2 oz 4 oz 6 oz Cotton Tipped Applicator- 6” 25 50 100 200 300 Rescue Breather - 1 1 1 1 Surgical Scissors 1 1 1 1 1 Anti-septic Solution 250 ml. 500 ml. 500 ml. 500 ml. 1000 ml.
  • 12.
    Arrive at thescene To protect self first Responding to Emergency Situations RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER 12
  • 13.
    Dealing with theCasualty To call for help (additional resources) Clear up the process 13 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER
  • 14.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
    D S R AB C PRIMARY ASSESSMENT 18
  • 19.
    Protect self Protectvictim Protect others D Danger What you are looking for Purpose Hazards Clues as to what happened PRIMARY ASSESSMENT 19
  • 20.
    When you arecalled to respond.. Wear your GLOVES! PRIMARY ASSESSMENT 20
  • 21.
    flammable gases Falling objects Blood& other body fluids Slippery surfaces Sharp objects Electrical hazards PRIMARY ASSESSMENT 21 Toxic gasses
  • 22.
  • 23.
    R Response IF VICTIM ISCONSCIOUS S Signs & Symptoms A Allergies M Medicines taken P Previous medical history L Last meal taken E Events leading up to the injury Ask NAME and AGE and take: LEVELS OF RESPONSE 23
  • 24.
    If alone, shoutfor help If someone is nearby tell him / her to stand by IF VICTIM IS UNCONSCIOUS s Shout for help 24 LEVELS OF RESPONSE
  • 25.
    A Airway B Breathing C Circulation Open the airway (HeadTilt / Chin Lift) Check for breathing (Look, listen, feel) Establish circulation / control bleeding LEVELS OF RESPONSE August 22, 2025 25
  • 26.
    A Airway B Breathing C CPR Open the airway (HeadTilt / Chin Lift) Check for breathing (Look, listen, feel) If not breathing call 998 Commence CPR LEVELS OF RESPONSE August 22, 2025 26
  • 27.
  • 28.
    Secondary Assessment Head andFace Look at he casualty’s head and face for any obvious signs o injury and trauma. Remove the spectacles if the casualty is wearing them. Gently feel around the head, face and scalp for any bleeding, swelling or depressions. Look at the casualty’s ear for signs of bleeding or the presence of cerebrospinal fluid.
  • 29.
    Neck Loosen any restrictiveclothing such as ties or collars. Gently feel around the cervical spine area and back of the neck to check for any bleeding, swellings or deformity. Secondary Assessment
  • 30.
    Chest and Shoulders gentlyfeel around the shoulders to check for signs of deformity and bleeding. Check the chest for normal breathing movement(rise and fall) and check for any bleeding. Secondary Assessment
  • 31.
    Arms and Hands Checkalong the arms, feel for signs or deformity, swelling and bleeding. Check the wrists for medical bracelets. Secondary Assessment
  • 32.
    Spine try to checkas much of the spine as possible without moving the casualty; feel for tenderness and deformity as well as signs of bleeding Secondary Assessment
  • 33.
    Pelvis Check the hipsand pelvis for deformity, unnatural positioning or bleeding. Secondary Assessment
  • 34.
    Abdomen Gently check theabdomen for signs of bleeding, swelling or unnatural softness. Secondary Assessment
  • 35.
    Legs and Feet Checkthe legs and feet for bleeding, unnatural positioning, swelling and deformity. Check the pockets of skirts or trousers for objects that may cause discomfort or pain to the casualty should be moved. Secondary Assessment
  • 36.
    Look For FeelFor C L A P S D Contusions Lacerations Abrasions Penetrations Swelling / Symmetry Deformity / Distention T I C D Tenderness Instability Crepitus Deformity / Distention LEVELS OF RESPONSE August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 36 Secondary Assessment
  • 37.
  • 38.
    THE RECOVERY POSITION Placinga person in the recovery position helps to: maintain a clear airway 1 assist with breathing 2 clear the airway of excretions such as vomit if the casualty is breathing, but unresponsive. 3 NEXT
  • 39.
    Kneel beside theperson and remove any hazards such as spectacles and objects in their pockets. NEXT THE RECOVERY POSITION
  • 40.
    Place the armnearest to you at right angle to the person’s body, allowing it to rest in a natural position. NEXT
  • 41.
    Bring the otherarm across the person’s chest and secure the back of the hand onto their nearest cheek with your hand. NEXT
  • 42.
    With your freehand grasp the person’s clothing around the knee and draw the leg up, ensuring the foot remains on the ground. NEXT
  • 43.
    Keeping the casualty’s handon their cheek to control the head movement, pull their leg towards you so the casualty turns onto their side. NEXT
  • 44.
    Adjust the person’supper leg so that the knee and lower leg are at right angles to the hip, making a stable base. Check that the airway is open and adjust the hand under the cheek to maintain the airway. NEXT
  • 45.
    The person isnow in the recovery position and either you or a bystander can contact the emergency services if they haven’t already been contacted NEXT
  • 48.
    CPR Cardiac Pulmonary Resuscitation 48 Anemergency procedure in which a medical professional or Good Samaritan gets the heart and lungs of a victim working again by compressing the chest by hand and forcing air into the lungs.
  • 49.
    If the casualtyis NOT BREATHING Start CPR 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths RESPONSE 49
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.
    August 22, 2025Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 52
  • 53.
    RESPONSE 53 S Signs ofrecovery T Turn over to ambulance personnel O P Operator becomes tired Place becomes unsafe WHEN TO STOP CPR
  • 54.
    AED Automated External Defibrillator 54 Amedical device used to help victims of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) who are collapsed and not breathing.
  • 55.
    August 22, 2025Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 55
  • 56.
  • 57.
  • 58.
    RECOGNIZING CHOKING Casualty cannotcough or make any sound Casualty may display the universal sign of choking (classic sign) CHOKING 58
  • 59.
    Ask if casualtycan cough Perform 5 sharp back blows in between shoulder blades If still choking, give 5 abdominal thrusts If casualty becomes unconscious, start CPR Continue for three sets then call 998 CHOKING 59 First Aid for Choking
  • 60.
    August 22, 2025Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 60
  • 61.
    CHOKING What if thepatient is an INFANT? OBESE? Or PREGNANT?
  • 62.
    Ask if casualtycan cough Perform 5 sharp back blows in between shoulder blades If still choking, give 5 CHEST thrusts If casualty becomes unconscious, start CPR Continue for three sets then call 998 CHOKING 62 First Aid for Choking
  • 64.
  • 65.
    Types of Bleeding •Internal Bleeding - when blood escapes from the circulatory system but remain inside the body. • External Bleeding - where blood escapes from the circulatory system to the outside of the body.
  • 66.
    • Arterial Bleeding -bleed from the artery and will be bright red in color (oxygenated blood) • Venous Bleeding - bleed from vein, the blood will be a dark red in color (deoxygenated blood) • Capillary Bleeding - bleed that is red in color and slowly oozes from the wound or from underneath the skin. Types of Bleeding
  • 67.
    Treatment of Bleeding(General) • Wear your disposable gloves • Sit or lay the casualty down • Examine the wound • Do not remove embedded foreign objects • Apply direct pressure onto the wounds. • Dress the wound and Elevate*** • Support and elevate the wounded part • Prepare for shock treatment • Do not allow to smoke or consume foods.
  • 68.
    WOUNDS with EmbeddedForeign Objects 68 • Wound with embedded foreign objects • Apply dressings and pressure to either side of the embedded object. • Apply a larger dressing if possible over the top • Ask the casualty to assist if able • Secure the dressing in place. • Contact the emergency services, monitor the casualty and if required treat for shock.
  • 69.
    August 22, 2025Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 69
  • 70.
    Fractures Can be closed(no associated wound), open (the fracture has broken the skin) or complicated (the fracture is causing a further injury to vessels or organs).
  • 71.
    First Aid forFractures • Put on gloves • Treat bleeding if required • Immobilize in the position found • Contact the emergency
  • 72.
    Poisonings, Bites &Stings Poison enters the human body through absorption through the skin, ingestion, inhalation and injection. Poisoning is a common problem and is either accidental or deliberate. • ACCIDENTAL POISONING - Accidental poisoning can occur at any age but children are nearly always victims of accidental poisoning. • DELIBERATE POISONING - While deliberate poisoning is most commonly associated with murder by far the most frequent cause of deliberate poisoning is attempted suicide and substance abuse. August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 72
  • 73.
    • Swallowed poison •Remove anything remaining in the person's mouth. • If the suspected poison is a household cleaner or other chemical, read the container's label and follow instructions for accidental poisoning. • Poison on the skin • Remove any contaminated clothing using gloves. Rinse the skin for 15 to 20 minutes in a shower or with a hose. • Poison in the eye • Gently flush the eye with cool or lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes or until help arrives. • Inhaled poison • Get the person into fresh air as soon as possible. • If the person vomits, turn his or her head to the side to prevent choking. • Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of life, such as moving, breathing or coughing. • Have somebody gather pill bottles, packages or containers with labels, and any other information about the poison to send along with the ambulance team. August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 73 First Aid Treatment for Poisoning
  • 74.
    August 22, 2025 BasicFirst Aid with CPR & AED 74 Bites may cause injuries ranging from superficial scratches to extensive wounds and often become infected with bacteria from the mouth of the biting creature. Insect Bites Symptoms : • redness • swelling • pain • Itching Severe Allergic Reactions: • hives • abdominal cramps • nausea and vomiting • swelling of your face, lips, or throat • breathing problems • shock
  • 75.
    August 22, 2025 BasicFirst Aid with CPR & AED 75 First Aid Treatment • Move to a safe area to avoid more bites or stings. • If the insect’s stinger is still embedded in their skin, remove it by gently scraping a flat-edged object, such as a credit card, across their skin. Avoid using tweezers to remove the stinger, since squeezing it may release more venom. • Wash the area of the bite with soap and water. • Place a cold compress or ice pack on the area for about 10 minutes at a time to help reduce pain and swelling. Wrap any ice or ice packs in a clean cloth to protect their skin. • Apply calamine lotion or a paste of baking soda and water to the area several times a day to help relieve itching and pain. Calamine lotion is a type of antihistamine cream.
  • 76.
    August 22, 2025 BasicFirst Aid with CPR & AED 76 Snake Bites Symptoms: • weakness • dizziness • fainting • convulsions • nausea • vomiting • diarrhea • rapid pulse • loss of muscle coordination • swelling in the area of the bite
  • 77.
    August 22, 2025 BasicFirst Aid with CPR & AED 77 First Aid Treatment Mild Bites: • Use a clean cloth or gauze to apply pressure to the area until bleeding stops • Clean the area with soap and water • Apply an antibiotic cream to help ward off infection • Cover the wound with a sterile bandage or gauze to protect it while it heals Reminders: For severe snake bites, please call 999 and encourage them to remain calm, lie down quietly, and stay still. And also provide blankets to keep them warm.
  • 78.
    Heat, Cold &Environmental Emergencies • Heat-related emergencies such as: • Cramps: nausea; vomiting; muscle cramps, spasms or pain; dizziness; exhaustion; sweating, • Exhaustion: pale, moist or flushed skin; weakness; headache; dizziness; cramps; sweating; faint feeling • Stroke: high body temperature; fainting; dizziness; seizure; nausea and vomiting; cramps • Cold-related emergencies such as: • Frostbite: numbness; skin discoloration: waxy or grayish- yellow skin; black blisters; cold; hardened skin • Hypothermia: shivering; numbness; glassy stare; indifference or loss of consciousness; slow pulse and slow breathing; slurred speech; hard and painless body parts; person appears to be dead August 22, 2025 Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 78
  • 79.
    August 22, 2025 BasicFirst Aid with CPR & AED 79 First Aid Actions / Treatment: Heat-Related Emergencies • Assess the scene and check for your safety • Call 999, if person experiences heat stroke or heat exhaustion condition worsens. • Get a First Aid kit and wear personal protective equipment like mask or gloves. • If person is experiencing: Heat Cramp: have the person rest and drink juice or a sports drink, which contains sugar and electrolytes; lightly stretch or massage the cramped area Heat Exhaustion: move the person to a cooler environment; loosen or remove clothes; apply a wet towel; give small amounts of water or a drink with sugar and electrolytes (activate EMS if condition worsens) Heat Stroke: instantly cool the person and if possible, immerse in cool water up to the chin If necessary in severe conditions, provide CPR. If you do not know how, give Hands-Only CPR.
  • 80.
    August 22, 2025 BasicFirst Aid with CPR & AED 80 First Aid Actions / Treatment: Cold-Related Emergencies • Assess the scene and check for your safety. • Call 999 • Get a First Aid kit and wear personal protective equipment such as mask or gloves • If person is experiencing: Frostbite: remove tight and wet clothing from affected area; pat skin dry; do not rewarm the area if there is the danger of it refreezing; if you rewarm, use warm, not hot, water Hypothermia: get the person to a warmer place; remove wet clothing and cover the person with a blanket and any additional articles of clothing to provide warmth
  • 81.
    Stroke A stroke isa sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain. Most strokes are caused by an abrupt blockage of arteries leading to the brain ( ischemic stroke). Other strokes are caused by bleeding into brain tissue when a blood vessel bursts ( hemorrhagic stroke).
  • 82.
    Recognizing STROKE If yoususpect a stroke then you must act FAST. F T A S Facial Weakness Speech problems Arm weakness Time to call 999/112
  • 84.
    SPINAL INJURY Spinal injuriesare serious as they may result in paralysis or even death . Main Causes of Spinal Injury • Car accident • Slips, Trips, and Falls • Gunshot Wounds • Sports Injuries • Infection • Insufficient blood flows • Tumors
  • 85.
    Treatment of ConsciousCasualty that has Spinal Injury • Contact the Emergency Services. • Keep the casualty in the position found and immobilize b holding the head and neck. • Ask the casualty to remain as still as possible. • Avoid asking questions that required nod or head shake. • Keep the casualty warm.
  • 86.
    Treatment of Unconscious Casualtythat has Spinal Injury • Determine if the casualty is breathing, if not, perform CPR. • If the casualty is breathing do not move unless in danger or choking on blood or vomit. Keep the head gently tilted back to maintain the airway. • Contact the emergency services. • Keep the casualty warm and monitor. • Keep the head and spine in line where possible.
  • 87.
  • 88.
    TONIC PHASE  Lossof consciousness  Sudden tension of skeletal muscles CLONIC PHASE  Alternate contraction & relaxation of muscles (jerking)  Eyes roll up EPILEPSY 88 • Caused by a sudden burst of excessive, electrical activity in the brain that causing a temporary disruption to signals passing between brain cells
  • 89.
     Clear thespace around victim  Support head if possible  Loosen tight clothing  Allow victim to rest after attack IF ATTACK IS LONGER THAN 5 MINUTES OR IS VICTIM’S FIRST ATTACK Call 998! First Aid for Epileptic Seizures 89
  • 90.
    August 22, 2025Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 90
  • 91.
  • 92.
    Shock 92 A life-threatening conditionthat occurs when the body’s vital organs such as the heart and brain are deprived of oxygen due to a problem that affects the circulatory system.
  • 93.
    Shock can becaused by: • Severe bleeding • Severe diarrhea and vomiting • Poisoning • Spinal trauma or injury • Head trauma • Heart attack
  • 94.
    Neurogenic Shock Types of Shock SHOCK 94 Neurogenicshock is a distributive type of shock resulting in low blood pressure, occasionally with a slowed heart rate, that is attributed to the disruption of the autonomic pathways within the spinal cord.
  • 95.
    Hypovolemic shock isa life-threatening condition that results when you lose more than 20 percent (one-fifth) of your body's blood or fluid supply. This severe fluid loss makes it impossible for the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to your body. Hypovolemic Shock Types of Shock
  • 96.
    Cardiogenic shock isa condition in which your heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to meet your body's needs. The condition is most often caused by a severe heart attack, but not everyone who has a heart attack has cardiogenic shock Cardiogenic Shock Types of Shock
  • 97.
    SIGNS OF SHOCK Feelingof dizziness / light- headedness SHOCK 97 Pale, cool, clammy skin Short, shallow and rapid breathing (late stage) Weak, thready pulse
  • 98.
    First Aid treatment Follow up 998  Keep victim warm  Raise legs at least 10-12 inches off the floor*  Monitor victim’s condition  Be prepared to perform CPR if needed SHOCK 98
  • 99.
  • 100.
    Signs and symptoms ●Painin the chest ●Breathlessness ●Stomach Discomfort ●Feeling faint or dizzy ●Feeling of impending doom ●Pale skin with blueness at the lips ●Sweating ●Gasping for air HEART ATTACK EMERGENCIES 100
  • 101.
    What to do? ●Call999 immediately ●Help them to an comfortable position ●Support head and knees bend or straight ●Encourage them to rest ●Monitor their level of response ●Be prepared to perform CPR if needed 101 HEART ATTACK EMERGENCIES
  • 102.
    August 22, 2025Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 102
  • 103.
  • 104.
    Burn Classification Accordingto Depth of Injury BURNS
  • 105.
    First Aid for1st and 2nd Degree Burns Cool the burn with cool tap water for 10 minutes Cover with dry bandage* Use water-gel dressings if available Do not puncture blisters BURNS 105
  • 106.
    August 22, 2025Basic First Aid with CPR & AED 106
  • 107.
    Assessment Session 107 How MuchYou Know: What is the Aim of First Aid? Draw a diagram showing the process of Primary Assessment What is CPR and What's the proper procedure of CPR? What is the procedure of First Aid when a person is Chocking?
  • 108.
  • 109.

Editor's Notes

  • #3 Point out the Fire Evacuation points and procedures as well as the location of the toilets and when/where people are allowed to smoke. Explain that breaks are provided in which people can smoke.
  • #7 First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a minor or serious illness or injury
  • #8 1P- Administer immediate effective first aid to a casualty in order to save life. 2P- Recognizing and treating the cause will assist with preventing the condition from worsening. 3P- Administer ongoing treatment and offer constant support until the arrival of qualified medical assistance.
  • #12 Arrive at the scene Always try to remain calm Take charge of the situation Conduct a scene survey Ensuring the scene is safe To protect self first Ensure the safety of yourself How are you able to save life if you are also injured.
  • #13 1 – there are certain things you need to know when dealing with casualty. We will discuss it later. 2 – you can contact the emergency services or you can instruct a bystander to do so. When contacting the emergency services, make sure that the given information is clear, concise and sufficient 3 – ensure that all used bandages and used items such as personal protective equipment are placed in a yellow clinical waste bag, or something similar. Ensure that the area where any blood or other bodily fluids have been split is thoroughly cleaned. Restock the first aid-kit and replace any other equipment that may have been used during the incident.
  • #14 Casualties should be placed in an order of priority and treated accordingly. This order is as follows: But these can be changed in some circumstances. For ex.: a broken leg and a small finger cut then the broken leg would be treated first before the small finger cut.
  • #17 Systematic process of approaching, identifying and dealing with immediate and or life-threatening conditions.
  • #18 Systematic process of approaching, identifying and dealing with immediate and or life-threatening conditions.
  • #19 Prior to approaching the casualty, ensure the scene is safe to do so You need to look for anything that could cause further harm to you, bystanders and the victim.
  • #22 A – check if the victim is moving V – if responding to speech P – the reaction of victim in giving them little pain like pinching their earlobes or finger tips.
  • #36 The secondary assessment is used after a primary assessment has been done. This is where the clinician goes through step by step head-to-toe to figure out what happened. This can include but is not limited to inspection, bony and soft tissue palpation, special tests, circulation, and neurological. Secondary assessments are used in order to determine the injury, how the injury occurred, how severe the injury is, and to eliminate further injury.
  • #38 The recovery position Placing an infant or child in the recovery position helps to: 1. maintain a clear airway 2. assist with natural breathing 3. clear the airway of excretions such as vomit if the casualty is breathing, but unresponsive.
  • #39 When a child is breathing normally, but is unresponsive/unconscious, and if injuries allow, the next procedure would be to place them into the recovery position injured side down. This can be achieved even when the child is on their front or their side.
  • #45 Ask for a volunteer from the class, gather the class round in a semi-circle and demonstrate placing the volunteer into the recovery position. Split the class into smaller groups and get them to practise placing each other into the recovery position. Walk around each group checking for competency and offering advice and feedback.
  • #58 Choking occurs when an object becomes stuck in the throat or the windpipe and blocks air from flowing into the lungs. In some cases the air flow is completely blocked, in other cases some amount of air can pass to the lungs
  • #65 Page 27
  • #70 A fracture is a break, usually in a bone. If the broken bone punctures the skin, it is called an open or compound fracture. Fractures commonly happen because of car accidents, falls, or sports injuries. Other causes are low bone density and osteoporosis, which cause weakening of the bones.
  • #76  a sign is any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed by others 
  • #81 Because stroke occurs rapidly and requires immediate treatment, stroke is also called a brain attack. When the symptoms of a stroke last only a short time (less than an hour), this is called a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini-stroke.
  • #84 In the majority of cases the damage results from physical trauma such as car accidents, gunshot wounds, falls, or sports injuries, but it can also result from nontraumatic causes such as infection, insufficient blood flow, and tumors.
  • #88 Epilepsy has no identifiable cause in about half the people with the condition. In the other half, the condition may be traced to various factors, including: Genetic influence. Some types of epilepsy, which are categorized by the type of seizure you experience or the part of the brain that is affected, run in families. In these cases, it's likely that there's a genetic influence. Researchers have linked some types of epilepsy to specific genes, but for most people, genes are only part of the cause of epilepsy. Certain genes may make a person more sensitive to environmental conditions that trigger seizures. Head trauma. Head trauma as a result of a car accident or other traumatic injury can cause epilepsy. Brain conditions. Brain conditions that cause damage to the brain, such as brain tumors or strokes, can cause epilepsy. Stroke is a leading cause of epilepsy in adults older than age 35. Infectious diseases. Infectious diseases, such as meningitis, AIDS and viral encephalitis, can cause epilepsy. Prenatal injury. Before birth, babies are sensitive to brain damage that could be caused by several factors, such as an infection in the mother, poor nutrition or oxygen deficiencies. This brain damage can result in epilepsy or cerebral palsy. Developmental disorders. Epilepsy can sometimes be associated with developmental disorders, such as autism and neurofibromatosis.
  • #94 Neurogenic shock (caused by damage to the nervous system) Neurogenic shock can result from severe central nervous system damage (brain injury, cervical or high thoracic spinal cord).[2] In more simple terms: the trauma causes a sudden loss of background sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels. This causes them to relax (vasodilation)[3] resulting in a sudden decrease in blood pressure (secondary to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance). Neurogenic shock results from damage to the spinal cord above the level of the 6th thoracic vertebra.[4] It is found in about half of people who suffer spinal cord injury within the first 24 hours, and usually doesn't go away for one to three weeks
  • #95 Hypovolemic shock (caused by too little blood volume) Causes Losing about one fifth or more of the normal amount of blood in your body causes hypovolemic shock. Blood loss can be due to: Bleeding from cuts Bleeding from other injuries Internal bleeding, such as in the gastrointestinal tract The amount of circulating blood in your body also may drop when you lose too much body fluid from other causes. This can be due to: Burns Diarrhea Excessive perspiration Vomiting
  • #96 Cardiogenic shock (due to heart problems) Causes The most common causes are serious heart conditions. Many of these occur during or after a heart attack (myocardial infarction). These complications include: A large section of heart muscle that no longer moves well or does not move at all Breaking open (rupture) of the heart muscle due to damage from the heart attack Dangerous heart rhythms, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or supraventricular tachycardia Pressure on the heart due to a buildup of fluid around it (pericardial tamponade) Tear or rupture of the muscles or tendons that support the heart valves, especially the mitral valve Tear or rupture of the wall (septum) between the left and right ventricles (lower heart chambers) Very slow heart rhythm (bradycardia) or problem with the electrical system of the heart (heart block)
  • #97  a sign is any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed by others 
  • #99 A heart attack occurs when an artery supplying your heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked. Fatty deposits build up over time, forming plaques in your heart's arteries. A heart attack is the death of a segment of heart muscle caused by a loss of blood supply. The blood is usually cut off when an artery supplying the heart muscle is blocked by a blood clot. If some of the heart muscle dies, a person experiences chest pain and electrical instability of the heart muscle tissue.
  • #100  a sign is any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed by others 
  • #103 Burns and scalds are damage to the skin caused by heat. Both are treated in the same way. A burn is caused by dry heat – by an iron or fire, for example. A scald is caused by something wet, such as hot water or steam. Burns can be very painful and may cause: red or peeling skin blisters swelling white or charred skin The amount of pain you feel isn't always related to how serious the burn is. Even a very serious burn may be relatively painless.